why polish philosophy does not exist by barry smith

8/2/2019 Why Polish Philosophy Does Not Exist by Barry Smith

1/21

@h; K(K( Kgagif` gha K( Sghì{of .oay()$ Qno Drjr,]guyg} Yinjjd Qno Ho} Mohougq`jh.Sj{hg Yqaòy `h qno Sn`djyjsnp jb qno Yiòhioy gha qno Nlgh`qòy $ rjd( >0)$ss( 70,90( Glyqouagl*Ho} Pjuf$ HP; Ujajs`$ 5332 (

Eguup Yl`qn

]NP SJD@YN SN@DJYJSNP AJOY HJQ O^@YQ

7( Qno Yighagd jb Ijhq`hohqgd Sn`djyjsnp

Qnouo guo lghp nhauoay jb ijuyoy qgmnq haou qno q`qdo Ijhq`hohqgd

Sn`djyjsnp .I(S() ogin pogu `h Hjuqn,Glouìgh h`rouy`qòy( Yin

ijuyoy aogd hjq }`qn sn`djyjsnp jh qno ijhq`hohq jb Oujso gy g }njdo$

nj}orou$ eq ugqnou }`qn g n`mndp yodoiq`ro sjuq`jh jb Bughij,Moulgh

sn`djyjsnp$ iohquoa gejro gdd gujha qno souyjh jb Lguq`h Noàommou(

Gujha n`l `y mgqnouoa g ujqgq`hm iuo} jb iuuohqdp bgyn`jhgedo$

su`lgu`dp Buohin qn`hfouy$ ogin yiioyy`ro mohougq`jh jb }nìn idg`ly

`qyodb qno oha jb sn`djyjsnp .ju jb lgh$ ju jb uogyjh$ jb qno

yekoiq$ jb àohq`qp oqi() gy }o fhj} `q( G yjuq jb ijlsoq`q`jh qnoh

o~`yqy qj sujaio orou }`daou gha ljuo agag`yqì idg`ly gdjhm qnoyo d`hoy$g ijlsoq`q`jh qngq eoguy ijlsgu`yjh$ `h ljuo qngh jho uoysoiq$ }`qn qno

ijlsoq`q`jh gljhm Njddp}jja b`dl aùoiqjuy qj jqaj ogin jqnou `h

sujai`hm orou ljuo ynjif`hm ju euqgd ju `hnlgh b`dly(

Qno dgqou Nyyoud$ Noàommouy qoginou$ `y yjloq`loy qgfoh giijhq jb

`h ijuyoy jb qn`y Ijhq`hohqgd Sn`djyjsnp6 hjq$ nj}orou$ Nyyoudy j}h

qoginou Euohqghj gha hjq$ bju o~glsdo$ yin `lsjuqghq q}ohqòqn,iohqup

Moulgh sn`djyjsnouy gy Ouhyq Igyyùou ju Hìjdg` Nguqlghh( Buohin

sn`djyjsnouy }juf`hm `h qno quga`q `jh jb Sj`higu ju Anol ju Eoumyjh

ju M`dyjh guo y`l`dgudp `mhjuoa$ gy$ jb ijuyo$ guo Gyqu`gh ju

Yigha`hgr`gh ju I{oin sn`djyjsnouy(

]ngq$ qnoh$ `y qno ljlohq jb h`qp jb qn`y Ijhq`hohqgd Sn`djyjsnp:

]ngq `y `q qngq Noàommou gha Aouuàg gha Dio @u`mgugp ngro `h ijlljh$}nìn a`yq`hm`ynoy qnol bujl snohjlohjdjm`yqy yin gy Uo`hgin ju

Yinodou ju qno bgljy Ageouq: Qno ghy}ou$ `q yooly$ `y; ghq`sgqnp qjyiòhio$ ju ljuo mohougddp$ ghq`sgqnp qj doguh`hm gha qj yinjdgudpgiq`r`qp$ qj gdd qno hjulgd ejumoj`y susjyoy jb qno ]oyqouh h`rouy`qp

.gha }o hjqo `h sgyy`hm qngq$ gy bgu gy snohjlohjdjmp `y ijhiouhoa$ `q

}gy Noàommou }nj }gy uoysjhyèdo bju qoul`hgq`hm qngq suor`jydp


2/21

53 Eguup Yl`qn

nogdqnp yiòhq`bì d`ho }nìn nga eujmnq bjuqn yin lgyqousòioy gy

Euohqghjy Sypinjdjmp bjul gh Olsùìgd Yqghasj`hq gha NyyoudyDjmìgd @hroyq`mgq`jhy)( Qn`y uokoiq`jh jb qno rgdoy gyyji`gqoa }`qnhjulgd yinjdgudp giq`r`qp `y ijle`hoa$ buqnou$ gq dogyq `h qno igyo jb

qnjyo Buohin qn`hfouy giiuoa`qoa gy Ijhq`hohqgd Sn`djyjsnouy }`qn g

yeyq`qq`jh jb sjd`qìy bju yiòhio .}nouo sjd`qìy$ qjj$ `y qj eo

haouyqjja `h g eujga yohyo g yohyo eujga ohjmn qj `hidao gdyj qno

gajdoyiohq bu`hmo)( Sn`djyjsnp qnouoep eoijloy qughybjuloa `hqj g

yqughmo qpso jb àojdjmìgddp ljq`rgqoa yji`gd iu`qì`yl(

Qn`y qughybjulgq`jh `y yjloq`loy aobohaoa$ oysoi`gddp ep Glouìgh

gsjdjm`yqy bju Ijhq`hohqgd Sn`djyjsnp yin gy Uìngua Ujuqp$ ep gssogd

qj gh gumlohq gdjhm qno bjddj}`hm d`hoy;

`( Gdd yiòhq`bì giq`r`qp `y `h ghp igyo gh o~oui`yo jb yji`gd sj}ou.nouo qno }juf jb Fnh `y jbqoh igddoa `h gà)(

``( Qno sqgq`ro a`yq`hiq`jhy eoq}ooh fhj}doamo gha sj}ou jueoq}ooh aoyiu`sq`ro gha soubjulgq`ro qqoughioy guo qnouobjuo

ysu`jy yin a`yq`hiq`jhy lyq eo aoijhyquiqoa .`h qno

lghhou jb Bjigdq oq gd()(

Nohio;

```( Sn`djyjsnouy ynjda igyq gyào qno suoqohy`jh qngq qnop guo yoof`hmfhj}doamo gha ynjda `hyqoga ohmgmo o~idy`rodp `h qno yqummdo

qj yn`bq qno uodgq`jhy jb sj}ou `h yjiòqp .gha nouo }o hjqo qngq `q

`y gejro gdd ugaìgd bol`h`yq mujs`hmy }nj ngro mg`hoa ljyq bujl

qno }àoysuoga giiosqghio$ `h Hjuqn Glouìg$ jb a`bbouohq rouy`jhy

jb qn`y gumlohq)(

.Qno sujedoly }`qn qno gumlohq guo$ jb ijuyo$ dom`jh( Qj lohq`jh kyq

jho jer`jy yqled`hm edjif; `b qn`y `y `haooa gh gumlohq `h aobohyo

jb }ngq l`mnq eoyq eo aoyiuèoa gy g muge bju sj}ou jh qno sguq jb iouqg`h

mujsy$ qnoh qn`y igh jhdp eo eoigyo qnouo `y$ gbqou gdd$ g a`yq`hiq`jh

eoq}ooh aoyiu`sq`ro gha soubjulgq`ro qqoughioy$ bju `b `qy suol`yoy aàhjq qnolyodroy ngro rgdà`qp gy aoyiu`sq`ro quqny$ qnoh qno gumlohq

}jda djyo gdd bjuio gy kyq`bìgq`jh()

Qngq qno a`yi`sd`ho jb sn`djyjsnp ngy eooh yekoiq `h iouqg`h

iùidoy qj g qughybjulgq`jh jb qno yjuq aoyiuèoa `y gq qno yglo q`lo

lgyfoa ep qno yo jb ho} yqpdoy jb }u`q`hm }nìn guo aoy`mhoa qj bjjdjqyàouy gha qj sujqoiq qno iùidoy jb `h`q`gqoy bujl sjqohq`gddp aglgm`hm

iu`qì`yl( Qno ljyq sujl`hohq lguf jb yin yqpdoy jb }u`q`hm `y qno nogrp

yo jb syoaj,yiòhq`bì kgumjh`{`hm `hysùoa ep yji`jdjmp gha

sypinjghgdpy`y( @h gaa`q`jh$ gha oysoi`gddp `h sjyq,ljaouh iùidoy$ qnop


3/21

]np Sjd`yn Sn`djyjsnp Ajoy Hjq O~`yq 57

guo lgufoa ep qno q`d`{gq`jh jb rgu`jy quìfy jb ùjhp gha yodb,

wjqgq`jh$ ep loghy jb }nìn qno gqnjuy jb qno ho} sn`djyjsnp yoof

qj a`yqghio qnolyodroy bujl qno uoysjhyè`d`qp jb lgf`hm gyyouq`jhy

}nìn l`mnq eo kamoa gy quo ju bgdyo( B`hgddp$ nj}orou$ qno ho} }u`q`hm

yqpdo `y jbqoh lgufoa ep qno yo jb }ngq igh jhdp eo igddoa sjuhjmugsnì

aorìoy( Ijhyàou qno bjddj}`hm ingugiqou`yqìgddp suoqohq`jy sgyygmo$

injyoh gq ughajl bujl Aouuàgy Ysuy$ `h }nìn qno Buohin AjiqjuIu`l`hgdo haouqgfoy qj aoijhyquiq qno soq`q,ejumoj`y gyylsq`jh

giijua`hm qj }nìn qno q}j ijhiosqy jb quqn gha igyqugq`jh }jda eo

yjlonj} a`yq`hiq;

Qno bol`h`ho a`yqghio geyqugiqy quqn bujl `qyodb `h g yysohy`jh jb qno

uodgq`jh }`qn igyqugq`jh( Qn`y uodgq`jh `y yysohaoa lin gy jho l`mnq

qgqoh ju yquoqin g ighrgy$ ju g uodgq`jh$ }nìn horouqnodoyy uolg`hy

yysohaoa `h `haoi`y`jh( @h qno ( @q `y }`qn igyqugq`jh qngq qn`y

uodgq`jh `y yysohaoa$ hjq }`qn qno quqn jb igyqugq`jh `h }nìn qno

}jlgh ajoy Vhjq7\ eodòro ghp}gp gha hjq }`qn qno quqn `hgylin gy `q

l`mnq eo igyqugq`jh( Hju `y `q qno uodgq`jh }`qn quqn,igyqugq`jh qngq `y

yysohaoa$ bju qngq `y suoi`yodp g lghy gbbgù( Qngq `y qno lgyid`ho

ijhiouh$ qno ijhiouh jb qno lgdo }nj ngy horou ijlo jb gmo$ }nj `y

horou ybbìòhqdp yiosqìgd ju a`yy`ldgq`hm( @h yin gh gbbgù qno lgdo$ `hn`y iuoadjyhoyy gha hg`roqp .}nìn `y gd}gpy yo~gd$ gd}gpy suoqoha`hm

oroh gq q`loy qj lgyqoubd o~souq`yo)$ igyqugqoy n`lyodb gha bujl qno

yoiuoq`jh jb n`y giq bgyn`jhy qno yhguo jb quqn,igyqugq`jh( .Soungsy gq qn`y

sj`hq jho jmnq qj `hqouujmgqo gha hejyy qno loqgsnjuìgd

bddedj}h yg`d jb quqny aoidglgq`jh$ jb qno igyqugq`jh gha

sngd djiohqu`yl$ bju o~glsdo `h Dgighy a`yijuyo() .Aouuàg 70=>$

ss( ?0b)

Ju ijhyàou qn`y saa`hm jb y`l`dgu hjhyohyo bujl Dio @u`mgugp;

Mphoijdjmp$ a`jsquìy$ guo hj djhmou ep u`mnq g sguq jb loqgsnpyìy qngq

yssjyoadp hyo~oa ghqnujsjy,djmjy }njyo giqgd yo~ `y gal`qqoa jhdp ep

`qy jl`yy`jh gha o~idy`jh bujl ijhyi`jyhoyy$ gha ep }ngq `y ygà `h `qy

lgum`hy( Gha }ngq `b qno @ jhdp qnjmnq qno qnjmnq jb }jlgh: Qno

qnjmnq .gy `q }ouo) jb bolgdohoyy: Gha ijda yoha egif qn`y qnjmnq `h

`qy uobdoiq`jh jhdp eoigyo qno ljqnou ngy eooh `hijusjugqoa: Qno ljqnou

qngq gdd,sj}oubd ljqnou aohòa gha homdoiqoa `h qno yodb,ybbìòhip jb

qno .yodb) qn`hf`hm yekoiq$ nou ejap nohiobju}gua ysoidgu`{oa qnujmn

gha qnujmn( .@u`mgugp 70>?$ s( 7>9)

Ju gmg`h;

7Qno hjq `y dobq jq ep qno qughydgqju$ qj hj gssguohq ijhyowohio(


4/21

55 Eguup Yl`qn

@hyào Sdgqjy ju Yjiugqoy igro$ gh guq`bì`gd }gdd iuqg`h

uoohgiqlohq$ uosu`yo$ uosuoyohqgq`jh$ jb g nploh qngq ngy odyo}nouo eooh

yqogdqn`dp qgfoh g}gp$ `y horou$ orou iujyyoa$ jsohoa$ sohoqugqoa$ sòuioa$

ju qjuh( .@u`mgugp 70>?$ s( 510)

Gy Ly( @u`mgugp o~sdg`hy;

Ghp n`hq$ oroh$ jb qnojup$ sddy lo g}gp bujl lpyodb ep sdd`hm jsoh

gha yo}`hm s hhgqugddp qno d`sy jb qngq yd`q }nouo @ uoijmh`{o lpyodb$ep qjin`hm lpyodb qnouo .gdljyq) aùoiqdp( .@u`mgugp 70>?$ s( 533)

.@q `y$ `hiàohqgddp$ jho hjq `hijhyàougedo rìqjup jb ugaìgd bol`h`yl `h

qno Ghmdjyg~jsnjho ijhquòy qngq qno I(S(,jeyoyy`jh }`qn yo~$ gy

uorogdoa `h sgyygmoy yin gy qno gejro$ ngy eooh `hqujaioa `hqj qno

sgmoy jb oroh qno ljyq qoinhìgd yiòhq`bì kjuhgdy r`g qno egh`ynlohq jb

qno hlgufoa souyjhgd sujhjh gha `qy uosdgiolohq }`qn g sourgy`ro gha

yohyodoyy y}`qin`hm egif gha bjuqn jb mohaouoa ynoy gha noy()

5( Sn`djyjsnp `h Sjdgha

]ngq$ hj}$ jb qno bgqo jb sn`djyjsnp `h Sjdgha: ]o hjqo `h sgyy`hm nj}yga `y qno ysoiqgido suoyohqoa ep qno njyq jb pjhm yqaohqy jb sn`djyjsnp

`h Sjdgha iuuohqdp aorjq`hm `qy ohoumòy qj aoijhyquiq`jh`yq gha qj jqnou

hjh,you`jy gha dq`lgqodp ijuujy`ro sn`djyjsnìgd bgyn`jhy( Ljuo

`lsjuqghq bju ju susjyoy$ nj}orou$ `y qno aomuoo qj }nìn Sjdghay

j}h sn`djyjsnouy ngro bguoa yj egadp gy ijhiouhy qnoù gal`yy`jh `hqj

qno sghqnojh jb Ijhq`hohqgd Sn`djyjsnouy( ]np ynjda qn`y eo yj:

]np$ qj sq qno woyq`jh bujl qno jqnou yào$ ynjda qnouo eo yj idjyo gh

gyyji`gq`jh `h Sjdgha gq dogyq y`hio 7>01 eoq}ooh sn`djyjsnp ghadjmì$ ju eoq}ooh sn`djyjsnp gha yiòhio:5 Jho igh a`yq`hm`yn g youòy

jb ghy}ouy qj qn`y woyq`jh$ }nìn @ yngdd mujs qjmoqnou haou qno

bjddj}`hm noga`hmy;

.g) qno ujdo jb yji`gd`yl6

.e) qno a`yi`sd`hgup gyyji`gq`jh eoq}ooh sn`djyjsnp gha lgqnolgqìy6

.i) qno `hbdohio jb Gyqu`gh sn`djyjsnp `h mohougd gha jb Euohqgh`ghsn`djyjsnp `h sguq ìdgu6

.a) qno youoha`s`qjy ujdo jb Q}guaj}yf`6

.o) qno ujdo jb Igqnjdì`yl(5

]ngq jqnou ijhqup qj lohq`jh kyq jho yplsqjl jb qno gyyji`gq`jh @ ngro `h l`ha

}jda sed`yn gh ohipidjsoa`g ohq`qdoa Sn` djyjsnp gha Yiòhio .Igifj}yf`$ Fl`qg ghaY{gh`g}yf`$ oay( 70>=):


5/21


9( Yji`gd`yl gha Yiòhq`bì Sn`djyjsnp

Lin jb }ngq hooay qj eo ygà gejq qno Sjd`yn igyo igh eo aou`roa$ }`qn

y`qgedo lja`bìgq`jhy$ bujl ijhyàou`hm qno igyo jb Gyqu`g( Ijhyàou$ `h

qn`y d`mnq$ qno bjddj}`hm sgyygmo bujl qno gqje`jmugsnp jb G( K( Gpou$

}nj `h 7095 ysohq g sujqugiqoa njhopljjh jb kyq jrou qnuoo ljhqny `h

Ròhhg eobjuo uoquh`hm qj J~bjua qj }u`qo Dghmgmo$ Quqn gha Djmì;

Qno loleouy jb qno Ròhhg Iùido$ }`qn qno hjqgedo o~iosq`jh jb Jqqj

Hougqn$ }ouo hjq muogqdp `hqouoy qoa `h sjd` qìy$ eq qnoùy }gy gdyj g

sjd` qìgd ljrolohq( Qno }gu jb àogy }nìn qnop }ouo }gm`hm gmg`hyq qno

Igqnjdì inuin nga `qy sguq `h qno souohh`gd Ròhhoyo ijhbdìq eoq}ooh

qno yji`gd`yqì gha qno idouìgd uogiq`jh( .Gpou 70==$ s( 750)

G ljuo o~sdì`q rouy`jh jb qno yglo qnoy`y sq bju}gua ep Kjnghhoy

Arjugf .gdyj wjq`hm Hougqn);

@h d`mnq jb qno bgiq qngq qno ejumoj`yò oysoi`gddp `h Iohqugd Oujso

nga a`yingumoa `qyodb jb gdd ohd`mnqohlohq quga`q`jhy gha sgà njlgmo

ugqnou qj qno idqy jb ùugq`jhgd`yl$ }n`do qno sujdoqgu`gq yqummdoa bju g

ugq`jhgd bjulgq`jh jb yjiòqp$ qno njso iouqg`hdp suorg`doa qngq @q `y

suoi`yodp qno sujdoqgu `gq }nìn }`dd eoijlo qno iguu òu jb g yiòhio}`qnjq loqgsnpyìy( .Arjugf 70>?$ s( 715)

Hjq jhdp Hougqn gha Arjugf eq gdyj jqnou yinjdguy }juf`hm jh qno

egifmujha jb qno Ròhhg Iùido ngro aobohaoa g rò} giijua`hm qj

}nìn qno bdj}ou`hm jb yiòhq`bì sn`djyjsnp `h Iohqugd Oujso eoq}ooh

qno }guy `y qj eo uomguaoa suoi`yodp gy sguq jb g }àou yqummdo eoq}ooh

dobq gha u`mnq$ eoq}ooh yiòhio gha uogiq`jh(

@ aj hjq eodòro qngq }o hooa ysoha qjj lin q`lo jh qn`y susjuqoa

o~sdghgq`jh gy bgu gy Sjdgha g dgha hjq jb sujdoqgu`ghy eq jb sogyghqy

gha hje`d`qp `y ijhiouhoa6 eq qno uogaou `y gyfoa qj njda nou njuyoy

eobjuo uyn`hm bju}gua }`qn jekoiq`jhy qj g sjd`qìgd giijhq jb qno u`yo

jb yiòhq`bì sn`djyjsnp `h Sjdgha gdjhm qno d`hoy ymmoyqoa(

1( Ygboqp `h Hleouy

Gq qno ag}h jb Sjd`yn `haosohaohio `h 707=$ gy sguq jb g }àoysuoga

iglsg`mh `h bgrju jb qno ijhiosq`jh jb yiòhio gy g dgagedo bjul jb

sedì yourìo `h qno igyo jb qno ho} Sjdgha$ qno lgqnolgqì`gh

[pmlhq Kgh`y{o}yf` ijll`qqoa Sjd`yn lgqnolgqì`ghy qj g sujmugl

aoy`mhoa qj qgfo garghqgmo jb qno qgdohqy jb qno Sjd`yn lgqnolgqìgd

ijllh`qp r`g ypyqolgqì ijddgejugq`jh gha ijhiohqugq`jh jh ysoi`bì


6/21

51 Eguup Yl`qn

sujedoly gha qjsìy jb uoyoguin .yoo Kgh`y{o}yf` 707=)( Kgh`y{o}yf`y

sujkoiq$ }nìn sujroa qj eo jb muogq yiioyy$ `y `lsjuqghq bju ju suoyohq

susjyoy bju g hleou jb a`yq`hiq uogyjhy;

.`) Qno qjsìy injyoh$ gejro gdd `h qno guog jb yoq qnojup$ }ouo yin gyqj doga qj qno sjyyè`d`qp jb bu`qbd ijddgejugq`jh eoq}ooh

lgqnolgqì`ghy gha sn`djyjsnouy }juf`hm `h qno guog jb djmì( Qno

bjhagq`jhy bju yin ijddgejugq`jh }ouo dgà gduogap `h 7>01 }nohQ}guaj}yf` eomgh qj qogin sn`djyjsnp gq qno h`rouy`qp jb Drjr6

gq qngq q`lo Q}guaj}yf` gar`yoa n`y yqaohqy qj yqap qno yiòhio

jb lgqnolgqìy `h gaa`q`jh qj sn`djyjsnp$ gha yjlo jb n`y

eu`mnqoyq yqaohqy yeyowohqdp bod d haou qno `hbdohio jb qno

lgqnolgqì`gh Yòus`yf`$ }nj qgmnq `h Drjr bujl 7073(

.``) Kgh`y{o}yf` }gy ijhyi`jy jb qno ijlsgugq`ro garghqgmosjyyoyyoa ep ylgddou ijhquòy `h qnjyo bòday jb yiòhq`bì uoyoguin

hjq uowù`hm y`mh`bìghq o~soha`quoy jh bgi`d`qòy gha ow`slohq(

Jho igh sj`hq$ gaa`q`jhgddp$ qj g iouqg`h ijlsgugq`ro garghqgmo

ohkjpoa ep yinjdguy `h ijhquòy yin gy Sjdgha `h qnjyo bòday

yin gy lgqnolgqìy ju lyì }nouo qno `yyo jb qno hgq`ro

dghmgmo jb qno yiòhq`yq ju guq`yq `y jb yoijhagup `lsjuqghio( .Qno

ginòrolohqy jb Sjdgha `h qno bòda jb lgqnolgqìy guo lgqinoa$

y`mh`bìghqdp$ ep y`l`dgu ginòrolohqy jh qno sguq jb Nhmgup gha

B`hdgha() Qnoyo ijlsgugq`ro garghqgmoy jb ylgddou hgq`jhy jh qno

}juda yqgmo igh eo iguuòa jrou gdyj qj jqnou ysnouoy$ `hida`hm

sn`djyjsnp$ gha oysoi`gddp qj qnjyo guogy jb sn`djyjsnp ljyq

uoljqo bujl `yyoy jb sjd`qìy gha hgq`jhgd idquo(

.```) Lgqnolgqì`ghy$ gha djmì`ghy gha yiòhq`bì sn`djyjsnouy$ lgpgdyj ohkjp qno garghqgmoy jb uodgq`ro souyjhgd gha sujboyy`jhgd

ygboqp `h quedohq sjd`qìgd q`loy$ `h g }gp }nìn lgp hjq eo

sjyyèdo bju qn`hfouy }juf`hm `h yin bòday gy oqnìy ju sjd`qìgd

qnojup ju n`yqjup( Qno uodgq`ro ysou`ju`qp jb }juf ajho `h djmì `h

Ogyqouh gy jssjyoa qj ]oyqouh Moulghp `y$ @ eodòro$ qj eo

o~sdg`hoa `h sguq `h qouly jb qn`y bgiqju( Jh qno jqnou ngha$nj}orou$ m`roh qno ujdo sdgpoa ep djmìgd sn`djyjsnouy `h qno

Yjdàgu`qp ljrolohq gha `h qno Sjd`yn haoumujha h`rouy`qp

au`hm qno }gu$ `q `y ljuo a`bbìdq qj mgmo qno y`mh`bìghio jb qn`y

bgiqju `h qno igyo jb Sjdgha(


7/21

]np Sjd`yn Sn`djyjsnp Ajoy Hjq O~`yq 5?

?( Sjd`yn Sn`djyjsnp @y Gyqu`gh Sn`djyjsnp

@h n`y sgsou ]`qqmohyqo`h gha Gyqu`gh Sn`djyjsnp$ Uajdb Ngddou

}u`qoy gy bjddj}y;

@ }`yn V( ( (\ qj aoboha q}j qnoyoy; bùyq$ qngq `h qno dgyq 733 poguy qnouo ngy

qgfoh sdgio gh `haosohaohq aorodjslohq jb g ysoi`bìgddp Gyqu`gh

sn`djyjsnp$ jssjyoa qj qno sn`djyjsnìgd iuuohqy jb qno uolg`haou jb qnoMoulgh,ysogf`hm }juda6 gha yoijhadp qngq qn`y aorodjslohq igh yyqg`h g

mohoqì ljaod }nìn soul`qy y qj gbbùl gh `hqu`hyì njljmoho`qp jb

Gyqu`gh sn`djyjsnp s qj qno Ròhhg Iùido gha `qy aoyiohaghqy( .Ngddou

70>7$ s( 05)

Qno mug`h jb quqn `h qn`y sgyygmo igh eo yooh gduogap `b }o ijhyàou qno

aomuoo qj }nìn qno }u`q`hmy jb yin o~olsdgup Gyqu`ghy gy Ejd{ghj$

Lgin$ Lo`hjhm$ Q}guaj}yf`$ Sjssou gha Myqgr Eoumlghh$ o~nè`q

ugaìgd a`bbouohioy jbyqpdo gy ijlsguoa qj Moulgh sn`djyjsnouy yin gyNomod$ Noàommou$ ju Ngeoulgy }nj guo yqghaguadp gyyji`gqoa }`qn

Moulghp .yoo Yl`qn 7007g6 Ldd`mgh 7009)( Ljyq y`lsdp sq; qno bjulou

olsdjp g yjeou yiòhq`bì yqpdo gha ynh suoqohy`jhy( Qnouo guo gdyj

gyyji`gqoa a`bbouohioy souqg`h`hm qj qno a`bbouohq`gd ujdo jb yiòhio gha

djmì$ gy jssjyoa qj qngq jb sjd`qìy `h qno q}j quga`q`jhy a`bbouohioy}nìn$ gy }o yngdd yoo$ youro qj o~sdg`h }np `q `y .iouqg`h yodoiqoa)

Moulgh gha hjq Gyqu`gh sn`djyjsnouy }nj ngro eooh qgfoh s `hqj qno

ejyjl jb Ijhq`hohqgd Sn`djyjsnp `h Hjuqn Glouìg( Qnoyo guo

a`bbouohioy }nìn guo ujjqoa aoosdp `h n`yqjup$ gha qnop aj lin qj

o~sdg`h }np Moulghp `h ys`qo jb qno bgiq qngq `q ngy eujmnq bjuqn yin

m`ghqy jb lgqnolgqìgd djmì gy Buomo$ N`deouq gha Mohq{oh ngy qgfoh yj

djhm qj aorodjs g ijllh`qp jb ghgdpqì sn`djyjsnouy jh `qy njlo

qouu`qjup gha }np hjq g bo} jb qnjyo ljyq iohqugddp uoysjhyèdo bju qn`y

aorodjslohq gejro gdd ]jdbmghm Yqomlddou ngro ng`doa bujl

Gyqu`g .ju ljuo suoi`yodp$ `h Yqomlddouy igyo$ bujl qno Yjqn Qpujd)( @

ngro yjmnq odyo}nouo .yoo Yl`qn 7001) qj aoljhyqugqo qno aomuoo qj

}nìn sn`djyjsnp `h Gyqu`g `h qno sou`ja bujl 7>03 qj qno Ghyindyy

}gy `hbdohioa ep qno qn`hf`hm jb Bugh{ Euohqghj$ gha gy qno lgh`boyqjjb qno Ròhhg Iùido sj`hqy jq$ lghp jb qno ingugiqou`yqì ijhiouhy oroh

jb qno djmìgd sjy`q`r`yq ljrolohq }ouo bjuoyngaj}oa `h n`y }u`q`hmy;

Gy g Igqnjdì suòyq Euohqghj nga gh haouyqgha`hm bju yinjdgyqì`yl6 no

yqguqoa aùoiqdp bujl qno yinjdgyqì djmì gha bujl Doèh`{y ohaogrjuy

qj uobjul djmì$ }n`do dogr`hm gyào Fghq gha qno àogd`yq ypyqol,

sn`djyjsnouy ( Euohqghj gha n`y yqaohqy ynj}oa q`lo gha gmg`h qnoù

haouyqgha`hm jb loh d`fo Ejd{ghj gha jqnouy }nj }ouo }juf`hm qj}guay

g u`mjujy ho} bjhagq`jh jb djmì( .Hougqn$ Iguhgs gha Ngnh 7050$

s( 935)


8/21

52 Eguup Yl`qn

@h yssjuq jb qn`y ijhqohq`jh gy qj qno `lsjuqghio jb Euohqghj$ `q `y

uolgufgedo qj ijhyàou qno bgiq qngq qno ljyq `lsjuqghq iohqouy jb

yiòhq`bì sn`djyjsnp `h Ijhq`hohqgd Oujso Ròhhg$ Sugmo$ Mug{$

Eoud`h$ Mqq`hmoh gha Drjr }ouo suoi`yodp qnjyo i`qòy `h }nìn

Euohqghjy ljyq a`yq`hm`ynoa yqaohqy nga noda ingùy `h sn`djyjsnp

bujl qno 7>03y jh}guay(

Euohqghj }gy hjq jhdp yplsgqnoqì qj qno àog jb g u`mjujydp

yiòhq`bì loqnja `h sn`djyjsnp6 no gdyj ynguoa }`qn qno Eu`q`yn

olsùì`yqy gha }`qn qno Ròhhg sjy`q`r`yqy gh ghq`,loqgsnpyìgd

juòhqgq`jh$ lgh`boyq`hm gh oysoi`gddp bjuiobd ghq`sgqnp qj qno lpyqìgd

sgugsn`djyjsnp jb qno Moulgh àogd`yqy gha yquoyy `hm `h gdd n`y }juf qno

h`qp jb yiòhq`bì loqnja( Euohqghjy }u`q`hmy `hrjdro qno yo jb

loqnjay jb dghmgmo ghgdpy`y y`l`dgu `h yjlo uoysoiqy qj qnjyo aorodjsoa

dgqou ep sn`djyjsnouy `h Ohmdgha(

Qno qnoy`y jb gh `hqouhgddp ijnouohq quga`q`jh jb Gyqu`gh sn`djyjsnp

`y hjq$ nj}orou$ }`qnjq `qy sujedoly( Qny$ }n`do `q yooly qngq qno }jufy

jb Euohqghj$ d`fo qnjyo jb Lo`hjhm gha Nyyoud$ }ouo lohq`jhoa `h

a`yiyy`jhy jb qno Ròhhg Iùido$ `h qno igyo jb Euohqghj$ gq dogyq$ qnoyo

}u`q`hmy }ouo a`yiyyoa su`lgu`dp eoigyo Euohqgh`gh oqnìy }gy injyoh

ep Yindìf gy g ysoi`gd jekoiq jb yijuh( Yindìf n`lyodb }gy jb ijuyo gMoulgh$ gy gdyj }ouo qno qnuoo qn`hfouy Iguhgs$ Uoìnohegin gha

Nolsod }nj guo noda ep lghp qj ngro lgao qno ljyq `lsjuqghq

ijhquèq`jhy qj sn`djyjsnp jb qno djmìgd sjy`q`r`yq yjuq(

2( Qno Youoha`s`qjy Ujdo jb Q}guaj}yf`

Gyqu`gh Sn`djyjsnp `y$ `h ghp orohq$ ep hj loghy gy h`bòa g

snohjlohjh gy yjlo l`mnq d`fo qj eodòro( Soungsy$ qnjmn$ }o igh

lg`hqg`h g sgugddod qnoy`y `h uomgua qj Sjdgha$ }nouo qno ujdo jb

Euohqgh`gh àogy `y ljuo ogyp qj mgmo `h d`mnq jb qno y`hmdgu

ajl`hghio$ `h qno n`yqjup jb sn`djyjsnp `h Sjdgha$ jb jho lgh;Fg{`lòu{ Q}guaj}yf`( Qno `hbdohio jb Q}guaj}yf` jh ljaouh

sn`djyjsnp `h Sjdgha `y gdd,sourgy`ro( Q}guaj}yf` `hyq`d doa `h n`y

yqaohqy g sgyy`jh bju idgu`qp gha u`mju gha you`jyhoyy( No qgmnq qnol

qj uomgua sn`djyjsnp gy g ijddgejugq`ro obbjuq$ g lgqqou jb a`yi`sd`hoa

a`yiyy`jh gha gumlohq$ gha no ohijugmoa qnol qj qug`h qnolyodroy

qnjujmndp `h gq dogyq jho o~qug,sn`djyjsnìgd a`yi`sd`ho gha qj }juf

qjmoqnou }`qn yiòhq`yqy bujl jqnou bòday$ ejqn `hyào Sjdgha gha

`hqouhgq`jhgddp( Qn`y doa gejro gdd$ gy }o ngro yooh$ qj ijddgejugq`jhy

}`qn lgqnolgqì`ghy$ yj qngq qno Drjr yinjjd jb sn`djyjsnp }jda


9/21

]np Sjd`yn Sn`djyjsnp Ajoy Hjq O~`yq 5=

mugagddp orjdro `hqj qno ]guyg} yinjjd jb djmì$ gy Sjd`yn yiòhq`bì

sn`djyjsnouy grg`doa qnolyodroy jb qno ho} qoinh`woy jb bjulgd

sn`djyjsnp aorodjsoa ep Buomo gha Uyyod d(9 Q}guaj}yf` qgmnq n`y

yqaohqy$ qjj$ qj uoysoiq gha qj suyo you`jy uoyoguin `h qno n`yqjup jb

sn`djyjsnp$ gh gysoiq jb qno quga`q `jh jb sn`djyjsnp jh Sjd`yn qouu`qjup

}nìn `y `ddyqugqoa `h yin a`ysgugqo }jufy gy fgyò}ì{y mujha,

euogf`hm ljhjmugsn jh qno dg} jb hjh,ijhqugaìq`jh `h Gu`yqjqdo gha

Qgqgufò}ì{y n`mndp `hbdohq`gd ldq`,rjdlo n`yqjuòy jb sn`djyjsnp

gha goyqnoqìy(

@h 7>0?$ gq qno gmo jb 50$ Q}guaj}yf` }gy gssj`hqoa sujboyyju jb

sn`djyjsnp `h Drjr$ yq` dd gq qngq q`lo gh Gyqu`gh qj}h( Qn`y loghq qngq$

d`fo qno Kgmoddjh`gh _h`rouy`qp `h Iugij}$ `qy h`rouy`qp ohkjpoa g ugqnou

dèougd gha qjdoughq gqljysnouo( Qny Sjdoy }ouo gddj}oa qj yqap gha qj

eo qgmnq ep qnoù j}h doiquouy gha sujboyyjuy$ }nouo `h qno jqnou sguqy

jb sguq`q`jhoa Sjdgha qnop }ouo ohmgmoa `h g ljyq ygrgmo yqummdo bju

hgq`jhgd gha oijhjlì yur`rgd .Kjuagh 701?$ s( 90)( Q}guaj}yf` qgmnq

gq qno h`rouy`qp jb Drjr hq`d 7093 gha ijhq`hoa qj njda yol`hguy hq`d

n`y aogqn `h 709>( N`y yiioyy `h oyqged`yn`hm g ljaouh quga`q`jh jb o~giq

gha u`mjujy sn`djyjsnp `h Sjdgha igh eo yooh `h qno bgiq qngq ljuo qngh

93 jb n`y Sn(A( yqaohqy giwùoa sujboyyjuyn`sy$ gha ep qno `hqou,}gusou`ja n`y yqaohqy noda ingùy `h sn`djyjsnp aosguqlohqy `h gdd Sjd`yn

h`rouy`qòy }`qn qno y`hmdo o~iosq`jh jb qno Igqnjdì _h`rouy`qp `h

Ded`h(1 Gy Qguyf` o~suoyyoa `q `h g doqqou qj Hougqn jb 7093; gdljyq gdd

qno uoyoguinouy$ }nj suyo qno sn`djyjsnp jb o~giq yiòhioy `h Sjdgha$

guo `haùoiqdp ju aùoiqdp qno a`yi`sdoy jb Q}guaj}yf` .Qguyf` 7005$

s( 53)(

@q ngy eooh ymmoyqoa qngq Q}guaj}yf`y qogin`hm }gy `h yjlo yohyo

sn`djyjsnìgddp hoqugd$ qngq qno h`qp jb n`y yinjjd }gy ujjqoa `h g

ijlljh qug`h`hm `h loqnjay gha nge`qy jb }juf$ ugqnou qngh `h qno

ngha`hm aj}h jb ghp ynguoa ajiqu`hoy( Kjuagh$ bju o~glsdo$ gyyouqy qngq

qno loleouy jb Q}guaj}yf`y yinjjd }ouo hjq d`hfoa ep ghp ijlljh

ejap jb sn`djyjsnìgd gyylsq`jhy gha eodòby( Q}guaj}yf` doa n`yyqaohqy$ ugqnou$ qj haouqgfo sg`hyqgf`hm ghgdpy`y jb ysoi`bì sujedoly

}nìn }ouo uìn `h ijhiosqgd gha qoul`hjdjmìgd a`yq`hiq`jhy$ gha

9]jdoyf` .70>0) `y hj} qno yqghagua n`yqjup jb qno Drjr,]guyg} Yinjjd( Jh

Q}guaj}yf`y qogin`hm yoo Yfjd`lj}yf` .702=$ s( 52b)$ }nj uobouy qj Q}guaj}yf`yYsguqgh au`dd( Jh Q}guaj}yf`y `hqoddoiqgd aorodjslohq yoo Aleyfg .70=>) gha

Q}guaj}yf` .7007)(1

Jh Q}guaj}yf`y `hbdohio$ yoo$ gmg`h$ ]jdoyf` .70>0$ In( 7$ sguq 5)$ gha gdyj

Yfjd`lj}yf` .702=$ in( @@)(


10/21

5> Eguup Yl`qn

aùoiqoa ugqnou qj qno idgu`bìgq`jh qngh qj qno yjdq`jh jb qno sujedoly

`hrjdroa .Kjuagh 7029$ ss( =b)(]n`do Q}guaj}yf` noda hj quif }`qn qno ypyqol,e`da`hm

sn`djyjsnìgd sn`djyjsnòy jb qno sgyq$ n`y }juf }gy hjhoqnodoyy

lgufoa ep g iouqg`h loqgsnpyìgd gqq`qao$ }nìn uorogdy `qyodb `h qno}juf jb qnjyo sn`djyjsnouy }nj iglo haou n`y `hbdohio( Qn`y gssdòy

oroh qj qnjyo d`fo Q}guaj}yf`y yjh,`h,dg} Gkafò}ì{$ gdyj `h jqnou

uoysoiqy g hjqoa Gyqujsn`do .yoo Mòapl`h 70>5) }nj }ouo gq iouqg`h

q`loy gqqugiqoa ep qno sjy`q`r`yl ju uoaiq`jh`yl jb qno Ròhhg Iùido

.yoo$ o(m($ Gkafò}ì{ 70=>$ s( 91>6 Fhm 70>0)( @q gssdòy qj

fgyò}ì{$ qj Fjqgue`yf`$ gha qj sn`djyjsnouy yin gy Auo}hj}yf`

gha [g}ùyf`$ }nj aorodjsoa g ijhiosq`jh jb loqgsnpyìy gy g

npsjqnoqìgd,aoaiq`ro yiòhio qj }nìn qno g~`jlgqì loqnja ynjda eo

gssdòa(?

Qno loqgsnpyìy qj }nìn Q}guaj}yf` yeyiuèoa `y qngq jb Euohqghj

.yoo Q}guaj}yf` 7007)$2 gha Q}guaj}yf`y `hbdohio sjh qno ijhqohqjbljaouh sn`djyjsnp `h Sjdgha igh giijua`hmdp eoyq eo haouyqjja `h

qouly jb iouqg`h Euohqgh`gh àogy gha gqq`qaoy }nìn Q}guaj}yf`

ijhropoa qj n`y Sjd`yn a`yi`sdoy( Qn`y `hbdohio uorogdy `qyodb$ ljuo

suoi`yodp$ `h qno bgiq qngq ljaouh sn`djyjsnp `h Sjdgha `y lgufoa$ jh qnojho ngha$ ep gh gqq`qao jb loqgsnpyìgd uogd`yl gha$ jh qno jqnou ngha$

ep g ijhiouh }`qn qno hjq`jh jb quqn gy ijuuoysjhaohio$ ejqn jb }nìn

Q}guaj}yf` nga `hnou`qoa }`qn yjlo Ejd{gh`gh gal`~quoy bujl qno

ogudp Euohqghj( Qny }n`do Lo`hjhmy qnojup jb jekoiqy `y g ljuo }àodp

fhj}h o~glsdo jb g mohougd`{oa jhqjdjmp e`dq s jh qno egy`y jb

aoyiu`sq`ro sypinjdjmìgd ghgdpyoy jb qno a`bbouohq f`hay jb lohqgd giqy$ `q

}gy `h bgiq Q}guaj}yf`$ jb gdd qno Euohqgh`ghy$ }nj }gy qno bùyq qj

aorodjs g mohougd`{oa jhqjdjmp `h qn`y yohyo( Gy @hmguaoh sqy `q$

Q}guaj}yf`y Ijhqohq gha Jekoiq .7>01) `y$ yj bgu gy @ fhj}$ qno bùyqijhy`yqohqdp ijhyquiqoa qnojup jb jekoiqy lgh`boyq`hm g iouqg`h

qnojuoqìgd h`qp y`hio qno q`loy jb yinjdgyqì`yl gha jb qno jhqjdjmp jb

Inu`yq`gh ]jdbb .@hmguaoh 709>$ s( 5?>$ wjqoa `h Yinhoddo 70>5$ s( 00)(@h yjlo igyoy$ g aùoiq `hqouoyq `h Euohqghj gha n`y yinjjd }gy

`hnou`qoa bujl Q}guaj}yf` ep n`y yqaohqy( Qn`y `y oysoi`gddp quo jb

@hmguaoh6 eq `q njday gdyj jb Dohò}yf`$ gha fgyò}ì{ }gy yekoiq qj

? Yoo o(m( Kjuagh .701?$ s( 9>)( G y`l`dgu ijhiosq`jh `y uosuoyohqoa `h qno }juf jb

ijhqolsjugup Sjd`yn sn`djyjsnouy yin gy K( Sou{ghj}yf` gha lghp jqnouy( 2

Gy y{i{o}yfg,Ujnlghj}g sqy `q$ Q}guaj}yf` yg} gy n`y o~idy`ro qgyf qno

uogd`{gq`jh jb qno àogy jb Euohqghj jh Sjd`yn yj`d$ àogy }`qn }nìn no n`lyodb `h g }gp

muo} s gha }nìn no noda qj eo `hae`qgedp ijuuoiq .y{i{o}yfg,Ujnlghj}g 702=$

s( 7??$ gy wjqoa `h Yinhoddo 70>5$ s ( 03)(


11/21


qno `hbdohio jb Euohqghjy àogy$ qjj( No yqaòa hjq jhdp }`qn

Q}guaj}yf` eq gdyj }`qn Yqlsb `h Eoud`h gha }`qn Lo`hjhm `h Mug{$

gha gljhm n`y ogudòyq sgsouy guo g hleou jb ynjuq uorò}y jb }jufy ep

Nyyoud$ Nbdou$ Yqlsb gha Lo`hjhm(

@q }jda eo }ujhm qj ymmoyq qngq ysoi`bìgddp Euohqgh`gh ajiqu`hoy

}ouo qgfoh jrou }njdo ep Q}guaj}yf`y yqaohqy( Poq qno `lsdì`q ju

o~sdì`q ijhiouh }`qn loqgsnpyìy$ gha oysoi`gddp }`qn uogd`yqì loqg,

snpyìy gha }`qn qu qn gy ijuuoysjhaohio$ `y g ijhyqghqdp uoiuu`hm

bogquo jb qnoù }juf( @hroyq`mgq`jhy `h qno jhqjdjmp jb quqn$ ju jb qnjyo

uodgq`jhy eoq}ooh yohqohioy gha jekoiqy }nìn guo ijhyq`qq`ro jb quqn$

ngro eooh w`qo soid`gudp sujl`hohq bogquoy jb Sjd`yn sn`djyjsnìgd

}u`q`hmy bujl Q}guaj}yf` qj qno suoyohq agp$ gha qnop ngro ijdjuoa

oysoi`gddp qno Sjd`yn uoiosq`jh jb qno sn`djyjsnp jb ]`qqmohyqo`h(= Oroh

qno ogudp }juf jb Qguyf` igh `ddl`hgq`hmdp eo rò}oa `h qn`y d`mnq$

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s( 7??$ h( 56 ]jdoyf` gha Y`ljhy 70>0)(

Gq gdd orohqy$ qnjmn$ `q ighhjq eo aohòa qngq gh `hqouoyq `h qno

sn`djyjsnp jb quqn ngy eooh g n`mndp ijhysìjy ljlohq jb ljaouh

sn`djyjsnp `h Sjdgha( Qno àog jb uogd`yl$ jh qno jqnou ngha$ lgp

`h`q`gddp eo qnjmnq qj ngro sdgpoa g doyy sujl`hohq ujdo( Jh idjyou`hysoiq`jh$ nj}orou$ }o yoo qngq qno uogd`yq gqq`qao }nìn Q}guaj}yf`

sujldmgqoa ngy `h bgiq eooh qgfoh bju mughqoa ep Sjd`yn sn`djyjsnouy gy

yjloqn`hm gdljyq h`rouygddp ynguoa( Uogd`yl$ oroh Gu`yqjqod`gh uogd`yl$

`y gh hwoyq`jhoa suoyssjy`q`jh jb Dohò}yf`y }juf gha jb qngq jb n`y

su`hi`sgd yiioyyjuy( @q mjrouhy qno }juf jb @hmguaoh$ aìqgq`hm oroh qno

dgqqouy `hqouoyq `h qno snohjlohg jb goyqnoqìy(> @q ngy eooh jb uosogqoa

ijhiouh qj Gkafò}ì{$ gha `q ngy ijdjuoa gdyj qno }juf jh

os`yqoljdjmp jb Fjqgue`yf` gha n`y ss`dy .yoo Kjuagh 701?)( Gha `h

ogin igyo$ Q}guaj}yf` ngy sdgpoa g ujdo `h aoqoul`h`hm ejqn qno

qoul`hjdjmp gha qno qn`hf`hm jb qno sn`djyjsnouy `h woyq`jh(

=( Yiòhq`bì Sn`djyjsnp gha Igqnjdì`yl

Igh }o$ qnoh$ giiosq gh o~sdghgq`jh jb qno u`yo gha ohquohinlohq jb

yiòhq`bì sn`djyjsnp `h Sjdgha `h qouly jb qno h`wodp sj}oubd

`hbdohio jb Q}guaj}yf`: Eobjuo }o ljro qj ghy}ou qn`y woyq`jh$ doq y

= Bujl g }ào yodoiq`jh jb ljuo uoiohq }jufy jho l`mnq lohq`jh; Ejufj}yf` .70>?)$

Sou{ghj}yf` .70>?)$ Yy{fj .702>)$ gha ]jdhò}ì{ .70>?)(>

Yoo qno Suobgio qj n`y .7097)6 yoo gdyj @hmguaohy iu`qìgd }u`q`hmy jh Nyyoudy àogd`yl$

gejro gdd `h n`y .7050)(


12/21

93 Eguup Yl`qn

ijhyàou jho buqnou bgiqju$ }nìn quhy jh qno bgiq qngq Sjdgha$ d`fo

Gyqu`g$ `y g Igqnjdì ijhqup( Bju yjlo ngro jbbouoa uod`m`jy

o~sdghgq`jhy gy qj }np yiòhq`bì sn`djyjsnp ynjda ngro qgfoh ujjq `h

qnoyo ijhquòy eq hjq `h .Sujqoyqghq$ Hjuqnouh) Moulghp( Nouo gmg`h

}o lgp quh qj Hougqn$ }nj }u`qoy gy bjddj}y;

Igqnjdìy giiosq g ijlsgiq ejap jb ajmlg gha sdgio `q gq qno eom`hh`hm

jb qnoù uobdoiq`jhy$ Vqny\ qnop guo yjloq`loy gedo qj aorjqo qnolyodroyqj ypyqolgqì djmìgd ghgdpy`y$ heuaohoa ep ghp loqgsnpyìgd aoqg`dy(

V( ( (\ Jhio yjlojho `h qno Igqnjdì igls eom`hy qj ngro ajeqy gejq g

ajmlg$ no igh buoo n`lyodb }`qn sguqìdgu ogyo bujl qno }njdo yoq jb

ajmlgy gha `y qnoh dobq g roup obboiq`ro djmìgd `hyqulohq `h n`y

sjyyoyy`jh( Hjq yj `h qno Dqnough igls$ }nouo V( ( ( \ lghp sn`djyjsnouy

gha yinjdguy bujl gdd a`yi`sd`hoy$ }n`do grjà`hm g ijll`qlohq qj g idogu

ejap jb ajmlg$ ngro uoqg`hoa ngdb,loqgsnpyìgd ju wgu qou,loqgsnpyìgd

quhy jb ysooin$ qno dgyq uolhghqy jb g qnojdjmp }nìn ngy hjq poq eooh

ijlsdoqodp ysouyoaoa V( ( (\( Qn`y lgp o~sdg`h }np qno d`hm`yqì ghgdpy`y

jb h`bòa yiòhio suorg`doa dogyq `h ijhquòy }nouo qno Dqnough bg`qn

nga aogdq qno nguaoyq edj}y qj qno Igqnjdì Inuin$ aoys`qo qno bgiq qngq

qoinhjdjmp gha qno yiòhioy qngq mj gdjhm }`qn `q guo n`mndp aorodjsoa `h

qnoyo ijhquòy( .Hougqn V7099\ 70>=$ s( 5==)

Nohio$ Hougqn idg`ly$ qno uorjdq gmg`hyq qno loqgsnpyìgd quga`q`jh `y

yiiooa`hm jqyào Dqnough ijhquòy `h Igdr`h`yqì gy }odd gy `h

Igqnjdì jhoy gha no hjqoy }`qn suào qngq qnouo guo `h Gyqu`g hj yin

loqgsnpyìgd gqjiugqy gy Noàommou$ Uìfouq ju jqnouy .Hougqn V7099\

70>=)(

>( G Ijsouhìgh Yn`bq

Hougqn `y iouqg`hdp jhqj yjloqn`hm }noh no sj`hqy qj a`b bouohq`gd

bogquoy jb qno n`yqjup jb Moulghp gha Gyqu`g*Sjdgha `h qn`y }gp( Qnouo

guo g hleou jb yorouo sujedoly }`qn n`y ysoi`bì qnoy`y$ nj}orou( Qny

Noàommou n`lyodb }gy yqoosoa ugqnou `h Igqnjdì qngh `h Dqnough

loqgsnpyìy gy g pjhm lgh6 gha qnouo guo lghp Igqnjdì ijhquòy$ `h

jqnou uoysoiqy ijlsgugedo qj Sjdgha$ }nouo djmìgd olsùì`yl gha

ghgdpqì sn`djyjsnp ngro bg`doa qj qgfo yeyqghq`gd ujjq$ kyq gy qnouo guo

Dqnough ijhquòy .B`hdgha `y nouo qno ljyq yqu`f`hm o~glsdo)$ gha jb

ijuyo ijhquòy jb Ghmdìgh,Os`yijsgd`gh b`d`gq`jh hjq lohq`jhoa gq gdd

ep Hougqn }nìn ngro youroa gy rou`qgedo egyq`jhy jb qno ghgdpqì

quga`q`jh(

Y`l`dgu jekoiq`jhy igh eo ug`yoa oroh ljuo bjuiobddp gmg`hyq ju bùyq

.sjd`qìgd) idgyy jb o~sdghgq`jhy jb qno u`yo jb yiòhq`bì sn`djyjsnp `h


13/21


Iohqugd Oujso .yiòhq`bì sn`djyjsnp `y qno sn`djyjsnp jb qno }jufouy

ljrolohq)( Hjq jhdp `y `q qno igyo qngq yji`gd`yq ljrolohqy `h Bughio ju

Ysg`h ju @qgdp$ jqnou}`yo ijlsgugedo qj qnjyo `h Sjdgha gha Gyqu`g$ mgro

u`yo qj hj ijlsgugedo ljrolohqy `h sn`djyjsnp$ eq `q `y gdyj qno igyo

qngq lghp jb qno ljyq `lsjuqghq qn`hfouy gyyji`gqoa }`qn qno Ròhhg

iùido gha }`qn qno u`yo jb yiòhq`bì sn`djyjsnp `h Sjdgha quogqoa

yji`gd`yl }`qn a`yag`h .yoo Yl`qn 7002)(

]ngq$ qnoh$ jb o~sdghgq`jhy jb qno u`yo jb yiòhq`bì sn`djyjsnp `h

Sjdgha }nìn yquoyy qno ujdo jb Gyqu`g `h mohougd gha jb Euohqghj gha

Q}guaj}yf` `h sguqìdgu: Nouo gmg`h qnouo guo sujedoly$ hjq dogyq gy g

uoydq jb qno bgiq qngq qno grg`dgedo o~sdghgq`jhy aj d`qqdo qj o~sdg`h }np

qno àogy jb Euohqghj gha Q}guaj}yf` }ouo gedo qj sdghq yin bùl gha

dgyq`hm ujjqy suoi`yodp jh Sjd`yn yj`d$ }nouo qno ijhqolsjugup `hbdohio

jb Euohqgh`yl `h Gyqu`g `qyodb$ gha `h jqnou sguqy jb qno bjulou Gyquj,

Nhmgu`gh Olsùo$ `y gdljyq rgh`yn`hmdp }ogf( Qnoyo sujedoly eoijlo

gdd qno muogqou }noh jho uobdoiqy jh qno quolohajy a`bbìdqòy bgioa ep

sn`djyjsnouy `h Sjdgha `h foos`hm gd`ro qnoù sn`djyjsnìgd quga`q `jhy

qnujmn qno ijuyo jb qn`y ijhqup(

@q lgp$ `haooa$ eo sjyyèdo qj gakyq gha gloha qno jbbouoa

o~sdghgq`jhy `h juaou yiioyybddp qj ijhbujhq qn`y gha qno uolg`h`hma`bbìdqòy gha qny qj sujrào g uogyjhgedo o~sdghgq`jh jb qno u`yo jb

yiòhq`bì sn`djyjsnp `h Sjdgha( @ }jda d`fo$ nj}orou$ qj djjf gq qno

lgqqou bujl ghjqnou$ w`qo a`bbouohq souysoiq`ro$ gha qj ug`yo `hyqoga qno

woyq`jh; }np aà yiòhq`bì sn`djyjsnp hjqqgfo ujjq `h$ ygp$ Edmgu`g juQgak`f`yqgh: Qno ghy}ou qj qnoyo woyq`jhy `y @ njso ugqnou idogu;

yiòhq`bì sn`djyjsnp$ ju `h jqnou }juay g sn`djyjsnp qngq uoysoiqy qno

rgdoy jb idgu`qp$ suoi`y`jh$ you`jyhoyy$ u`mju gha qoinhìgd ijlsoqohio$

`y qno sujaiq jb gh garghioa `hqoddoiqgd idquo gha jb qno ]oyqouh

h`rouy`qp( Eq }np$ qnoh$ aà yiòhq`bì sn`djyjsnp qj yin g lgufoa

aomuoobg`d qj qgfo ujjq `h Moulghp:Uoigdd$ gmg`h$ Hougqny o~sdghgq`jh jb qno loqgsnpyìgd ingugiqou jb

Moulgh sn`djyjsnp `h qouly jb qno n`yqjuìgd o~souòhio jb qno Moulghsojsdo( ]o nga jiigy`jh qj uokoiq qn`y o~sdghgq`jh }noh bjuldgqoa `h

uod`m`jy qouly( ]ngq ngssohy$ nj}orou$ `b }o uoigyq qno giijhq `h qouly

jb qno n`yqjup jb qno Moulghy `h qno ljuo hguuj} sjd`qìgd yohyo: Qn`y

lgh`boyqy$ bujl ju suoyohq .iouqg`hdp$ ugaìgddp jrou,y`lsd`bòa) sj`hq jb

rò} iouqg`h soid`gu bogquoy gy ijhqugyqoa qj qno sjd`qìgd n`yqjup jb qno

Ohmd`yn ju qno Gyqu`ghy( Bju sn`djyjsnp ngy sdgpoa g ujdo `h qno n`yqjup

jb qno Moulgh yqgqo qngq `y w`qo h`wo( Kyq gy Ohmdgha ngy `qy Hgq`jhgd

Qnogquo$ gha Glouìg ngy `qy Ijhyq`qq`jh gha `qy Aoidgugq`jh jb

@haosohaohio$ yj Moulghp ngy `qy Hgq`jhgd Sn`djyjsnp; Fghq$ Bìnqo$


14/21

95 Eguup Yl`qn

Nomod$ Yindomod$ oqi( guo hgq`jhgd ljhlohqy jb qno Moulgh sojsdo$

}njyo loljup `y noda ygiuoa hjq dogyq eoigyo qnop }ouo yj idjyodp

`hrjdroa `h iuogq`hm qngq h`bòa hgq`jhgd ijhyi`jyhoyy }nìn lgao

sjyyèdo Moulghp `qyodb gy g h`bòa hgq`jh yqgqo( Sn` djyjsnìgd qn`hfouy

}ouo lgao qj sdgp g ujdo `h qno n`yqjup jb Moulghp qngq `y ghgdjmjy qj

qno ujdo jb Lìfò}ì{ `h qno n`yqjup jb Sjdgha$ jb Njlou `h qno n`yqjup

jb Muooio$ ju jb Yngfoysoguo `h qno n`yqjup jb qno Ohmd`yn( Bujl qn`y

sj`hq jb rò}$ `q `y hj giiàohq qngq qno ljyq `lsuoyy`ro Moulgh

ijhquèq`jhy qj sn`djyjsnìgd yinjdguyn`s ngro ijhy`yqoa suoi`yodp `h

muogq iu`qìgd oa`q`jhy jb qno idgyyìgd Moulgh àogd`yq sn`djyjsnouy( .Bju

g ijhyàougq`jh jb qno ujdo jb qnoyo oa`q`jhy `h Moulgh idquo$ yoo Yl`qn

7005()

Qno y`{o gha sj}ou jb Moulghp `h qno q}ohqòqn iohqup ngy

buqnouljuo ohyuoa qngq qno Moulghy ngro eooh gedo qj foos gd`ro qnoù

hgq`jhgd sn`djyjsnìgd quga`q`jh gha qj sujqoiq `q `h g }gp qngq }jda ngro

eooh `lsjyyèdo bju qno ylgddou hgq`jhy jb Iohqugd gha Ogyqouh Oujso(

Iouqg`hdp jqyào `hbdohioy ngro jiigy`jhgddp eooh geyjueoa `hqj qno

dgumo iohqugd lgyy jb sjyq,Fghq`gh Moulgh sn`djyjsn`y`hm( Odolohqy jb

qno qn`hf`hm jb Yogudo$ bju o~glsdo$ ngro eooh geyjueoa `hqj qno }juf jb

Ngeoulgy gha Gsod6 eq qnop ngro qnouoep eooh qughybjuloa `hqjyjloqn`hm qngq `y$ bujl qno souysoiq`ro jb qno ghgdpqì quga`q`jh `h }nìn

Yogudoy qn`hf`hm ngy `qy ju`m`hy$ yiguiodp uoijmh`ygedo(

Gqqolsqy }ouo lgao `h qno h`hoqoohqn iohqup$ `h sguq haou qno

`hysùgq`jh jb Bìnqo gha qno Moulgh ljaod$ qj bjha g .Loyy`gh`yqì)

hgq`jhgd sn`djyjsnp `h Sjdgha gdyj; gy qno Inu`yq gljhm qno Hgq`jhy

Sjdgha ngy g w`qo ysoi`gd l`yy`jh `h qno n`yqjup jb Oujsogh

Inu`yq`gh`qp( .Ijlsguo$ `h qn`y uoysoiq$ qno }juf jb yin b`muoy gy

Iòy{fj}yf`$ Quohqj}yf`$ Njoho,]ujyf`6 gy a`yiyyoa `h Faouj}ì{

70>>() Yin gqqolsqy sujroa qj eo jb d`qqdo dgyq`hm `hbdohio$ nj}orou$

gha }ouo$ `h bgiq gduogap `h qno 7>=3y jrou}nodloa ep qno ljuo bju}gua,

djjf`hm yj,igddoa sjy`q`r`yqy `h ]guyg}$ }nj giiyoa qno hgq`jhgd`yqì

sn`djyjsnouy jb eo`hm qjj hg`rodp àogd`yqì `h qnoù mjgdy gha jb qnouoepsujljq`hm hgq`jhgd qugmoaòy( Qno sjy`q`r`yqy garjigqoa `hyqoga qno

rùqoy jb ylgdd ju jumghì }juf$ }nìn ijhy`yqoa hjq dogyq `h qno

sujljq`jh jb yiòhio gljhm qno sojsdo `h qno ysù`q jb L`dd$ Ijlqo gha

Ysohiou .yoo Kgagif` 7001)(

Hj} qnouo `y$ jb ijuyo$ hj `lsjuqghq hgq`jhgd sn`djyjsnp `h Eu`qg`h

ju Gyqu`g$ o`qnou; qno `lsou`gd$ ldq`hgq`jhgd quga`q`jh yooly bju yin

susjyoy qj eo ejqn qjj eujga gha qjj djjyo( Qnouo `y gdyj$ gha

ijuuoysjha`hmdp$ hj sguqìdgu ijhiouh bju qno su`qp ju gqnohqì`qp jb

qno dghmgmo jb sn`djyjsnp `h Ohmdgha ju Gyqu`g$ bju yin `yyoy qnouo


15/21


aj hjq mj ngha `h ngha }`qn `yyoy jb hgq`jhgd,idqugd `hqomu`qp( Gha qngq

Sjdgha$ gy qno ljqnou jb lghp hgq`jhgd`qòy$ `y qj eo yooh gy eo`hm gddòa

qj Ohmdgha gha Gyqu`g `h qn`y uoysoiq lgh`boyqy `qyodb buqnou `h qno bgiq

qngq qno Sjd`yn `hqoddoiqgdy$ qjj bujl Q}guaj}yf`$ ejuh `h Ròhhg `h

7>22$ qj Dohò}yf`$ ejuh `h Soqouyeum `h 7>>2 ngro jbqoh eooh

ldq`hgq`jhgd `h qnoù gysùgq`jhy gha ngro qny hjq ynhhoa qno yo jb

]oyqouh dghmgmoy `h qnoù }juf(

Nj} a`bbouohq `y qno igyo jb Moulghp .gha$ ep o~qohy`jh$ Bughio)(

Qno }jufy jb Fghq$ Bìnqo$ Nomod$ Noàommou guo lgyqou qo~qy jb qno

Moulgh sojsdo$ gha d`fo gdd yin lgyqou qo~qy$ eo qnop qno lgyqou qo~qy jb

g uod`m`jh$ g yoiq$ g sojsdo ju g idquo$ qnop lgh`boyq qngq qpso jb aohy`qp

gha jeyiu`qp }nìn mjoy ngha `h ngha }`qn qno qohaohip qj ysg}h g

ijllohqgup d`qougquo$ }`qn gdd qngq qn`y `lsdòy ep }gp jb gyyji`gq`jh

}`qn qno ijllohqgup d`qougquoy jh$ bju o~glsdo$ Gu`yqjqdo$ qno Eèdo$ ju

qno }u`q`hmy jb Lgu~ gha Ohmody .yoo Yl`qn 7007e)( Moulgh sn`djyjsnouy

ngro `h bgiq bju iohquòy eooh yinjjdoa ypyqolgqìgddp `h qno nge`qy jb g

sn`djyjsnìgd idquo `h }nìn qno ljyq `lsjuqghq qo~qgd ljaody guo

gyyji`gqoa }`qn g hooa bju ijllohqguòy gha }`qn }ngq jho l`mnq igdd g

noulohoqì `hqughy`mohio( Qnop muj} s buqnou `h g sn`djyjsnìgd

idquo }nìn `y yogdoa jbb ep bùl a`yi`sd`hgup ejhaguòy bujl qnoolsùìgd yiòhioy gha }nìn sdgioy g n`mn rgdo hjq jh ijhy`yqohip gha

idgu`qp$ eq ugqnou jh aosqn gha gqnohqì`qp( Qogl}juf gha qno

o~oui`yo jb lqgd iu`qì`yl gha souy`yqohq gumlohq$ `hqouhgq`jhgd

ijddgejugq`jh$ gha `haooa qno yoguin bju ghp yjuq jb quqn `h sn`djyjsnp$

guo bujl qn`y souysoiq`ro y`lsdp jq jb sdgio .yoo Shqod 7007)(

Sn`djyjsnp$ ugqnou$ `y yooh gy yjloqn`hm qngq ynjda ijlo aùoiqdp bujl

qno noguq$ gy g aùoiq o~suoyy`jh jb qno gqnjuy yjd ju ysù`q( Ijhyàou$

`h qn`y ijhqo~q$ qno l`ha,aogaoh`hmdp uosoq`q`ro yquogl,jb,ijhyi`jyhoyy

ughq`hmy jb Aouuàg }nj ynj}y nj}$ `h qn`y gy `h yj lin odyo$ Buohin

sn`djyjsnp .ju ljuo suoi`yodp$ qngq sguq jb Buohin sn`djyjsnp qngq ngy

eooh gssujroa gy sguq jb Ijhq`hohqgd Sn`djyjsnp)$ ngy eoijlo d`q qdo

ljuo qngh g sgujap jb `qy Moulgh ljaod .qno uoydq jb gssdp`hm qjMoulgh sn`djyjsnp g Hòq{yinogh yiosqìgd uokoiq`jh jb qno roup àog jb

you`jyhoyy)(

@h qno }àou }juda$ jb ijuyo$ `q `y hjq idgyyìgd Moulgh àogd`yl$ }`qn

`qy hgq`jhgd$ qo~qgd gha n`yqjuìgd gyyji`gq`jhy$ eq ugqnou olsùìgd$ ju gq

dogyq yiòhq`bìgddp juòhqoa$ sn`djyjsnp qngq ngy ijlo qj ijhyq`qqo qno

ijhqolsjugup lg`hyquogl( Qno dgqqou `y$ bju uogyjhy hjq gdqjmoqnou

giiàohqgd$ g sn`djyjsnp }nìn rgdoy djmì$ gumlohq gha qoinhìgd

ijlsoqohio ljuo n`mndp qngh qnjyo d`qougup$ àojdjmìgd gha n`yqjuìgd

wgd`qòy }nìn guo gq g suol`l `h iouqg`h sn`djyjsnìgd iùidoy `h


16/21

91 Eguup Yl`qn

Moulghp gha Bughio( Ljuojrou$ `q yooly d`fodp qj eo qno igyo qngq

.}noqnou bju mjja ju `dd)$ gy qno a`yi`sd`ho jb sn`djyjsnp eoijloy orou

ljuo g iuogquo jb qno ljaouh h`rouy`qp$ `q }`dd ijlo qj eo lgufoa qj gh

`hiuogy`hm aomuoo ep qno bgiqju jb sujboyy`jhgd`{gq`jh$ yj qngq uoysoiq bju

qoinhìgd ijlsoqohio gha bju qno yiòhq`bì loqnja gha qno uokoiq`jh jb

ngm`jmugsnp gha qno yo jb g lpyq`bìgqjup yqpdo }`dd ijlo `hiuogy`hmdp

qj ingugiqou`{o qno a`yi`sd`ho jb sn`djyjsnp gy g }njdo( Qno ljyq

sujl`hohq Sjd`yn sn`djyjsnouy ngro$ }noh yooh bujl qn`y souysoiq`ro$

eooh ysogf`hm sujyo gdd gdjhm }`qnjq fhj}`hm `q(

0( ]np Sjd`yn Sn`djyjsnp Ajoy Hjq O~`yq

@b$ hj}$ }o uoquh qj ju woyq`jh gy qj nj} }o guo qj o~sdg`h qno u`yo jb

yiòhq`bì sn`djyjsnp `h Sjdgha$ qnoh }o igh yoo qngq qn`y woyq`jh `h bgiq

hooay hj ghy}ou( @h Sjdgha$ o~giqdp gy `h Gyqu`g$ gha Yigha`hgr`g$ gha

o~giqdp gy `h Ohmdgha gha qno uoyq jb qno Ghmdjyg~jsnjho }juda$ qno u`yo

jb yiòhq`bì sn`djyjsnp `y gh `hor`qgedo ijhijl`qghq jb qno y`lsdo

sujioyy jb ljaouh`{gq`jh( Kyq gy qno qoul Gyqu `gh Sn`djyjsnp `y g

l`yhjlou qj qno aomuoo qngq `q ymmoyqy qngq qnouo `y g ijuuoysjha`hmhgq`jhgd ju uom`jhgd ju oqnhì sn`djyjsnp$ ju g ysoi`gd Gyqu`gh }gp jbaj`hm sn`djyjsnp qngq `y hgrg`dgedo qj qnjyo ejuh .ygp) jqyào qno

ejuaouy jb qno bjulou Ngeyeum Olsùo6 gha kyq gy qno qoul }jlohy

sn`djyjsnp `y g l`yhjlou qj qno o~qohq qngq `q ymmoyqy qngq qnouo `y g

ysoi`gd }gp jb aj`hm sn`djyjsnp qngq `y grg`dgedo jhdp qj qnjyo jb

bol`h`ho mohaou$ yj gdyj qno qoul Sjd`yn sn`djyjsnp `y g l`yhjlou

gha bju kyq qno yglo uogyjhy( Bju Sjd`yn sn`djyjsnp `y sn`djyjsnp sou yo$`q `y sguq gha sguiod jb qno lg`hyquogl jb }juda sn`djyjsnp y`lsdp

eoigyo$ `h ijhqugyq qj Buohin ju Moulgh sn`djyjsnp$ `q looqy `hqouhg,

q`jhgd yqghaguay jb qug`h`hm$ u`mju$ sujboyy`jhgd`yl gha ysoi`gd`{gq`jh(

73( Qno Dg} jb Ijhyourgq`jh jb Ysuoga

]np$ qnoh$ `y Ijhq`hohqgd Sn`djyjsnp yj sjsdgu `h iouqg`h iùidoy:

]np aj pjhm sn`djyjsnouy `h Sjdgha `h yin dgumo hleouy injjyo qj

uoga ju ugqnou ep qno ho}dp lgao qughydgq`jhy jb qno mngyqdp }jufy

jb Aouuàg gha n`y `df: ]np$ ljuo mohougddp$ ynjda `hqodd`mohq sojsdo

ijlo qj njda qngq `q `y hjq hoioyygup$ `h aj`hm sn`djyjsnp$ qj looq qnohjulgd yqghaguay jb idgu`qp gha suoi`y`jh: ]np$ `haooa$ ynjda yjlo

ngro bjha `q gqqugiq`ro qj uokoiq qno roup mjgd jb idgu`qp `h sn`djyjsnp$


17/21

]np Sjd`yn Sn`djyjsnp Ajoy Hjq O~`yq 9?

gha qj sug`yo$ `hyqoga$ qno sqgq`ro rùqoy jb jeyiu`qp gha aosqn: Qj

ghy}ou qnoyo woyq`jhy @ ynjda d`fo$ gssogd`hm qj gh ghgdjmp }`qn qno

snpyì`yq y dg} jb ijhyourgq`jh jb lgqqou$ qj garghio g dg} jb

ijhyourgq`jh jb qno rgu`jy eughinoy jb `hqoddoiqgd ijhiouh }nìn ngro

quga`q`jhgddp$ `h qno ]oyq$ eooh mujsoa qjmoqnou haou qno noga`hm

sn`djyjsnp( @b jho ju jqnou jb qnoyo eughinoy `y `h jho }gp ju ghjqnou

yssuoyyoa$ ju yj @ }ghq qj ymmoyq$ qnoh `q }`dd yjlonj} b`ha g }gp qj

bjuio `qyodb qnujmn `h yjlo ho} gha ho~soiqoa qouu`qjup$ ju `h yjlo

ho} gha egyqgua`{oa bjul( .@b Lgu~`yq sn`djyjsnp$ eujgadp ijhio`roa$ `y

hj djhmou gedo qj eo qgfoh you`jydp `h qno bòday jb oijhjlìy ju sjd`qìgd

qnojup$ qnoh `q }`dd u`yo gmg`h `h qno bòda jb$ ygp$ ijlsgugq`ro d`qougquo

ju iu`qìgd domgd qnojup ju `h qno qughy{ohaohqgdo Ysuginsugmlgq`f jbNgeoulgy gha Gsod()

Yjloqn`hm d`fo qn`y$ @ ymmoyq$ ngy eooh qno bgqo jb lghp jb qno

idgyyìgd sn`djyjsnìgd ijhiouhy hj} iyqjlgu`dp aogdq }`qn ep qnjyo

sdogyoa qj igdd qnolyodroy Ijhq`hohqgd Sn`djyjsnouy$ lghp jb }njl

guo mujsoa qjmoqnou `h Glouìgh h`rouy`qòy `h aosguqlohqy jb

ijlsgugq`ro d`qougquo$ jb b`dl yqaòy$ jb }jlgh yqaòy$ gha yj bjuqn(

Bju qno eoyq sn`djyjsnìgd l`hay `h qno Ghmdj,Yg~jh }juda gha `h

Sjdgha ngro `h uoiohq aoigaoy quhoa su`lgu`dp qj djmì gha qj qnouodgqoa eughinoy jb ju a`yi`sd`ho( Qj sq `q sdg`hdp; uogddp o~`yq`hm

djmìgd ju yiòhq`bì sn`djyjsnp$ sn`djyjsnp gy ijhiuoqodp sugiqìoa `h

gdd`ghio }`qn djmì gha yiòhio$ ngy eooh jroudp hguuj} `h qno yijso jb

qno sujedoly }`qn }nìn `q ngy ao`mhoa qj ijhiouh `qyodb gha ngy eooh qjj

jbqoh gyyji`gqoa }`qn loqgsnpyìgd yqghasj`hqy .jb hjl`hgd`yl$

`hyiu`sq`jhgd`yl$ uo`yl$ od`l`hgq`r`yq lgqou`gd`yl$ gha yj jh) jh qno egy`y

jb }nìn `q `y a`bbìdq$ qj ygp qno dogyq$ qj aj kyqìo qj }ngq }o l`mnq

igdd qno snohjlohjdjmìgd gysoiqy jb nlgh o~`yqohio( Qnjyo }nj ngro

yjmnq ghy}ouy qj qno eujgaou sn`djyjsnìgd woyq`jhy ngro qny bgddoh

`hqj qno guly jb qnjyo Ijhq`hohqgd Sn`djyjsnouy }njyo fhgr`yn quìfy

ngro eooh aoyiuèoa gejro( Sguq jb qno edglo bju qno o~ioyyoy jb qno

Ijhq`hohqgd Sn`djyjsnouy `y$ giijua`hmdp$ qj eo dgà gq qno ajju jb Updogha W`ho gha Iguhgs$ }nj ngro sdgpoa yjloqn`hm d`fo qno yglo ujdo$ `h

qno quh`hm g}gp bujl g h`bòa gaowgq`yq loqgsnpyìy `h ju j}h agp$

gy }gy sdgpoa ep Mgd`doj .ju qno Mgd`doj jb Nyyoudy Iu`y`y) `h gh ogudòusou`ja( .@q `y hjq bju hjqn`hm qngq W`ho$ qjmoqnou }`qn Noàommou gha

Aouuàg$ `y jho jb qno noujoy jb Uìngua Ujuqp() Qno sujedoly jb

hguuj}hoyy jb yijso gha jb loqgsnpyìgd uoaiq`jh`yl `h sn`djyjsnp

}ouo$ soungsy$ jb doyyou y`mh`bìghio `h Sjdgha }nouo @hmguaoh$ gejro

gdd$ fosq gd`ro qno bdglo jb Mugha Loqgsnpyìy$ eq oroh `h Sjdgha qnouo

}ouo yjlo `hbdohq`gd loleouy jb qno Drjr,]guyg} Yinjjd }nj ngro


18/21

92 Eguup Yl`qn

laaòa qno }gqouy ep eo`hm doyy qngh }njddp idogu gy qj }noqnou qnop

}ouo ju }ouo hjq ohmgmoa `h loqgsnpyìy(

77( ]ngq @y qj Eo Ajho:

Nj}$ hj}$ ynjda qnjyo qno ijhqolsjugup noùy jb Uyyodd gha

fgyò}ì{ eo qnop `h Iugij} ju Igheouug$ `h S`qqyeumn ju Sj{hg

}nj eodòro `h quqn `h sn`djyjsnp$ uogiq qj qnoyo aorodjslohqy: Ynjda

qnop y`lsdp `mhjuo Ijhq`hohqgd Sn`djyjsnp gha qno qo~q, gha

ijllohqgup,egyoa quga`q`jhy jb sn`djyjsn`{`hm `h Moulghp gha Bughio

bujl jq jb }nìn `q muo}: Igh qnop kyq`b`gedp oleugio qno njso qngq

qnop }`dd gdd y`lsdp mj g}gp: Ju `y `q hjq lin ugqnou qno igyo qngq g

bgyn`jh oijhjlp$ }noh jhio oyqged`ynoa$ lgh`boyqy g w`qo uolgufgedo

uoy`dòhio: Ynjda qnop$ gy `y hj} gdd qjj iyqjlgup$ gddj} qno

`hnge`qghqy jb qno I(S(,mnoqqj jb Noàommou`ghy$ Aouuà`ghy gha @u`mgu`ghy

qj soubjul qnoù ghqìy ha`yqueoa$ }noqnou `h qno ysù`q jb sdugd`yqì

qjdoughio ju `h qngq jb yijuhbd a`yag`h: Qj uogiq `h qn`y bgyn`jh }jda$ @

eodòro$ eo g muogq l`yqgfo( Qn`y `y hjq eoigyo @ eodòro qngq qno sujsou

uogiq`jh qj qno iphì`yly$ uodgq`r`yly gha ùugq`jhgd`yly }nìnsuoajl`hgqo `h yj lghp ijuhouy jb ju sjyqljaouh }juda }jda eo qj

bjul g ho} ljrolohq ingumoa }`qn gm`qgq`jh jh eongdb jb qno yiòhq`bì

ijhiosq`jh jb sn`djyjsnp( Bju gy Yindìf$ nj}orou a`ldp$ yg}$ qno

bjulgq`jh jb g ljrolohq jb yiòhq`bì sn`djyjsnp qj eo ughfoa

gdjhmyào }jlohy sn`djyjsnp$ Gyqugd`gh uom`jhgd sn`djyjsnp$ gha

qno d`fo igh jhdp ijhquèqo qj qno }àoysuoga ijhby`jh jb yssjy`hm

qngq qnouo guo a`bbouohq yjuqy jb quqn .yoo Yl`qn 7002); yiòhq`bì quqn$}jlohy quqn$ geju`m`hgd quqn$ sujdoqgu`gh quqn$ gupgh quqn$ Qgak`f

quqn$ Moulgh quqn$ Ko}`yn quqn$ gha yj jh(

Ugqnou$ }o ynjda juòhq juyodroy ljuo yqogabgyqdp gujha qno àog

qngq `q `y qno sujsou ey`hoyy jb sn`djyjsnp qj yoguin bju quqn .bju quqn

y`lsdì`qou)$ `hida`hm quqn `h qno rgu`jy bòday jb qno n`yqjup jbsn`djyjsnp( Qn`y lyq `lsdp gdyj g yoguin bju quqn oroh `h uodgq`jh qjqnjyo ep}gpy jb sn`djyjsnìgd n`yqjup gha jb sn`djyjsnìgd ijhiouh qngq

aj hjq b`q }odd `hqj qno iyqjlgup gha ugqnou hguuj} sìquo jb

sn`djyjsnìgd n`y qjup }nìn ngy eooh bgrjuoa ep ghgdpqì sn`djyjsnouy

n`qnouqj( @q lyq `lsdp$ `haooa$ g yoguin bju quqn `h qno n`yqjup jb

Moulgh gha oroh jb Buohin sn`djyjsnp `h gdd `qy euogaqn( ]o ynjda

yn`ho d`mnq$ `b jho }`dd$ sjh qno aguf sdgioy jb ju a`yi`sd`ho gha yoof

jq qno ljhyqouy qngq guo euooa`hm `h `qy l`yqy(


19/21

]np Sjd`yn Sn`djyjsnp Ajoy Hjq O~`yq 9=

@q }jda eo jho `hiàohqgd eohob`q jb qno yqap jb qno n`yqjup jb

sn`djyjsnp gdjhm qnoyo d`hoy qngq `q }jda nods qj lgfo idogu qj

sn`djyjsnouy gha jqnouy qngq `h bjulou q`loy$ qjj$ }nìn `y qj ygp `h

suor`jy aguf gmoy jb sn`djyjsnìgd aorodjslohq$ mohougq`jhy jb

sn`djyjsnouy ngro uosogqoadp eooh }jhq qj aoidguo qnolyodroy gy

ijhyq`qq`hm qno oha$ ju qno aogqn$ jb sn`djyjsnp gy }o fhj} `q gha

ngro qnouoep ohmgmoa `h ijlsoq`q`jh }`qn qnoù suoaoioyyjuy `h qno

}`dahoyy jb qno ghqìy }`qn }nìn qnop ngro yoq jq qj yssjuq yin

idg`ly( Jh qno jqnou ngha$ nj}orou$ `q }`dd eoijlo idogu gdyj qj qno

yqaohq jb qn`y igqnjdì n`yqjup jb sn`djyjsnp qngq yin aguf sou`jay `h

sn`djyjsnìgd n`y qjup }ouo `h ogin igyo yiiooaoa ep ho} gha nogdqnòu

sngyoy$ `h }nìn quqn gha uogyjh }ouo jhio ljuo$ gha }`qn uoho}oa

r`mju$ m`roh qnoù ao(0

_h`rouy`qp gq EbbgdjAosguqlohq jb Sn`djyjsnp

79? Sguf Ngdd

Ebbgdj$ HP 71523,7373$ _YG

o,lg`d;sn`yl`qnCebbgdj(oa

UOBOUOHIOY

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gha Qnojup jb Fhj}doamo7$ 99,11(Igifj}yf`$ [($ K( Fl`qg$ gha F( Y{gh`g}yf`$ oay( .70>=)( B`dj{jb `g g hgfg; [gupy

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Q}guaj}yf` oq yjh oijdo( @h; U(L( In`ynjdl gha U( Ngddou .oay()$ Aò Sn` djyjsnòBugh{ Euohqghjy $ss( 77=,793( Glyqouagl; Ujajs`(

Aouuàg$ K( .70=>)( Ysuy; Hòq{yinoy Yqpdoy( Qughydgqoa ep E( Ngudj}( Inìgmj " Djhajh;Qno _h`rouy`qp jb Inìgmj Suoyy(

0 @ gl mugqobd qj Kgiof Kgagif`$ Ghhg Fgh`f$ Kou{p Sou{ghj}yf`$ Guqu Ujky{i{gf$ Kgh

]jdoyf` gha qj lp oyqooloa qughydgqju$ gdd jb }njl sujràoa rgdgedo nods gha

`hysùgq`jh au`hm qno suosgugq`jh jb qn`y sgsou( Uoyoguin bju qn`y sedìgq`jh }gy

yssjuqoa ep g mughq bujl qno @hqouhgq`jhgd Uoyoguin gha O~inghmoy Ejgua$ }`qn bhay

sujràoa ep qno _Y Aosguqlohq jb Yqg qo .Q` qdo R@@ @) gha qno Hgq `jhgd Ohaj}lohq bju qno

Nlgh`qòy( Hjho jb qnoyo jumgh`{gq`jhy `y uoysjhyèdo bju qno rò}y o~suoyyoa(


20/21

9> Eguup Yl`qn

Arjugf$ K( .70>?)( ]`yyohyingbqdìno ]odqgbbgyyhm$ Rjdfynjinyindo ha Gueo`qoue`d,

ahm `l ]òh aou [}`yinohfuòmy{o`q( Gl Eo`ysòd rjh Jqqj Hougqn ha Oamgu

[`dyod( @h; N(K( Agnly .oa()$ Sn`djyjsnò$ ]`yyohyingbq$ Gbfduhm( Eo`qumo {u

Moyinìnqo ha ]ùfhm aoy ]òhou Fuo`yoy $ ss( 750,719( Eoud`h " Ho} Pjuf; ]gdqou

ao Mupqou(

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Yiòhio( J~bjua; Soumgljh Suoyy(

Ngddou$ U( .70=0)( Yqaòh {u yqouuoìn`yinoh Sn`djyjsnò( Glyqouagl; Ujajs`(

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Ngddou$ U( .70>2)( [u N`yqju`jmugsnò aou yqouuoìn`yinoh Sn`djyjsnò( @h; K(I( Hpu`

.oa()$ .70>2)$ ss( 17,?9(

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Glyqouagl; Ujajs`(

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]òhou Fuo`yoy( Agulyqgaq; ]`yyohyingbqdìno Einmoyoddyingbq(

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Oalha Nyyoud {l =3( Moeuqyqgm mo}àloq .Kgnuein bu Sn`djyjsnò ha

snhjlohjdjm`yino Bjuyinhm Oumh{hmyegha)$ ss( 7?0,703( Ngddo; Hòlopou(

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qughydgq`jh; Qno D`qougup ]juf jb Guq.Orghyqjh; Hjuqn}oyqouh _h`rouy`qp Suoyy$ 70=9)(

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Q}guaj}yf`\( @h; Fg{` lòu{ Q}guaj}yf`; Hgi {piòd i{jhp jep}gqo d VQoginou

Yinjdgu I`q`{oh\$ ss( 79,93( D}}; SQB(

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Ijuhodd _h`rouy`qp Suoyy(

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Igs`qgd I`qp jb Sjdgha( G~`jlgqnoy5,9$ 55?,517(

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Sjdgha eoq}ooh qno Q}j ]guy ( Sjd `yn Yiòhio gha Doguh`hm$ rjd( 2( J~bjua; J~bjua

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ss( 500,97>( .Sgmo uob ouohioy g uo qj qno Ohmd `yn qughydgq`jh()


21/21


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Qnoy`y( @h; F( Donuou gha K(I( Lguof .oay()$ Gyqu`gh Sn` djyjsnp Sgyq gha Suoyohq$ss( 7,53( Ajuauoinq; Fd}ou(

Yl`qn$ E($ oa( .7001)( Oujsogh Sn`djyjsnp gha qno Glouìgh Gigaolp( Dg Ygddo "Inìgmj; Jsoh Ijuq(

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why polish philosophy does not exist by barry smith

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