why did a slave society develop in colonial virginia?
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Why did a Slave society develop in colonial Virginia?. Big point!. The shift to a slave society was not inevitable!. The shift to a slave society was not inevitable!. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Why did a Slave society develop in colonial Virginia?
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Big point!
• The shift to a slave society was not inevitable!
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The shift to a slave society was not inevitable!
• The status of Africans in 17th century Virginia was fluid and ambiguous until the establishment of slave codes at the turn of the 18th century.
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Problems in VirginiaProblem #1: Land but no labor!
• Lots of land!– Available and unused, from a English
perspective
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Problems in VirginiaProblem #1: Land but no labor!
• Lots of land!– Available and unused, from a English
perspective– Landowning tied to idea of “independence”
• Landowners had control of their lives and livelihood
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Problems in VirginiaProblem #1: Land but no labor!
• Lots of land!– Available and unused, from a English
perspective– Landowning was tied to idea of
“independence”• Landowners had control of their lives and livelihood
– Landlessness equated to “dependence”• A tenant was subject to the landlord
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Problem #2: Profitable commodity but no labor
• Plenty of land to grow tobacco and plenty of demand in Europe
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Problem #2: Profitable commodity but no labor
• Plenty of land to grow tobacco and plenty of demand in Europe– Demand pushed production
• 60,000 lbs., in 1620
• 35 million lbs., in 1700
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Tobacco’s popularity exacerbated the labor shortage
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Tobacco’s popularity exacerbated the labor shortage
• Labor intensive crop
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Tobacco’s popularity exacerbated the labor shortage
• Labor intensive crop• Many tedious,
relatively unskilled, steps– Planting
– Tending
– Harvesting
– Drying
– Packing
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Lots of land, profitable crop, but who’s going to work it?
• How about using Indians?– The Spanish did!
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Lots of land, but who’s going to work it?
• Indians?– The Spanish did!
• Didn’t work in Virginia
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Lots of land, but who’s going to work it?
• Indians?– The Spanish did!
• Didn’t work in Virginia– Could easily run away, knew the land
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Lots of land, but who’s going to work it?
• Indians?– The Spanish did!
• Didn’t work in Virginia– Could easily run away, knew the land– Had “military” backing, support of allies
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Lots of land, but who’s going to work it?
• Indians?– The Spanish did!
• Didn’t work in Virginia– Could easily run away, knew the land– Had “military” backing, support of allies– Had suffered depopulation
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Lots of land, but who’s going to work it?
• Indians?– The Spanish did!
• Didn’t work in Virginia– Could easily run away, knew the land
– Had “military” backing, support of allies
– Had suffered depopulation
– Too dispersed• No encomiendas in British America
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A solution: Indentured Servants
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Indentured servants
• An indenture, or contract, to labor in exchange for passage to America.
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Indentured servants
• An indenture, or contract, to labor in exchange for passage to America.
• Terms ranged from four to seven years
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Indentured servants
• An indenture, or contract, to labor in exchange for passage to America.
• Terms ranged from four to seven years
• Few rights, often cruel treatment
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• Why would anyone do this?
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• Why would anyone do this?
• To escape poverty in England!
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Domestic problems in England
• Population growth
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Domestic problems in England
• Population growth
• Eviction of tenant farmers
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Domestic problems in England
• Population growth
• Eviction of tenant farmers
• Growing poverty and pressure on English cities
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Opportunity for aspiring aristocrats
• Headright system
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Opportunity for aspiring aristocrats
• Headright system– 50 acres of land for passage of laborer
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Opportunity for aspiring aristocrats
• Headright system– 50 acres of land for passage of laborer– Often times ship’s captains transported
potential servants and sold them upon arrival
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Keeping up with the Byrds
• William Byrd I– To Virginia, 1670
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Keeping up with the Byrds
• William Byrd I– To Virginia, 1670
– Grandfather, a ship’s captain
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Keeping up with the Byrds
• William Byrd I– To Virginia, 1670
– Grandfather, a ship’s captain
– Collected a substantial amount of “good” land in Virginia through headrights
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“Good” land went quickly
• Wealthy able to grab up land along waterways
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“Good” land went quickly
• Wealthy able to grab up land along waterways
• The Byrds’ land was along the James and Potomac rivers
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“Good” land went quickly
• Wealthy able to grab up land along waterways
• The Byrds’ land was along the James and Potomac rivers
• Advantage to wealthy
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But while everything was coming up tobacco, it was not coming up
roses!
• Problems with indentured servants
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Problems with indentured servants
• Runaways
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Problems with indentured servants
• Runaways• Rights of Englishmen
limited control by masters
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Problems with indentured servants
• Runaways• Rights of Englishmen
limited control by masters
• Frustration upon completion of indenture
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Frustration upon completion of indenture
• Little “good” land available– Distant from waterways– On fringe of English settlement
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Moving toward African slavery
• Precedent in Latin America
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Moving toward African slavery
• Precedent in Latin America– Caribbean, Brazil
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Moving toward African slavery
• First African slaves to Jamestown, 1619
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African slavery
• Very limited for most of the 17th century
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African slavery
• Very limited for most of the 17th century– More expensive than servants
• Perpetual servitude
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African slavery
• Very limited for most of the 17th century– High mortality among field hands
• Rigors of work, disease
• Slavery was a bad investment
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African slavery: not a foregone conclusion
• Up until the last decades of the 17th century, black status in Virginia was fluid.
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African slavery: not a foregone conclusion
• Up until the last decades of the 17th century, black status in Virginia was fluid– Free blacks, some who owned servants!
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African slavery: not a foregone conclusion
• Up until the last decades of the 17th century, black status in Virginia was fluid– Free blacks, some who owned servants!– Black indentured servants
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African slavery: not a foregone conclusion
• Up until the last decades of the 17th century, black status in Virginia was fluid– Free blacks, some who owned servants!– Black indentured servants– Black slaves
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Over time, slavery began to make economic sense
• Increased longevity in colony
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Over time, slavery began to make economic sense
• Increased longevity in colony– Slavery began to make
sense economically
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Over time, slavery began to make economic sense
• Increased longevity in colony– Slavery began to make
sense economically
• Decreased supply of white servants
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Over time, slavery began to make economic sense
• Increased longevity in colony– Slavery began to make
sense economically
• Decreased supply of white servants
– Improved conditions in England
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Over time, slavery began to make economic sense
• Increased longevity in colony– Slavery began to make
sense economically• Decreased supply of white
servants– Improved conditions in
England– Other colonies
(Pennsylvania, 1681)
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Over time, slavery began to make economic sense
• Increased frustration of former servants– Slaves never became
free!
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When and why race-based slavery?
• Historians tend to agree that:– Indentured servitude as a model
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When and why race-based slavery?
• Historians tend to agree that:– Indentured servitude as a model– Latin America as a model
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When and why race-based slavery?
• Historians tend to agree that:– Indentured servitude as a model – Latin America as a model– Economic necessity
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When and why race-based slavery?
• Historians tend to agree that:– Indentured servitude as a model – Latin America as a model– Economic necessity– African vulnerability in Virginia
• No rights, no support
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When and why race-based slavery?
• Winthrop Jordan: prejudice/racism led to slavery– English pre-disposition
toward Africans• Negation of white
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When and why race-based slavery?
• Winthrop Jordan: prejudice/racism led to slavery– English pre-disposition
toward Africans• Negation of white
• Deficient in religion and culture
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When and why race-based slavery?
• Winthrop Jordan: prejudice/racism led to slavery– English pre-disposition
toward Africans• Negation of white• Deficient in religion
and culture
– Stereotype: Africans inferior, less than human
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Evidence:De facto slavery, 1619-1660
• 1640, runaway servants– Severity of punishment based on race
• 1646, bill of sale– term of service for “Negros” is “forever”
• 1648, bill of sale– Black “servants” more expensive
• 1660, slave code– Blacks legally defined as slaves
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When and why race-based slavery?
• Jordan: – Legally defined by the 1660s– Original English prejudice reinforced and
bolstered by economic need and legal definitions. Slavery by custom became slavery by law.
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When and why race-based slavery?
• Edmund Morgan: slavery led to prejudice/racism– Status of blacks
ambiguous until late 17th century
– Lower class whites and blacks enjoyed same rights
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Black status ambiguous, fluid
• Could own property
• Could sue, testify against, whites
• Could own servants
• Class, not race, divided 17th century Virginia
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When and why race-based slavery?
• Morgan:– A calculated strategy by elite plantation owners
to divide the lower class by promoting white supremacy and black inferiority
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When and why race-based slavery?
• Morgan:– A calculated strategy by elite plantation owners to
divide the lower class by promoting white supremacy and black inferiority
– An effort to quell the growing unruliness of frustrated former servants as illustrated by Bacon’s Rebellion in 1676.
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Slavery supported legally and socially by 1700
• Africans equated with slavery
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Slavery supported legally and socially by 1700
• Africans equated with slavery– Manumission limited
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Slavery supported legally and socially by 1700
• Africans equated with slavery– Slavery and racism
reinforced each other• blacks are slaves so
must be inferior, since they are inferior, it is proper that they be slaves