Why do funny things Why do funny things happen to World Bank happen to World Bank Finance and Advice…. Finance and Advice….

in Tanzania and in Tanzania and Uganda?Uganda?

Judy O’ConnorJudy O’Connor

World Bank Director for Tanzania and World Bank Director for Tanzania and UgandaUganda

Political Economy - Political Economy - TanzaniaTanzania

Despite constitutional reform in mid Despite constitutional reform in mid 1990s, de facto one Party-state (CCM)1990s, de facto one Party-state (CCM) Executive quite dominantExecutive quite dominant Civil servants often have strong party rolesCivil servants often have strong party roles CCM party executives work behind sceneCCM party executives work behind scene Legislature made gains but still weakLegislature made gains but still weak Judiciary-more constitutionally independentJudiciary-more constitutionally independent Local govt lacks de facto autonomyLocal govt lacks de facto autonomy Civil society and media weak but Civil society and media weak but

strengtheningstrengthening Mainland/Zanzibar tensions persistMainland/Zanzibar tensions persist Authorities chary of Kenya competitionAuthorities chary of Kenya competition Development Partners major playerDevelopment Partners major player

Political Economy - Political Economy - UgandaUganda

Constitutional reforms to allow multi partiesConstitutional reforms to allow multi parties Movement (in place for 20 years) Movement (in place for 20 years)

dominatesdominates Executive weakExecutive weak ~ 60 ministers/Deputy Ministers, 117 Pres ~ 60 ministers/Deputy Ministers, 117 Pres

advisors, but Pres is a ‘law unto himself’advisors, but Pres is a ‘law unto himself’ Legislature/opposition strengtheningLegislature/opposition strengthening Judiciary-more constitutionally independentJudiciary-more constitutionally independent Local govt lacks de facto autonomyLocal govt lacks de facto autonomy Civil society and media strengtheningCivil society and media strengthening DPs not such a major playerDPs not such a major player

Recent Political ProgressRecent Political Progress Constitutional reforms strengthen judiciary Constitutional reforms strengthen judiciary

and parliamentand parliament Institutionalized multi-party systemInstitutionalized multi-party system More politically relevant institutionsMore politically relevant institutions

Policies and programs to strengthen domestic Policies and programs to strengthen domestic accountability, PFMRP, Local Government, accountability, PFMRP, Local Government, Social Funds…Social Funds…

Predictable periodic elections Predictable periodic elections Peace – Peace –

with Zanzibar, in Northern Ugandawith Zanzibar, in Northern Uganda

Political Economy Political Economy ChallengesChallenges

Popular voice in public policy arena is weakPopular voice in public policy arena is weak Civil society and parliament relatively weakCivil society and parliament relatively weak

Policy orientation top-down, Pres, Political Policy orientation top-down, Pres, Political Party/Exec, DPs, investorsParty/Exec, DPs, investors

Technocrats often unsupervised at either Technocrats often unsupervised at either central or local levelcentral or local level

Resource mobilisation “depoliticized” Resource mobilisation “depoliticized” ““demand side” state institutions not demand side” state institutions not

sufficiently independentsufficiently independent – IGG, PCB, .. – IGG, PCB, ..

Oversight constrained byOversight constrained by Government’s propensity to control Government’s propensity to control

and constrainand constrain Eg Haki Elimu, Monitor Newspaper..Eg Haki Elimu, Monitor Newspaper..

Weak downward accountabilityWeak downward accountability Eg local government, local communitiesEg local government, local communities

Cultural norms of deference to Cultural norms of deference to authorityauthority

Lack of public accountability of state Lack of public accountability of state institutionsinstitutions

Political Economy of Public Service Political Economy of Public Service ReformReform

Agencies created to implement Agencies created to implement strategies and programsstrategies and programs

Ministries continue not just with Ministries continue not just with policy formulation, also with program policy formulation, also with program implementation .. Ministry of Agric, implementation .. Ministry of Agric, Ministry of Works (Infra)Ministry of Works (Infra)

Persistent dialogue, and evidence Persistent dialogue, and evidence from success can help change from success can help change paradigm paradigm

Governance and Governance and Accountability Consultation Accountability Consultation

Findings …Findings … Governance integral to developmentGovernance integral to development State/non-state stakeholders help shape State/non-state stakeholders help shape

governance quality/impact of devel. outcomes. governance quality/impact of devel. outcomes. DP should support:DP should support:

strengthening of fiduciary systems strengthening of fiduciary systems reduced conditionalities reduced conditionalities better definition of results, better definition of results, howhow they’re achieved, they’re achieved, how how

much is achievedmuch is achieved, at , at what costwhat cost Parl./ Civil Society’s capacity to hold executive accountable Parl./ Civil Society’s capacity to hold executive accountable rule of law, quality public information in a sufficiently rule of law, quality public information in a sufficiently

disaggregated and timely fashiondisaggregated and timely fashion monitoring service delivery at the district and village levelsmonitoring service delivery at the district and village levels Country ownership, and domestic initiatives. Country ownership, and domestic initiatives.

Policy, Skill and Resource Policy, Skill and Resource RequirementsRequirements

Political-economic context of Political-economic context of development development

Incorporation of political feasibility Incorporation of political feasibility factors, eg into research, PSIA factors, eg into research, PSIA analyses, program designanalyses, program design

Political-economy standard training Political-economy standard training for mgt/technical staff on country for mgt/technical staff on country teamsteams

WB vis-WB vis-à-vis other Donors à-vis other Donors

WB has done as much as any donorWB has done as much as any donor WB’s « Political-Economy of WB’s « Political-Economy of

Tanzania » currently most widely Tanzania » currently most widely used political-economyused political-economy / / governance governance report amongst donors in Tz, report amongst donors in Tz, especially those concerned with core especially those concerned with core reform programmesreform programmes

ConclusionConclusion

Development partners need to Development partners need to understand understand winners and losers of key reformswinners and losers of key reforms how to maximise potential for successhow to maximise potential for success how to minimize political backlashhow to minimize political backlash how to support key government how to support key government

reformersreformers

BibleographyBibleography Work ongoing or recently completedWork ongoing or recently completed

WB -- Political Economy, Anti-Corruption, Political WB -- Political Economy, Anti-Corruption, Political Finance, Pay Reform studiesFinance, Pay Reform studies

DFID – Drivers of Change/Patterns of AccountabilityDFID – Drivers of Change/Patterns of Accountability State Weakness – Operational Policy for Anti-State Weakness – Operational Policy for Anti-

CorruptionCorruption Norway – Governance and Corruption in TanzaniaNorway – Governance and Corruption in Tanzania SIDA – A Power Analysis of Tanzania (2005)SIDA – A Power Analysis of Tanzania (2005)

Monitoring Power in Tanzania (Update) (2007)Monitoring Power in Tanzania (Update) (2007) USAID – Assessment of Democracy and GovernanceUSAID – Assessment of Democracy and Governance

Source: Source: www.tzdpg.or.tzwww.tzdpg.or.tz