why discard when you can keep them? a case study on the e-mail retention behaviour in firms,...

8/13/2019 Why Discard When You Can Keep Them? A Case Study on the E- Mail Retention Behaviour in Firms, DanielBurda&F

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3/20

G@U 0

]ay Khsd`rk ]agi Xnu Dì Bggp [agc> @ D`sg

Ttuky ni tag G-C`hl _gtgithni Oga`vhnur hi Fhrcs

K@IHGL OW_K@*@IK F_@IB [GW[GOG_M**

@ostr`dt

Fhrcs `rg hidrg`shimly rgquhrgk tn dnisdhnusly rgt`hi ìk khspnsg nf spgdhfhdhifnrc`thni `s p`rt nf ì gffnrt tn gisurg dncplhìdg whta lgm`l ìk rgmul`tnrycìk`tgs. ]ahlg g-c`hls rgprgsgit ` c`jnr p`rt nf `ll dnrpnr`tg rgdnrks, tagy dì ogusgk `s glgdtrnihd gvhkgidg hi lgm`l hivgsthm`thnis ìk dncplhìdg ùkhts. Anwgvgr,

tag kgdhshni tnw`rks g-c`hl rgtgithni nr khspns`l hs nftgi hiducogit upni gcplnyggshi tag dnursg nf pgrfnrchim taghr jnos. [ahs p`pgr prgsgits tag rgsults nf ` d`sg stukysggbhim tn uidnvgr anw ìk way gcplnyggs rgt`hi g-c`hls. ]g gcplny qu`lht`thvg ìkquìtht`thvg k`t` dnllgdthni cgtanks, tagrgoy ì`lyshim c`hlonxgs nf ?5 gcplnyggsìk cnrg taì =55,555 g-c`hls. Nur fhikhims pnhit tnw`rks khffgrgit typgs nfgcplnygg oga`vhnur ìk ` fr`dthni`l tgikgidy tn an`rk v`st `cnuits nf g-c`hlpursuhim ` bggp gvgrytahim fnrgvgr cgit`lhty. O`sgk ni tag dnisnlhk`tgk fhikhims,wg glònr`tg ` sgt nf prnpnshthnis, ahmalhmat tag nrmìhs`thni`l hcplhd`thnis ìksummgst nppnrtuihthgs fnr futurg rgsg`rda.

Hitrnkudthni

Hi tag lhmat nf tag rgdgit rhsg ìk hidrg`shim khffushni nf sndh`l cgkh` hi tagdnrpnr`tg dnitgxt, g-c`hl chmat `ppg`r ì nutk`tgk ìk nlk-f`sahni cgìs nfoushigss dnccuihd`thni. Anwgvgr, tagrg hs in knuot ta`t g-c`hl hs sthll tagpgrv`shvg ìk uohquhtnus `pplhd`thni ta`t hitgrdniigdts tag c`jnrhty nfoushigss hifnrc`thni ìk dnrpnr`tg dnccuihd`thni.0G-c`hl a`s `lsn m`higk `rgput`thni `s ` scnbhim mui.? @igdknt`l gvhkgidg frnc tag pr`dththnigrsdnccuihty ìk c`rbgt stukhgs summgsts ta`t g-c`hl hs nig nf tag cnsthcpnrtìt cgìs hi tag prgp`r`thni nf lgm`l gvhkgidg hi lhthm`thni ìk

* Wihvgrshty nf Nsiòrugdb, Histhtutg nf Hifnrc`thni Cì`mgcgit ìk Hifnrc`thniTystgcs, B`ta`rhigistr. 0, ;8568 Nsiòrugdb, Mgrcìy,


4/20

Jnuri`l nf L`w, Hifnrc`thni ìk Tdhgidg Vnl ??(?) ?50?-?504

G@U ?

rgmul`tnry hivgsthm`thnis.4 Dnishstgitly, ht dì og nosgrvgk frnc rgdgitlhthm`thni ta`t fhrcs a`vg tn rgdbni whta oghim `ddusgk o`sgk ni gvhkgidgfnuik hi g-c`hl. Gx`cplgs `rg tag WT mnvgricgits l`wsuht `m`hist Ttìk`rk

& Unnrs;

ìk tag khsputg ogtwggi Nr`dlg ìk Mnnmlg.7

Thchl`rly, `s ntagrprnchigit gx`cplgs suda `s HIM6 ìk Cnrmì Ttìlgy= sanw, fhrcs rhsboghim fhigk wagi tagy f`hl tn rgtrhgvg rgt`higk g-c`hls upni tag rgqugst nfrgmul`tnrs nr tag dnurts. Hi onta d`sgs tag fhrcs a`k tn p`y pgi`lthgs nf up tnWTK07 chllhni, ogdùsg tagy wgrg int òlg tn rgtrhgvg rgt`higk g-c`hls.[nk`y, rhsbs rgl`tgk tn dncplhìt g-c`hl rgtgithni `rg ` mrnwhim da`llgimg fnrcìy fhrcs, shidg tagsg rhsbs c`y a`vg kgdhshvg, int gxdlushvgly cnigt`rydnisgqugidgs2 tagy c`y `lsn rgsult hi ` lnss nf drgkhohlhty ìk rgput`thni.1

@ddnrkhim tn tag prhv`tg sgdtnr rgsg`rda fhrc M`rtigr, snftw`rg vgiknrs a`vgrgspnikgk tn tagsg kgcìks oy nffgrhim gxtgikgk `rdahvhim prnkudts

rgfgrrgk tn `s Gitgrprhsg Hifnrc`thni @rdahvhim (GH@) snluthnis. [ansgsnluthnis suppnrt `rdahvhim nf glgdtrnihd`lly stnrgk hifnrc`thni (GTH), suda `sg-c`hl ìk prnvhkg g-khsdnvgry fuidthni`lhty `s wgll `s pnlhdy-o`sgk c`hlonxcì`mgcgit.8@ltanuma fhrcs `rg hivgsthim hi GH@ snluthnis tn cì`mg taghr`mghim k`t` `ssgts, tag rnlg nf pgnplg, kgdhshni rhmats ìk pnlhdhgs hsgcpa`shsgk hi ì `ttgcpt tn gisurg tag gffgdthvg rgtgithni nf ` fhrcshifnrc`thni `ssgts hi lhig whta oushigss, lgm`l ìk rgmul`tnry nojgdthvgs. 05Nitag ntagr aìk, ht hs rgdnmihsgk ta`t pgnplg r`tagr tgik tn nvgrv`lughifnrc`thni, wahda sggcs tn fnstgr ` tgikgidy tn `c`ss r`tagr taì khsd`rk

4 @ssndh`thni nf _gdnrks Cì`mgrs & @kchihstr`tnrs (@_C@), Ttuky: G-KhsdnvgryInt Lhchtgk tn G-C`hl (?50?) ;6(0) Hifnrc`thni Cì`mgcgit0?.

; @cìk` Ornist`k, Fgks Urgp`rhim tn Tug Ttìk`rk & Unnrs Nvgr Urg-dr`sa _`thims (;Fgoru`ry ?504) [ag I`thni`l L`w Jnuri`l


5/20

@ D`sg Ttuky ni tag G-C`hl _gtgithni Oga`vhnur hi Fhrcs

G@U 4

khmht`l hifnrc`thni.00Og`rhim hi chik ta`t ` kgdhshni tnw`rks g-c`hl rgtgithnihs nftgi aglk oy tag gik-usgr kug tn tag l`db nf rgspgdthvg pnlhdhgs 0?ìk tauschmat og up tn daìdg, tahs pnhits tnw`rks dnishkgròlg nrmìhs`thni`l

hcplhd`thnis ogtwggi tag pnlgs nf aucì oga`vhnur ìk dnrpnr`tgnojgdthvgs.04Muhkgk oy tag fnllnwhim rgsg`rda qugsthni, ht hs taus tag hitgit nftahs stuky tn prnvhkg ì uikgrstìkhim nf gcplnyggs g-c`hl rgtgithnioga`vhnur hi ` fhrc: Anw ìk way kn gcplnyggs rgt`hi dnrpnr`tg g-c`hls>

Hi tahs d`sg stuky, wg `kkrgss nur rgsg`rda qugsthni oy ì`lyshim ` sgt nf ?5c`hlonxgs nf gcplnyggs hi ` c`jnr snftw`rg fhrc. [ag p`pgr hs strudturgk `sfnllnws: Hi fnllnwhim sgdthni wg prgsgit rgl`tgk rgsg`rda ni tag rglgvìttnphds ìk ahmalhmat tag rgsg`rda m`p. Igxt, wg kgsdrhog nur rgsg`rdacgtanknlnmy fnllnwgk oy tag prgsgit`thni nf nur fhikhims. [agi, wg khsdussnur fhikhims ìk summgst ` sgt nf prnpnshthnis. Fhi`lly, wg dnidlukg tahs stuky

oy glònr`thim tag stukys hcplhd`thnis ìk nppnrtuihthgs fnr futurg rgsg`rda.

0 _gl`tgk ]nrb

@ rgvhgw nf tag gxtìt lhtgr`turg rgvg`lgk nily nig puolhd`thni gxplhdhtlyfndusgk ni gc`hl rgtgithni ìk mnvgriìdg hssugs. Binlc`ygr gt `ls 0; stukyprnpnsgs hikhd`tnrs tn kgvglnp ` c`turhty cnkgl fnr g-c`hl mnvgriìdg ìkgx`chigs tag g-c`hl mnvgriìdg c`turhty nf v`rhnus fhrcs. O`sgk ni taghrgcphrhd`l gx`chi`thni, tagy dnidlukg ta`t fhrcs `rg strummlhim tn hcplgcgitrnoust pnlhdhgs fnr aìklhim, `rdahvhim ìk kglgthim g-c`hls. Cnrgnvgr,Vnlnihin07prgsgits ì nvgrvhgw nf dncputgr fnrgishds tn gidnur`mg rgsg`rdahitn g-c`hl `rdahvgs ìk g-rgdnrks cì`mgcgit. @ddnrkhim tn Vnlnihin,durrgitly g-c`hl hs dnishkgrgk nig nf tag prhc`ry snurdgs nf g-gvhkgidg hicìy lgm`l `dthnis wahlg H[ kgp`rtcgits `rg r`rgly prgp`rgk fnr tag hssugsta`t g-khsdnvgry hcpnsg ni `dthvg/`rdahv`l k`t` npgr`thnis. Thchl`rly, ]`rkgt `l kgsdrhog tag nrmìhs`thni`l da`llgimgs hi rgspnikhim tn g-khsdnvgryrgqugsts hi ` thcgly ìk dnst-gffgdthvg cìigr: ]ahlg stnr`mg dnsts nf GTHc`y og higxpgishvg, cì`mhim GTH hs int p`rthdul`rly sn wagi tag dncpìya`s int hcplgcgitgk rhmnrnus pnlhdhgs ni g-c`hl us`mg ìk GTH knducgit

00 Jnsgpa M K`vhs ìk Ta`yì Mìgsaì, @vgrshni tn Lnss ìk Hifnrc`thniNvgrln`k: @i Gxpgrhcgit`l Hivgsthm`thni (U`pgr prgsgitgk `t tag Hitgri`thni`lDnifgrgidg ni Hifnrc`thni Tystgcs (HDHT) ?558).

0? Ourbg [ ]`rk gt `l, _gdnmihzhim tag Hcp`dt nf G-Khsdnvgry @cgikcgits niGlgdtrnihd _gdnrks Cì`mgcgit (?558) ?6(;) Hifnrc`thni Tystgcs Cì`mgcgit475.

04 Glhzògta Lnc`s, Hifnrc`thni Mnvgriìdg: Hifnrc`thni Tgdurhty ìk @ddgss]htahi ` WB Dnitgxt (?505) ?5(?) _gdnrks Cì`mgcgit Jnuri`l01?2 ]ahtgp`pgr: [agKhsdniigdt Ogtwggi Lgm`l ìk H[ [g`cs (?558) ]`tgrfnrk [gdainlnmhgs


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G@U ;

rgtgithni `s p`rt nf ` lhthm`thni rg`khigss prnmr`c.06@ da`llgimhim `spgdt nfg-khsdnvgry hs k`t` dnllgdthni ta`t inw`k`ys ruis hitn tgròytgs nf k`t`,hidlukhim g-c`hls, wahda c`bgs ` systgc`thd ìk dnst-gffgdthvg rgtgithni

cì`mgcgit ` igdgsshty.0=

G-c`hl cgt`k`t`, suda `s sgikgr ìk suojgdt lhighifnrc`thni, a`vg tn og bgpt nilhig ìk og g`shly `ddgssholg ìk sg`rdaòlg fnr`ll typgs nf rgmul`tnry, ùkht ìk lgm`l hiquhrhgs.01 @ddnrkhim tn ` M`rtigrstuky, tag hidrg`sg hi lgm`l khsdnvgry `ssndh`tgk whta g-c`hl a`s krhvgi tagkgcìk fnr igw g-c`hl `rdahvhim `pplhd`thnis, wahda hs rgdnmihsgk `s nig nftag f`stgst mrnwhim sgmcgits hi tag snftw`rg c`rbgt. G-c`hls `rg dnishkgrgktn dnisucg l`rmg `cnuits nf stnr`mg ìk H[ oukmgts ìk rgquhrgcgits fnr`rdahvhim, g-khsdnvgry ìk dncplhìdg `kk `kkhthni`l dnst tn tagcì`mgcgit nf g-c`hl.08

@intagr strg`c nf rgsg`rda rglgvìt tn tahs stuky fndusgs ni tag gx`chi`thni

nf oga`vhnur hi rgl`thni tn hikhvhku`l g-c`hls. [ahs rgsg`rda, cnstly stgcchimfrnc tag knc`hi nf Aucì Dncputgr Hitgr`dthni (ADH), fnllnws ` typhd`lkgshmi dydlg tn kgrhvg usgr rgquhrgcgits frnc wahda igw systgc fg`turgs,ta`t hcprnvg g-c`hl snluthnis,?5 dì og kgvglnpgk. Fnr histìdg, ]ahtt`bgrìk Thkigr gcphrhd`lly hivgsthm`tgk tag usg nf g-c`hl `pplhd`thnis.?0O`sgk ni` c`hlonx ì`lyshs nf gcplnyggs, tagy fnuik ta`t gcplnyggs c`hit`hi ì`vgr`mg nf ;= fnlkgrs ìk bggp ? ;1? g-c`hls, 4; pgr dgit nf wahda `rg nlkgrtaì targg cnitas. [agy hkgithfhgk targg g-c`hl fhlhim str`tgmhgs, i`cgly, infhlhim, sprhim-dlgìhim ìk frgqugit fhlhim. Frnc tagsg str`tgmhgs tagy kgrhvgkfuidthni`l rgquhrgcgits tn rgkgshmi g-c`hl `pplhd`thnis. [gi yg`rs l`tgr,Fhsagr gt `l dnikudtgk ` shchl`r stuky tn dncp`rg taghr fhikhims whta 0886.??[agy fnuik ta`t hionxgs a`vg rnumaly tag s`cg `cnuit nf htgcs, outgcplnyggs g-c`hl `rdahvgs a`vg mrnwi tgifnlk whta ` cgì `t ?1 665 g-c`hlhtgcs. @ddnrkhim tn Fhsagr gt `l, ;4 pgr dgit nf `ll htgcs wgrg nlkgr taì targg

06 ]`rk gt `l, ònvg i 0?, 470.0= Jnai D _uaib` ìk Jnai ] O`moy, Wshim GTH Khsdnvgry [g`cs tn Cì`mg

Glgdtrnihd K`t` Khsdnvgry (?505) 74(=) Dnccuihd`thnis nf tag @DC 0;?2 Lhik`Vnlnihin, Jìhdg Thphnr ìk Ourbg [ ]`rk, Cì`mhim tag Lhfgdydlg nfGlgdtrnihd`lly Ttnrgk Hifnrc`thni (?55=) ?;(4) Hifnrc`thni Tystgcs Cì`mgcgit?40.

01 Lhik` Vnlnihin, Muy A Mgssigr ìk Mgnrmg F Bgrchs, Anlhsthd Dncplhìdg whtaT`roìgs-Nxlgy (?55;) 0;(0) Dnccuihd`thnis nf tag @ssndh`thni fnr Hifnrc`thniTystgcs?08.

08 Dahlks, Dahi ìk Lnmì, ònvg i 82 [gk Tda`klgr, Tanulk Xnur Gc`hl Lhvg hi tagDlnuk> @ Dncp`r`thvg Dnst @i`lyshs(?558).

?5 Fnr ` dncprgagishvg rgvhgw, sgg, gm, Ttgvg ]ahtt`bgr, Ugrsni`l Hifnrc`thniCì`mgcgit: Frnc Hifnrc`thni Dnisucpthni tn Dur`thni (?500) ;7 @iiu`l_gvhgw nf Hifnrc`thni Tdhgidg ìk [gdainlnmy4.

?0 Ttgvg ]ahtt`bgr ìk Dìk`dg Thkigr, G-c`hl Nvgrln`k: Gxplnrhim Ugrsni`lHifnrc`thni Cì`mgcgit nf G-c`hl (U`pgr prgsgitgk `t tag Dnifgrgidg ni AucìF`dtnrs hi Dncputhim Tystgcs, Vìdnuvgr, 0886).

?? Kìygl Fhsagr gt `l, _gvhshthim ]ahtt`bgr & Thkigrs G-c`hl Nvgrln`k [gi Xg`rs

L`tgr (U`pgr prgsgitgk `t tag ?5ta @iihvgrs`ry Dnifgrgidg ni DncputgrTuppnrtgk Dnnpgr`thvg ]nrb, Oìff @logrt`, ?556).


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G@U 7

cnitas wahlg tag iucogr nf fnlkgrs hidrg`sgk tn 044 hi dncp`rhsni tn 0886.Ntagr stukhgs gx`chig hikhvhku`l khffgrgidgs hi kg`lhim whta g-c`hlcgss`mgs,?4 tag prnolgc nf g-c`hl nvgrln`k?; ìk tag rnlg nf g-c`hl hi t`sb

cì`mgcgit.?7

]ahlg `dbinwlgkmhim tag `cnuit nf gxhsthim rgsg`rda, nur rgvhgw sanws ta`ttag gx`chi`thni nf g-c`hl mnvgriìdg, ìk cnrg spgdhfhd`lly tag da`llgimgs nfg-c`hl rgtgithni, hs sthll sd`rdg. Ht hs taus tag hitgithni nf tahs p`pgr tn `kkrgsstahs rgsg`rda m`p wahlg fndushim ni tag hikhvhku`l oga`vhnur nf gcplnyggs hirgtgithni ìk kglgthni nf g-c`hls ìk hts hcplhd`thnis fnr tag nrmìhs`thni.

? _gsg`rda Cgtanknlnmy

Fnr tahs rgsg`rda gikg`vnur, wg kgdhkgk tn dnikudt ` d`sg stuky fnr tagfnllnwhim rg`snis. D`sg stukhgs `rg kggcgk ì `pprnprh`tg cgtank fnrhivgsthm`thim way ìk anw rgsg`rda qugsthnis `s wgll `s sthdby, pr`dthdg-o`sgk prnolgcs wagrg tag gxpgrhgidgs nf tag `dtnrs `rg hcpnrtìt ìk tagdnitgxt nf `dthni hs drhthd`l.?6 Cnrgnvgr, tagrg hs lhttlg rgsg`rda ìk snuiktagnrgthd`l binwlgkmg `v`hlòlg ni tag tnphd nf gcplnyggs g-c`hl rgtgithnioga`vhnur. @s suda, tag i`turg nf tahs d`sg stuky hs cnrg gxplnr`tnry, sggbhimtn gstòlhsa ` fnuik`thni fnr futurg rgsg`rda oy knducgithim tag gxpgrhgidgsìk binwlgkmg m`higk frnc pr`dthdg. Muhkgk oy nur rgsg`rda qugsthnis, wg`pply ì `pprn`da rgfgrrgk tn `s snft-pnshthvhsc.?=[ahs `pprn`da giòlgs ustn kr`w frnc ` pnshthvhst vhgw, wahda `ssucgs ta`t g-c`hl rgtgithnioga`vhnur hs ` rgl`thvgly stòlg ìk ì nojgdthvgly gxhsthim pagincgi`, wahlg`llnwhim ntagr dnistrudts tn gcgrmg frnc tag dnllgdtgk k`t`. Ni tag ntagraìk ìk hi lhig whta ì hitgrprgthvg pgrspgdthvg, wg `lsn `llnw ntagrdnistrudts ta`t gcgrmg frnc tag k`t` tn surf`dg. Nur nvgr`ll `pprn`da hskgsdrhogk hi tag fnllnwhim suosgdthnis ìk rgprgsgits tag d`sg stuky prntndnl.

?4 Kgonrà O`rrgù, [ag Ugrshstgidg nf Oga`vhnr ìk Fnrc hi tag Nrmìhz`thni nfUgrsni`l Hifnrc`thni (?55=) 78(?) Jnuri`l nf tag @cgrhdì Tndhgty fnr Hifnrc`thniTdhgidg ìk [gdainlnmy 45=2 J`dgb Mwhzkb`, Gc`hl [`sb Cì`mgcgit Ttylgs: [ag

Dlgìgrs ìk tag Bggpgrs (U`pgr prgsgitgk `t tag DAH5; Dnifgrgidg ni AucìF`dtnrs hi Dncputhim Tystgcs, Vhgii`, ?55;).

?; Lùr` @ Kòohsa ìk _nogrt G Brùt, Gc`hl Nvgrln`k `t ]nrb: @i @i`lyshs nfF`dtnrs @ssndh`tgk whta Gc`hl Ttr`hi (U`pgr prgsgitgk `t tag ?5ta @iihvgrs`ryDnifgrgidg ni Dncputgr Tuppnrtgk Dnnpgr`thvg ]nrb, Oìff @logrt`, ?556).

?7 Ihdnl`s Kudagigùt ìk Vhdtnrh` Ogllntth, G-c`hl `s Aòht`t: @i Gxplnr`thni nfGcogkkgk Ugrsni`l Hifnrc`thni Cì`mgcgit (?550) 1(7) Hitgr`dthnis45.

?6 Hz`b Ogio`s`t, K`vhk B Mnlkstghi ìk Cglhss` Cg`k, [ag D`sg _gsg`rda Ttr`tgmyhi Ttukhgs nf Hifnrc`thni Tystgcs (081=) 00(4)CHT Pu`rtgrly468, 468.

?= @ii` C`khll, @oohg Jnrkì ìk D`rnlhig Tahrlgy, Nojgdthvhty ìk _glhòhlhty hi

Pu`lht`thvg @i`lyshs: _g`lhst, Dnitgxtu`lhst ìk _`khd`l DnistrudthnihstGphstgcnlnmhgs (?555) 80(0) Orhthsa Jnuri`l nf Usydanlnmy0.


8/20


G@U 6

?.0 Wiht nf @i`lyshs ìk D`sg Tglgdthni

[ag uiht nf ì`lyshs nf tag prgsgit stuky hs ì gcplnyggs g-c`hl rgtgithnioga`vhnur hi ` fhrc. ]g sglgdtgk ` shimlg-d`sg kgshmi whta culthplg gcogkkgkuihts nf ì`lyshs rgprgsgithim tag p`rthdhp`thim gcplnyggs wahlg tag fhrcrgprgsgits tag shimlg d`sg s`cplg oghim dnistìt fnr `ll gcogkkgk uihts. [ahskgshmi hidrg`sgs tag gvhkgith`l shmihfhdìdg nf nur fhikhims ìk tag stukysgxtgri`l v`lhkhty shidg ht suppnrts tag rgplhd`thni nf rgsults.?1[n `kkrgss nurrgsg`rda qugsthnis, wg fnllnwgk tag typhd`l d`sg s`cplhim str`tgmy.?8 ]gnosgrvgk ` culth-i`thni`l snftw`rg kgvglnpcgit fhrc wagrg g-c`hl prnvhkgstag typhd`l cgìs nf hitgri`l ìk gxtgri`l dnccuihd`thni, sdagkulhim ìkd`lgik`rhim ìk hs usgk oy gvgry gcplnygg ni ` k`hly o`shs hi tag dnursg nfoushigss. [ag mlno`lly npgr`thim fhrc hs o`sgk hi dnithigit`l Gurnpg ìkgcplnys cnrg taì 77 555 pgnplg hi cnrg taì 0?5 dnuitrhgs. Hi `kkhthni tn

v`rhnus mgn-spgdhfhd lgmhsl`thni, tag fhrc hs nolhmgk tn dncply whta rgmul`thnisprgsdrhogk oy tag T`roìgs-Nxlgy @dtnf ?55? (TNQ).45[ag fhrc usgs ChdrnsnftNutlnnb Gxdaìmg `s taghr dnrpnr`tg-whkg g-c`hl systgc. ]g wgrg mrìtgk`ddgss tn tag rgsg`rda shtg ìk taus dnulk khrgdtly `sb gcplnyggs frnckhffgrgit kgp`rtcgits fnr taghr p`rthdhp`thni hi tahs stuky wahlg `pplyhim tagsinwo`llhim str`tgmy tn whi `kkhthni`l p`rthdhpìts. Hi tnt`l wg wgrg òlg tn`dquhrg ?5 p`rthdhpìts frnc targg khffgrgit kgp`rtcgits whta ì `vgr`mg`ffhlh`thni whta tag fhrc nf =.4 yg`rs. [òlg 0 prnvhkgs ì nvgrvhgw nfp`rthdhpìt prnfhlgs ìk kgp`rtcgit `ffhlh`thni.


9/20


G@U =

fhrst prhidhplg ìk hi lhig whta B`plì ìk Kudani,4?wg usgk ` dncohi`thninf qu`lht`thvg ìk quìtht`thvg cgtanks tn dnllgdt k`t`. [ag k`t` dnllgdthnitnnb pl`dg ogtwggi Juig ìk @umust ?50? ìk hidlukgk uistrudturgk

hitgrvhgws, p`rthdhpìt nosgrv`thni, ` tnnl-suppnrtgk c`hlonx ì`lyshs ìk `survgy qugsthnii`hrg tn nvgrdncg rgpnrtgk hssugs hi prhnr rgsg`rda rgm`rkhimhifnrc`thni ònut kglgtgk g-c`hls ta`t `rg khffhdult tn d`pturg.44 @s tag fhrcuikgr stuky gcplnys Chdrnsnft Nutlnnb Gxdaìmg, wg kgdhkgk tn kgvglnp `c`drn hi Vhsu`l O`shd fnr @pplhd`thnis (VO@) tn g`sg tag k`t` dnllgdthniwhtanut oghim rgquhrgk tn hist`ll ntagr snftw`rg dncpnigits ni tagp`rthdhpìts dncputgrs. [ag kgvglnpgk c`drn ùtnc`thd`lly d`pturgs ìgcplnyggs c`hlonx k`t` oy rg`khim `ll nilhig (hg ni tag sgrvgr) ìk nfflhig (hghi ` lnd`l `rdahvg) stnrgk g-c`hl htgcs ìk fnlkgrs hidlukhim taghr cgt`k`t`suda `s shzg, l`st cnkhfhd`thni nr rgdghvgk k`tg/thcg. Kgpgikhim ni tag`cnuit nf g-c`hls ` spgdhfhd usgr rgt`higk, tag ruithcg nf tag c`drn v`rhgk

ogtwggi 05 ìk 075 chiutgs. ]g sdagkulgk pgrsni`l cggthims nr tglgpanigd`lls whta g`da nf tag p`rthdhpìts wagrg wg hitrnkudgk tagc tn tag sdnpg nftag stuky. ]g gxpl`higk tag `pprn`da ìk gcpa`shsgk tag rgspgdt nf k`t`ìniychty ìk prhv`dy wahda hs rgpnrtgkly ` c`jnr dnidgri hi suda stukhgs. 4;Tuosgqugitly, wg kgplnygk tag c`drn hi taghr lnd`l Chdrnsnft Nutlnnb dlhgitìk st`rtgk tag ùtnc`thd k`t` dnllgdthni. Kurhim nr `ftgr tag ì`lyshs wghitgrvhgwgk tag p`rthdhpìts whta rgm`rks tn taghr pgrsni`l rg`snis fnr g-c`hlrgtgithni ìk taghr us`mg nf tag `rdahvhim fuidthnis hi Nutlnnb. Kurhim taghitgrvhgws p`rthdhpìts `lsn prgsgitgk taghr Nutlnnb dlhgit giòlhim us tnnosgrvg tag w`y tagy rgt`hi ìk fhlg g-c`hls. ]g knducgitgk tag rgsults nftag hitgrvhgws ìk nosgrv`thnis oy wrhthim ìk tnnb fhglk intgs `ftgr tagcggthims tnnb pl`dg.

Hi lhig whta tag sgdnik k`t` dnllgdthni prhidhplg, wg drg`tgk ` d`sg stukyk`tò`sg wagrg wg stnrgk `ll k`t` fnr suosgqugit ì`lyshs. Hi nrkgr tnc`hit`hi ` da`hi nf gvhkgidg (tahrk prhidhplg), wg `mmrgm`tgk tag quìtht`thvgc`hlonx k`t` dnishsthim nf =01 =14 shimlg g-c`hl htgcs stgpwhsg. ]g tagrgoystnrgk ` si`psant nf g`da stgp tn `llnw tr`dhim o`db ìk fnrta ogtwggi tagr`w k`t` ìk `mmrgm`thnis ìk gvgitu`lly nur hitgrprgt`thnis. Hi ì gffnrt tnhidrg`sg tag nojgdthvhty47 nf nur fhikhims ìk g`sg tag dncp`rhsni ogtwggip`rthdhpìts oy tag cgìs nf quìtht`thvg k`t`, wg kgdhkgk tn survgy tagp`rthdhpìts whta ì nilhig qugsthnii`hrg. [n kgvglnp tag qugsthnii`hrg, wgst`rtgk ùmcgithim tag hitgrvhgw trìsdrhpts ìk fhglk intgs whta rgflgdthvg

rgc`rbs46

ìk rgsg`rda lhtgr`turg. ]g dnccgidgk npgi dnkhim, wagrgoy

4? Oniihg B`plì ìk Kgiihs Kudani, Dncohihim Pu`lht`thvg ìk Puìtht`thvgCgtanks hi Hifnrc`thni Tystgcs _gsg`rda: @ D`sg Ttuky (0811) 4(4) CHT Pu`rtgrly7=0.

44 @sahsa Mupt` gt `l, G-c`hl Cì`mgcgit: @ [gdain-Cì`mgrh`l _gsg`rdaUgrspgdthvg (?556) 0=(0) Dnccuihd`thnis nf tag @ssndh`thni fnr Hifnrc`thni Tystgcs8;0.

4; Hohk.47 B`plì ìk Kudani, onvg i 4?.46 U`r, onvg i ?8, ?;8.


10/20


G@U 1

st`tgcgits hi tag trìsdrhpts ìk fhglk intgs pgrt`hihim tn sncg rg`snis fnrrgtgithni nf g-c`hls wgrg usgk, tn fnrc tagcgs ìk d`tgmnrhgs.4=[ansg tagcgskgfhigk tag fndus nf tag nilhig qugsthnii`hrg ìk muhkgk hts kgvglnpcgit.

Ogfnrg wg st`rtgk tag survgy, tag qugsthnii`hrg w`s rgvhgwgk oy twn rgsg`rdadnllg`mugs. @ddnrkhim tn taghr dnccgits, wg rgvhsgk tag wnrkhim nf sncgqugsthnis tn hcprnvg tag dl`rhty ìk `kjustgk tag sgqugidg nf qugsthnis.O`sgk ni tag sgt nf k`t` dnllgdtgk kurhim tag hitgrvhgws ìk tag survgyrgspnisgs, wg dnikudtgk tag ì`lyshs nf tag nvgr`ll k`t` hi rgspnisg tn nurrgsg`rda qugsthni.

4 Fhikhims

4.0 Anw Kn Gcplnyggs _gt`hi G-c`hls>

[ag stukhgk fhrc a`s ` sgt nf mlno`l pnlhdhgs hi pl`dg, suda `s ì hifnrc`thnisgdurhty pnlhdy, tr`vgl pnlhdy ìk purda`shim pnlhdy, ta`t `rg ohikhim tn `llgcplnyggs. Anwgvgr, kurhim tag thcg nf k`t` dnllgdthni, tagrg w`s in fnrc`lpnlhdy kgfhigk ta`t mnvgris tag rgtgithni ìk khspns`l nf g-c`hls. Gvgrygcplnygg a`s ` sgrvgr shzg qunt` ta`t rgstrhdts tag tnt`l shzg nf g-c`hls tn ogstnrgk ni tag sgrvgr tn ?07 CO wahlg `ll rgdghvgk ìk sgit g-c`hl hs bgpt oykgfùlt uithl tag usgr gxplhdhtly kglgtgs ht. Nidg tag c`hlonx shzg rg`dags 85 pgrdgit nf tag sgrvgr qunt`, usgrs `rg ùtnc`thd`lly inthfhgk vh` g-c`hl tn kglgtguirgquhrgk htgcs. Nidg tag usgrs c`hlonx shzg gqu`ls tag mhvgi qunt` nf ?07CO, ag/sag whll int og òlg tn sgik ìk rgdghvg ìy g-c`hls. Oy ta`t thcg, tag

usgr a`s tn c`bg ` kgdhshni ònut wagtagr ìk wa`t g-c`hls tn khsd`rk nr tnrgt`hi. [n `rdahvg spgdhfhd g-c`hls hi Nutlnnb tag usgr dì drg`tg ` lnd`l`rdahvg, hg, pgrsni`l-stnr`mg-tòlg (UT[ fhlg) ta`t hs stnrgk ni tag usgrs lnd`la`rk krhvg. @ll htgcs tn og rgt`higk dì cìu`lly nr ùtnc`thd`lly (ùtn`rdahvhim) og cnvgk frnc tag sgrvgr tn tag lnd`l `rdahvg (nfflhig `rdahvg) tag l`ttgr npthni hs nily usgk oy 45 pgr dgit nf tag gcplnyggs hi nur s`cplg.@s ` dnisgqugidg nf tahs dnifhmur`thni, usgrs a`vg tag frggknc tn kgdhkgwa`t g-c`hl tn rgt`hi nr khsd`rk shidg tagrg hs in pnlhdy muhkhim tag kgdhshni.Frnc ` tgdaihd`l pgrspgdthvg, tagrg hs pr`dthd`lly in stnr`mg lhcht ni tag lnd`la`rk krhvg ìk o`dbup sgrvgr ta`t rgstrhdts tag `cnuit nf rgt`higk g-c`hls.[òlg ? prnvhkgs ì `mmrgm`tgk gxdgrpt nf tag c`hlonx ì`lyshs rgsultshidlukhim tag tnt`l, cgì, cgkhì, chihcuc, c`xhcuc ìk stìk`rkkgvh`thni (TK) v`lugs fnr g`da usgr wahlg tag fhrst khmht hi tag usgr HKhikhd`tgs tag nrmìhs`thni`l uiht nf tag usgr (dnluci @).

4= D`tay Wrqua`rt, @i Gidnuitgr whta Mrnuikgk [agnry: [`dblhim tag Ur`dthd`l ìk

Uahlnsnpahd`l Hssugs hi Ghlggi C [rùta (gk), Pu`lht`thvg _gsg`rda hi HT: Hssugs ìk[rgiks(Hkg` Mrnup, ?550) 05;.


11/20


G@U 8

[òlg ?: Gxdgrpt nf @mmrgm`tgk C`hlonx @i`lyshs _gsults (i3?5)

@ O D K G F M A H J B

Wsgr @ttrhoutgs C hlonx Da`r`dtgrhsthds @rdahvg Da`r`dtgrhsthds

Wsgr HK

@ffhlh thniwhta tag

FhrcRyg rS

K tg nfNlkgst G-

c hl hiC hlonx

@mg nf

C hlonx

Ryg rS

[nt l

Iucogr nf

G-c hls

[nt l Thzg

nf G-c hls

RCOS

[nt lIucogr nf

@rdahvgkG-c hls

Ugrdgit mgnf G-c hls

Nlkgr 4Cnitas

Ugrdgit mgnf

@rdahvgkG-c hls

@rdahvgkG-c hls

pgr Cnita

nf@ffhlh thni

_gmul rly

O`dbup

D50 7.1 ?=.58.56 7.1 =? ;75 7;7?.=5 =5 184 8=.=5% 8=.85% 05?= ygs

_5? ;.4 ?6.54.51 ;.4 75 011 77;;.;5 ;8 ?1? 8;.45% 81.?5% 8;1 ygs

_54 07 ?7.50.88 04.; ;1 710 =14=.=5 ;= 10= 87.85% 81.;5% ?66 ygs

D5; ;.4 ?1.5;.51 ;.? 46 =4= 7?=7.;5 4; 1;5 85.45% 8;.15% 614 ygs

_57 7.= 40.05.56 7.= ?8 67? 4856.=5 ?; 46; 85.55% 1?.?5% 471 ygs

D56 05 54.5;.5= 7.4 ?7 ;?= 4104.55 ?; =5? 85.=5% 8=.05% ?56 ygs

_5= 7.1 ?8.58.56 7.1 0= 744 0718.85 0; ;4; 11.;5% 1?.45% ?56 ygs

_51 1 5;.5;.00 0.? 0? ??5 05==.15 8=;7 65.55% =8.=5% 05? ygs

_58 05.= 5;.54.51 ;.4 05 045 00=;.45 =085 =1.75% =0.55% 76 ygs

U05 ;.4 0;.54.51 ;.4 1651 0585.75 61?0 14.45% =8.?5% 04; ygs

D00 =.7 01.5=.57 = ;1=0 08;.; 0476 61.75% ?=.15% 07 in

_0? ;.6 5?.50.51 ;.7 85 005 1181.85 16 ?;0 84.05% 87.=5% 0761 ygs

D04 ;.0 45.57.51 ;.0 06 ?4= ?;11.45 07 =05 87.85% 86.15% 4?0 ygs

_0; ;.; ?=.5=.51 ; 47 6?8 4764.45 4; 865 8=.75% 81.05% 665 ygs

_07 =.1 ?=.58.5; =.1 18 86= 05 016.?5 18 468 8?.65% 88.45% 860 ygs

_06 ?.; 50.5?.05 ?.; 744? 8?8.4 ;?8; 18.15% 15.75% 0;1 ygs

D0= 0? ?1.51.55 00.8 ;7 ==6 ;10;.75 ;; 7;4 86.15% 8=.45% 458 in

_01 0=.0 00.00.88 0?.= 85 ?=? 05 ?18.55 18 ;67 87.15% 88.05% ;46 ygs

D08 6 00.58.58 ?.8 04 =77 ?0=8.05 0? 6;= =0.=5% 80.85% 0=6 ygs

D?5 6.7 ?8.0?.57 6.7 07 451 0?;8.75 =18? 78.65% 70.65% 050 ygs

[nt`l =01 =14 10 77;.85 6=6 767 8?.55% 8;.05% 1610

Cgì =.4 7.8 47 848.05 ;5==.=5 44 1?1.45 16.75% 16.55% ;4;

Cgkhì 7.8 ;.8 ?= 748.75 4611.05 ?; 744 85.75% 87.45% ?1=

Chi ?.; ?7.50.88 0.? ;1=0 08;.; 0476 78.65% ?=.15% 07

C`x 0=.0 5;.5;.00 04.; 85 ?=? 05 ?18.55 18 ;67 8=.=5% 88.45% 0761

TK 4.8 4.4 ?8 ?6;.?5 40=4.45 ?8 =44.05 0?.4 01.; ;04


12/20


G@U 05

4.0.0 C`hlonx Da`r`dtgrhsthds

@s dì og sggi frnc [òlg ?, tag ?5 p`rthdhpìts nf nur stuky bggp =01 =14 g-c`hls hi tnt`l (dnluci G) ta`t `rg up tn 04.; yg`rs nlk (dnluci K) ìkdnisucg 10 77;.8 CO (~ 15 mhmòytg) stnr`mg hi tnt`l (dnluci F). @t tag lnwgrìk uppgr giks, tag shzg nf tag c`hlonx pgr usgr rìmgs frnc 08;.; CO (D00)tn 05 ?18 CO (_01) wahlg tag `vgr`mg c`hlonx shzg gqu`ls ;5==.= CO.

@dbinwlgkmhim tag tnt`l iucogr nf g-c`hls aglk oy ` spgdhfhd usgr, wg fhik `rìmg ogtwggi ;1=0 g-c`hls `t tag lnwgr gik ìk 85 ?=? g-c`hls `t tag uppgrgik, wahda gqu`ls ` khffgrgidg oy ` f`dtnr nf 01.7. Cnrgnvgr, ht dì og sggita`t hi 00 nut nf ?5 d`sgs tag `mg nf tag c`hlonx (dnluci K), kgtgrchigk oytag k`tg nf nlkgst g-c`hl d`pturgk hi tag c`hlonx (dnluci D), nily khffgrsslhmatly (3< 5.0 yg`rs) nr gvgi gqu`ls tag tgrc nf `ffhlh`thni whta tag fhrc(dnluci O) `s, gm, hi tag d`sg nf D50, _5? nr D?5. [ag rg`snis fnr shmihfhdìtkhffgrgidgs ogtwggi tag c`hlonx `mg ìk tag tgrc nf `ffhlh`thni dì og`ddnuitgk fnr oy sprhim dlgìhim `dthnis (gm, _56/51) nr lnss nf g-c`hls kug tnjno daìmg `ssndh`tgk whta ` lnd`thni ìk a`rkw`rg daìmg (_58/01).Dncp`rhim tag `mg nf c`hlonxgs, wg fhik ì hidrg`sg hi dnitr`st tn Fhsagr gt`l.41 Ht dì og nosgrvgk frnc dnluci K ta`t =7 pgr dgit nf `ll p`rthdhpìtsrgt`hi g-c`hls k`thim o`db `t lg`st ;.? yg`rs, 75 pgr dgit fnr `t lg`st 7.4 yg`rsìk ?7 pgr dgit fnr `t lg`st sgvgi yg`rs. Hi lhig whta tahs fhikhim, ht dì og sggifrnc dnluci A ta`t hi tnt`l 8? pgr dgit nf `ll rgt`higk g-c`hls `rg nlkgr taìtargg cnitas, hg, tag g-c`hl a`s oggi sgit nr rgdghvgk `t lg`st targg cnitas`mn. [ansg htgcs `ddnuit fnr 84.? pgr dgit nf tag tnt`l stnr`mg iggk fnr g-c`hls.

4.0.? @rdahvg Da`r`dtgrhsthds

]g kgfhig ì `rdahvgk g-c`hl `s oghim stnrgk nfflhig ni tag lnd`l a`rk krhvg hi` UT[-fhlg ta`t dì nily og `ddgssgk whta tag lnd`l nutlnnb dlhgit ni tagrgspgdthvg usgrs dncputgr. Hi dnitr`st, nilhig stnrgk g-c`hls dì og `ddgssgkoy tag gcplnygg vh` cnohlg kgvhdgs nr ` wgoc`hl pnrt`l. [ansg `rdahvgkhtgcs `rg suojgdt tn tag usgrs hikhvhku`l kgdhshnis rgm`rkhim o`dbup (dnluciB), sgdurhty cg`surgs, kglgthni nr pgrcìgit rgtgithni. _gdnmihshim tagpgrdgit`mg v`lugs hi dnluci H, wg fhik ta`t 8;.0 pgr dgit, hg, 6=6 767 nf `ll=01 =14 ì`lysgk g-c`hls, `rg `rdahvgk oy tag usgr ìk `ddnuit fnr =8 551.0CO (86.6 pgr dgit) nf tag tnt`l stnr`mg kgcìk. Anwgvgr, dnishkgrhim tagkhffgrgit tgrcs nf `ffhlh`thni whta tag fhrc, wg stìk`rkhsgk tag tnt`l iucogrnf `rdahvgk g-c`hls oy tag cnitas nf `ffhlh`thni nf g`da gcplnygg (k`t`dnllgdtgk vh` survgy) `s dì og sggi frnc dnluci J. [ag rìmg nf rgl`thvg`rdahvgk htgc dnuit nf ` spgdhfhd usgr v`rhgs oy ` f`dtnr nf 7? ogtwggi `chihcuc nf 07, c`xhcuc nf 0761 ìk rgsults hi ì `vgr`mg nf ;4; `rdahvgkg-c`hls pgr usgr. Cnrgnvgr, wg d`ldul`tgk tag `vgr`mg `rdahvg mrnwta o`sgkni 05 s`cplgs prnvhkhim us whta k`t` nf `t lg`st fhvg yg`rs ìk nosgrvg ta`ttag `rdahvg shzg a`s mrnwi 6.7 fnlk hi fhvg yg`rs, frnc 5.7= MO tn 4.68 MO `t `dncpnuik ìiu`l mrnwta r`tg (D@M_) nf 78.;7 pgr dgit, hg, tag shzg hs cnrgtaì knuolhim gvgry twn yg`rs, wahda hs dncp`tholg whta gsthc`tgs frnc ntagrstukhgs.48

41 Fhsagr gt `l, ònvg i ??.48 HKD, [ag ?500 HKD Khmht`l Wihvgrsg Ttuky(?500).


13/20


G@U 00

4.0.4 Kglgthni Oga`vhnur

Lhbg hi shchl`r stukhgs,;5 nur ùtnc`tgk c`hlonx ì`lyshs hs hivhsholg tn

`lrg`ky kglgtgk g-c`hls. [ahs chmat oh`s nur rgsults shidg tag tnt`l iucogr nfg-c`hls hs int nily kgpgikgit ni tag iucogr nf rgdghvgk nr sgit htgcs out`lsn ni tag kglgthni oga`vhnur nf tag gcplnygg. Hi ì gffnrt tn lhcht tahs gffgdt,wg `sbgk tag p`rthdhpìts nf tag stuky tn kgsdrhog taghr kglgthni oga`vhnurushim ` sgvgi pnhit Lhbgrt-[ypg r`thim sd`lg rìmhim frnc 0 (H kn int kglgtg g-c`hls) tn = (H kglgtg g-c`hls). Fhmurg 0 kgphdts ì nvgrvhgw nf tag p`rthdhpìtsrgspnisgs hi ` sd`ttgr plnt wagrg tag x-`xhs rgprgsgits tag mhvgi ìswgrs nitag r`thim sd`lg, ìk tag y-`xhs rgprgsgits rgl`thvg `cnuit nf `rdahvgk(dnluci J). @s hllustr`tgk hi Fhmurg 0, nig dì novhnusly khsthimuhsa `t lg`sttwn nppnshtg mrnups nf gcplnyggs, kgphdtgk `s @ ìk O hi Fhmurg ?. [ansgmrnups shmihfhdìtly khffgr hi tag `cnuit nf rgt`higk g-c`hls (t(00) 3 6.47,p < 5.550, r 3 5.=8). Mrnup @ rgt`his 8=;.;1 g-c`hls ni `vgr`mg (TG 3 04;.06)ìk dl`hcs r`tagr int tn kglgtg g-c`hls. Mrnup O r`tagr tgiks tn kglgtg g-c`hlsìk rgt`his 074.?6 g-c`hls ni `vgr`mg (TG 3 46.0?). [ahs mgigr`l tgikgidy hs`lsn suppnrtgk oy ì hivgrsg dnrrgl`thni ogtwggi tag `cnuit nf rgt`higk g-c`hls ìk tag kglgthni oga`vhnur (Tpg`rcìs !3 -5.607, p < 5.50).

Fhmurg 0: Dl`hcgk Kglgthni Oga`vhnur hi _gl`thni tn Iucogr nf _gt`higk Htgcs

;5 Fhsagr gt `l, ònvg i ??.


14/20


G@U 0?

4.? ]ay Kn Gcplnyggs _gt`hi G-c`hls>

O`sgk ni tag ì`lyshs nf tag hitgrvhgw k`t` ìk lhtgr`turg,;0wg kgkudgk fhvgrg`snis fnr g-c`hl rgtgithni. ]g `sbgk tag p`rthdhpìts nf tahs stuky tn r`tgtaghr `mrggcgit whta tansg rg`snis ni ` Lhbgrt-[ypg sd`lg rìmhim frnc 0(strnimly khs`mrgg) tn = (strnimly `mrgg).

HK Kgsdrhpthni Cgì TK Chi C`x

_G0H rgt`hi g-c`hls just ogdùsg H chmat iggk tagc hi

tag futurg.6.?7 5.=? 7 =

_G?

H rgt`hi g-c`hls tn rglhòly anlk ni tn hcpnrtìt

hifnrc`thni fnr lnim pgrhnks nf thcg, g.m., prnjgdt

knducgit`thnis, dnitr`dts nr kgsdrhpthnis nf anw

tn pgrfnrc ` dncplhd`tgk t`sb.

7.67 0.=0 ? =

_G4 H rgt`hi g-c`hls tn og òlg tn kgcnistr`tgjusthfhd`thni nf cy kgdhshnis. 7.;7 0.64 ? =

_G;

H rgt`hi g-c`hls ogdùsg ht shcply t`bgs tnn lnim

tn kgdhkg wahda g-c`hl tn rgt`hi ìk wahda tn

kglgtg tn c`bg ht wnrta tag gffnrt.

;.77 7.55 0 =

_G7Fnr cg rgt`hihim g-c`hls hs ` w`y nf int mgtthim

l`mmgk ogahik ntagr pgnplg.4.85 4.?7 0 =

[òlg 4: @mmrgm`tgk _`thims nf G-c`hl _gtgithni _g`snis (i 3 ?5)

[ag rg`snis hidlukhim sncg kgsdrhpthvg st`thsthds ònut tag gcplnyggs r`thims`rg hllustr`tgk hi [òlg 4. @s dì og sggi frnc [òlg 4, rgspnikgits c`hily

rgt`hi g-c`hls `s tagy `ssucg ta`t tagy chmat og usgful hi tag futurg. Ntagrc`jnr rg`snis `rg tn prgsgrvg hcpnrtìt hifnrc`thni, tn justhfy taghr kgdhshnisìk/nr ogdùsg c`bhim kgdhshnis ònut khspns`l nr rgtgithni hs dnishkgrgk `thcg dnisuchim t`sb. _g`sni _G0 sanws ` ahma kgmrgg nf `mrggcgit `drnss`ll p`rthdhpìts whta ì `vgr`mg r`thim nf 6.?7, ` stìk`rk kgvh`thni (TK) nf5.=? ìk ` chihcuc r`thim nf 7 wahlg _G? ìk _G4 sanw ì `vgr`mg r`thim nf7.67 ìk 7.;7 rgspgdthvgly `s wgll `s ` stìk`rk kgvh`thni nf 0.=0 ìk 0.64rgspgdthvgly. _G; rgdghvgs ì `vgr`mg r`thim nf ;.77 whta ` stìk`rk kgvh`thninf 7.55. _G7 sanws ` lnwgr lgvgl nf `mrggcgit `drnss p`rthdhpìts whta cgìr`thims nf 4.85 ìk ` stìk`rk kgvh`thni nf 4.?7. Ogshkgs tag mhvgi rg`snis fnrrgtgithni, ht a`s tn og intgk ta`t wg nosgrvgk ta`t gcplnyggs pgrdghvgkstnr`mg tn og ` mgigr`lly higxpgishvg ìk uilhchtgk rgsnurdg nig dì g`shlyc`bg usg nf. Fnr gx`cplg, p`rthdhpìt _07 st`tgk: ]ay int RbggpS `ll cy g-c`hls> Ttnr`mg prhdgs a`vg f`llgi ìk `rg int ` ohm kg`l inw`k`ys.

;0 @imgl` Gkcuiks ìk @iig Cnrrhs, [ag Urnolgc nf Hifnrc`thni Nvgrln`k hiOushigss Nrmìhs`thnis: @ _gvhgw nf tag Lhtgr`turg (?555) ?5(0) Hitgri`thni`lJnuri`l nf Hifnrc`thni Cì`mgcgit0=2 _ni`lk L [ancpsni, Darhstnpagr @ Ahmmhisìk Jìg C Anwgll, Ugrsni`l Dncputhim: [nw`rk ` Dnidgptu`l Cnkgl nf

Wthlhz`thni (0880) 07(0) CHT Pu`rtgrly 0?72 _ni ]gogr, [ag Mrhc _g`pgr: [agDursg nf G-c`hl (?55;) ?1(4)CHT Pu`rtgrly hhh.


15/20


G@U 04

; Hitgrprgt`thni nf Fhikhims ìk Urnpnshthnis

@mmrgm`thim nur bgy fhikhims frnc tag fhglk k`t` hi rgspnisg tn nur rgsg`rda

qugsthnis wg summgst ` sgt nf prnpnshthnis prgsgitgk hi [òlg ;. Fhrstly, tagquìtht`thvg c`hlonx k`t` sanws ta`t tag rgl`thvg `cnuit nf `rdahvgk g-c`hlsorn`kly v`rhgs ogtwggi usgrs, hg, oy ` f`dtnr nf 7? hi ` rìmg ogtwggi 07 ìk0,761 rgt`higk g-c`hls. ]ahlg hitgrprgthim Fhmurg 0, ht chmat int og surprhshimta`t usgrs dl`hchim tn kglgtg g-c`hls, shmihfhdìtly rgt`hi lgss g-c`hls taìusgrs ta`t dl`hc tn òst`hi frnc kglgthim. _`tagr, ht a`s tn og qugsthnigk anwtansg dnitr`sthim oga`vhnurs tnw`rks rgtgithni/kglgthni dì og gxpl`higk.Da`r`dtgrhshim tag twn rgvg`lhim nppnshtgs (mrnup @, O hi Fhmurg 0) tagrgsggcs tn og ` typg nf gcplnygg ta`t tgiks tn an`rk g-c`hls rgt`hihim tagc hi `bggp gvgrytahim fnrgvgr cìigr (`vgr`mg `rdahvgk g-c`hls: 8=;). Ni tagdnitr`ry wg fhik mrnup O ta`t r`tagr tgiks tn khsd`rk g-c`hls rgt`hihim nily `

suosgt hi ` cnrg sglgdthvg w`y (`vgr`mg `rdahvgk g-c`hls: 074). [ahsnosgrv`thni `lsn fhiks suppnrt hi gxhsthim rgsg`rda.;? Anwgvgr,`dbinwlgkmhim tahs khffgrgidg hi tag lhmat nf cìy shchl`rhthgs, suda `s `mgigr`l l`db nf ì g-c`hl rgtgithni pnlhdy, tag usg nf tag s`cg g-c`hl dlhgitìk sgrvgr qunt` hikhd`tgs ta`t ` kgdhshni tnw`rks rgtgithni nr kglgthni hsdnithimgit ni oga`vhnur`l f`dtnrs. Og`rhim hi chik tag hssugs nf dncplhìdg,tag inthni nf g-c`hl `s ` scnbhim mui ìk pntgith`l fhigs fnr fhrcs, tahs hs ìhcpnrtìt fhikhim ìk taus lg`ks tn prnpnshthni U0.

Tgdnikly, ht sanulk og intgk ta`t 00 gcplnyggs sanw in khffgrgidg ogtwggitag c`hlonx `mg ìk tag tgrc nf gcplnycgit, wahda hcplhgs ta`t tagy rgt`hig-c`hls k`thim o`db tn taghr fhrst wnrbhim k`ys whtahi tag fhrc. ]ahlg sncg nf

tag khffgrgidgs dì og gxpl`higk oy rg`snis suda `s lnss nf gc`hl nr sprhim-dlgìhim (mrnup @), wg c`y `dbinwlgkmg ` fuik`cgit`l tgikgidy. Ht sggcsta`t nidg ì gcplnygg a`s c`kg tag kgdhshni tn rgt`hi ì g-c`hl, tahs kgdhshnihs int rgvhsgk oy rg-gv`lu`thim tag g-c`hl `t ` l`tgr pnhit hi thcg. [ahshikhd`thni hs `lsn suppnrtgk oy tag ahma D@M_ nf 78.;7 pgr dgit. Hi suppnrt nfgxtìt rgsg`rda dnifhrchim ta`t pgnplg prgfgr tn bggp taghr npthnis npgi ìkta`t tagy `rg r`tagr `vgrsg tn daìmg taghr rgtgithni kgdhshnis, wg fnrcul`tgU?.;4 [ahrkly, wg nosgrvg v`st `cnuits nf nlk g-c`hls oghim rgt`higk. Ni`vgr`mg, 16 pgr dgit nf ` usgrs c`hlonx shzg hs `ttrhoutgk tn `rdahvgk g-c`hlsta`t `rg `kkhthni`lly o`dbgk up rgmul`rly oy 85 pgr dgit nf tag p`rthdhpìts._numaly prnjgdthim tahs s`cplgs `vgr`mg c`hlonx shzg (~ ; MO) tn tag tnt`lpnpul`thni nf gcplnyggs hi tag fhrc (wahda wg gsthc`tg tn og 77 555), wggsthc`tg ` tnt`l vnlucg nf ?04.8 tgròytg ([O) `ddnuithim fnr tag stnr`mg nf g-c`hls. [ahs `cnuit nf hifnrc`thni a`s tn og stnrgk, cì`mgk ìk pnssholyrgvhgwgk hi tag dnursg nf g-khsdnvgry rgqugsts `chkst ì `rdahvg mrnwta nfrnumaly 65 pgr dgit ìiu`lly lg`khim tn ì gvgr-`dducul`thim stnr`mg iggk. Hths `dbinwlgkmgk ta`t suda mrnwta krhvgs onta tag dncplgxhty nf hifnrc`thnicì`mgcgit ìk tag nvgr`ll dnst nf g-c`hl. @ik kgsphtg f`llhim stnr`mg prhdgs,tag strnim mrnwta r`tgs `rg int dncpgis`tgk.;; @ddnrkhim tn ` rgdgit stuky,

;? Mwhzkb`, onvg i ?4.;4 K`vhs ìk Mìgsaì, ònvg i 002 ]ahtt`bgr, onvg i ?5.;; ]`rk gt `l, ònvg i 0?.


16/20


G@U 0;

;5 pgr dgit nf tnt`l g-c`hl dnsts dì og `ttrhoutgk tn stnr`mg ìk `rdahvhim. ;7Hi`kkhthni, wg fhik sgvgr`l rgpnrts dhthim tag ahma dnsts `ssndh`tgk whta g-khsdnvgry. Kgpgikhim ni dnrpnr`tg pr`dthdgs ìk anw wgll fhrcs `rg

prgp`rgk, tag ì`lyshs nf g-c`hls hi ùkhts nr lgm`l hivgsthm`thnis c`y rui hitnchllhnis.;6 Anwgvgr, nur fhglk k`t` pnhits tnw`rks ` l`db nf `w`rgigss whtargm`rks tn tag hcp`dt nf nigs hikhvhku`l g-c`hl rgtgithni aòhts nihifnrc`thni cì`mgcgit hssugs, lgm`l rhsbs ìk dnsts. Kurhim tag hitgrvhgws,gcplnyggs sggcgk tn og frgg nf dnidgris rgm`rkhim tag hcp`dt nf taghrhikhvhku`l rgtgithni oga`vhnur ni ` dnrpnr`tg lgvgl. [ahs fhikhim hs `lsnrgflgdtgk hi tag hkgithfhgk rgtgithni rg`snis prnvhkgk hi [òlg 4 ìk pnhittnw`rks tag iggk tn gkud`tg ìk hifnrc gcplnyggs ònut tag hssugs`ssndh`tgk whta g-c`hl rgtgithni. [ag ahma cgì r`thims (ìk lnw TK) nf tagfhrst targg rgtgithni rg`snis hi [òlg 4 pnhit tnw`rks ` cnthv`thni tn rgt`hi g-c`hls wahda hs r`tagr hitrhishd hi i`turg. @s ` dnisgqugidg, wg fnrcul`tg

prnpnshthni targg (U4).Fnurtaly, wg kr`w ` p`r`llgl frnc tag `rg` nf hifnrc`thni sgdurhty, wagrggcplnyggs `rg dnishkgrgk ` v`luòlg rgsnurdg hi `dahgvhim hifnrc`thnisgdurhty hi `lhmicgit whta oushigss nojgdthvgs. [rìsfgrrhim tahs dnidgpt tnnur dnitgxt, suda ì `lhmicgit rgquhrgs ì uikgrstìkhim nf tag g-c`hlsdnitgit, hts rgl`thvg v`lug, `ssndh`tgk lgm`l ìk rgmul`tnry rglgvìdg `s wgll `spntgith`l rgusg nppnrtuihthgs `drnss ntagr oushigss prndgssgs. @s suda, tag`pprnprh`tgigss nf ì gxdlushvgly tgdainlnmhd`l snluthni dì og qugsthnigk.;=Kgsphtg tag ogigfhts nf tgdainlnmhd`l cg`surgs, hifnrc`thni sgdurhty rgsg`rdagcpa`shsgs tag hcpnrtìdg nf fnrc`l ìk hifnrc`l dnitrnl cgdaìhscs, suda`s pnlhdhgs, nrmìhs`thni`l dulturg, tr`hihim nr `w`rgigss.;1 O`sgk ni tag

prgchsg ta`t hikhvhku`l usgr oga`vhnur ìk sndhn-nrmìhs`thni`l cg`surgs `rg`lsn hcpnrtìt hi tag dnitgxt nf g-c`hl rgtgithni ìk `dbinwlgkmhim tag l`dbnf ì g-c`hl rgtgithni pnlhdy hi tag fhrc uikgr stuky, wg fnrcul`tg U;.

;7 Tda`klgr, onvg i 08.;6 Kìhgl G Or`swgll ìk ] Bgi A`rcni, @ssgsshim ìk Urgvgithim _hsbs frnc G-

c`hl Tystgc Wsg (?554) 7 Hifnrc`thni Tystgcs Dnitrnl Jnuri`l44.;= Ourdu Oulmurdu, A`sì D`vusnmlu ìk Hz`b Ogio`s t, Hifnrc`thni Tgdurhty Unlhdy

Dncplhìdg: @i Gcphrhd`l Ttuky nf _`thni`lhty-O`sgk Oglhgfs ìk Hifnrc`thniTgdurhty @w`rgigss (?505) 4;(4)CHT Pu`rtgrly7?4.

;1 [gj`swhih Agr`ta ìk A _`ma`v _`n, Urntgdthni Cnthv`thni ìk Kgtgrrgidg: @

Fr`cgwnrb fnr Tgdurhty Unlhdy Dncplhìdg hi Nrmìhs`thnis (?558) 01(?) GurnpgìJnuri`l nf Hifnrc`thni Tystgcs056.


17/20


G@U 07

[òlg ;: Urnpnshthnis Gxpl`hihim Gcplnygg G-C`hl _gtgithni Oga`vhnur

7 Dnidlushnis

7.0 Hcplhd`thnis fnr Ur`dthdg ìk Tdhgithfhd Dnccuihty

[ag prgsgit stuky w`s kgshmigk tn gxplnrg anw/way gcplnyggs rgt`hi g-c`hls ìk tn glònr`tg ni tag hcplhd`thnis fnr fhrcs. ]g gcplnygk `dncohi`thni nf qu`lht`thvg ìk quìtht`thvg k`t` dnllgdthni cgtanks tn m`tagrk`t` frnc ?5 gcplnyggs hi ` c`jnr snftw`rg fhrc. Dniigdthim tag fhikhimsfrnc tag fhglk hi rgspnisg tn nur rgsg`rda qugsthnis, wg summgst ` sgt nfprnpnshthnis ta`t ahmalhmat nur bgy fhikhims. [ag fhikhims nffgr pr`dthd`l

hcplhd`thnis fnr fhrcs ta`t usg g-c`hl ìk, taus, `rg f`dgk whta ` dnistìtlymrnwhim `cnuit nf g-c`hls. Nur fhikhims prnvhkg gcphrhd`l suppnrt ta`t `kgdhshni tnw`rks rgtgithni nr khspns`l hs dnithimgit ni oga`vhnur`l f`dtnrs hitag òsgidg nf ìy dnrpnr`tg muhkìdg. Cnrgnvgr, nur rgsults hikhd`tg ` l`dbnf `w`rgigss nf tag `ssndh`tgk gffgdts nf g`da hikhvhku`ls g-c`hl rgtgithni

;8 Mwhzkb`, onvg i ?4.75 ]ahtt`bgr, onvg i ?5.70 @itaniy Tìdagz, [np 7 Ttr`tgmhd Gc`hl Dncplhìdg Chst`bgs (?557) T`roìgs-

Nxlgy Dncplhìdg Jnuri`lDHK31;49.

7? ]`rk gt l, ònvg i 0?2 Binlc`ygr gt `l, onvg i 05.

HK UrnpnshthniGxgcpl`ry Puntg frnc Ttuky

U`rthdhpìtsLhtgr`turg

U0

@ kgdhshni tnw`rks rgtgithni hsdnithimgit ni oga`vhnur`l f`dtnrs

hi tag òsgidg nf ` ohikhim

muhkglhig fnr tag rgtgithni nf g-

c`hls.

D00: H nily rgt`hi g-c`hls ta`t `rg

hcpnrtìt fnr cy durrgit t`sb. Nidg H

a`vg dncplgtgk ht, H kglgtg tag rgl`tgk

g-c`hls. Ntagrwhsg ht hs mgtthim tnncuda.

D08: H kn int kglgtg g-c`hls `t `ll. H

just bggp gvgrytahim. H tahib gvgry g-

c`hl a`s hts purpnsg.

Mwhzkb`;8

U?

Nidg tag kgdhshni tnw`rks

rgtgithni hs c`kg oy tag gcplnygg,

` rgvhsgk kgdhshni tnw`rks kglgthni

hs r`tagr uilhbgly.

D50: ]agi H kgdhkg tn rgt`hi ì g-

c`hl, H usu`lly kn int rgvhsg tahs

kgdhshni l`tgr ni. Ht t`bgs thcg ìk hs

int wnrta tag gffnrt.

]ahtt`bgr75

U4

Gcplnyggs `rg int `w`rg nf tag

hcplhd`thnis nf taghr hikhvhku`lrgtgithni oga`vhnur ìk tag

`ssndh`tgk hcp`dt ni dnst ìk rhsb

ni fhrc-lgvgl.

_07: ]ay int bggphim `ll cy g-c`hls> Ttnr`mg prhdgs a`vg f`llgi ìk

`rg int ` ohm kg`l inw`k`ys.

Tìdagz70

U;

Fhrcs dì hcprnvg tag gcplnyggs

rgtgithni oga`vhnur oy tag cgìs

nf sndhn-nrmìhs`thni`l cg`surgs

suda `s pnlhdhgs nr tr`hihims.

_57: H tahib ta`t tr`hihims ta`t

prnvhkg dnidrgtg ìk tìmholg

muhkglhigs fnr gc`hl rgtgithni gm,

o`sgk ni tag kgsdrhpthni nf rg`l-lhfg

sdgi`rhns, wnulk og aglpful.

]`rk gt `l

ìk

Binlc`ygr gt

`l.7?


18/20


G@U 06

oga`vhnur whta rgm`rks tn lgm`l rhsbs nr dnsts ni ` dnrpnr`tg lgvgl. Anwgvgr,tag w`y fhrcs rgt`hi, cì`mg ìk rgtrhgvg hifnrc`thni whll hcp`dt taghr rhsbgxpnsurg ìk lgm`l dnsts.74 [aus, `dbinwlgkmhim tag fhikhims nf tahs stuky

c`y aglp fhrcs tn hcprnvg taghr g-c`hl rgtgithni prndgkurgs oy hihth`thim`pprnprh`tg cg`surgs wahda sanulk int og nf ` tgdainlnmhd`l i`turg nily.@lsn, sndhn-nrmìhs`thni`l cg`surgs sanulk og dnishkgrgk hi nrkgr tn hcp`rt`w`rgigss nf tag hcp`dt nf hikhvhku`l rgtgithni oga`vhnur ìk tn prncntgdnisdhnus kgdhshni c`bhim rgm`rkhim g-c`hl rgtgithni oy wahda ` bggpgvgrytahim fnrgvgr dulturg dì og `vnhkgk.

Ni tag ntagr aìk, tahs stuky a`s sncg mgigr`l hcplhd`thnis fnr tag rgsg`rdadnccuihty oy dnitrhouthim tn tag onky nf binwlgkmg ni g-c`hl rgtgithniwhtahi ` fhrc. Nur fhikhims hikhd`tg tag gxhstgidg nf khffgrgit typgs nfoga`vhnur`l p`ttgris hi g-c`hl rgtgithni ìk kglgthni `cnim gcplnyggs. [ahs

stuky taus prnvhkgs cnthv`thni fnr furtagr rgsg`rda mg`rgk tnw`rks taggx`chi`thni nf tag dnmihthvg ìk givhrnicgit`l f`dtnrs tn prnvhkg ` ogttgruikgrstìkhim nf tag kgtgrchigrs nf tahs oga`vhnur. Furtagr, nur stuky sanwsta`t tagrg hs lhttlg gxtìt rgsg`rda ta`t a`s hivgsthm`tgk tag hssugs nrmìhs`thnisf`dg whta g-c`hl ìk hifnrc`thni rgtgithni frnc ` dncplhìdg nr lgm`l pnhit nfvhgw. Cnrgnvgr, nrmìhs`thnis `rg nolhmgk tn rgt`hi spgdhfhd hifnrc`thni hi ìgffnrt tn gisurg dncplhìdg wahda sggcs tn ogdncg cnrg dncplgx ogtwggitag tgishni nf rhshim lgm`l rgquhrgcgits ìk gxpnigith`l k`t` mrnwta. @ssuda, tahs stuky pnhits tn ` iucogr nf rgsg`rda nppnrtuihthgs ni g-c`hlrgtgithni frnc ì hifnrc`thni mnvgriìdg pgrspgdthvg.

7.? Lhcht`thnis ìk Futurg _gsg`rda

@s whta gvgry stuky, tahs stuky a`s sncg lhcht`thnis ta`t sanulk og intgkwagi hitgrprgthim tag fhikhims. Fhrstly, tahs gxplnr`tnry d`sg stuky w`sdnikudtgk hi twn dnuitrhgs hi Gurnpg out nily nig fhrc, wahda r`hsgsqugsthnis ònut tag gxtgri`l v`lhkhty, hg, mgigr`lhsòhlhty nf nur fhikhims.7;@ltanuma wg dnllgdtgk ìk ì`lysgk k`t` frnc sgvgr`l gcplnyggs, st`thsthd`lmgigr`lhs`thni hs hcpnssholg tn `dahgvg whta ?5 uihts. [ag c`hi rg`sni fnr tagrgl`thvgly sc`ll s`cplg shzg usgk hi tahs stuky w`s kug tn khffhdulthgs hirgdruhthim rgsg`rda p`rthdhpìts nwhim tn taghr dnidgris ònut k`t` prhv`dyìk k`t` lnss. [ahs hssug hs `lsn rgpnrtgk hi gxtìt rgsg`rda.77 Cìyrgspnikgits rgfusgk tn p`rthdhp`tg `s tagy pgrdghvgk taghr hionx `s ` vgrypgrsni`l ìk dnifhkgith`l rgpnshtnry nf oushigss ìk pgrsni`l hifnrc`thni.@ltanuma wg trhgk tn dnivhidg gcplnyggs tn p`rthdhp`tg oy sanwhim tagcgx`cplgs nf rgsult-rgpnrts nf c`hlonxgs tn prnvg ta`t nily ìniycnus k`t`w`s gxtr`dtgk, tagy wgrg inigtaglgss uig`sy. Ntagr rgspnikgits rgfusgk tnp`rthdhp`tg ogdùsg tagy wgrg ìxhnus ta`t tagy wnulk lnsg `ddgss tn taghr g-c`hls kug tn tag c`drn hist`ll`thni. Igvgrtaglgss, ht sanulk og intgk ta`t d`sgrgsg`rda sanulk og jukmgk ni hts tagnrgthd`l mgigr`lhsòhlhty ìk `s suda

74 Vnlnihin, Thphnr ìk ]`rk, ònvg i 0=.7; Xhi, ònvg i ?1.77 Mupt` gt `l, ònvg i 44.


19/20


G@U 0=

khffgrs frnc s`cplhim rgsg`rda ta`t `hcs `t ` st`thsthd`l mgigr`lhsòhlhty nf htsfhikhims.76 Ni tag ntagr aìk, `dbinwlgkmhim tag prnolgcs hi `dquhrhimp`rthdhpìts, nur fhikhims c`y og suojgdt tn ini-rgspnisg oh`s.7=@ltanuma tag

dncp`rhsni nf p`rthdhpìts summgsts ta`t tag fhikhims ìk p`ttgris anlk trugfnr tag ntagr gcplnyggs nf tag fhrc, hidlukhim tag ini-rgspnikgits/p`rthdhpìts hi tahs stuky c`y a`vg prnvhkgk `kkhthni`l hishmatsìk ` cnrg dncplgtg uikgrstìkhim nf gcplnygg rgtgithni oga`vhnur. [ahs hsogdùsg tagsg gcplnyggs rgprgsgit ` shmihfhdìt dnisthtugit nf tag nvgr`llpnpul`thni nf hitgrgst. Cnrgnvgr, tagrg c`y og dultur`l nr strudtur`lhiflugidgs ta`t v`ry `drnss khffgrgit fhrcs, hikustrhgs ìk dnuitrhgs ta`t iggktn og t`bgi hitn `ddnuit wagi hitgrprgthim nur rgsults. Fnr gx`cplg, khffgrgitlhthm`thni systgcs ìk lhthm`thni dulturgs c`y hcp`dt tag w`y fhrcs ìkgcplnyggs cì`mg g-c`hl rgtgithni. Gx`chihim ` r`tagr sc`ll nr chk-shzgkfhrc ta`t kngs int npgr`tg mlno`lly nr ta`t hs ht int rgquhrgk tn dncply whta

TNQ rgquhrgcgits c`y prnvhkg `kkhthni`l hishmats hitn ì gcplnyggsrgtgithni oga`vhnur ìk tag gxtgri`l f`dtnrs ta`t hiflugidg tahs oga`vhnur.@lsn, hivgsthm`thim furtagr fhrcs hi khffgrgit hikustrhgs whta, gm, khffgrgit g-c`hl dlhgits, c`hlonx qunt`s nr pnlhdhgs prnvhkgs ì hitgrgsthim nppnrtuihtyfnr futurg rgsg`rda tn uidnvgr shchl`rhthgs/khffgrgidgs `cnim gcplnyggsoga`vhnur.

Tgdnikly, wg wgrg nily òlg tn dnllgdt tag c`hlonx k`t` `t nig spgdhfhd k`tg.@ltanuma wg dnllgdtgk ` l`rmg sgt nf =01,=14 g-c`hl rgdnrks rìmhim o`db tn0888, wg sthll l`db ` cnrg kyi`chd vhgw fnr uikgrstìkhim onta ìgcplnyggs rgtgithni oga`vhnur nvgr thcg ìk wagi rgtgithni kgdhshnis `rgc`kg.

[ahrkly, wg l`db ` kggpgr uikgrstìkhim nf khffgrgidgs ìk dnccni`lhthgsogtwggi khffgrgit typgs nf gcplnyggs hidlukhim tag kgdhshni c`bhimr`thni`lgs hi g-c`hl rgtgithni ta`t, fnr gx`cplg, dnulk suppnrt tagkgvglnpcgit nf ` t`xnincy nf khffgrgit usgr oga`vhnurs. [nw`rk ta`t gik,`kkhthni`l qu`lht`thvg hi-kgpta d`sg stukhgs dnulk og dnikudtgk tn hkgithfyìtgdgkgits ìk dnmihthvg f`dtnrs hiflugidhim ì gcplnyggs g-c`hl rgtgithnioga`vhnur. Hi ` suosgqugit stgp, sdanl`rs dnulk t`bg ` cnrg pnshthvhstrgsg`rda `pprn`da tn npgr`thni`lhsg rglgvìt dnistrudts hiflugidhim ìgcplnyggs rgtgithni oga`vhnur ìk `pply cnrg quìtht`thvg rgsg`rdakgshmis. Hi tahs gffnrt, aypntagsgs sanulk og kgvglnpgk ìk tgstgk, gm,

tarnuma gxpgrhcgits nr l`rmg-sd`lg survgys tn `sshst tag kgvglnpcgit nf `tagnry nf gxpl`hihim71 ni tag oga`vhnur nf g-c`hl rgtgithni nf gcplnyggs.[agrgfnrg, futurg rgsg`rda sanulk og dnikudtgk whta l`rmgr ìk khvgrshfhgks`cplgs frnc v`rhnus nrmìhs`thnis frnc khffgrgit hikustry sgdtnrs ìk

76 O`s Ahllgorìk, _nogrt @] Bnb ìk ]hc M Ohgcìs, [agnry-tgsthim Wshim D`sgTtukhgs: @ Dnccgit ni Jnaistni, Lg`da, ìk Lhu (?550) 45(1) Hikustrh`l C`rbgthimCì`mgcgit670.

7= J Tdntt @rcstrnim ìk [grry Nvgrtni, Gsthc`thim Inirgspnisg Oh`s hi C`hlTurvgys (08==) 0;Jnuri`l nf C`rbgthim _gsg`rda486.

71

Tahrlgy Mrgmnr, [ag I`turg nf [agnry hi Hifnrc`thni Tystgcs (?556) 45(4) CHTPu`rtgrly 600.


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G@U 01

mgnmr`pahd`l rgmhnis tn `llnw st`thsthd`l mgigr`lhs`thni ìk tn hidrg`sg taggxtgri`l v`lhkhty nf tag fhikhims. ]ahlg tag fhikhims nf tag prgsgit stukysanulk og vhgwgk whtahi tag lhmat nf tag kgsdrhogk lhcht`thnis, tagy a`vg

igvgrtaglgss yhglkgk prglhchi`ry hishmats ònut anw ìk way gcplnyggsrgt`hi g-c`hls. ]g taus oglhgvg tahs stuky prnvhkgs sncg usgful, anwgvgrtgit`thvg, fhikhims ta`t sanulk og nf hitgrgst tn onta sdanl`rs ìk pr`dththnigrs.

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