why establish an ecosystem-atmosphere flux measurement network in india? dennis baldocchi...
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Why Establish an Ecosystem-Atmosphere Flux
Measurement Network in India?
Dennis Baldocchi
ESPM/Ecosystem Science Div.
University of California, Berkeley
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Attributes of a Flux Network
• New and Better Science at Larger and Longer scales– Networks are a New Tool for Biogeoscientists– Provides Data from a Spectrum of Time (day, season, year, decade), Space
(Biomes, Climate, Treatments, Vegetation Structure and Function) – Facilitate temporal analysis – Facilitate spatial comparisons across environmental gradients and across
biomes – Documented institutional memory
• Provide an integrated database for synthesis and modeling – Long-term accessibility of data – Back-up and security of data
• Share developing methodologies and instrumentation – Establish Standards– Shared Calibration Facilities – Redundancy and Back-up of Instrumentation– Training for Next Generation of Scientists– Educational Outreach on Environment to the Public
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Contribute to National Goals of Measuring Environmental Health and Trends
• Changes in Trace Gas Concentration in the Atmosphere is due to Fluxes into and out of the Atmosphere
– Address societal issues with regards to What, Where, Why and Will Be?• Carbon Fluxes assess Ecosystem Metabolism
– Breathing of the Biosphere– Gauge to assess Efficacy of Environmental Mitigation or Impacts of Stress
• Water Fluxes assess Evaporation Component of Water Balance– Water supply for people and agriculture
• Energy Fluxes and Meteorology– Boundary and initial condition of weather and climate models
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Gap in Global Network-FLUXNET
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Distinct Vegetation on the Indian SubContinent
• Tropical Forests• Subtropical
vegetation• Temperate Forests• Croplands• Wetlands/
Swamps/Marshes• Mangroves
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India Possess Regions with Unique Biodiversity
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India Possesses Regions of High Productivity
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India Possesses many Distinct Climates and Extremes
• Climate Extremes– HOT and Humid
• Seasonal/Monsoon• Tropical/Humid• SubTropic/Semi-Arid• Arid• Himalayan/Cold
Montane
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Typical Goals of Flux Networks• quantify the spatial differences in carbon dioxide and water vapor
exchange rates that may be experienced within and across natural ecosystems and climatic gradients;
• quantify temporal dynamics and variability (seasonal, inter-annual) of carbon, water and energy flux densities; such data allows us to examine the influences of phenology, droughts, heat spells, El Nino, length of growing season and presence or absence of snow on canopy-scale fluxes; and
• quantify the variations of carbon dioxide and water vapor fluxes due to changes in insolation, temperature, soil moisture, photosynthetic capacity, nutrition, canopy structure and ecosystem functional type
• Quantify Trends due to environmental mitigation or stresses• Quantify Perturbations, land use change, Pollution, Deforestation,
Re-Forestation
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Specific goals in support of these objectives include
• :• Sharing data, and the Science Plan • Quantifying the magnitude of net annual CO2 exchange in major
ecosystem/biome types (natural and managed) • Determining the response of CO2 fluxes to changes in
environmental factors and climate changes • Providing information on processes controlling CO2 flux and net
ecosystem productivity • Providing site-specific calibration and verification data for process-
based CO2 flux models • Addressing scaling issues (spatial and temporal) • Ensuring quality controlled and quality assured data collection • Coordinating news • Exchanging flux data and ecological data with other flux networks
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AmeriFlux
• To establish an infrastructure for guiding, collecting, synthesizing, and disseminating long-term measurements of CO2 , water, and energy exchange from a variety of ecosystems.
• To collect critical new information to help define the current global CO2 budget.
• To enable improved predictions of future concentrations of atmospheric CO2.
• To enhance understanding of carbon fluxes, Net Ecosystem Production (NEP), and carbon sequestration in the terrestrial biosphere.