why open education? three arguments
TRANSCRIPT
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Why Open Education?Three Arguments
David WileyLumen / BYU / Creative Commons
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This presentation is licensed CC BY unless indicated otherwise in notes
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Download these slides
davidwiley.org
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< philosophical >
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education
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education =
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education = sharing
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sharing
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what you know
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sharing
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feedback
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sharing
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encouragement
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sharing
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passion
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sharing
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yourself
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education
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searching for parking
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faculty meetings
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tenure and promotion
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educative acts
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ALL
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sharing
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if
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sharing
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education
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“rivalrous”
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“nonrival”
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sharing
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asynchronously?
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externalize
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externalized ideas
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converted to rivalrous
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externalized & nonrivalrous?
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“internet”
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externalized ideas
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externalized ideas + internet =
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nonrival
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Handwriting Printing Press Internet
Make a copy of a textbook
$1000s per copy
$1s per copy $0.0001s per copy
Distribute a textbook
$1000s per copy
$1s per copy $0.0001s per copy
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unprecedented capacity
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sharing
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education = sharing
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unprecedented capacity
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educate
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except we can’t
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©
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CopyrightRegulates
Handwriting Printing Press Internet
Copying of a textbook
$1000s per copy
$1s per copy $0.0001s per copy
Distributing a textbook
$1000s per copy
$1s per copy $0.0001s per copy
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TechEnables
LawForbids
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in the air?
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open
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Open Educational Resources
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open ≠ free
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open = free + permissions
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• Make and own copiesRetain• Use in a wide range of
waysReuse• Adapt, modify, and
improveRevise
• Combine two or moreRemix
• Share with othersRedistribute
The 5Rs
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Retain is fundamental
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• Make and own copiesRetain• Use in a wide range of
waysReuse• Adapt, modify, and
improveRevise
• Combine two or moreRemix
• Share with othersRedistribute
The 5Rs
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Open
1. Free and unfettered access
2. Perpetual, irrevocable copyright permissions
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Open Permissions
Handwriting Printing Press Internet
Copying of a textbook
$1000s per copy
$1s per copy $0.0001s per copy
Distributing a textbook
$1000s per copy
$1s per copy $0.0001s per copy
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TechEnables
OERPermits
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traditionally © materials+ internet
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openly licensed materials+ internet
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< / philosophical >
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< innovation >
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Infrastructure
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Infrastructure is “resources that create benefits for society primarily through the facilitation of downstream productive activities.”
-- Brett Frischmann
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“downstream productive activities”
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Permissionless Innovation
Adam Thierer
Equal Participation in Innovation
Eric Von Hippel
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Infrastructure and Innovation
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Relatively inexpensiveBroad permissions
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thrives when the costs and obstacles to experimenting are low
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“Intellectual infrastructure” is “nonrival input into a wide variety of outputs.”
-- Brett Frischmann
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Educational Materials
Research Articles
Intellectual Infrastructure for Ed
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Extremely expensiveVery narrow permissions
Educational Materials
Research Articles
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Extremely Expensive
Only those with significant capital
can afford to experiment and innovate
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Tuition Textbooks$0
$200$400$600$800
$1,000$1,200$1,400$1,600$1,800
Annual Costs
$1288
$1666
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Textbook Pricing in Context
One Month Streaming Access to… Costs…Netflix – 10k Movies and Episodes $7.99 / monthHulu Plus – 45k Movies and Episodes $7.99 / month
CourseSmart – 1 Biology Textbook $19.67 / month
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Accelerating Journal Costs
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Very Narrow Permissions
ALL Rights Reserved
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Trouble with Costs and Permissions?
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Open
1. Free and unfettered access
2. Perpetual, irrevocable copyright permissions
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The Content Oligarchies
Textbooks (74%)PearsonCengageMcGraw-Hill
Journals (73%)Reed-ElsevierWiley-BlackwellSpringerTaylor & FrancisSage
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Open Education Infrastructure
Will enable everyone to innovate
Will enable everyone to benefit
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< / innovation >
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< evidence >
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105
Textbook Costs and Student Success
Outcomes
Six-year graduation rate for open access institutions
33%
Avg. annual textbook cost per college
student
$1,200
Costs growing
3x inflation
Cost
students go without textbooks due to cost
6 in 10
take fewer courses due to textbook cost
35%
Access
of community college students achieve credential goals
<50%
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106
Internet, Textbook Costs, Student Success
Outcomes
Six-year graduation rate for open access institutions
?%
Avg. annual textbook cost per college
student
< $50
Costsdropping
Cost
students go without textbooks due to cost
0 in 10
take fewer courses due to textbook cost
0%
Access
of community college students achieve credential goals
?%
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The Impact of Open Textbooks on Secondary Science Learning Outcomes
Robinson, Fischer, Hilton, and Wiley
Published in Ed Researcher
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Participants
• Nebo School District• 4183 students• 43 teachers• Earth Science, Biology, Chemistry
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Method
Quasi-experimental design with:• Treatment and Control Group• Pre and Post Test• Dependent variable: Score on 2012
statewide standardized science exam• Independent variable: Textbook
condition• 15 Covariates: including age, gender,
special education, English language proficiency, 2011 test data, 2011 GPA, and race
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Propensity Score Matching
Increased group balance by 98%
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Outcome: State Standardized Test
• IRT scaled scores increased with open textbooks, p < .001
• Multiple r squared = .635 (variance in scores accounted for in our model)
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A Multi-institutional Study of the Impact of Open Textbook Adoption on the Learning Outcomes of Post-secondary Students
Fischer, Hilton, Robinson, and Wiley
Accepted in JCHE
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Participants
• 4909 treatment• 11,818 control• 50 different undergraduate courses • 130 teachers• 10 institutions
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Method
Quasi-experimental design with:• Propensity Score Matching• Post Test Only• Dependent variables: Completion; C or
Better; Credits Enrolled This Term; Next Term
• Independent variable: Textbook condition
• 3 covariates: including age, gender, and race
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Results
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Credits Taken
Semester Treatment Control Result
Fall 13.29 11.14 t (8101) = 27.81 p < .01
Winter 10.71 9.16 F(1, 6440) = 154.08, p <.01)
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The Tidewater Z-Degree and the INTRO Model for Sustaining OER Adoption
Wiley, DeMarte, Williams, and Hilton
Accepted in EPAA
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Associates of Business
“Z Degree”Graduate without ever buying a
textbookWorld’s first “all-OER” degree~30% cheaper for students
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When a student drops, it..
Slows down their graduation
Costs the institution tuition dollars
(refunds)
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(182 * .89 * $164.35 * 3) in-state + (182 * .11 * $358.95 * 3) out-of-state = $101,042 annual INTRO
INTRO Model
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Mad, Glad, Sad, Rad: A Framework for Evaluating the Academic Return on Investment in Textbooks and Other Educational Materials
Wiley, Hilton, Fischer, and Puente
Submitted
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“Mad” “Glad”
“Sad” “Rad”
Cost
Completing with C or Better
Student Success per Dollar
0 100%
$200
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“Mad” “Glad”
“Sad” “Rad”
Cost
Completing with C or Better
Commercial
Student Success per Dollar
0 100%
$200
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“Mad” “Glad”
“Sad” “Rad”
Cost
Completing with C or Better
Commercial
OER
Student Success per Dollar
0 100%
$200
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Completing with C or Better
Student Success per Dollar
0 100%
40 50 60 70 80 90 1000
50
100
150
200
250
Cost
$250
$0
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openedgroup.org/review
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11 Peer Reviewed Studies
http://openedgroup.org/
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48,623 Students
http://openedgroup.org/
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93% Same or Better Outcomes
http://openedgroup.org/
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9 Peer Reviewed Studies of Perceptions of OER Quality
http://openedgroup.org/
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4,510 Professors and Students
http://openedgroup.org/
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50%Same35%
Better
15%Worse
http://openedgroup.org/
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impact.lumenlearning.com
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< / evidence >
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Why open education?
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Why open education?
Better philosophical alignmentIncreased academic freedom for facultyBetter academic outcomes for students
Positive institutional budget impacts
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Why not open education?
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Discussion!
davidwiley.org