• Why should the Corps of Engineers be interested in Arc Hydro?– Watershed planning– Reservoir operations– Flood damage

reduction– Ecosystem restoration

Arc Hydro: GIS for Water ResourcesDavid R. Maidment, University of Texas at Austin

Hydrologic Information System

Hydrologic Modeling

Arc Hydro Geodatabase

1996 Texas Drought

• George W. Bush, (then Governor of Texas) asked: “Tell me how much water we have, how much water we’re using and how much water we need”

• State water officials did not have adequate answers

Texas Water Planning

• 1997 Texas Legislature passed Senate Bill 1 which provided for– State-wide geospatial data development

(topography, hydrography, land use, soils and orthophotos)

– Water planning in 14 regions rather than state-wide

– Assessment of water availability for all water permits

Hydrologic Cataloging Units (HUCS)

Guadalupe Basin(4 HUC’s)

Hydrologic Unit Code = 12100203

• 2015 HUC’s cover continental US• average area ~ 1 county

Water Availability in the Guadalupe Basin

Stream Gauge (14)

Water Diversion (440)

Estimate water availability at each legally permitted water diversion point based on “naturalized” flow at stream gages and the effects of other permitted diversions

Digital Elevation Model

National Elevation Dataset30m x 30m cells11,000,000 cells to cover San Marcos basin70,000,000 cells to cover Guadalupe basin

San Marcos basin

Drainage Area Delineated from the Digital Elevation Model

Arc Hydro attribute DrainArea

Estimating Naturalized Flow at Diversion Points

Qd

Qf

Ad

Af

Qd = Qf

Ad

Af

Naturalized flow record at stream gage (50 years of monthly flows)

Estimated flow record at diversion point

Length Downstream

D

F

Flow distance (D to F) = Length Downstream (D)

– Length Downstream (F)

Length Downstream (D)

Length Downstream (F)

F

D

Arc Hydro attribute LengthDown

Seepagelosses

Water Availability Modeling

Hydrologic Modeling

Water RightsAnalysis Package(WRAP)

50 yearseries ofnaturalizedmonthly flows atstream gages

GIS data for each diversion point

Letter to eachwater permitowner specifying % of permitted flow available during a drought

Completed for ~ 10,000 water permit holders, 1998-2002

Letter to eachwater permitowner specifying % of permitted flow available during a drought

Geospatial data developmentby Center for Research in Water Resources, Univ. of Texas

Texas Natural ResourcesConservation Commission

Hydrologic modeling byengineering consultants

Water Availability Assessment(completed for ~ 10,000 permit holders, 1998-2001)

Accomplishments

• Arc Hydro data model design completed and published on web (http://www.crwr.utexas.edu/giswr)

• Arc Hydro book in production at ESRI Press

• Arc Hydro toolset v. 1.0 in beta testing

CD-ROM at back of book

Arc Hydro

UML diagrams, Repository,Example Geodatabases,

Toolset, Tutorials

Arc Hydro Toolset Ver 1.0

Provides tools for processing raster and vector dataand populating the attributes of the Arc Hydro data model

GIS in Water Resources Consortium

Bringing together these two communities by using a common geospatial data model

http://www.crwr.utexas.edu/giswr

GIS

CRWRCRWR

Water Resources

Flow

Time

Time Series

Hydro Features

Hydro Network

Channel System

Drainage System

ArcGIS Hydro Data Model

ArcGIS Hydro Data Model

Hydrography Hydrology

Streams

Drainage Areas

Hydrography

Channels

Terrain Surfaces

Rainfall Response

Digital Orthophotos

Data Model Based on Inventory

Data Model Based on BehaviorFollow a drop of water from where it falls on the land, to the stream, and all the way to the ocean.

Integrating Data Inventory using a Behavioral Model

Relationships betweenobjects linked by tracing pathof water movement

Streams

Watersheds Waterbody

HydroPoints

Arc Hydro Framework Input Data

!(

!(

!(!(

!( !(!( !(!( !(!(

!(!(

!(!(

!(!( !(!( !(

!( !(

!( !(!(!( !(!(

!(

!(

!(

!( !(!(!( !(

!(!(

!(!( !(!(!( !( !(!(!( !(!(

!( !(!(!( !(!(

!(!(

!(!(!(

!(

!(!(

!(

!(

!(!(

!(

!(

!(

!(!(!(

!(

Feature

Waterbody

HydroIDHydroCodeFTypeNameAreaSqKmJunctionID

HydroPoint

HydroIDHydroCodeFTypeNameJunctionID

Watershed

HydroIDHydroCodeDrainIDAreaSqKmJunctionIDNextDownID

ComplexEdgeFeature

EdgeType

Flowline

Shoreline

HydroEdge

HydroIDHydroCodeReachCodeNameLengthKmLengthDownFlowDirFTypeEdgeTypeEnabled

SimpleJunctionFeature

1HydroJunction

HydroIDHydroCodeNextDownIDLengthDownDrainAreaFTypeEnabledAncillaryRole

*

1

*

HydroNetwork

*

HydroJunction

HydroIDHydroCodeNextDownIDLengthDownDrainAreaFTypeEnabledAncillaryRole

HydroJunction

HydroIDHydroCodeNextDownIDLengthDownDrainAreaFTypeEnabledAncillaryRole

Arc Hydro Framework

Arc Hydro Framework Dataset for the Guadalupe Basin

HydroNetwork through Canyon Lake

Generic Junction (for topological connection of edges)

Flowlines through water body

HydroJunction has Waterbody Relationship

Scales of representation of Drainage Systems

Basins – drainage areas for water resources management

Catchments – subdivision of Basin into elementary drainage areas by physical rules

Digital Elevation Model – land surface terrain grid cells

Watersheds – subdivision of Basinfor a particular hydrologic purpose

NWS forecast Watersheds(flooding)

EPA TMDL Segments(water quality)

TNRCC water availability points(water supply)

GuadalupeHydroNetwork

Watersheds of the Guadalupe Basin

Catchments, DrainageLines and DrainagePoints

http://edcw2ks22.cr.usgs.gov/website/edna/viewer.htm

EDNA – Elevation Derivatives for National Application

Catchments Subdivided at Watershed Outlet

Regional Analysis

HydroNetwork to provide connectivity of flow through large regions

Digital elevation modelfor terrain analysis withinbasins

Michael SchultzNWS River Forecast CenterFort Worth, Texas

1998 GuadalupeFlood

Cross-Sections developedusing HEC-GeoRAS andNational Elevation Dataset

Hydrologic simulationUsing NWS Fldwav model

Guadalupe Network

Study area only 1.4 km!

1/2 meter Digital Ortho Photography

Study Area (Guadalupe river near Seguin, TX)

Boat setup for data collection

Accoustic Doppler Current Profiler

Provides full profiles of water velocity and direction in the ocean, rivers, and lakes. Also used for discharge, scour and river bed topography.

The electronic depth sounder operates in a similar way to radar It sends out an electronic pulse which echoes back from the bed. The echo is timed electronically and transposed into a reading of the depth of water.

Depth Sounder (Echo Sounder)

Differential GPS: Bank to Boat

GPS gives the location of each point collected in terms of latitude and longitude. Two locations for differential GPS.

Channel Data

Each point has (x,y,z)

Interpolation

Points are interpolated in ArcMap to produce a continuous surface.

FishNet (2D)

FishNet is generated in ArcMap using FishNet tool in ArcGIS.

3D Visualization in ArcScene

Centerline

Define the centerline such that it joins the center of flow (area) at each cross section.

Measure in ArcGIS

054.37 154.41

281.36

A PolylineM can store m-values at each vertex along with x and y coordinates.

Measures are assigned in meters

Coordinate Transformation

m is measure along the centerline

r is distance across the river from the centerline

Sinuous river becomes straight when transformed into (m,r) co-ordinates.

Coordinate Transformation

Sinuous river

Profile line and cross-sections

Straightened river

Straightened River in 3D

Data back to x,y coordinates

Original river in X,Y Profile lines and cross-sections in (x,y) created using FishNet in (m,r).

Profile Lines and Cross Sections in 3D

Bird’s eye view!

National Water Information System

Web access to USGS water resources data in real time

Space

Historical dailymean discharge

Streamflow statistics

Real Time data

Streamflow Information in Space and Time

Time

At Gages Anywhere on a Stream

Future PossibilitiesCurrent

Streamstats

TSDateTime

FeatureID

TSType

TSValue

Arc Hydro Time Series Object

FeatureID TSType TSDateTime TSValue 101 Rainfall 1989-03-30 01:00:00 0574 101 Rainfall 1989-03-31 01:00:00 0.878 101 Evaporation 1989-03-01 01:00:00 1.991 101 Evaporation 1989-04-02 01:00:00 1.159 101 Streamflow 1989-00-03 01:00:00 0.115 101 Streamflow 1989-04-01 01:00:00 0.531 102 BOD 1989-00-02 01:00:00 101 102 BOD 1989-04-03 01:00:00 105 102 BOD 1989-00-04 01:00:00 115 102 BOD 1989-04-05 01:00:00 100 102 Rainfall 1989-00-04 01:00:00 0.015 102 Rainfall 1989-04-05 01:00:00 0.000 102 Evaporation 1989-00-04 01:00:00 0.014 102 Evaporation 1989-04-05 01:00:00 0.005 102 Streamflow 1989-04-01 01:00:00 0.015 102 Streamflow 1989-00-02 01:00:00 0.154 103 Streamflow 1989-00-13 01:00:00 0.531 103 Streamflow 1989-04-14 01:00:00 0.154 103 Streamflow 1989-00-15 01:00:00 0.875 210 Streamflow 1989-04-16 01:00:00 0.447 210 Nitrogen 1989-04-05 01:00:00 12.457 210 Nitrogen 1989-04-10 01:00:00 15.785 210 Nitrogen 1989-00-13 01:00:00 15.455 210 Nitrogen 1989-04-14 01:00:00 10.457 210 BOD 1989-00-03 01:00:00 250 305 BOD 1989-04-04 01:00:00 100 305 Rainfall 1989-00-03 01:00:00 0.065 305 Rainfall 1989-04-04 01:00:00 0.255

View 1: Time Series for a Spatial Feature

TSDateTime

FeatureID

TSType

101

FeatureID TSType TSDateTime TSValue101 2000-07-01 01:00:00Rainfall 0.055101 2000-07-02 01:00:00Rainfall 0.041101 2000-07-01 12:00:00Rainfall 0.000101

2000-07-02 12:00:00

0.001101 0.014101 0.004101 6.11101 6.31101 477.00101 465.00

EvaporationEvaporationEvaporationDischargeDischargeDischargeDischarge

2000-07-01 01:00:002000-07-02 01:00:002000-07-01 12:00:002000-07-01 01:00:002000-07-02 01:00:002000-07-01 12:00:00

View 2: Time Series of a Particular Type

TSDateTime

FeatureID

TSType

Evaporation

FeatureID TSType TSDateTime TSValue 101 Evaporation 1989-04-01 01:00:00 0.015 101 Evaporation 1989-00-02 01:00:00 0.154 103 Evaporation 1989-04-03 01:00:00 2.124 103 Evaporation 1989-00-04 01:00:00 0.015 103 Evaporation 1989-04-05 01:00:00 0.001 103 Evaporation 1989-04-10 01:00:00 0.015 103 Evaporation 1989-00-11 01:00:00 0.457 105 Evaporation 1989-04-12 01:00:00 0.115 105 Evaporation 1989-00-13 01:00:00 0.531 201 Evaporation 1989-04-14 01:00:00 0.154 201 Evaporation 1989-00-15 01:00:00 0.875 201 Evaporation 1989-04-16 01:00:00 0.447

View 3: Time Series of a ParticularType for a Single Feature

TSDateTime

FeatureID

TSType

Evaporation

FeatureID TSType TSDateTime TSValue 101 Evaporation 1989-04-01 01:00:00 0.015 101 Evaporation 1989-00-02 01:00:00 0.154 101 Evaporation 1989-04-03 01:00:00 2.124 101 Evaporation 1989-00-04 01:00:00 0.015 101 Evaporation 1989-04-05 01:00:00 0.001 101 Evaporation 1989-04-10 01:00:00 0.015 101 Evaporation 1989-00-11 01:00:00 0.447 101 Evaporation 1989-04-12 01:00:00 0.254 101 Evaporation 1989-00-13 01:00:00 0.871 101 Evaporation 1989-04-14 01:00:00 0.001 101 Evaporation 1989-00-15 01:00:00 0.513 101 Evaporation 1989-04-16 01:00:00 0.871

HRAP Cells for Nexrad Data

Average area = 14.5 km2

Water Balance in the Landscape

Atmospheric Water

Soil Water Surface Water

Groundwater

Precipitation

Evaporation

Runoff

Recharge

Baseflow

National Hydro Data Programshttp://www.crwr.utexas.edu/giswr/nhdconf/nationalhydro.html

National Elevation Dataset (NED)

National Hydrography Dataset(NHD)

Watershed Boundary DatasetElevation Derivatives forNational Application (EDNA)

EDNA Catchments

Average area = 7.5 km2

Modflow Groundwater Cells

Average area = 2.6 km2

Modflow Model of theEdwards-Trinity

aquifer

Intersection of Nexrad and Catchments

Atmospheric Water

Soil Water Surface Water

Surface Water Balance

Intersection of Nexrad and Modflow Cells

Atmospheric Water

Groundwater

Groundwater Balance

Intersection of Nexrad, Catchments and Modflow

Atmospheric Water

Soil Water Surface Water

Groundwater

Coupling Spatial and Temporal Data

1 hour Nexard Rainfallon the Guadalupe Basin

October 13, 2001

Arc Hydro and Modeling

• Intrinsic Modeling – within a particular application eg Excel, ArcGIS

• Dynamic Linked Library – tightly coupled package of functions (e.g. LibHydro from HEC)

• Independent Modeling – separate hydrologic model with data exchange

Dynamic Linked Library

Can haveFortransubroutinesin a DLL

Muskingumflow routing

Independent Hydrologic Model

VB progam reads and writestext files

Analysis, Modeling,Decision Making

Arc Hydro Geodatabase

Visual Basic

ArcGIS

Relational D

atabase

(Access)

Excel

Interfaces to Arc Hydro Data and Models

Other Arc Hydro Implementations

• USGS– Stream Stats

• HEC– GeoRAS– GeoHMS

Streamstats

• Why should the Corps of Engineers be interested in Arc Hydro?– Watershed planning– Reservoir operations– Flood damage

reduction– Ecosystem restoration

Arc Hydro: GIS for Water ResourcesDavid R. Maidment, University of Texas at Austin