why biotech solutions are needed to address forest...
TRANSCRIPT
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Why Biotech Solutions are Needed to Address Forest Health
Steve StraussOregon State University / USA
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Why advocate for recDNA tech? • Science – rDNA starts from nature• Innovation – Builds on nature to enhance
values• Trees – Can enhance forests, wild and planted • Urgency – Tools for growing forest health crises• Controversy – Enjoy battles of ideas, interests
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Key messages• rDNA methods are powerful tools to supplement
breeding in the right niches• Serious technical and social obstacles prevent
their significant use, or even research, for forest health
• In the face of forest health crises, we have an ethical obligation to create technological capacity and social conditions to enable wider use
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Agenda• Basics• Rationales• Constraints• Solutions
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• Equivalent to genetic engineering (GE), genetic modification (GM), and including gene editing like CRISPR
• Direct modification of DNA• Vs. indirect modification
in breeding and genomic selection
• Asexually modified, usually in somatic cells• Then regenerated into whole
organisms, most often starting in Petri dishes
What is rDNA biotech?
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• Cas-only control events and off-target sites • Several dozens of gene insertions studied
• No mutations
• CRISPR-Cas events • Hundreds of gene insertions studied
• 80-100% with mutations
• 50-95% biallelic knock-outs
High CRISPR mutation rates observed in poplar and eucalypts – Strauss laboratory
7
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Agenda
• Basics • Rationales• Constraints• Solutions
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• Long breeding cycle
• Difficulty to inbreed and introgress new genes (genetic load)
• Hard to identify and use dominant, major genes
• Asexually propagated varieties of high value
• A powerful addition to breeding repertoire? • Access Mendelian genes and breeding tools
GMO methods of special value for trees due to breeding constraints
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• Can design biotic resistance genes based on knowledge of gene function• General and host-specific toxins • Host induced gene silencing (HIGS)• Effector targets• Induced programmed cell death
• Pyramiding diverse resistance genes by recDNA• Combining into conventionally bred and adapted
~resistant germplasm• Tantalizing possibilities with abiotic stress tolerance
as well – advanced cold and salt tolerance examples
GE of special value for forest health
10
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HIGS can be effective for insect and fungal resistance
“…demonstrating that HIGS is a powerful tool, which could revolutionize crop plant protection.”
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Domain for HIGS in pest resistance seems to keep expanding
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Though presumed guilty, the rDNA method appears to be innocent
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• A great diversity of traits, and economic and/or environmental values, have been demonstrated in field trials of trees
• After initial event sorting, stability, tree health, and trait efficacy high
• Examples of traits successfully studied in the field- Herbicide tolerance- Biotic, abiotic stresses- Wood or fruit quality- Form/stature and growth rate- Containment- Accelerated flowering- Bioremediation- Novel bioproducts
Many field applications in literature
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Existing 4 ha rDNA poplar trial in Oregon (2016)
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Lepidopteran-resistant poplars approved in China - Bt cry1
• Trait stable• Helps to protect non-Bt
trees• Reduced insecticide use• Improved growth rate
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Large growth benefits (10-20%) despite little insect
pressure during field trial of resistant genotypes
Wild type
GE
Coleopteran-resistant poplars in Oregon - Bt cry3a
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Agenda• Basics• Rationales• Constraints• Solutions
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• Trees often rich in diversity due to early state of domestication• GE often not needed• Advanced phenotyping, molecular markers, genomic
selection often more potent and rapid approach
• Genetic transformation methods often very difficult and highly genotype-specific• Very limited advances outside of a few intensively
studied species – often mostly proprietary• Very challenging to apply to non-timber species,
diverse genotypes in population• Training of practitioners diminishing
Constraints are large
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• Resistance genes controlling traits poorly known, and preferably polygenic• Sustainable solutions generally require polygenic resistance traits• Combine rDNA with conventional resistance breeding
• Economics of intensive genetics often marginal• Long life spans, low value products• GE science and technology costly• Patent and regulatory licenses costly or impossible• Unclear social license undermines public sector investment• Social restrictions create large risks for private investment
• Regulatory and market barriers extreme
Constraints - 2
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• Presumption of harm from rDNA method• Each insertion is the subject of regulation, yet
many needed for forest trees and value unclear until extensively tested in field
• Long distance gene flow during research and breeding the rule – “contamination” can have large legal and economic consequences
• Long periods of adaptive management blur research, breeding, and commercial phases
• “Green certification” exclusions of nearly all rDNA trees make field research impossible or very costly
Regulatory and market barriers
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Forest Stewardship
Council
“…genetically modified trees are
prohibited…”
“Green” certification of forests create severe barriers to field research, markets
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All major forest certification systems now ban all GE trees – no research exemptionsSystem Region GM Tree Approach / Reason
PEFC : Programme for Endorsement of Forest Certification
International Banned / Precautionary approachbased on lack of data
FSC : Forest Stewardship Council International Banned / Precautionary approachbased on lack of data
CerFlor : Certificação Florestal Brazil Banned via PEFC registration / No additional rationale
CertFor : Certficación Forestal Chile Banned via PEFC registration /No additional rationale
SFI : Sustainable Forestry Initiative North America Banned via PEFC registration /Awaiting risk-benefit data
ATFS : American Tree Farm System USA Banned via PEFC registration /No additional rationale
CSA : Canadian Standards Association Canada Banned via PEFC registration /Allows public to determine approach
CFCC : China Forest Certification Council China Banned via PEFC registration /No additional rationale
Adam Costanza, Institute for Forest Biotechnology
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Regulations and certification render GE ineffective as a tool for forest health
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A lesson on the risks from method-based federal regulation
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Agenda• Basics • Rationales• Constraints• Solutions
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Regulatory reform essential Regulatory analyses and proposals for change published in many places
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October 2010 / Vol. 60 No. 9 • BioScience 729
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The biological constraints of forest trees collide with method- and annual crop-oriented
regulatory systems and markets
Regulatory reform essential, including risk/benefit based exemptions,
tolerance of gene flow during research and breeding
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Technical solutions• Public research to develop improved and less
genotype-dependent transformation and gene editing systems– Science and
mechanism focused? – NSF Plant Genome
Program with new focus here
• Accelerated identification and testing of resistance genes – HIGS and beyond
• But most grant based, applied research programs avoid GE methods and solutions– Focus is on risks vs. innovations/solutions (USDA
Biotechnology Risk Assessment Grants - BRAG)
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Ethics-based campaigns needed • Education on degree of forest health problems
and their consequences for biodiversity and public welfare
• Demonstrations of need and capacity
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American Chestnut restoration –genomics and genetic engineering
March 2014 issue - Scientific American
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Hemlock in USA under siege today
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Emerald Ash Borer killing ~all ashes in USA – costing billions
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Swiss Needle Cast in Oregon Douglas-fir – breeding ineffective
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Science advocacy needed? • To demand a full suite of tools, including rDNA,
for coping with forest health crises• Targets are method-based regulation and market
obstacles• Social media, legal action, the main tools?• Who will promote and fund?
– Foundations? Science organizations like AAAS and ASPB? USDA?
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Key messages• rDNA methods are powerful tools to supplement
breeding in the right niches• Serious technical and social obstacles prevent
their significant use, or even research, for forest health
• In the face of forest health crises, we have an ethical obligation to create technological capacity and social conditions to enable wider use