why cities must build equality.pdf

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Bridging theurban divide

y

WORLD

u r b a n

FOR A BETTER URBAN FUTURE


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4/72W O R L Du r b a n2

Bridgingth

e

urbandivid

e

WORLDr ba n

FORABETTE

RURBANF

UTURE

December 2009-January 2010

CONTENTS

2

ww.unhabitat.org

2009 UN-HABITAT

UN-HABITATP.O.Box 30030, GPO

Nairobi 00100, KenyaTel. (254-20) 762 3120Fax. (254-20) 762 3477

E-mail: [email protected]

: oman o n c

Anantha KrishnanDaniel Biau

Edlam Abera Yemeru

Eduardo Lpez MorenoJane Nyakairu

Lucia Kiwala

Mariam Yunusa

Mohamed El-Siou

Nicholas Youye an yey n a a r

Raf Tuts

PRESSGROUP HOLDINGS EUROPE, S.A.

Pasaje Dr. Serra, 2-6-6

46004 Valencia, Spain

e .ax.

E-mail: ur [email protected]

: ngus c overnMANAGING EDITOR: Richard Forster

STAFF WRITERS: Jake Rollnick,

Jonathan AndrewsART DIRECTOR: Marisa Gorbe

ADVERTISING: Fernando Ortiz, Gary Moffat

EDITORIAL ASSISTANTS: Flossie Mbiriri,

emma aman, c c e , om sano

Urban World is published four times a year byUN-HABITAT and Pressgroup Holdings EuropeS.A. The views expr essed in this publicationre those of the authors and do not reect theviews and policies of UN-HABITAT. Use of theterm country does not imply any judgment

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UN-HABITAT.

O R L Du r a n

12

SchneiDer

OPINION

4 Message from the ExecutiveDirector

5 Interview: Marcio Fortes,Brazilian Minister for Cities

COVER STORY

BRIDGING THE URBANDIVIDE

8 Why cities must seek equalityEnrique Pealosa

12 Unequal cities: the need for ahuman rights approach

Miloon Kothari and Shivani

Chaudhry

18 Rio looks to sport to bridgethe urban divide

Roman Rollnick

22 New report reveals progress

on the Millenium DevelopmentGoals

Nick Michell

ANALYSIS

28 Learning to live within ourmeans

Pooran Desai

30 New housing for teachers inUganda

Emily Wong

BEST PRACTICES

34 Why retting buildings is keyto reducing emissions

Ron Dembo


5/72W O R L Du r b a n 3December 2009-January 2010

61

48

34 42 Volume 1 Issue5


IN FOCUS

38 Latin AmericaSao Paulos new urban agenda

Jemima Raman

News and project round-ups

42 Asia PacicTowards 2030, Sydneys

blueprint for development

Jonathan Andrews


48 AfricaHow Cape Town is rising to the

World Cup challenge


54 Middle EastNews and project round-ups

56 Central and eastern EuropeNews and project round-ups

58 North America and EuropeNews and project round-ups

URBAN WATCH

60 PeopleUN-HABITAT Executive Director

wins top environmental award

62 ISOCARP unveils award winners

64 Book reviewState of the Worlds Cities

2010-2011

Building Prosperity: Housing

and Development

66 Conference briengISOCARP Congress, Porto

67 Calendar of events


6/72W O R L Du r b a n


T e ur an v e stan s outs one o t e ma or paraoxes some wou saycan a s o t s ear y 21 t cen ury.

ter a , c t es concentrate w atas ecome nown as t e ur an a -

vantage , name y, a un e o oppor-

tun t es w c , rom as c serv ces

to ea t , e ucat on, amen t es an

a n u emp oyment, ave never

een so avoura e to uman eve -

pment. et a too requent y, c t es

so concentrate g , unaccepta e

egrees o nequa ty as t ese op-

portun t es e u e ma or segments o

t e popu at on.

Equa access to ur an serv ces

n opportun t es s o ten restr cte

y a n s o nv s e arr ers,

ut t e outcome s so v s e. Loo , or examp e, at t e grow ng

um er o gate commun t es n many countr es t at cont nue

to s ut t e ave-nots out. Wa a ong a street n t e cap ta o a

eve op ng country, an you can see t e ac o t e we -serv ce ,

we -appo nte oca ea quarters o a wor w e us ness con-

u tancy ac ng a row o t ny, rams ac e s ops cater ng to t e

ee s o ow- ncome res ents.

More o ten t an not, t e umpy stretc o mu t at passes or

street w ea to a s umt e crue est orm o ur an v e.

T e ot er para ox or scan a o ear y 21st century c t es s

t at t e opportun t es t at come w t t e ur an a vantage areten c ose to women, c ren an young peop e w t v ta ro es

to p ay n our co ect ve uture. eyon ve oo s, ea t an

persona eve opment, t e w o e cont nuum o epr vat ons t at

aracter zes t e wrong s e o t e ur an v e as a tang e

mpact on o es an m n s, stunt ng t e p ys ca a n nte ec-

tua potent a o m ons among present an uture generat ons.

ven rom a pure y econom c perspect ve, t e star nequa t es

a ng t e ur an v e oo para ox ca too. us ness an a -uent res ent a areas typ ca y t r ve on t e many cross- or er

n ages t at u t mate y connect t em to t e t g t networ o g o-

a c t es om nat ng t e wor economy. T e resu t ng prosper-

ty s w at r ves t e rura poor an mm grants nto ur an areas,

n t e ope o secur ng t e r own a r s are.T e rony s t at or ac o qua cat ons or opportun t es,

t ey rema n arge y con ne to a s um- ase n orma sector t at

oo s e an nverte mage o t e g ow ng orma economy n

terms o pro uct v ty, tec no ogy an us ness connect ons.

Near y 10 years nto t e 21 t century, t e ur an v e as e-

ome so acute t at ts ma n eterm nants ave, n turn, ecome

as er to ent y. Just as s ums an su -stan ar ous ng stan as

t e y-pro ucts o na equate an an ous ng po c es, t e n or-

a economy stan s as an o s oot o na equate regu at on.

To ays ur an v e s arge y an outcome o t e ases an

na equac es o t e t ree ma n t ers o government centra , o-

a an mun c pa .

T e nternat ona survey at t e

core o UN-HABITATs ort com-

ngState o t e Wor C t es Report

2010 C os ng t e Ur an D v e

oes more t an ent y t e actorse n t e econom c, soc a , po-

t ca an cu tura nequa t es t at

cont nue to p ague so many ur an

areas across t e wor . urvey re-

spon ents an ana ysts answer t e

c a enges o t e ur an v e w t

a num er o po nte recommen a-

t ons.

e eve t at t e way pu c au-

t or t es per orm t e r ut es s ust

as mportant as t e nature w at

t ey ac eve. Governments must

strengt en ex st ng nst tut ons, or

create new ones. E ect veness a so

requ res new n ages an a ances to e esta s e etween t e

t ree t ers o government as a matter o a y rout ne, or t e sa e

o susta ne , en ance coor nat on an s ar ng o resources

across any po t ca gaps or s ts.

A rea st c assessment o spec c assets an potent a oppor

tun t es must g ve r se to a susta ne , compre ens ve v s on

or any g ven c ty, an one t at spea s to t e asp rat ons o t e

w o e popu at on. T e gra ua rea zat on o t s v s on enta s

t e roa er, more equ ta e re str ut on nee e to c ose t e

ur an v e.

uc susta ne re str ut on cannot e ust o an econom cnature: ntegrat ng t e poor an marg na ze nto ma nstream

ur an e ca s or a re str ut on o roa er opportun t es as

we . s r ngs mprove qua ty o e, uman cap ta as we

as en ance po t ca an cu tura nc us on. t a so r ngs c eaner,

greener c t es, an p aces t at are goo or us ness or everyone.

xper ence s ows t at ac o nc us onary p ann ng s on y

p ann ng or trou e. ny susta na e v s on or t e uture o any

c ty can on y e o an nc us ve, not v s ve nature.

ese are ust some o t e reasons w y we ave c osen to

aunc a new g o a campa gn at t e t ess on o t e or

r an orum n o e ane ro. e see o as t e eg nn ng o

somet ng new t e or r an ampa gn. e are aunc ng

t e campa gn to eep up t e momentum o t e orum, to ee

t e messages o our partners ns e an outs e government, t e

pr vate sector, an o course our survey respon ents.

T e ea s to start w t 100 est c t es n t e wor an t en

trumpet t e r eas to sprea t e wor to more an more c t es

so t at we can mu t p y to 1,000 c t es an eyon . T s s ow

UN-HABITAT an our partners w o y to r ge t e ur an

v e.

Anna T a u a

xecut ve D rector UN-HABITAT

PINION Message from the Executive Director


7/72W O R L Du r b a n 5

an annua u get o BRL one on (USD

600 m on).

Brazi as one o t e most ur anize

popu ations in t e wor , w at are t e

num er one issues acing Brazi ian

cities to ay?

Regu ar z ng ur an property n a country

w ere t ere are approx mate y 30 m on

ouses occup e w t out proper t t e ee s,

ma nta n ng nvestment n ous ng an san -

tat on, an ncreas ng t e resources ava a e

or ur an transport an mo ty pro ects

are t e ey ssues. Next year we w aunc

2, as res ent u a as announce ,

u ng a m on ouses on t e pr vate sec-

tor. Compan es t at are use to ea ng w t

e an upper c ass c ents are av ng to

eorgan ze t emse ves to reac t e ower n-

ome popu at on, w c s t e ma n target o

t e programme an w c s t e part o t e

popu at on most a ecte y t e ac o ous-

ng n Braz 6.2 m on new ouses w

ave to e u t to tac e t e pro em.

Current y our num er one c a enge s to

a e progress n t e areas o ur an transport

n mo ty. In or er to ost t e FIFA Wor

up 2014 proper y, we ave ust rawn up a

et o pro ects or t e 12 ost c t es, to ntro-

uce etter transport systems w t us on y

anes an g t ra systems.

at can you s are at t e con erence,

w t ot er c t es an countr es, rom

your exper ence as n ster or t es

n raz

ne o t e most nterest ng e ements ave

een s t e part c pat on o organ ze c v so-

ety n t e c anges we are mp ement ng. Weave recent y ntro uce a Nat ona Counc

C t es, w c r ngs toget er representa-

t ves o commun ty groups, un vers t es, t e

pr vate sector, an oca government.

In a t on to t e Nat ona Counc o C t-

es, w c o s regu ar pu c meet ngs, t e

Nat ona Con erence o C t es a nat ona

eet ng e every t ree years, w t a arger

um er o representat ves puts orwar

proposa s to amen t e governments ur an

po cy. T e a vent o t e Nat ona Fun o

oc a Interest Hous ng s a so t e resu t o a

popu ar n t at ve, w c s nce 2006 as a

OPINIONBrazilian Minister of Cities


rban trans ort is ke

o e eve o men oraz an c es

Marcio Fortes P oto MiniStry ofcitieS

As Rio de Janeiro gets ready to welcome the fth session of the World Urban Forum in March2010, Ur an Wor ta e to Marc o Fortes, M n ster or C t es n Braz , a out s expectat onsfor the city and the experiences Brazil can offer to other governments.

T e t eme or t e UN-HABITAT

Wor Ur an Forum 5, to e e in

Rio e Janeiro in Marc 2010, is T e

Rig t to t e City Bri ging t e Ur an

Divi e. W at o you ope to ac ieve

rom t is con erence?

W t regar s to t e Wor Ur an Forum 5,

t s mportant to ma e t e most o t s op-

portun ty to s are exper ences an to oo at

so ut ons o ere y ot er countr es t at went

t roug s m ar pro ems. I went to Ango aast year an t e r government o c a s t en

came ere ecause o t e r nterest n u -

ng a m on ouses n our years an e-

cause o our exper ence o regu ar z ng ur an

proper y.

n raz , t e creat on o t e n stry o

t es, n 2003, as we as t e tatute o t e

ty, t e aw t at regu ates t e const tut ona

c apter on ur an po cy, were cruc a n tr g-

ger ng t e government to eve op po c es on

t e countrys ur an an soc a n rastructure.

Programmes suc as t e P an or Acce era-

t on o Growt (PAC) re at ng to san tat onan ous ng ave e to a new organ zat on

o our c t es, ntro uce etter v ng con -

t ons an roug t pu c an soc a serv ces,

e commun ty centres an sc oo s, to peo-

p e w o ve n s ums w t tt e money. How-

ever, t ere s st a ot to e one to tac e t e

pro ems t at egan w t t e rura exo us

n t e 1960s, ur ng t e countrys per o o

rap n ustr a zat on.

ecent y t e e era government aunc e

a ous ng programme My House, My L e,

w c s caus ng a revo ut on n t e rea es-

tate mar et as t mposes t e c a enge o



a nc nat on, ut a so n ot er sectors suc

s t e as on n ustry. e o us ness as

een respons e or a constant an ncreas-

ng ncome or t e state government.

ow o you rate t e importance o

pu ic/private partners ips an a so

wit mu ti atera organizations suc

s t e Inter-American Deve opment

an an UN-HABITAT?

As ar as partners ps etween t e pu c an

pr vate sectors go, t ese o er an opportun ty

n part cu ar to guarantee water an san ta-

t on serv ces or everyone. T e aw t at regu-

ates t ese partners ps s a rea y n orce

n examp es nc u e t e c ean water pro ects

n t e nort eastern state o Ba a an n t e

out eastern state o So Pau o.

W t respect to partners ps w t mu t ater

organ zat ons, t e M n stry o C t es as put

toget er two extreme y success u programmes

nance y t e or an . e rst one -

nance mportant pro ects n s um areas t at

are current y e ng ent re y un e y t e .

e ot er or an - nance pro

gramme prov e t e government w t un -

ng or a num er o stu es on san tat on

ur ng t e 15 years o t e partners p (w c

en s n Fe ruary 2010). T e most re evant

one s t e Nat ona In ormat on System on

San tat on, w c gat ers a ser es o ata to

g ve t e government a p cture o t e san ta-

t on sector over t e past 13 years.

T s year t e Braz an government set up

anot er partners p w t t e Wor Ban

to e p t e government ntegrate ts act ons

an po c es on water. T e programme w

prov e un ng or stu es as we as t e m-

p ementat on o concepts suc as ntegrate

management. T e programme w start n

August 2010 an w ast or t e next ve

.u

w c means en arg ng or comp et ng ongo-

ng pro ects n s ums an a so nvest ng npro ects t at were not nanc a y supporte

y t e rst .

o t s w appen n a very erent

atmosp ere rom t e one we encountere

at t e eg nn ng o t e r st , w en oca

government a ne t er t e pro ects nor t e

tec n ca sta capa e o carry ng t em out.

T at s ecause t ere a een a ong pe-

r o w t no nvestment n t ese areas. Now

t ngs are erent.

O ympic games are o ten use to re-

invent a city. Since Rio e Janeiro ost

its status as capita to Brasi ia, an

wit most manu acturing an an s

moving to So Pau o, ow o you see

t e uture or Rio?

R o s exper enc ng cons era e growt , not

on y n terms o tour sm, w c s ts natu-


OPINION Conict in Africa taking the Responsibility to ProtectBrazilian Minister of Cities

Improving transport and urban mobility are the main challengesfor the Minister P oto r rigo nuneS/MiniStry of citieS

Rio de Janeiro is experiencing strong growth from tourism P oto erickiuck h S ntoS


9/72W O R L Du r b a n December 2009-January 2010

OPINIONGxxxxxxxxxx




COVER STORY Bridging the urban divide

As a municipal ofcial, one has to decide whether to spend taxpayers money on roadinfrastructure, which in developing cities mostly serves higher income citizens with cars, orto spend it on public utilities and amenities, thus providing for a majority of the population,particularly beneting the poor. This is why the major issues for todays cities have to do withequality and politics, rather than engineering alone, writes nrique Pealosa*, former mayorof Bogot, Colombia.

Why cities must build

equality

Pealosa introduced a USD 300 milllion new bus system in Bogot Photo BharatV hra



T e e n t on o a goo c ty es nt e rea m o eo ogy. T ere s nosc ent ca y or tec n ca y corrector ncorrect way o creat ng a c ty. De n ng a

goo c ty s more a matter o t e eart ant e sou t an o eng neer ng. t s more a n

to art t an to sc ence.

e cou surv ve ns e an apartment a

our e, ust e a r surv ves ns e a cage.

ut ust as t e r wou e app er n a

cage t e s ze o an au tor um, an app er

st y ng ree, we are app er on a 10 metre-

w e s ewa t an on a one metre-w e one.

t s not somet ng t at can e proven sc en-t ca y or mat emat ca y: t s somet ng we

ee n our eart an sou , part cu ar y we

are w t a young son or aug ter.

eyon surv va nee s, suc as c ean water

an a roo , a goo c ty s one n w c every eta re ects respect or uman gn ty. It

prov es, not on y or surv va nee s, ut a so

or app ness nee s suc as wa ng, e-

ng w t ot ers, not ee ng n er or, av ng

contact w t nature or eaut u arc tecture,

ac t es to eve op c rens uman poten-

t a suc as mus c essons, goo sc oo s an

sports ac t es.

T ere are c ass con cts n eve op ng

country c t es to ay ut not t e ones Marx

a pre cte etween cap ta sts an sa a-r e c t zens. T e con ct to ay s etween

car-own ng upper m e c asses an car- ess

ower- ncome ones. t s a con ct or pu

c un s an or roa space. pper m e

c asses want more, gger an etter roa s

rom t e government. uc nvestments a -

sor un s w c cou e etter nveste n

so v ng t e ow- ncome c t zens nee s, e:

ous ng, water an sewage, par s, sc oo s

an osp ta s. ong w t t s con ct or

pu c un s, t ere s a so one or roa space:

ow est to str ute t etween pe estr ans,

cyc sts, pu c transport an cars.

n Bogot , as n ot er eve op ng country

c t es, g er ncome c t zens ve n pr vate

spaces. T ey r ve rom t e par ng space at

ome to an o ce par ng space, par ng ot at

t e ma or to t e car par at t e r c u . To t em

t e c ty s an unp easant an even t reaten ng

space t ey ave to cross etween par ng spac

es. T ey can go or mont s w t out wa ng a

c ty oc . As a resu t t ey o not care muc

a out a c tys par s or pu c sc oo s.

n e t e pr vate sector, t s not easy

to e ne a etter pu c nvestment. In t e


OVER STORYBridging the urban divide

Urbanizing Asian and African countries would dowell to study Latin Americas experience for all

the mistakes to be avoided.

us ness sector, a goo pro ect or cap ta n-

vestment s easy to ent y: t w e t e one

w t a g er rate o return, w c returns

15 percent nstea o 10 percent. n contrast,

n t e pu c sector every pro ect s goo , a

po ce stat on, a roa , a sc oo or a par aprov e a ene t w c s cu t to meas

ure. In c oos ng among a ternat ve pu c n-

vestments, t e ma n cons erat on s ou e

ow poorer c t zens are.

Government roles

overnment as many ro es ut a un amen-

ta one, n emocracy, s to u equa ty. For

eg t macy to ex st n soc ety, c t zens must

perce ve t at nc us on an equa ty are un-

amenta o ect ves o pu c aut or t es.

Democracy s not ust a out cast ng a vote.

t s a out pu c goo preva ng over pr vate

nterest. T s pr nc p e s a og ca conse-

uence o t e rst art c e n most const tu

t ons w c states t at a c t zens are equa

e ore t e aw. T s s ou e a emocrat cgovernments gu ng parameter.

en ecame mayor n 199 oun n-

ternat ona consu tants a recommen e

t at ons o o ars e nveste on g -

ways, severa o t em e evate ones. nstea ,

we restr cte car use t roug a tag num er

ystem an restr cte par ng, gett ng t ou-

an s o cars o s ewa s w ere t ey use

to par . n w t a 300 m on nvest-

ent we create a state-o -t e-art us trans t

ystem, w c now expan e , carr es 1. m -

on peop e a y. On top o t at we prov e

ore an etter c rens nurser es, pu c

rar es an sc oo s as goo as t ose ava -

e to t e g ncome c t zens. More t an

100 top qua ty sc oo s ave een u t n Bo-

got s poorest ne g our oo s over t e ast

eca e.

Pu c cap ta expen ture n c t es s some-

t ng t at ea y s ou e more roa y e-

ate , w t part c pat on rom ow- ncome

groups, n or er to etter stan up to t ewea t er, more e ucate , an more n uen

t a c t zens. Yet n eve op ng country c t es,

t e poor an t e most vu nera e mem ers o

soc ety are too usy surv v ng to part c pate

muc n suc government ec s ons an are

o ten not n orme a out t em.

ere ore ow- ncome c t zens part c pa-

t on s ou e promote , ut n any case t

s t e ro e o government to represent t em,

ensur ng t at ec s ons ea to greater equa -

ty an ust ce, rat er t an t e contrary.

Quality of life

e t s not poss e to ac eve ncome

equa ty n mar et econom es, t s poss e

to rea st ca y str ve or equa ty n qua ty o

e, part cu ar y or c ren.

or examp e, a c ren s ou ave access

to green an sports ac t es, mus c essons an

goo sc oo s. A qua ty sc oo or rary n a

ow- ncome area s a sym o s ow ng c ren

t at e ucat on s mportant; somet ng not

o v ous n p aces e Co om a, w ere a arge

percentage o c ren n poor ne g our oo s

o not even now t e r at er. Beaut u con c

pu c u ngs n poor areas a so strengt enent ty an se esteem.

ar s n t e c t es o t e sout are cruc a n-

vestments. It s ur ng e sure t me t at nequa -

ty s more acute y e t. At wor t e g est anowest pa emp oyees are equa y sat s e or

ssat s e : t ey o t e r o s, meet t e r wor

mates an so on. ut once t ey eave wor , t e

g er ncome ones go to arge omes w t gar-

ens, ave access to country c u s an e sure

omes, vacat ons, restaurants an cu tura ac-

t v t es. ow ncome c t zens an t e r c ren

o ten go to sma omes an t e r on y e sure

a ternat ve to te ev s on s pu c pe estr an

spaces. us qua ty pe estr an spaces suc

as s ewa s, par s an sports ac t es are t e

east a emocrat c soc ety s ou prov e ts

c t zens. A goo c ty s ou ave at east one

great pu c space one so attract ve t at t s

requente even y t e g - ncome c t zens.

n t e uture access to green spaces may e-come t e most s gn cant actor o nc us on,

or exc us on. A c ren s ou ave accessto green spaces e sports e s w t out e-

ng mem ers o a country c u . A ew ec-

a es ago ew reame ow- ncome c t zens n


12/72W O R L Du r b a n10 December 2009-January 2010


eve op ng countr es wou ave access to

e ectr c ty, te ev s on sets, muc ess to mo-

e p ones. In t e uture ow- ncome c t zens

w ave access to most goo s g - ncome

c t zens ave to ay. W at t ey w not ave

s access to green, un ess somet ng s one

a out t; an or par s s ou e oug t an

reserve to ay.

ew or s entra ar was create to-war s 1 0, w en ew or was poorer t an

most eve op ng c t es are to ay. ar s are as

mportant as roa s or sc oo s. overnments

s ou uy an at t e ur an e ges or uture

par s. any ot er pro ems can e so ve n

t e uture. ut t wou e extreme y cu t

to emo s ozens or un re s o u ngs

n or er to open up space or par s.

ewa s are at east as use u or soc a z

ng as t ey are or mo ty. ey must e ree

rom any encroac ment y cars. T ey are t e

most mportant n rastructure e ement n a

emocrat c c ty, an s ou e we - es gne ,

espec a y near sc oo s. Poor s ewa s n manyeve op ng country c t es s ow t ere are rst

an secon c ass c t zens: t ose n cars an

t ose w o wa . More t an g ways or su

ways, w at erent ates a vance rom ac

war c t es are qua ty s ewa s.

W en s opp ng ma s rep ace pu c pe es-

tr an space as a c t zens meet ng p ace, t s a

symptom t at a c ty s . Ma s n eve op ng

countr es are not ust a p ace to see peop e:

t ey are es gne or certa n soc a c asses

an to exc u e ot ers. T ey are a most a sort

country c u . W t g o a zat on, ma s n

countr es ave t e same s ops; t ey are

so ept at t e same temperature. Ins e

t em t s not poss e to see t e trees, t e

ounta ns, or t e arc tecture o a c ty. A

emocrat c c ty w t c aracter s ou ave

ve y s ewa s otte w t s ops w ere eve-

y person ee s as we come an com orta e.

Administrative fragmentation

n many countr es, t e nst tut ona set-up

oes not avour equa ty. A requent y en-

ountere nst tut ona p ro em s t e mu t -

p c ty o sma ur an mun c pa t es up to 32

n o au o, raz to c te one examp e , nto

w c c t es are v e , ecom ng a actornequa ty. t ma es t cu t to trans er

un s rom r c er mun c pa t es to poorer

nes w t n t e same c ty. t a so osters u-

eaucracy an ne c ency.

uc su v s ons can a so n er ong-

term p ann ng. ven t e construct on o a

r t ca roa artery or ra ne can ecome

pro emat c. W en erent po t ca part es

ontro erent mun c pa t es or t e sur-

oun ng state, more pro ems ar se, as as

een t e case n Mex co C ty.

Moreover, t e ureaucrat c costs o many

ma mun c pa t es are comparat ve y g ,

w e sta s s an capac t es are poor.

W en teac ers n one mun c pa ty are pa

ore t an teac ers n anot er, e w at ap-

pens n t e USA, t ere can e no equa ty n

ucat on. In 1954, seven mun c pa t es n

Bogot were merge , resu t ng n more eq-

u ta e po c es across t e oar t an s to

s ar ng o tax revenues t roug a s ng e c ty

government. It a so ac tate a qua e

tec nocracy at t e oca government eve .Wea t er mun c pa t es typ ca y ten to

oppose mergers, as some o t e r un s are

to e re str ute to ower- ncome areas.

Many sma -town po t c ans a so oppose u-

s ons or ear o not e ng a e to get e ecte

n t e arger prec nct, or s mp y ecause t ey

pre er to e g s n a sma p on . m n-

strat ve ragmentat on s a cruc a ssue or

ur an p ann ng an po c es, ut so ar t e

top c as attracte very tt e researc .

Planning for the yet unborn

ct ng to pr or t ze pu c goo an t e ma-

or ty s nterest, pu c aut or t es must act

a so on e a o uture generat ons an wage

att es or t ose yet to e orn. t s es ra e,

or nstance, to acqu re rura an surroun -

ng t e c ty, to o t or uture ur an eve -

opment or par s. Dur ng my term as mayor

we nveste m ons o US o ars n an or

ow- ncome ous ng as we as or par an .

But suc sc emes s ou e muc arger an

ave a nat ona scope, w t nat ona govern-

ment part c pat ng n t e r un ng.

r vate property an t e mar et o notwor n t e case o an aroun grow ng c t-

es. I t e pr ce o tomatoes goes up, tomato

supp y ncreases an pr ces are r ven ac

own. T s s not t e case w t an : pr ces

can ncrease n e n te y, yet t e supp y o

an access e to o s, water, transport an

e ucat on rema ns xe .

ecent y t was propose t at t e Co om-

an nat ona government uy 6,000 ec-

tares a acent to ogot or 250 m -

on w c cou ave ra ca y mprove t e

poss t es o sat s y ng o w- ncome c t zens

ous ng nee s.

n t e en t e pro ect not get un e .

ore expens ve rura rr gat on pro ects en-

e t ng a ew an owners were un e nstea .

e suc rr gat on nvestments are use u ,

t ey cou ave een one a coup e o ec-

a es rom now. ega eve opments w ere

m ons w ve or un re s o years nto

t e uture are a consequence o specu at ve

pr vate nvestment n su ur an an .

T e government s ou own a or most an

aroun c t es. Lan aroun c t es n F n an

an Swe en was oug t y t e government n

Access to public spaces like New Yorks Central Park is important for social inlcusion P oto DaV D l t


13/72W O R L Du r b a n 11December 2009-January 2010


1904. In genera su ur an an an t e surp us

va ue generate y c anges to ts use are str ct y

government contro e an taxe n Europe.

T s s one o t e reasons e n t e g qua

ty o most uropean c t es.ty p anners n eve op ng countr es

s ou eve op erent ways o creat ng ur-

an env ronments. un re s o ometres

o us-ways, greenways, pe estr an-an - -

cyc e-on y promena es cou eas y e ncor-

porate nto t e growt areas o suc c t es.

ese not on y mprove mo ty, ut a so t e

qua ty o e or a c t zens. e estr an-an -

cyc e-on y promena es are a so won er u

commun ty p azas an power u sym o s o

respect or uman gn ty.

The right to mobility

Are protecte cyc e ways p easant arc tec-

tura eatures, or are t ey a r g t? I wou pro

pose t e atter, un ess we e eve t e on y ones

w o ave a r g t to mo ty w t out t e r s o

gett ng e are motor-ve c e owners.

ogot , as recent y prov e a c eap an

s mp e examp e w t 24 ometres o pe-

estr an cyc ng, an ogg ng routes runn ng

t roug t e poorest ne g our oo s, w c

peop e can use or commut ng. To ay, ve

percent o ogotanos, or more t an 350,000

peop e, go to wor y cyc e.t goes eyon num ers. In ow- ncome

ne g our oo s, pe estr an areas create

se respect an a sense o e ong ng. ow-

ncome cyc st r ng on a protecte eway

sym o zes t at a c t zen on a 30 cyc e

s as mportant as someone n a 30,000

automo e.

Discouraging cars

ere are two reasons w y car use s ou e

scourage . rst y, a c ty es gne or cars

negat ve y a ects qua ty o e: t s not p eas

ant to e near w e, g ve oc ty roa s. I pe

estr an spaces get arger an motor ve c e

spaces narrower, t en t e qua ty o t e ur an

env ronment mproves or t e c t zen. T e sec

on reason w y car use s ou e scourage

s mat emat ca : t s s mp y not poss e to

move a t e peop e n a arge c ty w t pr vate

cars.

arge roa s o not so ve tra c ams. A

US c t es ave arge g ways yet tra c as

een progress ve y gett ng worse over t e ast30 years. W at creates tra c s not ust t e

num er o cars, ut t e num er an engt o

t e tr ps. T at s w y g ways or yovers ave

ever so ve tra c ams. More or gger roa s

ean a t ona an onger tr ps. Try ng too ve tra c ams n t s way s e try ng to put

ut a re w t gaso ne.In a vance c t es, transportat on po cy

trans ates nto ways to re uce car use. Un or-

tunate y, n eve op ng country c t es t meanst e oppos te: ow to get r o tra c an ow to

ac tate car use. g - ncome c t zens use pu

c transport n t e wor s great c t es, suc as

on on, ew or , o yo or ar s. et w en-

ver peop e use pu c transport, t s rare y out

ove or t e env ronment. ey use t out o

ecess ty ue to t ere e ng some sort o restr c

t on to pr vate car use suc as par ng m ta

t ons, congest on c arges or s mp y tra c.

et us mag ne t ere s a severe ue cr s s

ause y war. c tys ea ers wou a ocate

carce ue to uses rat er t an cars, ot erw se

t e c ty wou co apse. An roa space was

n s ort supp y, a rat ona an emocrat c a o

at on s ou g ve uses exc us ve us-ways a

t roug t e c ty. Moreover, t s true t at a

t zens are equa e ore t e aw, a us w t 80

passengers as a r g t to 80 t mes more roa

pace t an a car w t one.

H g - ncome c t zens eman metro sys-

tems ut t ey rare y ave t e ntent on o us ng

t em. T ey suppose, wrong y, t at metros wase tra c ams as ot er c t zens, part cu ar y

us passengers w use t em. It s not poss e

to cover t e mass trans t nee s o a eve op ng

ty w t ra . Metro nvestment an operat ng

osts ma e t mposs e or a eve op ng coun

try c ty to so ve ts mo ty nee s. Mex co C ty s

t e on y eve op ng country c ty to move more

t an 10 percent o t e popu at on y su way: t

oves 13.3 percent. uses are t e on y poss e

eans to reac a sectors o a c ty w t pu c

transport. uses come muc c eaper t an ra

ystems: 2 on uys 10 ometres o

un ergroun su way or 400 ometres o

g qua ty us ap rans t w t ex

us ve us routes an spec a stops. can

ave s m ar capac t es an spee s as metro

ystems, at muc ower costs. n uses can

e env ronmenta y r en y as we . e rans

m en o networ re uces Bogot s car on

x e em ss ons y 250,000 tonnes a year an

was t e rst transport system to e accre te

un er Kyotos C ean Deve opment P an.

Beyon mo ty BRTs exc us ve anes are

power u sym o s o equa ty, s ow ng pu c

transport as a pr or ty n t e use o roa space

over pr vate cars. As a us passes y a tra c

am o pr vate cars, a soc ety ga ns eg t macy.

any c t es n t e eve op ng wor stan

to ou e or tre e t e r u t areas over t e

next ew eca es. T e para ox, as t ey acet s c a enge, s t at t e constra nts on t e r

nanc a resources can g ve t em a un que

opportun ty to eve op a more umane ur an

mo e t an t e one presente y a vance ,

car- om nate Amer can c t es.

eve op ng countr es ncome per cap ta

w equa t at o a vance countr es or un-

re s o years. Yet agg ng e n n econom-

c eve opment may prov e an opportun tyto pro t rom a vance c t es successes an

a ures as we as creat ng erent, etter

ur an env ronments. ua ty o ur an e s

an en n tse ut t wou a so attract an

reta n g y qua e an creat ve young

peop e an t us oster econom c growt . at-

n mer ca as een nvo ve n t e most re-

cent ur an zat on process, occurr ng most y

etween 1950 an 2000.

r an z ng s an an r can countr es

wou o we to stu y at n mer ca s exper

ence, not so muc or t e goo examp es t as

to o er, ut or a t e m sta es to e avo e .

n t us r g ng t ese ur an v es, an

organ zat on e UN-HABITAT can o er n-

va ua e tec n ca expert se n severa cruc aareas. One s t e a m n strat ve ragmentat on

an mu t -mun c pa ty management o c t es,

w ere researc an a v ce are n s ort supp y

ust as new ur an con gurat ons are emerg ng.

N-HABITAT s ou a so raw up a e-

ta e cata ogue o t e est ava a e opt ons

or ur an transport, n or er to e p mun c -pa aut or t es ma e a equate, cost-e c ent

ec s ons.u

Enrique Pealosa is a leading thinker

n t e ur an e , w ose vision an proosa s ave signi cant y in uence po icies

hroughout the world. He is currently Presi

ent o t e Boar o t e Institute or Trans-

ortation an Deve opment Po icy o New

ork and member of the experts team of

he Urban Age of the London School of Eco

omics an t e Deutc e Ban . He recent y

on t e Gte org Awar or Sustaina e

evelopment. Widely known as the Nobel

rize or t e Environment , e s are t e

009 prize wit Mrs. Ti aiju a an Sren

ermansen, of Sams, Denmark. (See story

age 0




Unequal cities means

unequal livesCities seeking to present themselves as world-class destinations for political and sporting events mustnot forget the rights of low-income citizens. By Miloon Kothari and Shivani Chaudhry*.

Criminalizing homelessness is a growing trend Photo Piotr ciuchta


15/72W O R L Du r b a n 13

metropo s prepares to ost t e xpo 2010. smany as 1 ,000 am es ave a rea y een

ev cte rom t e ex t on s te a one, an c ose

to 400,000 peop e are to e move to t e su -

ur s un er a compre ens ve ur an eve op-

ment sc eme nvo v ng mar et rate commer-

c a an res ent a eve opment.

t er ma or nternat ona events t at tr g-

ger tt e more t an eaut cat on e orts

cou e etr menta to oca res ents. n

Man a, t e 1976 annua meet ngs o t e In-

ternat ona Monetary Fun an t e Wor

Ban saw t e orce ev ct on o 400 s um-

we ng am es. N ne years ater n Seou ,

preparat ons or t e same event nvo ve t e

ev ct on o 1,200 am es w t u ozers

an po ce, an reporte y w t on y nom na

compensat on.

Criminalizing poverty

Apart rom suc one-o , g y sym o c

mega-events, c t es oo to urn s t e r g o-

a c re ent a s t roug gentr cat on, or t e

sa e o w ea t y res ents, an eaut cat on,

or t e purposes o tour sm. Gentr cat on an

t e assoc ate cu ture o segregat on an gate

Vancouver W nter O ymp cs, ot sc e -u e or 2010, ave a rea y resu te n orce

v ct ons o ow- ncome res ents, nc u ng

um we ers, an c ear ng o streets o t e

ome ess an eggars to ma e way or san -

t ze c t es to ene t v s tors.

o-ca e c ean-up programmes assoc -

te w t t e oot a or up e to t e

sp acement o ome ess peop e n sa a

n 2002. ears ave a so een expresse on

t e mpact t at preparat ons or t e ort

om ng 2010 or up n out r ca, w

ave on many am es ous ng r g ts n t at

oun ry.

W Vancouver use t e excuse o extreme

o weat er to orce more ome ess peop e

t e streets ur ng t e 2010 w nter O ym-

p cs? An w R o e Jane ro, t e 2016 sum-

er O ymp cs ost, e any etter?.

Lan -appropr at ng events e arge ex-

t ons ave s m ar e ects on oca ow-

ncome res ents. In Sev e, t e u oz ng o

ow- ncome omes came as t e owns e o t e

1992 Wor Expo. Accor ng to t e Centre on

ous ng R g ts an Ev ct ons (COHRE), t e

ame s appen ng n S ang a , as t e C nese

At t mes t e r g test spot g tsast t e ongest s a ows. C t esto ay compete to ost wor w esports an ot er arge events n a to en

ance t e r g o a pro es. ey v e to attractore gn nvestment an g -pro e expatr a

tes. ey a so attempt to trans orm t emse ves

to meet super c a wor c ass stan ar s. s

stan s n s arp contrast to t e exc us onary

an repress ve treatment t ese c t es mete out

to t e poorest o t e r own res ents, nc u ng

t ose pe orat ve y categor ze as t e ome ess,

squatters, eggars, mm grants an re ugees.

e two sym o s o t s contemporary ur an

zat on as com ne to g ve t e ur an v e ts

most ramat c an unet ca vsua mens on

one t at s est reverse w t a uman r g ts

approac .

Most c t es, un ortunate y, o not recogn ze

everyone equa y. Ne t er o t ey ma e t e rserv ces, ene ts or opportun t es ava a e

to a . T e most marg na ze an t e poor-

est are t e ones w o su er most. T e onset o

econom c g o a zat on an t e nst tut on-

a zat on o neo- era po c es, nc u ng

t roug pr vat zat on o c v c serv ces, as e

to eepen ng nequa t es o ncome an op-

portun ty etween an w t n c t es.

opu ar nternat ona sports events act as

power u sym o s or c t es vy ng or t e g o-a tag. V a t e me a, t ey ocus t e atten-

t on o un re s o m ons aroun t e wor

on av s sp ays o n rastructure t at ep t-

om ze t e ynam sm an prosper ty o t e

ost c ty, ut are genera y u t at t e cost

o omes an ve oo s o t e ur an poor.

nce most o t ese amen t es requ re exten-

s ve stretc es o an n pr me ocat ons, t ey

cause s gn cant sp acement o oca , gen

era y ow- ncome commun t es, espec a y

t ose v ng n n orma sett ements.

Negative trends

Intense an specu at on assoc ate w t t e

upcom ng 2012 O ymp cs s uproot ng ow-

ncome wor ng c ass an m grant commun -t es n nort Lon on. Gentr cat on n t ate

y wea t y expatr ate an ers as create a

cu tura un orm ty w e estroy ng a s-

tor c cosmopo tan soc a m x, o ten w t t e

comp c ty o oca aut or t es.

T e 1988 O ymp c Games a ecte as many

as 720,000 oca res ents n Seou w e t e

2008 O ymp cs a ecte 350,000 n Be ng.

T e New De Commonwea t Games an



Br g ng t e ur an v e t roug s um mprovement:The top 20 achievers

Source: UN-HABITAT State o the Worlds Cities, 2009-2010



rom w at are trag ca y t e r as c sources o

su s stence.t er steps nvo ve more or ess exp c t cr m-

na zat on o extreme poverty. ana a c amps

own on vagrants t roug ac oor measuressuc as ngerpr nt ng we are rec p ents, new

mun c pa y- aws, an zero to erance po c ng.

nce 1995 n nn peg, an to a, egg ng n

pu c s pun s e w t 1,000 nes or s x

mont a terms.

n ustra a, two tates ueens an an

Western Austra a en orce vagrancy aws.

Cr m na zat on o t e ome ess can ta e ot er

orms. In t e year 1999-2000, 2,640 peop e

were arreste or vagrancy n Queens an , o

w o 282 were c arge w t egg ng an 15 w t

av ng no v s e means o su s stence; 83 werea e an a urt er 112 were ne . De au t ng

on payment carr e an automat c a sentence.

T s turns vagrancy nto one o t e surest pat -

ways to pr son.

A destructive path

In t e Un te States, t e Nat ona Coa t on

or t e Home ess (NCH) s owe n 2004,

t at o 224 c t es surveye , 43 percent pro-

t egg ng n spec c pu c p aces, 45

commun t es t at t promotes, serves to estroy

mu t -cu tura an m xe - ncome ne g our

oo s. ese tw n po c es resu t n var ous

orms o scr m nat on aga nst t e ome ess

an eggars t ose sym o s o a soc ety s a

ure to ta e care o ts more un erpr v ege

c t zens.

n an attempt to garner nternat ona appea

an to promote a wor c ass mage o t e r c t

es, pu c aut or t es vo ate un versa y recog

n ze uman r g ts. T s nc u es, nter a a,

t e r g ts to a equate ous ng, an , water,

secur ty o t e person an ome, ea t , e uca

t on, wor an ve oo .

Aut or t es o t s t roug en orcement o

scr m natory eg s at on suc as ant -vagran

cy an ant - eggary aws, ase use o cr m

na co es, ant -squatt ng aws, m suse o ant -

terror sm aws, new surve ance strateg es, an

zero-to erance po c es. In Lon on, even t e

pu c enc es w ere t e ome ess use to s t

are wette own or remove .



ermany, ungary, ta y, uxem urg, ov-

en a an we en are some o t e countr es

w ere ot pr vate an pu c secur ty serv ces

ave een accuse o v o ence an arassment

aga nst t e ome ess. ases o cru e v o ence,

rape an even mur er ave een o serve

recent y n S oven a, Spa n an t e Czec Re

pu c. Inc ents o v o ence, nc u ng y t e

po ce, as we as ar trary arrests o t e ome

ess an eggars are a so occurr ng n erent

parts o In a.

e ters or t e ome ess, w ere t ey ex-

st, are genera y na equate an typ ca y

ocate away rom t e c ty centre. T s soc a

exc us on an segregat on a s to t e terr to-

r a st gmat zat on an scr m natory prac-

t ces a rea y n p ace.

easures suc as exp c t pro t on on

searc ng t roug ru s (as en orce n

many nort Amer can c t es an recent y pro

pose y t e mayor o Rome), or oc -out o

waste- umps e ect ve y epr ve t e ome ess

The 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver has already resulted in forced evictions Photo Sona tony

Privatization of basic civic and social services hasa disproportionately adverse impact on the poor


17/72W O R L Du r b a n 15

percent pro t pan an ng, an 21 percent

en orce genera pro t ons on egg ng.n a 200 survey, t e n te tates on

erence o ayors oun t at cr m na z ng

ome essness appeare to e a grow ng

tren . survey o 7 c t es s owe a 12

percent ncrease n t e num er o aws pro

t ng egg ng n spec c pu c p aces,

an 1 percent ncrease n aws aga nst ag

gress ve pan an ng, an a 3 percent n

crease n aws pro t ng o ter ng, oa ng,

or vagrancy.

n Sw tzer an , courts ave ru e t at

egg ng s not a r g t an t at cantona

pro t ons were perm tte n t e nter

est o pu c sa ety an tranqu ty. As o

Apr 2008, po ce are aut or ze to en orce

on-t e-spot nes rect y rom a eggars

ta ngs. Sw ss aw a so prov es o r t e e

portat on o ore gners ac ng t e means to

support t emse ves.

n In a, t e Bom ay Prevent on o Begg ng

Act 1959 s rout ne y use to roun up an ta e

pun t ve act on aga nst eggars an t e ome

ess, even w en t ey are ga n u y emp oye .

r an n rastructure expans on an ot er

pro ects suc as t e construct on o g ways,

t e eaut e c ty ene ts on y t ose w o

can a or to ve n t.T e v ct ms o t s ops e , nequ ta e

eve opmenta para gm count among t e

most scr m nate , marg na ze an vu -

nera e groups, nc u ng t e poor; s um

we ers; m grants; noma s, nc u ng t e

gyps es; re g ous, sexua an et n c m nor -

t es; groups scr m nate on groun s o

wor an escent; persons w t sa t es

or v ng w t menta ness or ;

n genous peop es; sex wor ers; omes-

t c wor ers; t e e er y; re ugees; women,

n part cu ar s ng e women, s ng e mot ers,

et n c m nor ty women; an c ren, n par-

t cu ar street c ren.

r an e cannot cont nue on t s estruc-

t ve pat . Concerte e orts at ret n ng an

re orm ng ur an areas an p ann ng process-

es must ensure t at c t es are tru y access e

to everyone, an t at t ey respect, up o

an u t e uman r g ts o a res ents

w t out any scr m nat on.

A human rights-based approach

I t ey are to ma e progress n creat ng a more

nc us ve c ty, mun c pa aut or t es o not

yovers, s opp ng ma s an ports, o ten ea

to t e emo t on o n orma sett ements ant e orce ev ct on o t e r res ents, gener-

y w t out a equate re a tat on. T s

urt er exacer ates t e cr s s o ous ng an

v ng con t ons n c t es w e w en ng n-

qua t es an eepen ng poverty.

r vat zat on o as c c v c an soc a serv ces

n c t es, coup e w t t e na ty o govern

ents to prov e c t zens a or a e access to

uman r g ts suc as water an ous ng, ten s

to ave a sproport onate y a verse mpact on

t e poor, t e most vu nera e an soc a y mar

g na ze segments o soc ety.

ty aster ans prepare w t out ue

onsu tat on, urt er promote an use po -

es t at serve t e nterests o t e econom -

a y an po t ca y power u at t e cost o t e

ur an poor an wor ng c asses.

T ese v o at ons o un versa y recogn ze

uman r g ts turn eaut e c t es nto ex

us onary zones, nto p aces o scr m na-

t on, nequa ty, an ost ty. T e a ure o

ur an p ann ng to es gn an susta n we -

ntegrate an nc us onary spaces or t e

a e o res ents n v ua an co ect ve

eve opment as create a s tuat on w ere



Privatization of basic social services has a disproportionately adverse affect on the poor P oto eV SchuS e r



t at t e c ty o ontrea s ot a terr tory an

a v ng space n w c va ues o uman gn ty,

to erance, peace, nc us on an equa ty must

e promote among a c t zens . s a covenant

etween t e popu at on an t e aut or t es, t e

Montrea C arter ent t es everyone to t e u

ene ts o e n t e c ty.

T e Braz C ty Statute s revo ut onary n

t at t re e nes t e concept o an owner-

s p an promotes t e soc a mens on o

t e r g t to ur an property. T e Statute a so

promotes emocrat c part c pat on n ur an

management, an prov es or ega nstru-

ments to regu ar ze n orma sett ements an

tax vacant un er-use an . Part cu ar y va -

ua e rom a uman r g ts perspect ve s t e

prov s on n t e Statute t at ma es t man-

atory or a mun c pa t es n Braz to es-

gnate spec a zones o soc a nterest w c

wou espec a y serve to protect t e r g t to

t e c ty or t e most marg na ze .

nee ust a new v s on t ey nee a ramat c

eo og ca , para gmat c an po cy s t.

uman r g ts- ase approac as t e

mer t o nc u ng t e our ma or types o ur

an exc us on econom c, soc a , po t ca an

cu tura , an o emp as z ng t e respons ty

an ega o gat on o states an oca aut ort es to respect, protect an u t e uman

r g ts o a , espec a y o t e un erpr v ege ,

marg na ze , an most vu nera e.

T s approac necess tates un erstan ng

t e eatures o t e r g t to t e c ty (as set out n

t e G o a C arter-Agen a on Human R g ts

n t e C ty . Far rom e ng a new ega nstru

ment, t e r g t to t e c ty ncorporates a w e

range o un versa y recogn ze uman r g ts

nto a s ng e c a m or en orcement n ur an

areas w t t e a m o creat ng more o st c, eq

u ta e, ust, an susta na e v ng spaces. Any

v o at on o uman r g ts amounts to a v o a

t on o t e r g t to t e c ty.

e r g t to t e c ty s groun e n t e a-

c uman r g ts pr nc p es o : non- scr m -

at on; n v s ty o uman r g ts; gen er

qua ty; progress ve rea zat on; non-retro

gress on; so ar ty; an nternat ona cooper

t on. oreover, t s n t e very nature o t e

oncept to suggest pr or ty attent on to vu ner

e groups an n v ua s, w t respons

ty an susta na ty as core pr nc p es.

As part o t e s t to t e uman r g ts

o e , mun c pa aut or t es aroun t e

wor can a so ta e a vantage o t e est

pract ces eve ope y c t es t at ave a opt-

a uman r g ts approac to ur an man-

gement an p ann ng.

Positive initiatives

T e Montrea C arter comm ts t e Cana an

un c pa ty to eve op a ramewor or t e

g ts an rec proca respons t es o t e pop

u at on an oca aut or t es. T e C arter states



Urban expansion often leads to the demolition of informal settlements Photo . l xM n


19/72W O R L Du r b a n 17

Protection of rights by cities

t es must guarantee uman r g ts to a

t ose women, men, yout an c ren w o

oose to ma e t e c ty t e r ome rre

pect ve o t e r econom c status, ent ty,

aste, c ass, race, gen er, re g on, sexua

at on, wor , c v status, an regar

ess o w et er t ey are ega n a tants

r c t zens.

C t es must espec a y protect womens

g ts to pr vacy, secur ty, movement, wor ,

n ree om rom v o ence. E ect ve, emo-

rat c an gen ere part c pat on n oca

ec s on-ma ng an p ann ng s cr t ca to

t e rea zat on o uman r g ts n a c ty.

T e pr nc p e o t e soc a unct on o proper

ty s ou gu e a an use p ann ng to ensure

t at an s not verte to meet t e nterests o

t e r c at t e expense o t e poor. C t es must

ecogn ze vers ty n a ts orms an promote

cu ture o to erance an mutua respect.

uman r g ts approac es a so ac tate

t e eve opment o nc us ve po c es. n

yon n rance, suc approac es e p re uce

spat a spar ty. n ugene, regon ,

t e uman r g ts approac en ances part c -

patory ec s on-ma ng n mun c pa a a rs.

ton ngton outs e e ourne, ustra a

as a opte a uman r g ts c arter, as as

Was ngton DC n t e US. T e c ty o To-

ronto n Cana a as a opte a C ty C arter

recogn z ng t e r g t to ous ng w e Mex co

C ty as set up a uman r g ts rectorate.

T ese examp es emonstrate t at a uman

r g ts- ase approac can meet t e nee s o

c t es as we as nsp re c t es o var ous s zes

to ac eve a more nc us ve, equ ta e, ust,

p ura st, progress ve, an susta na e ur an

env ronment. T s approac cou a so nst

a we -s are sense o pr e an se respect

among ot mun c pa a m n strators an

c ty res ents.

e a opt on an mp ementat on o a

strong uman r g ts- ase approac s t e

on y way to preserve an up o t e gn ty

o a res ents o t e c ty, an to a ress t e

mu t p e v o at ons an pro ems e ng ace

y m ons n c t es across t e wor to ay.u



iloon Kothari is a human rights activist,

sc o ar an arc itect ase in New De i.

e is t e ormer Specia Rapporteur on a e

uate housing (2000-2008), United Nations

uman Rights Council.

van C au ry is a uman rig ts ac

ivist based in New Delhi. She is the Associ

te Coor inator o t e Ha itat Internationa

oa ition Housing an Lan Rig ts Net

ork: South Asia Regional Programme.

Many US cities, like Winnipeg, enforce strict vagrancy laws Photo Ben y kitiS


20/72


Rio looks to sport to

bridge the urban divide

Views of Rio by night from the heights of Providncia, the City of God Photo Mauricio hora

Having landed the two greatest sporting prizes on earththe football World Cup and theOlympicsRio is determined to lead the 20 percent of its citizens which inhabit slums to abetter quality of life. By Roman Rollnick.



December 2009-January 2010 19

J o Buraco s o ten seen n a camp-ng c a r a ongs e a arge pot o en t e roa or s tt ng y a amagewater or sewerage p pe. No matter t at e

may e n t e m e o a usy roa n t eeart o owntown o e ane ro, e s pre-

pare to spen ours necessary ust s tt ng

t ere. omet mes e es own on t e roa as

cars w zz y too c ose or com ort.

e cons ers t s ca ng to s ame t e

pu c an pu c o c a s an anyone w o

w pay any attent on at a to t e pro em,

usua y a angerous pot o e t at orces r v-ers to swerve towar s oncom ng tra c, a ro

en, st n ng p pe t at nee s x ng, or tras

a an one on t e eac or n anot er open

space.

ome r vers e erate y a m stra g t at

m an swerve away at t e ast secon w ent s c ear e w not nc . Ot ers stop an

get out to remonstrate w t m ut e ust

eeps qu et an stares stra g t a ea . Instea

o a camp ng c a r, e w even set a so a up

n t e roa . H s atest ant cs eature regu ar y

n t e R o newspapers, on te ev s on, an a -

YouTu e.

Marce o Gomes, a R o c ty reporter w o

covers ma n y t e ur an cr me eat or t e

popu ar a y xtra , a m ts t at Mr. Buraco

can oo e a t o a vaga on n s rty ac et an eans espec a y you are mov ng

ast, or ust stro ng on t e eac an you see

rom a stance t at e as set mse own

a ongs e your r en s. et a t t e c oser an

t s gets uncom orta y c ear t at e s star ng

stra g t at t em w t out avert ng s gaze.

e acts as t e consc ence o our c ty

an s act ons are very e ect ve, exp a ns

omes. ew peop e mme ate y rea ze t at

e s not ng more t an a stu e ur an rag

o , an t e ea s now e ng rep cate a

over town. eop e ca us rom everyw ere to

ave Joo ma e a po nt a out somet ng t at

nee s x ng n t s c ty.

As n any g c ty, t ere s a ways somet ng

t at nee s x ng n R o. But t e popu ar t y o

t e ur an rag o ruse means t at peop e ee

more nee s to e one n Braz s secon c ty.e a awe gem, R o e Jane ro spar es

as ar as t e eye can see rom atop ts g est

pea . B ue seas, won er u ays w t w te

eac es, stretc es o exce ent g way an

cyc ng an wa ng trac s a e n to a spraw -

ng metropo s otc e w t ar er patc es

creep ng up t e green s es.

T e reat ta ng eauty o R o e Jane ro

an ts many s an mounta ns s suc t at

t s no won er t at t s c ty was c osen to ost

t e 2014 oot a Wor Cup an t e 2016 sum-

mer O ymp cs. Braz , a ter a , cou c a m to eca e t e wor s greatest oot a country. Get

own a tt e c oser an t e wor amous Co-

paca ana eac w t ts promena e stretc es

on an on a great p ace or at etes to tra n.

ut t e ar er parts so v s e rom t e

mounta n are n act patc wor s o tum e-

own ouses o corrugate ron, unpa nte

r c an ang ng rea oc s o sto en e e ctr c

w r ng. ese are t e s ums o o, t e ave as

overcrow e p aces w ere t e wa s are cov-ere n gra t , many scarre y u et o es,

an w ere t e narrow a eyways are o ten e-

yon t e reac o cars.

o e ane ro s a c ty w t a popu at on

o ust over s x m on n ts centra ur anareas, o w c , accor ng to o c a s, an es

t mate 20 percent ve n t e ave as. T ese

ur an s an s o poverty vary enormous y n

s ze an c aracter.

urrent y a out 12 percent o ouse o s n

R o e Jane ro ac runn ng water, over 30 per-

cent are w t out sewerage connect ons, an or-

ma e ectr c ty nes reac on y 70 percent o t e

popu at on. In t ese sums w c const tute t e

ma or ty o ouse o s w t out as c serv ces,res ents use ega water an e ectr c ty con-

nect ons, w e uman an ouse o waste

s o ten umpe stra g t nto r vers, ra nage

tc es or agoons.

The City of God

Roug men, o ten arme , ang out n t e a -

eyways eep ng an eye on t e p ace, watc ng

t e com ngs an go ngs rom t e tt e s ops

an ma es t ars t at se eer an cac aa

a st e sugarcane quor etter nown asp nga, t e r n assoc ate w t oot a , t e

carn va an sam a.

n rov nc a, w c es e n t e centra

stat on, t e ouses creep a t e way up t e

t e s e ar a ove t e waters e convent on

centre w c w ost - s or

r an orum an t e v ews o t e c ty e ow

are some o t e est n R o. In ee , t ere are

ew etter ways to ta e n t e magn cent R o-

N tero Br ge, w c at 13 ometres s t e

ongest n t e sout ern em sp ere an t e

s xt ongest n t e wor .

T e um a r sme s o raw sewerage an

amp ouse o waste an no one seems to

not ce. We come to w at s a so ca e t e

C ty o Go . T s was t e wor s rst ave a,

a name w c comes rom a ast grow ng an

unp easant sme ng wee . T e s um came

nto e ng soon a ter t e a o t on o s avery nBraz n 1888 w en ree s aves w t now ere

to go starte u ng s ac s on t e steep -

s es or part a y ra ne mangrove swamps.

T ey were o ne y unemp oye ormer so -

ers, w o went to c a m an t e government

a prom se t em e ore t e Canu os War.

To ay t ose com ng n are t e o ess, many

o t em c mate re ugees una e to ma e a

v ng n an ecause o roug t.

To get a v s tor n ere, one a ways as

to negot ate w t t e rug ea ers, exp a ns

oe e esen e, a young awyer w o runs a

uman r g ts centre or t e oca res ents.

very wee t ere s a po ce ra an s oot-ngs an t e p ace resoun s w t gun re.

o an ts ave as are synonyms or v o-

ence. n a pattern common a over t e c ty,

rov nc a s n a tants ve un er t e e

acto aut or ty o a pr vate army ca e t e

oman o erme o w c runs t e rugtra e. t s a so n con ct w t ot er suc

groups, t e Terce ro Coman o (T r Com-

man ) an t e Am gos os Am gos (Fr en s

o t e Fr en s). For many res ents t s et-

ter to ma e o ere even t ey ave to ven ear.

perat ng rom one o t e g est ouses,

w c was purc ase an renovate y a se-

cret ve Br t s ene actor nown on y y t e

n t a s JR, Resen e an er group ass st peo-

p e w t a n s o pro ems. Somet mes ts a rt cert cate or an ID t at we e p t em

o ta n, ot er t mes t ere are am y ssues, -

vorces, etc. But t s t e c ren w o ace ots

o pro ems. Resen es co eagues prov e

extra c asses or c ren w o atten c ass n

e t er morn ng or a ternoon s ts.

n t e wa s are p otograp s y Maur c o

Hora, to ay a pr ze-w nn ng p otograp er ut

y s own a m ss on, t e son o a 1970s rug

ea er. e teac es p otograp y to t e c -

ren an yout as a way o u ng peace an

cur ng v o ence.

e ro tronzen erg, a awyer an uman

r g ts act v st w o wor s w t esen e, says:

e a now t e pro ems, an we ave t e

so ut ons an we ave to put t ese n p ace,

an we nee gun contro . o ong as t ere s a

percept on t at t e state cannot protect t em,

peop e w ave guns.




In most Braz an c t es t e poverty s not

n your ace ut n R o t s ecause o our

topograp y, exp a ns B ttar c t ng new p ans

or s um upgra ng an arge-sca e ous ngconstruct on on unuse ur an an s.

e prospects o mprovements are muc

etter or us ecause t e raz an economy

s now org ng a ea an s qu te ro ust, e

says. raz as a uge v e etween t e

poor an t ose etter o an among t e meas-

ures we are ta ng to re ress t s are t e o sa

am a, t e cas ass stance p an or 11 m on

am es v ng e ow t e poverty ne.

ttar sa R o c ty aut or t es were a so

n partners p w t t e government to u

100,000 new omes or ow- ncome peop e

over t e next our years. W t t e ma or g o-

a sports events com ng up, e sa cons -

era e nvestment s go ng nto t e mprov ng

t e env ronment an eve op ng etter pu -

c transport an new ous ng.

owever t goes, Joo Buraco s sure to e

watc ng.u


Homicide rates

Braz tops t e st or ear o nsecur ty n t e

2007 - G o a Report on Hu-

man ett ements. ccor ng to a 200 surveypu s e y o omo amos o ow e

re o ng , 75 percent o respon ents c te

v o ence an sa ety as e ng t e worst aspects

o v ng n o, w e 5 percent sa t ey

not trust t e po ce.

e ggest pro ems n t e s ums are om

c es an attac s aga nst t e person, rat er

t an aga nst property qu te t e oppos te

w en t comes to t e orma part o t e c ty

ut t e Internat ona O ymp c Comm ttee,

w c oo e ar an cr t ca y at R o, s sat-

s e t at t e c tys USD 14.4 on O ymp c

u get w pro uce a great summer O ymp c

est, an t at t w a so g ve a oost to t e

c ty w t am t ous n rastructure pro ects

t at can e use ong a ter t e games.

IOC o c a s pra se Braz or re uc ng

cr me. T ey note t at t e c tys om c e

rate a roppe to 33 per 100,000 peop e

ast year rom 39 per 100,000 t e year e orean o c a s ave sa t at t ey expect t e

rate to cont nue a ng esp te a r se etween

Apr an June 2009.

A t oug t at was muc g er t an t e

om c e rates n compet ng c t es, ast years

om c e rate n R o e Jane ro was t e owest

n 17 years. An even t oug t s not uncom

on or t e ma n g ways connect ng t e c ty

to t e a rport to e c ose o ecause o s ootuts, t e IOC a so pra se t e c ty or ntro uc-

ng new commun ty po c ng programmes n

e ecte ave as, w c t expects to rep cate

t roug out t e poorer ne g our oo s.

n greater o e ane ro, t ere are a out

1,000 ave as t at stretc a t e way nto a

o overna or, t e ggest s an n a uge n-

an ay ca e uana ara, w c was name

ter a co on a era ortuguese governor. e

s an s n e to t e ma n an an owntown

y a ser es o mo ern r ges an g ways.

ut commuters comp a n t at us serv ces

nto town are poor, as s t e metro ra system,

w c oes not n t e r v ew serve greater R o

proper y.

T e I a s a so t e ome o t e Ga eo-An-

ton o Car os Jo m Internat ona A rport, apt y

ame n onour o t e at er o Braz s very

pec a ossa nova mus c.

Doing the fxes

Jorge B ttar, R o e Jane ros Mun c pa Sec-

etary, exp a ns t at t e c ty, e a ur anreas n Braz , as seen a cons era e n ux

rom t e countrys e over t e past eca e.

dditional reporting: Manuel Manrique,

egiona In ormation O cer or Latin

merica, UN-HABITAT.

In most Brazilian cities the poverty is not in your face but in Rio it is, Jorge Bittar, Rio de Janeiros Municipal Secretary hoto M uricio hora




New report highlights

progress on MilleniumDevelopment Goals

Member states pledged to achieve signicant improvement in the lives of 100 million slum dwellers by 2020 Photo MilleniuM DeVeloPMentgoalS rePort2009

At t e M enn um Summ t n 2000, wor ea ers agree to seven M enn um Deve opment Goa saimed at reducing global poverty by the year 2015. The goals focusing on water and sanitation, andon slums, are of direct relevance to UN-HABITATs mandate. Nick Michell eveals the latest gurespro uce y UN-HABITAT an t e UN Stat st cs D v s on n t e M enn um Deve opment Goa s Report

2009 and outlines the strategy to combat urban poverty.




S nce wor ea ers a opte t e M -en um Deve opment Goa s (MDGs)n 2000, t ere as een s gn cantprogress n re uc ng poverty an unger,

prov ng un versa access to e ucat on, pro-mot ng gen er equa ty, mprov ng ea t

con t ons an ensur ng env ronmenta sus-

ta na ty.

n t e count own to 2015, am st a g o a

econom c cr s s t at or g nate n t e eve -

ope countr es an t reatens to reverse a t e

ar - oug t ga ns, t e nee to acce erate e

very o t e oa s as now ecome an emer

gency rat er t an s mp y a matter o urgency.

n s ntro uct on to t e enn um e

ve opment Goa s Report 2009 Un te Na-

t ons Secretary Genera Ban K -moon states

t at esp te t e progress reporte , t e wor

an ts ea ers cannot a or to turn t e r

ac s on t e poor.

N ne years ago, wor ea ers set ar-

s g te goa s to ree a ma or port on o u-

man ty rom t e s ac es o extreme poverty,

unger, teracy an sease an esta s e

targets or ac ev ng gen er equa ty an t e

empowerment o women, env ronmenta sus-

ta na ty an a g o a partners p or eve -

opment, says Ban. In s ort, t ey a opte

a uepr nt or a etter wor an p e ge

to spare no e ort n u ng t at v s on. Weave ma e mportant progress n t s e ort,

an ave many successes on w c to u .

ut we ave een mov ng too s ow y to meet

our goa s. n to ay, we ace a g o a eco-

nom c cr s s w ose u repercuss ons ave yet

to e e t. t t e very east, t w t row us o

course n a num er o ey areas, part cu ar y

n t e eve op ng countr es. t worst, t cou

prevent us rom eep ng our prom ses, p ung-

ng m ons more nto poverty an pos ng a

r s o soc a an po t ca unrest. at s an

outcome we must avo at a costs.

We cannot a ow an un avoura e econom-

c c mate to un erm ne t e comm tments

ma e n 2000. On t e contrary, our e orts

to restore econom c growt s ou e seen as

an opportun ty to ta e some o t e ar ec -

s ons nee e to create a more equ ta e an

susta na e uture.

T e p e ge o mem er states to ac eve s g-

n cant mprovement n t e ves o at east

100 m on s um we ers y t e year 2020

an to a ve, y 2015, t e proport on o t e

popu at on w t out susta na e access to sa e

r n ng water an as c san tat on s owe a

new po t ca comm tment o rect re evanceto UN-HABITATs man ate o promot ng so-

c a y an env ronmenta y susta na e uman

sett ement an t e ac evement o a equate

s e ter or a .

Steep challenges remain in meeting

sanitation targets

rom 1990 to 200 , 1.1 on peop e n t e

eve op ng wor ga ne access to to ets, a-

tr nes an ot er orms o mprove san tat on.

n a t ona 1.4 on peop e w requ re

suc ac t es t e 2015 target s to e met.

n 200 , 2.5 on peop e wor w e were

st unserve . e greatest c a enge s n

sout ern s a, w ere 5 0 m on peop e are

w t out mprove san tat on. From 2006 to

2015, t e reg on w ave to more t an ou e

t e num er o peop e current y us ng an m-

prove ac ty. Su -Sa aran A r ca a so aces

steep c a enges. T e target s to prov e m-

prove san tat on to 63 percent o t e reg ons

popu at on. T at s a out 370 m on more

t an t e est mate 242 m on peop e t at

were us ng suc ac t es n 2006. Desp te

av ng t e owest san tat on coverage n 1990,

sout ern As a an su -Sa aran A r ca avema e nota e progress. In sout ern As a, t e

popu at on t at uses an mprove san tat on

ac ty as more t an ou e s nce 1990; n

su -Sa aran A r ca, t ncrease y over 80

percen .

e ecat ng n open, o ten pu c y access e

spaces, s t e ast recourse or peop e w t out

any orm o san tat on. e pract ce not on y

eopar zes one s own ea t an t at o s or

er am y, ut t ose w o ve near y even

t ey t emse ves use mprove ac t es. n

a t on, see ng pr vate areas n w c to

e ecate can put t e sa ety o g r s an women

at r s . g teen percent o t e wor s popu-

at on 1.2 on peop e pract se open

e ecat on. e vast ma or ty o t em 7 per

cent ve n rura areas. n eve op ng reg ons,

more t an one n t ree rura we ers e ecate

n t e open. T e one except on s eastern As a,

w ere t e pract ce s ess common n rura

t an n ur an areas.

Drinking water target in reach

T e wor s a ea o sc e u e n meet ng t e

2015 r n ng water target. Yet a num er o


Popu at on t at ga ne access to an mprove san tat on ac ty 1990-2006 (millions) and population that needs to gain access to an improved

sanitation facility to meet the MDG target, 2006-2015 (millions)

Source: UN Statistics Division, UNICEF, UNDP, UN- HABITAT.




countr es ace an up att e: 884 m on

peop e wor w e st re y on un mprove

water sources or t e r r n ng, coo ng,

at ng an ot er omest c act v t es. O

t ese, 4 percent 74 m on peop e ven rura areas.

or w e, on y 27 percent o t e rura

popu at on en oye t e conven ence an su -stant a ea t ene ts o av ng water p pe

nto t e r omes or onto t e r prem ses n

200 . ty percent o rura we ers re e on

ot er mprove r n ng water sources, suc as

pu c taps, an pumps, mprove ug we s or

spr ngs a sma proport on o t s popu at on

re e on ra nwater . n near y one quarter 24

percent) o t e rura popu at on o ta ne t e r

r n ng water rom un mprove sources: sur-

ace water suc as a es, r vers, ams or rom

unprotecte ug we s or spr ngs. But even us-

ng an mprove water source s no guarantee

t at t e water s sa e: w en teste , t e r n ng

water o ta ne rom many mprove sources

as not met t e m cro o og ca stan ar s set

y t e Wor Hea t Organ zat on.

A person v ng n an ur an area o t e e-

ve op ng wor s more t an tw ce as e y

to ave a p pe r n ng water supp y on

prem ses t an a person v ng n a rura area.

D spar t es are espec a y ev ent n Lat n

Amer ca an t e Car ean, t e reg on w tt e secon owest coverage o mprove

r n ng water n rura areas. On y 73 per-

cent o rura popu at ons n t at reg on use

an mprove water source, compare to 9

percent o ur an we ers.

Action on slums

n 1990, a most a t e ur an popu at on n

eve op ng reg ons was v ng n s ums. y

2005, t at proport on a een re uce to

3 percent. um con t ons are e ne as

ac ng at east one o our as c amen t es:

c ean water, mprove san tat on, ura e

ous ng an a equate v ng space.

T e ves o s um we ers ave mprove

n a most a reg ons. In eastern As a, t e

s arp re uct on n t e proport on o s um

we ers s arge y ue to ncrease use o

mprove water supp es an san tat on n

C na. S m ar y, expan e access to water

an san tat on n In a as te progress n

t e sout ern As a reg on as a w o e.

esp te some a vances, su -Sa aran

A r ca rema ns t e reg on w t t e g est

preva ence o s ums. Bot s ums an ur anMillions of people still get their drinking water from unimproved sources such as lakes, dams and rivers

Photo unicef/ yhQ-2006-2701/noorani





areas n t e reg on appear to e grow ng at

an equa y rap pace, an t e v ng con

t ons among mpover s e popu at ons are

severe, o ten nvo v ng mu t p e epr va

t ons. mprovements n t e ves o s umwe ers n most su - a aran r can coun

tr es w t ere ore requ re arge mu t -sector

nvestments. n a ot er reg ons, w ere t e

ma or ty o s um we ers su er rom on y

one s e ter epr vat on, s mp e, ow-cost n

tervent ons cou s gn cant y mprove v

ng con t ons.

estern s a s t e on y reg on w ere t e

proport on o s ums among ur an popu a

t ons as ncrease s g t y, arge y ue to

eter orat ng v ng con t ons n Iraq an

Le anon a ter near y a eca e o con ct

an po t ca nsta ty.

T oug genera mprovements ave een

ma e n s ums wor w e, t e current ous

ng an energy cr s s may s ow progress n

t e eve op ng reg ons, an n some cases,

reverse pos t ve tren s.

T e M enn um Dec arat on set 2015 as

t e target ate or ac ev ng most o t eM enn um Deve opment Goa s, w c es

ta s e quant tat ve enc mar s to a ve

extreme poverty n a ts orms. As t e ate

approac es t e wor n s tse m re n an

econom c cr s s t at s unprece ente n tssever ty an g o a mens ons.

rogress towar s t e Goa s s now t reat

ene y s ow, or even negat ve, econom c

growt , m n s e resources, ewer tra e

opportun t es or t e eve op ng countr es,an poss e re uct ons n a ows rom

onor nat ons. t t e same t me, t e e ects

o c mate c ange are ecom ng ncreas ng y

apparent, w t a potent a y evastat ng m

pact on countr es r c an poor.

s report presents an annua assess

ment o progress towar s t e s.

t oug ata s not yet ava a e to revea t e

u mpact o t e recent econom c ownturn,

t ey po nt to areas w ere progress towar s

t e e g t goa s as s owe or reverse , says

UN Un er-Secretary-Genera S a Zu ang

n s overv ew o t e M enn um Deve op-

ment Goa s Report 2009.

Ma or a vances n t e g t aga nst ex

treme poverty rom 1990 to 2005, or ex

amp e, are e y to ave sta e . Dur ng t at

per o , t e num er o peop e v ng on e ss

t an USD 1.25 a ay ecrease rom 1.8

on to 1.4 on. In 2009, an est mate 55

on to 90 m on more peop e w e v

ng n extreme poverty t an ant c pate e-

ore t e cr s s.

e t e report oes portray t e re

ar a e a vances t at many countr es

n reg ons ave ma e e ore t e econom c

an scape c ange so ra ca y n 200 , e

orts to mprove t e v ng con t ons o t e

ur an poor must p c up spee an exten

ven urt er. ose v ng n extreme pov

rty n t e eve op ng reg ons accounte or

g t y more t an a quarter o t e eve op

ng wor s popu at on n 2005, compare to

most a n 1990, w t every reg on except

ne ma ng progress n t s area. However

um mprovements are are y eep ng pace

w t t e rap growt o c t es n eve op ng

ountr es.

Sw t acce erat on o progress s nee e to

r ng mprove san tat on to t e 1.4 on

peop e w o were v ng w t out a equate

ac t es n 2006, w t a ts atten ant con-

equences or t e ea t o commun t es an

t e oca env ronment. At t e present rate o

Source: UN Statistics Division, UNICEF, UNDP, UN- HABITAT

Proportion of rural housholds using piped water, other improvedsources an un mprove sources, 1990 an 2006 percentage

A s um ouse o ac s one or more ot e o ow ng ve amen t es: (1) ura e

ous ng a permanent structure prov -ng protect on rom extreme weat er);2) su c ent v ng area (no more t an

t ree peop e s ar ng a room ; 3 accessto mprove water (water t at s su

c ent, a or a e an can e o ta new t out extreme e ort ; 4 access to

mprove san tat on a pr vate to et, orpu c one s are w t a reasona e

num er o peop e); an (5) secure ten-ure an protect on aga nst orce ev c-t ons. S nce n ormat on on secure ten-ure s not ava a e or most countr esnc u e n t e - ata ase,

on y t e rst our n cators are use to

e ne s um ouse o s, an t en to es-t mate t e proport on o ur an popu at on v ng n s ums.

ening a slumouse o



rogress, t e 2015 san tat on target w e

sse .Accor ng to UN-HABITATs new ag

p report, t e State o t e Wor s C t es

2009-2010, t e ata suggests t at t e goare uc ng a so ute poverty y a can e

c eve , a t oug g er oo pr ces n t e

ast year may pus 100 m on peop e eep

r nto poverty. en governments p e geo s gn cant y mprove t e ves o at east

100 m on s um we ers y 2020, t ey

ou not ave nown t at t e target wou

e ac eve 10 years a ea o sc e u e.

e s um target as een ac eve , m

rov ng t e ves o 227 m on peop e, ut

n y ecause t was set too ow. T e 100 m

on target was on y 10 percent o t e g o-

a s um popu at on. C na an In a a one

c eve t e g o a s um target y mprov ng

e ves o 125 m on s um we ers.

W e t e wor as reason to ce e rate,

ere s no room or comp acency. T e a

o ute num er o s um we ers n t e eve -

p ng wor as grown rom 766.7 m on

n t e year 2000 to an est mate 827.6 m

on n 2010. T s means t at 55 m on new

um we ers ave een a e to t e g o a

r an popu at on s nce t e year 2000.


Fifty-ve million new slum dwellers have been added since 2000 P oto hn iS ac

Source: UN-HABI TAT

Proportion of urban populationv ng w t s e ter

deprivations, 1990 and 2005

percentage

urrent UN-HABITAT est mates con rm

t at t e progress ma e on t e s um targetas not een su c ent to counter t e growt

o n orma sett ements n t e eve op ng

wor . us e orts to re uce t e num er os um we ers are ne t er sat s actory nor a -

equate, espec a y w en cons er ng t at 50.

percent o t e wor s popu at on or 3.49

on now ve n ur an areas. n t e next

two generat ons, two t r s o uman ty w

e v ng n towns an c t es.

e enn um eve opment oa s

por 2009 ustrates t at t e r g t po c es

an act ons, ac e y a equate un ng

an strong po t ca comm tment, can y e

resu ts. However, t e report a so notes t at

many c a enges rema n an are e y to e-

come even more cu t n t e current eco-

nom c c mate.

n te Nat ons Un er-Secretary-Genera

S a Zu ang re terates t e prev ous concerns

o Secretary-Genera Ban K -moon y ns st-

ng t at t e g o a commun ty must not turn

ts ac on t e poor an t e vu nera e: T e

MDGs must cont nue to prov e a ocus or

our e orts, an t e v s on o a wor w t out

poverty must not e ost, even n t ese -

cu t t mes.u




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Sustainability

The Beddington Fossil Energy development in the UK is a pioneering attempt to create a sustainable community Photo Bioregional




Eac year t e G o a Footpr ntNetwor pro uces gures com-par ng t e ava a e ocapac ty o t e p anet w t our consumpt on. T s

ana ys s suggests t at we excee e t e car-ry ng capac t y o t e p anet n t e m -1970s

an we are now consum ng natura y renew-

ng resources at a rate o 30 percent more

t an t e p anet can susta n nto t e ong

term. e are tera y eat ng nto t e natura

reserves o t e p anet.

or examp e, t e o a nv ronment

ut oo report y t e n te at ons nv

ronment rogramme n 2007 suggeste t at70 percent o a t e wor s s er es are u -

y exp o te or over exp o te . As a g o a av-

erage we nee 25 ectares o s ng groun s

or eac tonne o s we consume eac year.

We nee 1.3 ectares o orest to prov e

us w t eac cu c metre o woo per year.

From sate tes we now we ave a tota o

12.6 on ectares o o og ca y pro uc-

t ve a n an sea on t e p anet. T s s a out

a quarter o t e p anets sur ace area.

we v e t e ava a e ocapac ty o

t e p anet y t s g o a p opu at on approac -

ng 6.7 on peop e we get a a rs are ec-

o og ca ootpr nt o aroun 1.8 ectares per

person. T e average western European as a

ootpr nt o etween ve to s x ectares. Inot er wor s everyone on eart consume as

many resources as t e average European, we

wou nee t ree p anets to support us.

uropeans must n ways o v ng,

w ere t ey can ncrease t e r qua ty o

e ut re uce consumpt on o v rg n ma-

ter a s an oss ue s y two-t r s

to a opt a 0ne p anet esty e.

we a ve w t t e average o otpr nt

o an ustra an, we wou nee our p an

ets; or we a opte mer can esty es wewou nee ve p anets. ow ootpr nt coun

tr es e Er trea, Mozam que an A g an -

stan ave a one-t r p anet esty e or ess.

A London trail blazer

T e Be ngton Zero oss Energy De-

ve opment (Be ZED) n sout Lon on s

one examp e o a p oneer ng attempt to

create a sust

why cities must build equality.pdf

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