Why are some countries rich and others poorAn ensuing 21st-century paradox

Jelte HarnmeijerSchishuney lsquofishing place with a polersquo Waldron Island

10 July MMX

Europe Supported by Africa and AmericaWilliam Blake (1796)

ldquoFor unto every one that hath shall be given and he shall have abundance but from him that hath not shall be taken away even that which he hathrdquo

- Matthew XXV29 King James Edition

1 What are Poverty and Inequality

2 What patterns exist in the distribution of income

3 Why are some countries rich and others poor

4 Neocolonial explanations for persistent 21stndashcentury poverty

5 The link with Sustainability

Outline

1 What are Poverty and Inequality

Mohotlong Lesotho Guandong Chinese-occupied Tibet

Maputo Mozambique

New York USA

Kaokoveld Namibia

US of A

Nepal

Money amp Happiness

What do people think makes them happy Concern

Mean Range Mean Range

Personal economic 10 1-1 77 60-95Family 22 2-3 50 27-76Health 34 2-6 34 4-48Values and character 44 4-6 22 9-42Job or work situation 44 3-6 20 8-42International-world situation 67 5-8 6 1-14Social 73 4-9 4 0-15Political 77 5-9 2 0-11Maintain status quo or no fears 79 5-9 3 0-15

Relative ImportanceRank mentioning

After Cantril (1965)

What do people think makes them happy

After British Social Science Research Council (1975)In Douthwaite (1999)

What is well-being

Concern mentioning

Family and home life 23General contentment 19Money and prices 18Living standards consumption 17Social values 16Personal beliefs religion 11Social relationships 10Housing 10Health 10Work 9Freedom of all kinds 7Leisure holidays travel 6Natural environment 4Education and culture 4Comparison with past and other countries4Possession of consumer goods 3Pressures of life 3Worries mental health 2Negative statements 2Altrusitic statements 2Equality and justice 2Other 3Dont know 10

Income amp happiness

Income amp happiness

Reported life satisfaction increases with income to US$10000 ndash 15000

then levels off at higher levels

The case for greater

equality

Income inequality correlates with

social capital

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

infant mortality

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

mental illness

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

drug abuse

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

high-school drop out rates

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

incarceration rates

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

obesity

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

trust in fellow humans

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

homicide rates

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

teenage pregnancy rates

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

child well-being

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

national altruism

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

recycling

2 What patterns exist in the distribution of income

What patterns exist in the distribution of income

(4) InequalityWhat patterns exist in the distribution of income

Compiled from 2003 World Bank country dataset

Per-capita income for white and black Brazilians

Source IBGE Census 2000

What patterns exist in the distribution of income

What patterns exist in the distribution of income

Income (US$ PPP)

Where are the people

100 100001000 100000

Source Dikhanov Y and Ward M (2003)

(AFR=Africa EAP=East Asia ECE=East- and Central Europe LAC=Latin America OECD=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development SAS=South Asia)

100 100001000 100000Income (US$ PPP)

What patterns exist in the distribution of income

Where is the dough

Source Dikhanov Y and Ward M (2003)

(AFR=Africa EAP=East Asia ECE=East- and Central Europe LAC=Latin America OECD=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development SAS=South Asia)

3 Why are some countries rich and others poor

ldquoWhy are some countries rich and others poorrdquo

Summary of interviews conducted between February 2002 and June 2006

Continent Country Month(s) year(s)

Number of Interviews

Mozambique May-03 10Namibia Jul-04 14South Africa Jul-04 5Bangladesh Jun-02 3Cambodia Jul-02 3

Jun 2002Jul-02

Myanmar (Burma)

Jun-02 7

Jan 2002-

Jun-02Thailand Jul-02 2Tibet (China) Feb-02 6Turkey Mar-06 8Belgium Sep-02 1Bulgaria Mar-06 1

Aug 2002Aug-06

Dec 2004Jul-05

Germany Aug-06 6Hungary Mar-06 2Netherlands the Aug-04 3Norway Jul-06 5Romania Mar-06 1Sweden Jul-06 1

Europe

Denmark 3

France 2

Africa

Asia

India 11

Nepal 19

Continent Country Month(s) year(s)

Number of Interviews

Sep 2002-Jun-06

Aug 2002Aug-06

Mexico Jun-04 4Sep 2002-

Jun-06Aug 2003

Aug-Sep 2004

Aug-05New Zealand Aug-05 4

United States 108

Oceania Australia 28

Canada 3

Greenland 8

North America

Categories of responses

Categories of responses

Categories of responses

(i) Evolutionary explanations

ldquohellip because some people are clever and others are stupidrdquo- Anonymous white South African of Boer ancestry Hazyview South Africa July 2004

ldquoThe idea that some populations are more energetic than others [hellip] perhaps deserves some considerationrdquo- JP Cole (1979) The Development Gap page 111

Categories of responses

Categories of responses

(ii) Culturalsocietal explanations

ldquo the explanations offered for the contrasting records in growth have most often focused on institutions and highlighted the variation across societies in conditions relevant to growth such as the security of property rights prevalence of corruption structures of the financial sector investment in public infrastructure and social capital and the inclination to work hard or be entrepreneurialrdquo- Sokoloff amp Engerman (2000) page 218

GDPcapita relative to US in selected New World economies 1700-1997

Source Sokoloff and Engermann (2000)

Categories of responses

(iii) Environmental explanations

ldquoThese areas were settled because the climate was similar to that of Europerdquo

- Prof Wolfram Latsch personal communication April 2004

ldquoI think that tropical diseases are largely to blamerdquo- Prof Roger Buick North Pole Australia August 2004

Koppen classification climatic zones

(iv) Historical explanations

ldquoEuropean countries have been around for a long time We are young We just simply need time to catch uprdquo- Nxobo Masika Johannesburg South Africa March 2004

Date Country Notes19-Jul-49 Laos from France8-Aug-49 Bhutan from India

24-Dec-51 Libya from Italy9-Nov-53 Cambodia from France1-Jan-56 Sudan from Egypt and UK

2-Mar-56 Morocco from France and Spain20-Mar-56 Tunisia from France6-Mar-57 Ghana from UK

31-Aug-57 Malaysia from UK2-Oct-58 Guinea from France1-Jan-60 Cameroon from French-administered UN trusteeship4-Apr-60 Senegal from France

27-Apr-60 Togo from French-administered UN trusteeship26-Jun-60 Madagascar from France26-Jun-60 Somalia from the UK30-Jun-60 Democratic Republic of the Congo from Belgium

1-Jul-60 Somalia from the Italian-administered UN trusteeship1-Aug-60 Benin from France3-Aug-60 Niger from France5-Aug-60 Burkina Faso from France7-Aug-60 Cocircte dIvoire from France

11-Aug-60 Chad from France13-Aug-60 Central African Republic from France15-Aug-60 Republic of the Congo from France17-Aug-60 Gabon from France22-Sep-60 Mali from France

1-Oct-60 Nigeria from UK28-Nov-60 Mauritania from France27-Apr-61 Sierra Leone from UK19-Jun-61 Kuwait from UK

1-Jan-62 Samoa from New Zealand-administered UN trusteeship1-Jul-62 Burundi from UN trusteeship under Belgian administration1-Jul-62 Rwanda from Belgium-administered UN trusteeship5-Jul-62 Algeria from France

6-Aug-62 Jamaica from UK31-Aug-62 Trinidad and Tobago from UK

9-Oct-62 Uganda from UK12-Dec-63 Kenya from UK26-Apr-64 Tanzania from UK-administered UN trusteeship

6-Jul-64 Malawi from UK21-Sep-64 Malta from UK24-Oct-64 Zambia from UK18-Feb-65 The Gambia from UK26-Jul-65 Maldives from UK9-Aug-65 Singapore from Malaysian Federation

Date Country Notes26-May-66 Guyana from UK30-Sep-66 Botswana from UK

4-Oct-66 Lesotho from UK30-Nov-66 Barbados from UK30-Nov-67 South Yemen from UK31-Jan-68 Nauru from Australia-NZ-UK-administered UN trusteeship

12-Mar-68 Mauritius from UK6-Sep-68 Swaziland from UK

12-Oct-68 Equatorial Guinea from Spain4-Jun-70 Tonga from UK protectorate

10-Oct-70 Fiji from UK15-Aug-71 Bahrain from UK

3-Sep-71 Qatar from UK2-Dec-71 United Arab Emirates from UK

16-Dec-71 Bangladesh from Pakistan10-Jul-73 The Bahamas from UK

24-Sep-73 Guinea-Bissau declared independence from Portugal7-Feb-74 Grenada from UK

19-Oct-74 Niue in free association with New Zealand25-Jun-75 Mozambique from Portugal

5-Jul-75 Cape Verde from Portugal6-Jul-75 Comoros from France

12-Jul-75 Satildeo Tomeacute and Principe from Portugal16-Sep-75 Papua New Guinea from the Australian-administered UN trusteeship11-Nov-75 Angola from Portugal25-Nov-75 Suriname from Netherlands27-Feb-76 Western Sahara from Spain29-Jun-76 Seychelles from UK27-Jun-77 Djibouti from France

7-Jul-78 Solomon Islands from UK1-Oct-78 Tuvalu from UK

3-Nov-78 Dominica from UK22-Feb-79 Saint Lucia from UK12-Jul-79 Kiribati from UK

27-Oct-79 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines from UK18-Apr-80 Zimbabwe from UK30-Jul-80 Vanuatu from France and UK

21-Sep-81 Belize from UK1-Nov-81 Antigua and Barbuda from UK

19-Sep-83 Saint Kitts and Nevis from UK1-Jan-84 Brunei from UK

21-Oct-86 Marshall Islands from the US-administered UN trusteeship 3-Nov-86 Federated States of Micronesia from the US-administered UN trusteeship

21-Mar-90 Namibia from South Africa24-May-93 Eritrea from Ethiopia

1-Oct-94 Palau from the US-administered UN trusteeship

Dates of recent independence of developing countries

Early dates of independence of South American countries

Date Country Notes1 January 1804 Haiti from France25 May 1810 Argentina from Spain20 July 1810 Colombia from Spain16 September 1810 Mexico from Spain18 September 1810 Chile from Spain14 May 1811 Paraguay from Spain5 July 1811 Venezuela from Spain28 July 1821 Peru from Spain15 September 1821 Costa Rica from Spain15 September 1821 El Salvador from Spain15 September 1821 Guatemala from Spain15 September 1821 Honduras from Spain15 September 1821 Nicaragua from Spain28 November 1821 Panama from Spain24 May 1822 Ecuador from Spain7 September 1822 Brazil from Portugal6 August 1825 Bolivia from Spain25 August 1825 Uruguay from Brazil

(v) Inept-leadership explanations

ldquoAfrican leaders themselves have also failed the resource-rich continent They continue to unscrupulously harp on historical injustices to cover up for their political and economic mess that are [sic] a sad manifestation of their suppression of democratic governance Corrupt and inefficient management of economies greed power hunger disrespect for human rights cronyism among other vices have contributed to the underdevelopment of Africa todayrdquo- Charles Mangongera lsquoShould We Continue to Blame Colonialismrsquo Financial Gazette (Harare Zimbabwe) September 19 2002

ldquoA district our size should have a much better soccer field but the money was pocketed There is corruption at all levels Itrsquos a top-down problemrdquo- Unemployed 27-yr-old Sidhinhyo Morongulos Mozambique April 2004

Evolution of Corruption by Regions of the World 1984-1999

Source Lederman D Loayza N and Soares RR (2001)

ldquoWho has the most to gain from corruption

(or the most to lose from ending it)rdquo

(vi) Psychological explanations

ldquoThere exists among us a strong feeling of inferiority [hellip which] comes from our awareness of past [whiteEuropean] oppressionrdquo- Anonymous fisherman northern Mozambique April 2004

(vii) Neocolonial explanations

ldquoWe were told and accepted that our poverty was caused by our poverty in the now famous theory of the lsquovicious circle of povertyrsquo and we went round in circles seeking ways and means of breaking that circle Had we asked the [right] questions we would not have exposed our economies to the ruthless plunder brought about by lsquoforeign investmentsrsquo which the exponents of the vicious circle theory urged us to do For it is clear foreign investment is the cause and not a solution to our economic backwardnessrdquo- Former Tanzanian minister AM Babu In Walter Rodney (1965) How Europe underdeveloped Africa page 312

Economies are like fires

5 The link with Sustainability

Earthrsquos ecologically productive surface asymp 2142109 hectares

Per-capita surface required to support American lifestyle

asymp 957 hectares

Acreage required to support worldwide American standards of living

asymp 3 Earths

Global population on July 10th 2010 asymp 6 795 329 623

Neocolonial explanations for persistent 21st-century poverty

Present American standards of living for the entire global populace are a physical impossibility

Fact

Cartograms illustrating (a) country-level wood and paper imports (by volume) for the year 2000 (b) country-level net forest loss between 1990 and 2000

(a) (b)

Flo

ws

of r

aw m

ater

ial a

nd fu

el

the case for greater

global equality

almost everyone stands to gain

httpwwwrealfutureorgthe tide is on Our side

ldquoFor unto every one that hath shall be given and he shall have abundance but from him that hath not shall be taken away even that which he hathrdquo

- Matthew XXV29 King James Edition

1 What are Poverty and Inequality

2 What patterns exist in the distribution of income

3 Why are some countries rich and others poor

4 Neocolonial explanations for persistent 21stndashcentury poverty

5 The link with Sustainability

Outline

1 What are Poverty and Inequality

Mohotlong Lesotho Guandong Chinese-occupied Tibet

Maputo Mozambique

New York USA

Kaokoveld Namibia

US of A

Nepal

Money amp Happiness

What do people think makes them happy Concern

Mean Range Mean Range

Personal economic 10 1-1 77 60-95Family 22 2-3 50 27-76Health 34 2-6 34 4-48Values and character 44 4-6 22 9-42Job or work situation 44 3-6 20 8-42International-world situation 67 5-8 6 1-14Social 73 4-9 4 0-15Political 77 5-9 2 0-11Maintain status quo or no fears 79 5-9 3 0-15

Relative ImportanceRank mentioning

After Cantril (1965)

What do people think makes them happy

After British Social Science Research Council (1975)In Douthwaite (1999)

What is well-being

Concern mentioning

Family and home life 23General contentment 19Money and prices 18Living standards consumption 17Social values 16Personal beliefs religion 11Social relationships 10Housing 10Health 10Work 9Freedom of all kinds 7Leisure holidays travel 6Natural environment 4Education and culture 4Comparison with past and other countries4Possession of consumer goods 3Pressures of life 3Worries mental health 2Negative statements 2Altrusitic statements 2Equality and justice 2Other 3Dont know 10

Income amp happiness

Income amp happiness

Reported life satisfaction increases with income to US$10000 ndash 15000

then levels off at higher levels

The case for greater

equality

Income inequality correlates with

social capital

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

infant mortality

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

mental illness

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

drug abuse

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

high-school drop out rates

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

incarceration rates

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

obesity

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

trust in fellow humans

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

homicide rates

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

teenage pregnancy rates

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

child well-being

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

national altruism

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

recycling

2 What patterns exist in the distribution of income

What patterns exist in the distribution of income

(4) InequalityWhat patterns exist in the distribution of income

Compiled from 2003 World Bank country dataset

Per-capita income for white and black Brazilians

Source IBGE Census 2000

What patterns exist in the distribution of income

What patterns exist in the distribution of income

Income (US$ PPP)

Where are the people

100 100001000 100000

Source Dikhanov Y and Ward M (2003)

(AFR=Africa EAP=East Asia ECE=East- and Central Europe LAC=Latin America OECD=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development SAS=South Asia)

100 100001000 100000Income (US$ PPP)

What patterns exist in the distribution of income

Where is the dough

Source Dikhanov Y and Ward M (2003)

(AFR=Africa EAP=East Asia ECE=East- and Central Europe LAC=Latin America OECD=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development SAS=South Asia)

3 Why are some countries rich and others poor

ldquoWhy are some countries rich and others poorrdquo

Summary of interviews conducted between February 2002 and June 2006

Continent Country Month(s) year(s)

Number of Interviews

Mozambique May-03 10Namibia Jul-04 14South Africa Jul-04 5Bangladesh Jun-02 3Cambodia Jul-02 3

Jun 2002Jul-02

Myanmar (Burma)

Jun-02 7

Jan 2002-

Jun-02Thailand Jul-02 2Tibet (China) Feb-02 6Turkey Mar-06 8Belgium Sep-02 1Bulgaria Mar-06 1

Aug 2002Aug-06

Dec 2004Jul-05

Germany Aug-06 6Hungary Mar-06 2Netherlands the Aug-04 3Norway Jul-06 5Romania Mar-06 1Sweden Jul-06 1

Europe

Denmark 3

France 2

Africa

Asia

India 11

Nepal 19

Continent Country Month(s) year(s)

Number of Interviews

Sep 2002-Jun-06

Aug 2002Aug-06

Mexico Jun-04 4Sep 2002-

Jun-06Aug 2003

Aug-Sep 2004

Aug-05New Zealand Aug-05 4

United States 108

Oceania Australia 28

Canada 3

Greenland 8

North America

Categories of responses

Categories of responses

Categories of responses

(i) Evolutionary explanations

ldquohellip because some people are clever and others are stupidrdquo- Anonymous white South African of Boer ancestry Hazyview South Africa July 2004

ldquoThe idea that some populations are more energetic than others [hellip] perhaps deserves some considerationrdquo- JP Cole (1979) The Development Gap page 111

Categories of responses

Categories of responses

(ii) Culturalsocietal explanations

ldquo the explanations offered for the contrasting records in growth have most often focused on institutions and highlighted the variation across societies in conditions relevant to growth such as the security of property rights prevalence of corruption structures of the financial sector investment in public infrastructure and social capital and the inclination to work hard or be entrepreneurialrdquo- Sokoloff amp Engerman (2000) page 218

GDPcapita relative to US in selected New World economies 1700-1997

Source Sokoloff and Engermann (2000)

Categories of responses

(iii) Environmental explanations

ldquoThese areas were settled because the climate was similar to that of Europerdquo

- Prof Wolfram Latsch personal communication April 2004

ldquoI think that tropical diseases are largely to blamerdquo- Prof Roger Buick North Pole Australia August 2004

Koppen classification climatic zones

(iv) Historical explanations

ldquoEuropean countries have been around for a long time We are young We just simply need time to catch uprdquo- Nxobo Masika Johannesburg South Africa March 2004

Date Country Notes19-Jul-49 Laos from France8-Aug-49 Bhutan from India

24-Dec-51 Libya from Italy9-Nov-53 Cambodia from France1-Jan-56 Sudan from Egypt and UK

2-Mar-56 Morocco from France and Spain20-Mar-56 Tunisia from France6-Mar-57 Ghana from UK

31-Aug-57 Malaysia from UK2-Oct-58 Guinea from France1-Jan-60 Cameroon from French-administered UN trusteeship4-Apr-60 Senegal from France

27-Apr-60 Togo from French-administered UN trusteeship26-Jun-60 Madagascar from France26-Jun-60 Somalia from the UK30-Jun-60 Democratic Republic of the Congo from Belgium

1-Jul-60 Somalia from the Italian-administered UN trusteeship1-Aug-60 Benin from France3-Aug-60 Niger from France5-Aug-60 Burkina Faso from France7-Aug-60 Cocircte dIvoire from France

11-Aug-60 Chad from France13-Aug-60 Central African Republic from France15-Aug-60 Republic of the Congo from France17-Aug-60 Gabon from France22-Sep-60 Mali from France

1-Oct-60 Nigeria from UK28-Nov-60 Mauritania from France27-Apr-61 Sierra Leone from UK19-Jun-61 Kuwait from UK

1-Jan-62 Samoa from New Zealand-administered UN trusteeship1-Jul-62 Burundi from UN trusteeship under Belgian administration1-Jul-62 Rwanda from Belgium-administered UN trusteeship5-Jul-62 Algeria from France

6-Aug-62 Jamaica from UK31-Aug-62 Trinidad and Tobago from UK

9-Oct-62 Uganda from UK12-Dec-63 Kenya from UK26-Apr-64 Tanzania from UK-administered UN trusteeship

6-Jul-64 Malawi from UK21-Sep-64 Malta from UK24-Oct-64 Zambia from UK18-Feb-65 The Gambia from UK26-Jul-65 Maldives from UK9-Aug-65 Singapore from Malaysian Federation

Date Country Notes26-May-66 Guyana from UK30-Sep-66 Botswana from UK

4-Oct-66 Lesotho from UK30-Nov-66 Barbados from UK30-Nov-67 South Yemen from UK31-Jan-68 Nauru from Australia-NZ-UK-administered UN trusteeship

12-Mar-68 Mauritius from UK6-Sep-68 Swaziland from UK

12-Oct-68 Equatorial Guinea from Spain4-Jun-70 Tonga from UK protectorate

10-Oct-70 Fiji from UK15-Aug-71 Bahrain from UK

3-Sep-71 Qatar from UK2-Dec-71 United Arab Emirates from UK

16-Dec-71 Bangladesh from Pakistan10-Jul-73 The Bahamas from UK

24-Sep-73 Guinea-Bissau declared independence from Portugal7-Feb-74 Grenada from UK

19-Oct-74 Niue in free association with New Zealand25-Jun-75 Mozambique from Portugal

5-Jul-75 Cape Verde from Portugal6-Jul-75 Comoros from France

12-Jul-75 Satildeo Tomeacute and Principe from Portugal16-Sep-75 Papua New Guinea from the Australian-administered UN trusteeship11-Nov-75 Angola from Portugal25-Nov-75 Suriname from Netherlands27-Feb-76 Western Sahara from Spain29-Jun-76 Seychelles from UK27-Jun-77 Djibouti from France

7-Jul-78 Solomon Islands from UK1-Oct-78 Tuvalu from UK

3-Nov-78 Dominica from UK22-Feb-79 Saint Lucia from UK12-Jul-79 Kiribati from UK

27-Oct-79 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines from UK18-Apr-80 Zimbabwe from UK30-Jul-80 Vanuatu from France and UK

21-Sep-81 Belize from UK1-Nov-81 Antigua and Barbuda from UK

19-Sep-83 Saint Kitts and Nevis from UK1-Jan-84 Brunei from UK

21-Oct-86 Marshall Islands from the US-administered UN trusteeship 3-Nov-86 Federated States of Micronesia from the US-administered UN trusteeship

21-Mar-90 Namibia from South Africa24-May-93 Eritrea from Ethiopia

1-Oct-94 Palau from the US-administered UN trusteeship

Dates of recent independence of developing countries

Early dates of independence of South American countries

Date Country Notes1 January 1804 Haiti from France25 May 1810 Argentina from Spain20 July 1810 Colombia from Spain16 September 1810 Mexico from Spain18 September 1810 Chile from Spain14 May 1811 Paraguay from Spain5 July 1811 Venezuela from Spain28 July 1821 Peru from Spain15 September 1821 Costa Rica from Spain15 September 1821 El Salvador from Spain15 September 1821 Guatemala from Spain15 September 1821 Honduras from Spain15 September 1821 Nicaragua from Spain28 November 1821 Panama from Spain24 May 1822 Ecuador from Spain7 September 1822 Brazil from Portugal6 August 1825 Bolivia from Spain25 August 1825 Uruguay from Brazil

(v) Inept-leadership explanations

ldquoAfrican leaders themselves have also failed the resource-rich continent They continue to unscrupulously harp on historical injustices to cover up for their political and economic mess that are [sic] a sad manifestation of their suppression of democratic governance Corrupt and inefficient management of economies greed power hunger disrespect for human rights cronyism among other vices have contributed to the underdevelopment of Africa todayrdquo- Charles Mangongera lsquoShould We Continue to Blame Colonialismrsquo Financial Gazette (Harare Zimbabwe) September 19 2002

ldquoA district our size should have a much better soccer field but the money was pocketed There is corruption at all levels Itrsquos a top-down problemrdquo- Unemployed 27-yr-old Sidhinhyo Morongulos Mozambique April 2004

Evolution of Corruption by Regions of the World 1984-1999

Source Lederman D Loayza N and Soares RR (2001)

ldquoWho has the most to gain from corruption

(or the most to lose from ending it)rdquo

(vi) Psychological explanations

ldquoThere exists among us a strong feeling of inferiority [hellip which] comes from our awareness of past [whiteEuropean] oppressionrdquo- Anonymous fisherman northern Mozambique April 2004

(vii) Neocolonial explanations

ldquoWe were told and accepted that our poverty was caused by our poverty in the now famous theory of the lsquovicious circle of povertyrsquo and we went round in circles seeking ways and means of breaking that circle Had we asked the [right] questions we would not have exposed our economies to the ruthless plunder brought about by lsquoforeign investmentsrsquo which the exponents of the vicious circle theory urged us to do For it is clear foreign investment is the cause and not a solution to our economic backwardnessrdquo- Former Tanzanian minister AM Babu In Walter Rodney (1965) How Europe underdeveloped Africa page 312

Economies are like fires

5 The link with Sustainability

Earthrsquos ecologically productive surface asymp 2142109 hectares

Per-capita surface required to support American lifestyle

asymp 957 hectares

Acreage required to support worldwide American standards of living

asymp 3 Earths

Global population on July 10th 2010 asymp 6 795 329 623

Neocolonial explanations for persistent 21st-century poverty

Present American standards of living for the entire global populace are a physical impossibility

Fact

Cartograms illustrating (a) country-level wood and paper imports (by volume) for the year 2000 (b) country-level net forest loss between 1990 and 2000

(a) (b)

Flo

ws

of r

aw m

ater

ial a

nd fu

el

the case for greater

global equality

almost everyone stands to gain

httpwwwrealfutureorgthe tide is on Our side

1 What are Poverty and Inequality

2 What patterns exist in the distribution of income

3 Why are some countries rich and others poor

4 Neocolonial explanations for persistent 21stndashcentury poverty

5 The link with Sustainability

Outline

1 What are Poverty and Inequality

Mohotlong Lesotho Guandong Chinese-occupied Tibet

Maputo Mozambique

New York USA

Kaokoveld Namibia

US of A

Nepal

Money amp Happiness

What do people think makes them happy Concern

Mean Range Mean Range

Personal economic 10 1-1 77 60-95Family 22 2-3 50 27-76Health 34 2-6 34 4-48Values and character 44 4-6 22 9-42Job or work situation 44 3-6 20 8-42International-world situation 67 5-8 6 1-14Social 73 4-9 4 0-15Political 77 5-9 2 0-11Maintain status quo or no fears 79 5-9 3 0-15

Relative ImportanceRank mentioning

After Cantril (1965)

What do people think makes them happy

After British Social Science Research Council (1975)In Douthwaite (1999)

What is well-being

Concern mentioning

Family and home life 23General contentment 19Money and prices 18Living standards consumption 17Social values 16Personal beliefs religion 11Social relationships 10Housing 10Health 10Work 9Freedom of all kinds 7Leisure holidays travel 6Natural environment 4Education and culture 4Comparison with past and other countries4Possession of consumer goods 3Pressures of life 3Worries mental health 2Negative statements 2Altrusitic statements 2Equality and justice 2Other 3Dont know 10

Income amp happiness

Income amp happiness

Reported life satisfaction increases with income to US$10000 ndash 15000

then levels off at higher levels

The case for greater

equality

Income inequality correlates with

social capital

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

infant mortality

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

mental illness

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

drug abuse

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

high-school drop out rates

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

incarceration rates

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

obesity

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

trust in fellow humans

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

homicide rates

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

teenage pregnancy rates

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

child well-being

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

national altruism

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

recycling

2 What patterns exist in the distribution of income

What patterns exist in the distribution of income

(4) InequalityWhat patterns exist in the distribution of income

Compiled from 2003 World Bank country dataset

Per-capita income for white and black Brazilians

Source IBGE Census 2000

What patterns exist in the distribution of income

What patterns exist in the distribution of income

Income (US$ PPP)

Where are the people

100 100001000 100000

Source Dikhanov Y and Ward M (2003)

(AFR=Africa EAP=East Asia ECE=East- and Central Europe LAC=Latin America OECD=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development SAS=South Asia)

100 100001000 100000Income (US$ PPP)

What patterns exist in the distribution of income

Where is the dough

Source Dikhanov Y and Ward M (2003)

(AFR=Africa EAP=East Asia ECE=East- and Central Europe LAC=Latin America OECD=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development SAS=South Asia)

3 Why are some countries rich and others poor

ldquoWhy are some countries rich and others poorrdquo

Summary of interviews conducted between February 2002 and June 2006

Continent Country Month(s) year(s)

Number of Interviews

Mozambique May-03 10Namibia Jul-04 14South Africa Jul-04 5Bangladesh Jun-02 3Cambodia Jul-02 3

Jun 2002Jul-02

Myanmar (Burma)

Jun-02 7

Jan 2002-

Jun-02Thailand Jul-02 2Tibet (China) Feb-02 6Turkey Mar-06 8Belgium Sep-02 1Bulgaria Mar-06 1

Aug 2002Aug-06

Dec 2004Jul-05

Germany Aug-06 6Hungary Mar-06 2Netherlands the Aug-04 3Norway Jul-06 5Romania Mar-06 1Sweden Jul-06 1

Europe

Denmark 3

France 2

Africa

Asia

India 11

Nepal 19

Continent Country Month(s) year(s)

Number of Interviews

Sep 2002-Jun-06

Aug 2002Aug-06

Mexico Jun-04 4Sep 2002-

Jun-06Aug 2003

Aug-Sep 2004

Aug-05New Zealand Aug-05 4

United States 108

Oceania Australia 28

Canada 3

Greenland 8

North America

Categories of responses

Categories of responses

Categories of responses

(i) Evolutionary explanations

ldquohellip because some people are clever and others are stupidrdquo- Anonymous white South African of Boer ancestry Hazyview South Africa July 2004

ldquoThe idea that some populations are more energetic than others [hellip] perhaps deserves some considerationrdquo- JP Cole (1979) The Development Gap page 111

Categories of responses

Categories of responses

(ii) Culturalsocietal explanations

ldquo the explanations offered for the contrasting records in growth have most often focused on institutions and highlighted the variation across societies in conditions relevant to growth such as the security of property rights prevalence of corruption structures of the financial sector investment in public infrastructure and social capital and the inclination to work hard or be entrepreneurialrdquo- Sokoloff amp Engerman (2000) page 218

GDPcapita relative to US in selected New World economies 1700-1997

Source Sokoloff and Engermann (2000)

Categories of responses

(iii) Environmental explanations

ldquoThese areas were settled because the climate was similar to that of Europerdquo

- Prof Wolfram Latsch personal communication April 2004

ldquoI think that tropical diseases are largely to blamerdquo- Prof Roger Buick North Pole Australia August 2004

Koppen classification climatic zones

(iv) Historical explanations

ldquoEuropean countries have been around for a long time We are young We just simply need time to catch uprdquo- Nxobo Masika Johannesburg South Africa March 2004

Date Country Notes19-Jul-49 Laos from France8-Aug-49 Bhutan from India

24-Dec-51 Libya from Italy9-Nov-53 Cambodia from France1-Jan-56 Sudan from Egypt and UK

2-Mar-56 Morocco from France and Spain20-Mar-56 Tunisia from France6-Mar-57 Ghana from UK

31-Aug-57 Malaysia from UK2-Oct-58 Guinea from France1-Jan-60 Cameroon from French-administered UN trusteeship4-Apr-60 Senegal from France

27-Apr-60 Togo from French-administered UN trusteeship26-Jun-60 Madagascar from France26-Jun-60 Somalia from the UK30-Jun-60 Democratic Republic of the Congo from Belgium

1-Jul-60 Somalia from the Italian-administered UN trusteeship1-Aug-60 Benin from France3-Aug-60 Niger from France5-Aug-60 Burkina Faso from France7-Aug-60 Cocircte dIvoire from France

11-Aug-60 Chad from France13-Aug-60 Central African Republic from France15-Aug-60 Republic of the Congo from France17-Aug-60 Gabon from France22-Sep-60 Mali from France

1-Oct-60 Nigeria from UK28-Nov-60 Mauritania from France27-Apr-61 Sierra Leone from UK19-Jun-61 Kuwait from UK

1-Jan-62 Samoa from New Zealand-administered UN trusteeship1-Jul-62 Burundi from UN trusteeship under Belgian administration1-Jul-62 Rwanda from Belgium-administered UN trusteeship5-Jul-62 Algeria from France

6-Aug-62 Jamaica from UK31-Aug-62 Trinidad and Tobago from UK

9-Oct-62 Uganda from UK12-Dec-63 Kenya from UK26-Apr-64 Tanzania from UK-administered UN trusteeship

6-Jul-64 Malawi from UK21-Sep-64 Malta from UK24-Oct-64 Zambia from UK18-Feb-65 The Gambia from UK26-Jul-65 Maldives from UK9-Aug-65 Singapore from Malaysian Federation

Date Country Notes26-May-66 Guyana from UK30-Sep-66 Botswana from UK

4-Oct-66 Lesotho from UK30-Nov-66 Barbados from UK30-Nov-67 South Yemen from UK31-Jan-68 Nauru from Australia-NZ-UK-administered UN trusteeship

12-Mar-68 Mauritius from UK6-Sep-68 Swaziland from UK

12-Oct-68 Equatorial Guinea from Spain4-Jun-70 Tonga from UK protectorate

10-Oct-70 Fiji from UK15-Aug-71 Bahrain from UK

3-Sep-71 Qatar from UK2-Dec-71 United Arab Emirates from UK

16-Dec-71 Bangladesh from Pakistan10-Jul-73 The Bahamas from UK

24-Sep-73 Guinea-Bissau declared independence from Portugal7-Feb-74 Grenada from UK

19-Oct-74 Niue in free association with New Zealand25-Jun-75 Mozambique from Portugal

5-Jul-75 Cape Verde from Portugal6-Jul-75 Comoros from France

12-Jul-75 Satildeo Tomeacute and Principe from Portugal16-Sep-75 Papua New Guinea from the Australian-administered UN trusteeship11-Nov-75 Angola from Portugal25-Nov-75 Suriname from Netherlands27-Feb-76 Western Sahara from Spain29-Jun-76 Seychelles from UK27-Jun-77 Djibouti from France

7-Jul-78 Solomon Islands from UK1-Oct-78 Tuvalu from UK

3-Nov-78 Dominica from UK22-Feb-79 Saint Lucia from UK12-Jul-79 Kiribati from UK

27-Oct-79 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines from UK18-Apr-80 Zimbabwe from UK30-Jul-80 Vanuatu from France and UK

21-Sep-81 Belize from UK1-Nov-81 Antigua and Barbuda from UK

19-Sep-83 Saint Kitts and Nevis from UK1-Jan-84 Brunei from UK

21-Oct-86 Marshall Islands from the US-administered UN trusteeship 3-Nov-86 Federated States of Micronesia from the US-administered UN trusteeship

21-Mar-90 Namibia from South Africa24-May-93 Eritrea from Ethiopia

1-Oct-94 Palau from the US-administered UN trusteeship

Dates of recent independence of developing countries

Early dates of independence of South American countries

Date Country Notes1 January 1804 Haiti from France25 May 1810 Argentina from Spain20 July 1810 Colombia from Spain16 September 1810 Mexico from Spain18 September 1810 Chile from Spain14 May 1811 Paraguay from Spain5 July 1811 Venezuela from Spain28 July 1821 Peru from Spain15 September 1821 Costa Rica from Spain15 September 1821 El Salvador from Spain15 September 1821 Guatemala from Spain15 September 1821 Honduras from Spain15 September 1821 Nicaragua from Spain28 November 1821 Panama from Spain24 May 1822 Ecuador from Spain7 September 1822 Brazil from Portugal6 August 1825 Bolivia from Spain25 August 1825 Uruguay from Brazil

(v) Inept-leadership explanations

ldquoAfrican leaders themselves have also failed the resource-rich continent They continue to unscrupulously harp on historical injustices to cover up for their political and economic mess that are [sic] a sad manifestation of their suppression of democratic governance Corrupt and inefficient management of economies greed power hunger disrespect for human rights cronyism among other vices have contributed to the underdevelopment of Africa todayrdquo- Charles Mangongera lsquoShould We Continue to Blame Colonialismrsquo Financial Gazette (Harare Zimbabwe) September 19 2002

ldquoA district our size should have a much better soccer field but the money was pocketed There is corruption at all levels Itrsquos a top-down problemrdquo- Unemployed 27-yr-old Sidhinhyo Morongulos Mozambique April 2004

Evolution of Corruption by Regions of the World 1984-1999

Source Lederman D Loayza N and Soares RR (2001)

ldquoWho has the most to gain from corruption

(or the most to lose from ending it)rdquo

(vi) Psychological explanations

ldquoThere exists among us a strong feeling of inferiority [hellip which] comes from our awareness of past [whiteEuropean] oppressionrdquo- Anonymous fisherman northern Mozambique April 2004

(vii) Neocolonial explanations

ldquoWe were told and accepted that our poverty was caused by our poverty in the now famous theory of the lsquovicious circle of povertyrsquo and we went round in circles seeking ways and means of breaking that circle Had we asked the [right] questions we would not have exposed our economies to the ruthless plunder brought about by lsquoforeign investmentsrsquo which the exponents of the vicious circle theory urged us to do For it is clear foreign investment is the cause and not a solution to our economic backwardnessrdquo- Former Tanzanian minister AM Babu In Walter Rodney (1965) How Europe underdeveloped Africa page 312

Economies are like fires

5 The link with Sustainability

Earthrsquos ecologically productive surface asymp 2142109 hectares

Per-capita surface required to support American lifestyle

asymp 957 hectares

Acreage required to support worldwide American standards of living

asymp 3 Earths

Global population on July 10th 2010 asymp 6 795 329 623

Neocolonial explanations for persistent 21st-century poverty

Present American standards of living for the entire global populace are a physical impossibility

Fact

Cartograms illustrating (a) country-level wood and paper imports (by volume) for the year 2000 (b) country-level net forest loss between 1990 and 2000

(a) (b)

Flo

ws

of r

aw m

ater

ial a

nd fu

el

the case for greater

global equality

almost everyone stands to gain

httpwwwrealfutureorgthe tide is on Our side

1 What are Poverty and Inequality

Mohotlong Lesotho Guandong Chinese-occupied Tibet

Maputo Mozambique

New York USA

Kaokoveld Namibia

US of A

Nepal

Money amp Happiness

What do people think makes them happy Concern

Mean Range Mean Range

Personal economic 10 1-1 77 60-95Family 22 2-3 50 27-76Health 34 2-6 34 4-48Values and character 44 4-6 22 9-42Job or work situation 44 3-6 20 8-42International-world situation 67 5-8 6 1-14Social 73 4-9 4 0-15Political 77 5-9 2 0-11Maintain status quo or no fears 79 5-9 3 0-15

Relative ImportanceRank mentioning

After Cantril (1965)

What do people think makes them happy

After British Social Science Research Council (1975)In Douthwaite (1999)

What is well-being

Concern mentioning

Family and home life 23General contentment 19Money and prices 18Living standards consumption 17Social values 16Personal beliefs religion 11Social relationships 10Housing 10Health 10Work 9Freedom of all kinds 7Leisure holidays travel 6Natural environment 4Education and culture 4Comparison with past and other countries4Possession of consumer goods 3Pressures of life 3Worries mental health 2Negative statements 2Altrusitic statements 2Equality and justice 2Other 3Dont know 10

Income amp happiness

Income amp happiness

Reported life satisfaction increases with income to US$10000 ndash 15000

then levels off at higher levels

The case for greater

equality

Income inequality correlates with

social capital

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

infant mortality

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

mental illness

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

drug abuse

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

high-school drop out rates

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

incarceration rates

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

obesity

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

trust in fellow humans

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

homicide rates

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

teenage pregnancy rates

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

child well-being

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

national altruism

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

recycling

2 What patterns exist in the distribution of income

What patterns exist in the distribution of income

(4) InequalityWhat patterns exist in the distribution of income

Compiled from 2003 World Bank country dataset

Per-capita income for white and black Brazilians

Source IBGE Census 2000

What patterns exist in the distribution of income

What patterns exist in the distribution of income

Income (US$ PPP)

Where are the people

100 100001000 100000

Source Dikhanov Y and Ward M (2003)

(AFR=Africa EAP=East Asia ECE=East- and Central Europe LAC=Latin America OECD=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development SAS=South Asia)

100 100001000 100000Income (US$ PPP)

What patterns exist in the distribution of income

Where is the dough

Source Dikhanov Y and Ward M (2003)

(AFR=Africa EAP=East Asia ECE=East- and Central Europe LAC=Latin America OECD=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development SAS=South Asia)

3 Why are some countries rich and others poor

ldquoWhy are some countries rich and others poorrdquo

Summary of interviews conducted between February 2002 and June 2006

Continent Country Month(s) year(s)

Number of Interviews

Mozambique May-03 10Namibia Jul-04 14South Africa Jul-04 5Bangladesh Jun-02 3Cambodia Jul-02 3

Jun 2002Jul-02

Myanmar (Burma)

Jun-02 7

Jan 2002-

Jun-02Thailand Jul-02 2Tibet (China) Feb-02 6Turkey Mar-06 8Belgium Sep-02 1Bulgaria Mar-06 1

Aug 2002Aug-06

Dec 2004Jul-05

Germany Aug-06 6Hungary Mar-06 2Netherlands the Aug-04 3Norway Jul-06 5Romania Mar-06 1Sweden Jul-06 1

Europe

Denmark 3

France 2

Africa

Asia

India 11

Nepal 19

Continent Country Month(s) year(s)

Number of Interviews

Sep 2002-Jun-06

Aug 2002Aug-06

Mexico Jun-04 4Sep 2002-

Jun-06Aug 2003

Aug-Sep 2004

Aug-05New Zealand Aug-05 4

United States 108

Oceania Australia 28

Canada 3

Greenland 8

North America

Categories of responses

Categories of responses

Categories of responses

(i) Evolutionary explanations

ldquohellip because some people are clever and others are stupidrdquo- Anonymous white South African of Boer ancestry Hazyview South Africa July 2004

ldquoThe idea that some populations are more energetic than others [hellip] perhaps deserves some considerationrdquo- JP Cole (1979) The Development Gap page 111

Categories of responses

Categories of responses

(ii) Culturalsocietal explanations

ldquo the explanations offered for the contrasting records in growth have most often focused on institutions and highlighted the variation across societies in conditions relevant to growth such as the security of property rights prevalence of corruption structures of the financial sector investment in public infrastructure and social capital and the inclination to work hard or be entrepreneurialrdquo- Sokoloff amp Engerman (2000) page 218

GDPcapita relative to US in selected New World economies 1700-1997

Source Sokoloff and Engermann (2000)

Categories of responses

(iii) Environmental explanations

ldquoThese areas were settled because the climate was similar to that of Europerdquo

- Prof Wolfram Latsch personal communication April 2004

ldquoI think that tropical diseases are largely to blamerdquo- Prof Roger Buick North Pole Australia August 2004

Koppen classification climatic zones

(iv) Historical explanations

ldquoEuropean countries have been around for a long time We are young We just simply need time to catch uprdquo- Nxobo Masika Johannesburg South Africa March 2004

Date Country Notes19-Jul-49 Laos from France8-Aug-49 Bhutan from India

24-Dec-51 Libya from Italy9-Nov-53 Cambodia from France1-Jan-56 Sudan from Egypt and UK

2-Mar-56 Morocco from France and Spain20-Mar-56 Tunisia from France6-Mar-57 Ghana from UK

31-Aug-57 Malaysia from UK2-Oct-58 Guinea from France1-Jan-60 Cameroon from French-administered UN trusteeship4-Apr-60 Senegal from France

27-Apr-60 Togo from French-administered UN trusteeship26-Jun-60 Madagascar from France26-Jun-60 Somalia from the UK30-Jun-60 Democratic Republic of the Congo from Belgium

1-Jul-60 Somalia from the Italian-administered UN trusteeship1-Aug-60 Benin from France3-Aug-60 Niger from France5-Aug-60 Burkina Faso from France7-Aug-60 Cocircte dIvoire from France

11-Aug-60 Chad from France13-Aug-60 Central African Republic from France15-Aug-60 Republic of the Congo from France17-Aug-60 Gabon from France22-Sep-60 Mali from France

1-Oct-60 Nigeria from UK28-Nov-60 Mauritania from France27-Apr-61 Sierra Leone from UK19-Jun-61 Kuwait from UK

1-Jan-62 Samoa from New Zealand-administered UN trusteeship1-Jul-62 Burundi from UN trusteeship under Belgian administration1-Jul-62 Rwanda from Belgium-administered UN trusteeship5-Jul-62 Algeria from France

6-Aug-62 Jamaica from UK31-Aug-62 Trinidad and Tobago from UK

9-Oct-62 Uganda from UK12-Dec-63 Kenya from UK26-Apr-64 Tanzania from UK-administered UN trusteeship

6-Jul-64 Malawi from UK21-Sep-64 Malta from UK24-Oct-64 Zambia from UK18-Feb-65 The Gambia from UK26-Jul-65 Maldives from UK9-Aug-65 Singapore from Malaysian Federation

Date Country Notes26-May-66 Guyana from UK30-Sep-66 Botswana from UK

4-Oct-66 Lesotho from UK30-Nov-66 Barbados from UK30-Nov-67 South Yemen from UK31-Jan-68 Nauru from Australia-NZ-UK-administered UN trusteeship

12-Mar-68 Mauritius from UK6-Sep-68 Swaziland from UK

12-Oct-68 Equatorial Guinea from Spain4-Jun-70 Tonga from UK protectorate

10-Oct-70 Fiji from UK15-Aug-71 Bahrain from UK

3-Sep-71 Qatar from UK2-Dec-71 United Arab Emirates from UK

16-Dec-71 Bangladesh from Pakistan10-Jul-73 The Bahamas from UK

24-Sep-73 Guinea-Bissau declared independence from Portugal7-Feb-74 Grenada from UK

19-Oct-74 Niue in free association with New Zealand25-Jun-75 Mozambique from Portugal

5-Jul-75 Cape Verde from Portugal6-Jul-75 Comoros from France

12-Jul-75 Satildeo Tomeacute and Principe from Portugal16-Sep-75 Papua New Guinea from the Australian-administered UN trusteeship11-Nov-75 Angola from Portugal25-Nov-75 Suriname from Netherlands27-Feb-76 Western Sahara from Spain29-Jun-76 Seychelles from UK27-Jun-77 Djibouti from France

7-Jul-78 Solomon Islands from UK1-Oct-78 Tuvalu from UK

3-Nov-78 Dominica from UK22-Feb-79 Saint Lucia from UK12-Jul-79 Kiribati from UK

27-Oct-79 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines from UK18-Apr-80 Zimbabwe from UK30-Jul-80 Vanuatu from France and UK

21-Sep-81 Belize from UK1-Nov-81 Antigua and Barbuda from UK

19-Sep-83 Saint Kitts and Nevis from UK1-Jan-84 Brunei from UK

21-Oct-86 Marshall Islands from the US-administered UN trusteeship 3-Nov-86 Federated States of Micronesia from the US-administered UN trusteeship

21-Mar-90 Namibia from South Africa24-May-93 Eritrea from Ethiopia

1-Oct-94 Palau from the US-administered UN trusteeship

Dates of recent independence of developing countries

Early dates of independence of South American countries

Date Country Notes1 January 1804 Haiti from France25 May 1810 Argentina from Spain20 July 1810 Colombia from Spain16 September 1810 Mexico from Spain18 September 1810 Chile from Spain14 May 1811 Paraguay from Spain5 July 1811 Venezuela from Spain28 July 1821 Peru from Spain15 September 1821 Costa Rica from Spain15 September 1821 El Salvador from Spain15 September 1821 Guatemala from Spain15 September 1821 Honduras from Spain15 September 1821 Nicaragua from Spain28 November 1821 Panama from Spain24 May 1822 Ecuador from Spain7 September 1822 Brazil from Portugal6 August 1825 Bolivia from Spain25 August 1825 Uruguay from Brazil

(v) Inept-leadership explanations

ldquoAfrican leaders themselves have also failed the resource-rich continent They continue to unscrupulously harp on historical injustices to cover up for their political and economic mess that are [sic] a sad manifestation of their suppression of democratic governance Corrupt and inefficient management of economies greed power hunger disrespect for human rights cronyism among other vices have contributed to the underdevelopment of Africa todayrdquo- Charles Mangongera lsquoShould We Continue to Blame Colonialismrsquo Financial Gazette (Harare Zimbabwe) September 19 2002

ldquoA district our size should have a much better soccer field but the money was pocketed There is corruption at all levels Itrsquos a top-down problemrdquo- Unemployed 27-yr-old Sidhinhyo Morongulos Mozambique April 2004

Evolution of Corruption by Regions of the World 1984-1999

Source Lederman D Loayza N and Soares RR (2001)

ldquoWho has the most to gain from corruption

(or the most to lose from ending it)rdquo

(vi) Psychological explanations

ldquoThere exists among us a strong feeling of inferiority [hellip which] comes from our awareness of past [whiteEuropean] oppressionrdquo- Anonymous fisherman northern Mozambique April 2004

(vii) Neocolonial explanations

ldquoWe were told and accepted that our poverty was caused by our poverty in the now famous theory of the lsquovicious circle of povertyrsquo and we went round in circles seeking ways and means of breaking that circle Had we asked the [right] questions we would not have exposed our economies to the ruthless plunder brought about by lsquoforeign investmentsrsquo which the exponents of the vicious circle theory urged us to do For it is clear foreign investment is the cause and not a solution to our economic backwardnessrdquo- Former Tanzanian minister AM Babu In Walter Rodney (1965) How Europe underdeveloped Africa page 312

Economies are like fires

5 The link with Sustainability

Earthrsquos ecologically productive surface asymp 2142109 hectares

Per-capita surface required to support American lifestyle

asymp 957 hectares

Acreage required to support worldwide American standards of living

asymp 3 Earths

Global population on July 10th 2010 asymp 6 795 329 623

Neocolonial explanations for persistent 21st-century poverty

Present American standards of living for the entire global populace are a physical impossibility

Fact

Cartograms illustrating (a) country-level wood and paper imports (by volume) for the year 2000 (b) country-level net forest loss between 1990 and 2000

(a) (b)

Flo

ws

of r

aw m

ater

ial a

nd fu

el

the case for greater

global equality

almost everyone stands to gain

httpwwwrealfutureorgthe tide is on Our side

Mohotlong Lesotho Guandong Chinese-occupied Tibet

Maputo Mozambique

New York USA

Kaokoveld Namibia

US of A

Nepal

Money amp Happiness

What do people think makes them happy Concern

Mean Range Mean Range

Personal economic 10 1-1 77 60-95Family 22 2-3 50 27-76Health 34 2-6 34 4-48Values and character 44 4-6 22 9-42Job or work situation 44 3-6 20 8-42International-world situation 67 5-8 6 1-14Social 73 4-9 4 0-15Political 77 5-9 2 0-11Maintain status quo or no fears 79 5-9 3 0-15

Relative ImportanceRank mentioning

After Cantril (1965)

What do people think makes them happy

After British Social Science Research Council (1975)In Douthwaite (1999)

What is well-being

Concern mentioning

Family and home life 23General contentment 19Money and prices 18Living standards consumption 17Social values 16Personal beliefs religion 11Social relationships 10Housing 10Health 10Work 9Freedom of all kinds 7Leisure holidays travel 6Natural environment 4Education and culture 4Comparison with past and other countries4Possession of consumer goods 3Pressures of life 3Worries mental health 2Negative statements 2Altrusitic statements 2Equality and justice 2Other 3Dont know 10

Income amp happiness

Income amp happiness

Reported life satisfaction increases with income to US$10000 ndash 15000

then levels off at higher levels

The case for greater

equality

Income inequality correlates with

social capital

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

infant mortality

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

mental illness

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

drug abuse

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

high-school drop out rates

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

incarceration rates

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

obesity

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

trust in fellow humans

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

homicide rates

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

teenage pregnancy rates

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

child well-being

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

national altruism

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

recycling

2 What patterns exist in the distribution of income

What patterns exist in the distribution of income

(4) InequalityWhat patterns exist in the distribution of income

Compiled from 2003 World Bank country dataset

Per-capita income for white and black Brazilians

Source IBGE Census 2000

What patterns exist in the distribution of income

What patterns exist in the distribution of income

Income (US$ PPP)

Where are the people

100 100001000 100000

Source Dikhanov Y and Ward M (2003)

(AFR=Africa EAP=East Asia ECE=East- and Central Europe LAC=Latin America OECD=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development SAS=South Asia)

100 100001000 100000Income (US$ PPP)

What patterns exist in the distribution of income

Where is the dough

Source Dikhanov Y and Ward M (2003)

(AFR=Africa EAP=East Asia ECE=East- and Central Europe LAC=Latin America OECD=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development SAS=South Asia)

3 Why are some countries rich and others poor

ldquoWhy are some countries rich and others poorrdquo

Summary of interviews conducted between February 2002 and June 2006

Continent Country Month(s) year(s)

Number of Interviews

Mozambique May-03 10Namibia Jul-04 14South Africa Jul-04 5Bangladesh Jun-02 3Cambodia Jul-02 3

Jun 2002Jul-02

Myanmar (Burma)

Jun-02 7

Jan 2002-

Jun-02Thailand Jul-02 2Tibet (China) Feb-02 6Turkey Mar-06 8Belgium Sep-02 1Bulgaria Mar-06 1

Aug 2002Aug-06

Dec 2004Jul-05

Germany Aug-06 6Hungary Mar-06 2Netherlands the Aug-04 3Norway Jul-06 5Romania Mar-06 1Sweden Jul-06 1

Europe

Denmark 3

France 2

Africa

Asia

India 11

Nepal 19

Continent Country Month(s) year(s)

Number of Interviews

Sep 2002-Jun-06

Aug 2002Aug-06

Mexico Jun-04 4Sep 2002-

Jun-06Aug 2003

Aug-Sep 2004

Aug-05New Zealand Aug-05 4

United States 108

Oceania Australia 28

Canada 3

Greenland 8

North America

Categories of responses

Categories of responses

Categories of responses

(i) Evolutionary explanations

ldquohellip because some people are clever and others are stupidrdquo- Anonymous white South African of Boer ancestry Hazyview South Africa July 2004

ldquoThe idea that some populations are more energetic than others [hellip] perhaps deserves some considerationrdquo- JP Cole (1979) The Development Gap page 111

Categories of responses

Categories of responses

(ii) Culturalsocietal explanations

ldquo the explanations offered for the contrasting records in growth have most often focused on institutions and highlighted the variation across societies in conditions relevant to growth such as the security of property rights prevalence of corruption structures of the financial sector investment in public infrastructure and social capital and the inclination to work hard or be entrepreneurialrdquo- Sokoloff amp Engerman (2000) page 218

GDPcapita relative to US in selected New World economies 1700-1997

Source Sokoloff and Engermann (2000)

Categories of responses

(iii) Environmental explanations

ldquoThese areas were settled because the climate was similar to that of Europerdquo

- Prof Wolfram Latsch personal communication April 2004

ldquoI think that tropical diseases are largely to blamerdquo- Prof Roger Buick North Pole Australia August 2004

Koppen classification climatic zones

(iv) Historical explanations

ldquoEuropean countries have been around for a long time We are young We just simply need time to catch uprdquo- Nxobo Masika Johannesburg South Africa March 2004

Date Country Notes19-Jul-49 Laos from France8-Aug-49 Bhutan from India

24-Dec-51 Libya from Italy9-Nov-53 Cambodia from France1-Jan-56 Sudan from Egypt and UK

2-Mar-56 Morocco from France and Spain20-Mar-56 Tunisia from France6-Mar-57 Ghana from UK

31-Aug-57 Malaysia from UK2-Oct-58 Guinea from France1-Jan-60 Cameroon from French-administered UN trusteeship4-Apr-60 Senegal from France

27-Apr-60 Togo from French-administered UN trusteeship26-Jun-60 Madagascar from France26-Jun-60 Somalia from the UK30-Jun-60 Democratic Republic of the Congo from Belgium

1-Jul-60 Somalia from the Italian-administered UN trusteeship1-Aug-60 Benin from France3-Aug-60 Niger from France5-Aug-60 Burkina Faso from France7-Aug-60 Cocircte dIvoire from France

11-Aug-60 Chad from France13-Aug-60 Central African Republic from France15-Aug-60 Republic of the Congo from France17-Aug-60 Gabon from France22-Sep-60 Mali from France

1-Oct-60 Nigeria from UK28-Nov-60 Mauritania from France27-Apr-61 Sierra Leone from UK19-Jun-61 Kuwait from UK

1-Jan-62 Samoa from New Zealand-administered UN trusteeship1-Jul-62 Burundi from UN trusteeship under Belgian administration1-Jul-62 Rwanda from Belgium-administered UN trusteeship5-Jul-62 Algeria from France

6-Aug-62 Jamaica from UK31-Aug-62 Trinidad and Tobago from UK

9-Oct-62 Uganda from UK12-Dec-63 Kenya from UK26-Apr-64 Tanzania from UK-administered UN trusteeship

6-Jul-64 Malawi from UK21-Sep-64 Malta from UK24-Oct-64 Zambia from UK18-Feb-65 The Gambia from UK26-Jul-65 Maldives from UK9-Aug-65 Singapore from Malaysian Federation

Date Country Notes26-May-66 Guyana from UK30-Sep-66 Botswana from UK

4-Oct-66 Lesotho from UK30-Nov-66 Barbados from UK30-Nov-67 South Yemen from UK31-Jan-68 Nauru from Australia-NZ-UK-administered UN trusteeship

12-Mar-68 Mauritius from UK6-Sep-68 Swaziland from UK

12-Oct-68 Equatorial Guinea from Spain4-Jun-70 Tonga from UK protectorate

10-Oct-70 Fiji from UK15-Aug-71 Bahrain from UK

3-Sep-71 Qatar from UK2-Dec-71 United Arab Emirates from UK

16-Dec-71 Bangladesh from Pakistan10-Jul-73 The Bahamas from UK

24-Sep-73 Guinea-Bissau declared independence from Portugal7-Feb-74 Grenada from UK

19-Oct-74 Niue in free association with New Zealand25-Jun-75 Mozambique from Portugal

5-Jul-75 Cape Verde from Portugal6-Jul-75 Comoros from France

12-Jul-75 Satildeo Tomeacute and Principe from Portugal16-Sep-75 Papua New Guinea from the Australian-administered UN trusteeship11-Nov-75 Angola from Portugal25-Nov-75 Suriname from Netherlands27-Feb-76 Western Sahara from Spain29-Jun-76 Seychelles from UK27-Jun-77 Djibouti from France

7-Jul-78 Solomon Islands from UK1-Oct-78 Tuvalu from UK

3-Nov-78 Dominica from UK22-Feb-79 Saint Lucia from UK12-Jul-79 Kiribati from UK

27-Oct-79 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines from UK18-Apr-80 Zimbabwe from UK30-Jul-80 Vanuatu from France and UK

21-Sep-81 Belize from UK1-Nov-81 Antigua and Barbuda from UK

19-Sep-83 Saint Kitts and Nevis from UK1-Jan-84 Brunei from UK

21-Oct-86 Marshall Islands from the US-administered UN trusteeship 3-Nov-86 Federated States of Micronesia from the US-administered UN trusteeship

21-Mar-90 Namibia from South Africa24-May-93 Eritrea from Ethiopia

1-Oct-94 Palau from the US-administered UN trusteeship

Dates of recent independence of developing countries

Early dates of independence of South American countries

Date Country Notes1 January 1804 Haiti from France25 May 1810 Argentina from Spain20 July 1810 Colombia from Spain16 September 1810 Mexico from Spain18 September 1810 Chile from Spain14 May 1811 Paraguay from Spain5 July 1811 Venezuela from Spain28 July 1821 Peru from Spain15 September 1821 Costa Rica from Spain15 September 1821 El Salvador from Spain15 September 1821 Guatemala from Spain15 September 1821 Honduras from Spain15 September 1821 Nicaragua from Spain28 November 1821 Panama from Spain24 May 1822 Ecuador from Spain7 September 1822 Brazil from Portugal6 August 1825 Bolivia from Spain25 August 1825 Uruguay from Brazil

(v) Inept-leadership explanations

ldquoAfrican leaders themselves have also failed the resource-rich continent They continue to unscrupulously harp on historical injustices to cover up for their political and economic mess that are [sic] a sad manifestation of their suppression of democratic governance Corrupt and inefficient management of economies greed power hunger disrespect for human rights cronyism among other vices have contributed to the underdevelopment of Africa todayrdquo- Charles Mangongera lsquoShould We Continue to Blame Colonialismrsquo Financial Gazette (Harare Zimbabwe) September 19 2002

ldquoA district our size should have a much better soccer field but the money was pocketed There is corruption at all levels Itrsquos a top-down problemrdquo- Unemployed 27-yr-old Sidhinhyo Morongulos Mozambique April 2004

Evolution of Corruption by Regions of the World 1984-1999

Source Lederman D Loayza N and Soares RR (2001)

ldquoWho has the most to gain from corruption

(or the most to lose from ending it)rdquo

(vi) Psychological explanations

ldquoThere exists among us a strong feeling of inferiority [hellip which] comes from our awareness of past [whiteEuropean] oppressionrdquo- Anonymous fisherman northern Mozambique April 2004

(vii) Neocolonial explanations

ldquoWe were told and accepted that our poverty was caused by our poverty in the now famous theory of the lsquovicious circle of povertyrsquo and we went round in circles seeking ways and means of breaking that circle Had we asked the [right] questions we would not have exposed our economies to the ruthless plunder brought about by lsquoforeign investmentsrsquo which the exponents of the vicious circle theory urged us to do For it is clear foreign investment is the cause and not a solution to our economic backwardnessrdquo- Former Tanzanian minister AM Babu In Walter Rodney (1965) How Europe underdeveloped Africa page 312

Economies are like fires

5 The link with Sustainability

Earthrsquos ecologically productive surface asymp 2142109 hectares

Per-capita surface required to support American lifestyle

asymp 957 hectares

Acreage required to support worldwide American standards of living

asymp 3 Earths

Global population on July 10th 2010 asymp 6 795 329 623

Neocolonial explanations for persistent 21st-century poverty

Present American standards of living for the entire global populace are a physical impossibility

Fact

Cartograms illustrating (a) country-level wood and paper imports (by volume) for the year 2000 (b) country-level net forest loss between 1990 and 2000

(a) (b)

Flo

ws

of r

aw m

ater

ial a

nd fu

el

the case for greater

global equality

almost everyone stands to gain

httpwwwrealfutureorgthe tide is on Our side

Maputo Mozambique

New York USA

Kaokoveld Namibia

US of A

Nepal

Money amp Happiness

What do people think makes them happy Concern

Mean Range Mean Range

Personal economic 10 1-1 77 60-95Family 22 2-3 50 27-76Health 34 2-6 34 4-48Values and character 44 4-6 22 9-42Job or work situation 44 3-6 20 8-42International-world situation 67 5-8 6 1-14Social 73 4-9 4 0-15Political 77 5-9 2 0-11Maintain status quo or no fears 79 5-9 3 0-15

Relative ImportanceRank mentioning

After Cantril (1965)

What do people think makes them happy

After British Social Science Research Council (1975)In Douthwaite (1999)

What is well-being

Concern mentioning

Family and home life 23General contentment 19Money and prices 18Living standards consumption 17Social values 16Personal beliefs religion 11Social relationships 10Housing 10Health 10Work 9Freedom of all kinds 7Leisure holidays travel 6Natural environment 4Education and culture 4Comparison with past and other countries4Possession of consumer goods 3Pressures of life 3Worries mental health 2Negative statements 2Altrusitic statements 2Equality and justice 2Other 3Dont know 10

Income amp happiness

Income amp happiness

Reported life satisfaction increases with income to US$10000 ndash 15000

then levels off at higher levels

The case for greater

equality

Income inequality correlates with

social capital

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

infant mortality

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

mental illness

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

drug abuse

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

high-school drop out rates

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

incarceration rates

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

obesity

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

trust in fellow humans

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

homicide rates

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

teenage pregnancy rates

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

child well-being

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

national altruism

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

recycling

2 What patterns exist in the distribution of income

What patterns exist in the distribution of income

(4) InequalityWhat patterns exist in the distribution of income

Compiled from 2003 World Bank country dataset

Per-capita income for white and black Brazilians

Source IBGE Census 2000

What patterns exist in the distribution of income

What patterns exist in the distribution of income

Income (US$ PPP)

Where are the people

100 100001000 100000

Source Dikhanov Y and Ward M (2003)

(AFR=Africa EAP=East Asia ECE=East- and Central Europe LAC=Latin America OECD=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development SAS=South Asia)

100 100001000 100000Income (US$ PPP)

What patterns exist in the distribution of income

Where is the dough

Source Dikhanov Y and Ward M (2003)

(AFR=Africa EAP=East Asia ECE=East- and Central Europe LAC=Latin America OECD=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development SAS=South Asia)

3 Why are some countries rich and others poor

ldquoWhy are some countries rich and others poorrdquo

Summary of interviews conducted between February 2002 and June 2006

Continent Country Month(s) year(s)

Number of Interviews

Mozambique May-03 10Namibia Jul-04 14South Africa Jul-04 5Bangladesh Jun-02 3Cambodia Jul-02 3

Jun 2002Jul-02

Myanmar (Burma)

Jun-02 7

Jan 2002-

Jun-02Thailand Jul-02 2Tibet (China) Feb-02 6Turkey Mar-06 8Belgium Sep-02 1Bulgaria Mar-06 1

Aug 2002Aug-06

Dec 2004Jul-05

Germany Aug-06 6Hungary Mar-06 2Netherlands the Aug-04 3Norway Jul-06 5Romania Mar-06 1Sweden Jul-06 1

Europe

Denmark 3

France 2

Africa

Asia

India 11

Nepal 19

Continent Country Month(s) year(s)

Number of Interviews

Sep 2002-Jun-06

Aug 2002Aug-06

Mexico Jun-04 4Sep 2002-

Jun-06Aug 2003

Aug-Sep 2004

Aug-05New Zealand Aug-05 4

United States 108

Oceania Australia 28

Canada 3

Greenland 8

North America

Categories of responses

Categories of responses

Categories of responses

(i) Evolutionary explanations

ldquohellip because some people are clever and others are stupidrdquo- Anonymous white South African of Boer ancestry Hazyview South Africa July 2004

ldquoThe idea that some populations are more energetic than others [hellip] perhaps deserves some considerationrdquo- JP Cole (1979) The Development Gap page 111

Categories of responses

Categories of responses

(ii) Culturalsocietal explanations

ldquo the explanations offered for the contrasting records in growth have most often focused on institutions and highlighted the variation across societies in conditions relevant to growth such as the security of property rights prevalence of corruption structures of the financial sector investment in public infrastructure and social capital and the inclination to work hard or be entrepreneurialrdquo- Sokoloff amp Engerman (2000) page 218

GDPcapita relative to US in selected New World economies 1700-1997

Source Sokoloff and Engermann (2000)

Categories of responses

(iii) Environmental explanations

ldquoThese areas were settled because the climate was similar to that of Europerdquo

- Prof Wolfram Latsch personal communication April 2004

ldquoI think that tropical diseases are largely to blamerdquo- Prof Roger Buick North Pole Australia August 2004

Koppen classification climatic zones

(iv) Historical explanations

ldquoEuropean countries have been around for a long time We are young We just simply need time to catch uprdquo- Nxobo Masika Johannesburg South Africa March 2004

Date Country Notes19-Jul-49 Laos from France8-Aug-49 Bhutan from India

24-Dec-51 Libya from Italy9-Nov-53 Cambodia from France1-Jan-56 Sudan from Egypt and UK

2-Mar-56 Morocco from France and Spain20-Mar-56 Tunisia from France6-Mar-57 Ghana from UK

31-Aug-57 Malaysia from UK2-Oct-58 Guinea from France1-Jan-60 Cameroon from French-administered UN trusteeship4-Apr-60 Senegal from France

27-Apr-60 Togo from French-administered UN trusteeship26-Jun-60 Madagascar from France26-Jun-60 Somalia from the UK30-Jun-60 Democratic Republic of the Congo from Belgium

1-Jul-60 Somalia from the Italian-administered UN trusteeship1-Aug-60 Benin from France3-Aug-60 Niger from France5-Aug-60 Burkina Faso from France7-Aug-60 Cocircte dIvoire from France

11-Aug-60 Chad from France13-Aug-60 Central African Republic from France15-Aug-60 Republic of the Congo from France17-Aug-60 Gabon from France22-Sep-60 Mali from France

1-Oct-60 Nigeria from UK28-Nov-60 Mauritania from France27-Apr-61 Sierra Leone from UK19-Jun-61 Kuwait from UK

1-Jan-62 Samoa from New Zealand-administered UN trusteeship1-Jul-62 Burundi from UN trusteeship under Belgian administration1-Jul-62 Rwanda from Belgium-administered UN trusteeship5-Jul-62 Algeria from France

6-Aug-62 Jamaica from UK31-Aug-62 Trinidad and Tobago from UK

9-Oct-62 Uganda from UK12-Dec-63 Kenya from UK26-Apr-64 Tanzania from UK-administered UN trusteeship

6-Jul-64 Malawi from UK21-Sep-64 Malta from UK24-Oct-64 Zambia from UK18-Feb-65 The Gambia from UK26-Jul-65 Maldives from UK9-Aug-65 Singapore from Malaysian Federation

Date Country Notes26-May-66 Guyana from UK30-Sep-66 Botswana from UK

4-Oct-66 Lesotho from UK30-Nov-66 Barbados from UK30-Nov-67 South Yemen from UK31-Jan-68 Nauru from Australia-NZ-UK-administered UN trusteeship

12-Mar-68 Mauritius from UK6-Sep-68 Swaziland from UK

12-Oct-68 Equatorial Guinea from Spain4-Jun-70 Tonga from UK protectorate

10-Oct-70 Fiji from UK15-Aug-71 Bahrain from UK

3-Sep-71 Qatar from UK2-Dec-71 United Arab Emirates from UK

16-Dec-71 Bangladesh from Pakistan10-Jul-73 The Bahamas from UK

24-Sep-73 Guinea-Bissau declared independence from Portugal7-Feb-74 Grenada from UK

19-Oct-74 Niue in free association with New Zealand25-Jun-75 Mozambique from Portugal

5-Jul-75 Cape Verde from Portugal6-Jul-75 Comoros from France

12-Jul-75 Satildeo Tomeacute and Principe from Portugal16-Sep-75 Papua New Guinea from the Australian-administered UN trusteeship11-Nov-75 Angola from Portugal25-Nov-75 Suriname from Netherlands27-Feb-76 Western Sahara from Spain29-Jun-76 Seychelles from UK27-Jun-77 Djibouti from France

7-Jul-78 Solomon Islands from UK1-Oct-78 Tuvalu from UK

3-Nov-78 Dominica from UK22-Feb-79 Saint Lucia from UK12-Jul-79 Kiribati from UK

27-Oct-79 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines from UK18-Apr-80 Zimbabwe from UK30-Jul-80 Vanuatu from France and UK

21-Sep-81 Belize from UK1-Nov-81 Antigua and Barbuda from UK

19-Sep-83 Saint Kitts and Nevis from UK1-Jan-84 Brunei from UK

21-Oct-86 Marshall Islands from the US-administered UN trusteeship 3-Nov-86 Federated States of Micronesia from the US-administered UN trusteeship

21-Mar-90 Namibia from South Africa24-May-93 Eritrea from Ethiopia

1-Oct-94 Palau from the US-administered UN trusteeship

Dates of recent independence of developing countries

Early dates of independence of South American countries

Date Country Notes1 January 1804 Haiti from France25 May 1810 Argentina from Spain20 July 1810 Colombia from Spain16 September 1810 Mexico from Spain18 September 1810 Chile from Spain14 May 1811 Paraguay from Spain5 July 1811 Venezuela from Spain28 July 1821 Peru from Spain15 September 1821 Costa Rica from Spain15 September 1821 El Salvador from Spain15 September 1821 Guatemala from Spain15 September 1821 Honduras from Spain15 September 1821 Nicaragua from Spain28 November 1821 Panama from Spain24 May 1822 Ecuador from Spain7 September 1822 Brazil from Portugal6 August 1825 Bolivia from Spain25 August 1825 Uruguay from Brazil

(v) Inept-leadership explanations

ldquoAfrican leaders themselves have also failed the resource-rich continent They continue to unscrupulously harp on historical injustices to cover up for their political and economic mess that are [sic] a sad manifestation of their suppression of democratic governance Corrupt and inefficient management of economies greed power hunger disrespect for human rights cronyism among other vices have contributed to the underdevelopment of Africa todayrdquo- Charles Mangongera lsquoShould We Continue to Blame Colonialismrsquo Financial Gazette (Harare Zimbabwe) September 19 2002

ldquoA district our size should have a much better soccer field but the money was pocketed There is corruption at all levels Itrsquos a top-down problemrdquo- Unemployed 27-yr-old Sidhinhyo Morongulos Mozambique April 2004

Evolution of Corruption by Regions of the World 1984-1999

Source Lederman D Loayza N and Soares RR (2001)

ldquoWho has the most to gain from corruption

(or the most to lose from ending it)rdquo

(vi) Psychological explanations

ldquoThere exists among us a strong feeling of inferiority [hellip which] comes from our awareness of past [whiteEuropean] oppressionrdquo- Anonymous fisherman northern Mozambique April 2004

(vii) Neocolonial explanations

ldquoWe were told and accepted that our poverty was caused by our poverty in the now famous theory of the lsquovicious circle of povertyrsquo and we went round in circles seeking ways and means of breaking that circle Had we asked the [right] questions we would not have exposed our economies to the ruthless plunder brought about by lsquoforeign investmentsrsquo which the exponents of the vicious circle theory urged us to do For it is clear foreign investment is the cause and not a solution to our economic backwardnessrdquo- Former Tanzanian minister AM Babu In Walter Rodney (1965) How Europe underdeveloped Africa page 312

Economies are like fires

5 The link with Sustainability

Earthrsquos ecologically productive surface asymp 2142109 hectares

Per-capita surface required to support American lifestyle

asymp 957 hectares

Acreage required to support worldwide American standards of living

asymp 3 Earths

Global population on July 10th 2010 asymp 6 795 329 623

Neocolonial explanations for persistent 21st-century poverty

Present American standards of living for the entire global populace are a physical impossibility

Fact

Cartograms illustrating (a) country-level wood and paper imports (by volume) for the year 2000 (b) country-level net forest loss between 1990 and 2000

(a) (b)

Flo

ws

of r

aw m

ater

ial a

nd fu

el

the case for greater

global equality

almost everyone stands to gain

httpwwwrealfutureorgthe tide is on Our side

New York USA

Kaokoveld Namibia

US of A

Nepal

Money amp Happiness

What do people think makes them happy Concern

Mean Range Mean Range

Personal economic 10 1-1 77 60-95Family 22 2-3 50 27-76Health 34 2-6 34 4-48Values and character 44 4-6 22 9-42Job or work situation 44 3-6 20 8-42International-world situation 67 5-8 6 1-14Social 73 4-9 4 0-15Political 77 5-9 2 0-11Maintain status quo or no fears 79 5-9 3 0-15

Relative ImportanceRank mentioning

After Cantril (1965)

What do people think makes them happy

After British Social Science Research Council (1975)In Douthwaite (1999)

What is well-being

Concern mentioning

Family and home life 23General contentment 19Money and prices 18Living standards consumption 17Social values 16Personal beliefs religion 11Social relationships 10Housing 10Health 10Work 9Freedom of all kinds 7Leisure holidays travel 6Natural environment 4Education and culture 4Comparison with past and other countries4Possession of consumer goods 3Pressures of life 3Worries mental health 2Negative statements 2Altrusitic statements 2Equality and justice 2Other 3Dont know 10

Income amp happiness

Income amp happiness

Reported life satisfaction increases with income to US$10000 ndash 15000

then levels off at higher levels

The case for greater

equality

Income inequality correlates with

social capital

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

infant mortality

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

mental illness

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

drug abuse

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

high-school drop out rates

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

incarceration rates

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

obesity

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

trust in fellow humans

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

homicide rates

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

teenage pregnancy rates

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

child well-being

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

national altruism

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

recycling

2 What patterns exist in the distribution of income

What patterns exist in the distribution of income

(4) InequalityWhat patterns exist in the distribution of income

Compiled from 2003 World Bank country dataset

Per-capita income for white and black Brazilians

Source IBGE Census 2000

What patterns exist in the distribution of income

What patterns exist in the distribution of income

Income (US$ PPP)

Where are the people

100 100001000 100000

Source Dikhanov Y and Ward M (2003)

(AFR=Africa EAP=East Asia ECE=East- and Central Europe LAC=Latin America OECD=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development SAS=South Asia)

100 100001000 100000Income (US$ PPP)

What patterns exist in the distribution of income

Where is the dough

Source Dikhanov Y and Ward M (2003)

(AFR=Africa EAP=East Asia ECE=East- and Central Europe LAC=Latin America OECD=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development SAS=South Asia)

3 Why are some countries rich and others poor

ldquoWhy are some countries rich and others poorrdquo

Summary of interviews conducted between February 2002 and June 2006

Continent Country Month(s) year(s)

Number of Interviews

Mozambique May-03 10Namibia Jul-04 14South Africa Jul-04 5Bangladesh Jun-02 3Cambodia Jul-02 3

Jun 2002Jul-02

Myanmar (Burma)

Jun-02 7

Jan 2002-

Jun-02Thailand Jul-02 2Tibet (China) Feb-02 6Turkey Mar-06 8Belgium Sep-02 1Bulgaria Mar-06 1

Aug 2002Aug-06

Dec 2004Jul-05

Germany Aug-06 6Hungary Mar-06 2Netherlands the Aug-04 3Norway Jul-06 5Romania Mar-06 1Sweden Jul-06 1

Europe

Denmark 3

France 2

Africa

Asia

India 11

Nepal 19

Continent Country Month(s) year(s)

Number of Interviews

Sep 2002-Jun-06

Aug 2002Aug-06

Mexico Jun-04 4Sep 2002-

Jun-06Aug 2003

Aug-Sep 2004

Aug-05New Zealand Aug-05 4

United States 108

Oceania Australia 28

Canada 3

Greenland 8

North America

Categories of responses

Categories of responses

Categories of responses

(i) Evolutionary explanations

ldquohellip because some people are clever and others are stupidrdquo- Anonymous white South African of Boer ancestry Hazyview South Africa July 2004

ldquoThe idea that some populations are more energetic than others [hellip] perhaps deserves some considerationrdquo- JP Cole (1979) The Development Gap page 111

Categories of responses

Categories of responses

(ii) Culturalsocietal explanations

ldquo the explanations offered for the contrasting records in growth have most often focused on institutions and highlighted the variation across societies in conditions relevant to growth such as the security of property rights prevalence of corruption structures of the financial sector investment in public infrastructure and social capital and the inclination to work hard or be entrepreneurialrdquo- Sokoloff amp Engerman (2000) page 218

GDPcapita relative to US in selected New World economies 1700-1997

Source Sokoloff and Engermann (2000)

Categories of responses

(iii) Environmental explanations

ldquoThese areas were settled because the climate was similar to that of Europerdquo

- Prof Wolfram Latsch personal communication April 2004

ldquoI think that tropical diseases are largely to blamerdquo- Prof Roger Buick North Pole Australia August 2004

Koppen classification climatic zones

(iv) Historical explanations

ldquoEuropean countries have been around for a long time We are young We just simply need time to catch uprdquo- Nxobo Masika Johannesburg South Africa March 2004

Date Country Notes19-Jul-49 Laos from France8-Aug-49 Bhutan from India

24-Dec-51 Libya from Italy9-Nov-53 Cambodia from France1-Jan-56 Sudan from Egypt and UK

2-Mar-56 Morocco from France and Spain20-Mar-56 Tunisia from France6-Mar-57 Ghana from UK

31-Aug-57 Malaysia from UK2-Oct-58 Guinea from France1-Jan-60 Cameroon from French-administered UN trusteeship4-Apr-60 Senegal from France

27-Apr-60 Togo from French-administered UN trusteeship26-Jun-60 Madagascar from France26-Jun-60 Somalia from the UK30-Jun-60 Democratic Republic of the Congo from Belgium

1-Jul-60 Somalia from the Italian-administered UN trusteeship1-Aug-60 Benin from France3-Aug-60 Niger from France5-Aug-60 Burkina Faso from France7-Aug-60 Cocircte dIvoire from France

11-Aug-60 Chad from France13-Aug-60 Central African Republic from France15-Aug-60 Republic of the Congo from France17-Aug-60 Gabon from France22-Sep-60 Mali from France

1-Oct-60 Nigeria from UK28-Nov-60 Mauritania from France27-Apr-61 Sierra Leone from UK19-Jun-61 Kuwait from UK

1-Jan-62 Samoa from New Zealand-administered UN trusteeship1-Jul-62 Burundi from UN trusteeship under Belgian administration1-Jul-62 Rwanda from Belgium-administered UN trusteeship5-Jul-62 Algeria from France

6-Aug-62 Jamaica from UK31-Aug-62 Trinidad and Tobago from UK

9-Oct-62 Uganda from UK12-Dec-63 Kenya from UK26-Apr-64 Tanzania from UK-administered UN trusteeship

6-Jul-64 Malawi from UK21-Sep-64 Malta from UK24-Oct-64 Zambia from UK18-Feb-65 The Gambia from UK26-Jul-65 Maldives from UK9-Aug-65 Singapore from Malaysian Federation

Date Country Notes26-May-66 Guyana from UK30-Sep-66 Botswana from UK

4-Oct-66 Lesotho from UK30-Nov-66 Barbados from UK30-Nov-67 South Yemen from UK31-Jan-68 Nauru from Australia-NZ-UK-administered UN trusteeship

12-Mar-68 Mauritius from UK6-Sep-68 Swaziland from UK

12-Oct-68 Equatorial Guinea from Spain4-Jun-70 Tonga from UK protectorate

10-Oct-70 Fiji from UK15-Aug-71 Bahrain from UK

3-Sep-71 Qatar from UK2-Dec-71 United Arab Emirates from UK

16-Dec-71 Bangladesh from Pakistan10-Jul-73 The Bahamas from UK

24-Sep-73 Guinea-Bissau declared independence from Portugal7-Feb-74 Grenada from UK

19-Oct-74 Niue in free association with New Zealand25-Jun-75 Mozambique from Portugal

5-Jul-75 Cape Verde from Portugal6-Jul-75 Comoros from France

12-Jul-75 Satildeo Tomeacute and Principe from Portugal16-Sep-75 Papua New Guinea from the Australian-administered UN trusteeship11-Nov-75 Angola from Portugal25-Nov-75 Suriname from Netherlands27-Feb-76 Western Sahara from Spain29-Jun-76 Seychelles from UK27-Jun-77 Djibouti from France

7-Jul-78 Solomon Islands from UK1-Oct-78 Tuvalu from UK

3-Nov-78 Dominica from UK22-Feb-79 Saint Lucia from UK12-Jul-79 Kiribati from UK

27-Oct-79 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines from UK18-Apr-80 Zimbabwe from UK30-Jul-80 Vanuatu from France and UK

21-Sep-81 Belize from UK1-Nov-81 Antigua and Barbuda from UK

19-Sep-83 Saint Kitts and Nevis from UK1-Jan-84 Brunei from UK

21-Oct-86 Marshall Islands from the US-administered UN trusteeship 3-Nov-86 Federated States of Micronesia from the US-administered UN trusteeship

21-Mar-90 Namibia from South Africa24-May-93 Eritrea from Ethiopia

1-Oct-94 Palau from the US-administered UN trusteeship

Dates of recent independence of developing countries

Early dates of independence of South American countries

Date Country Notes1 January 1804 Haiti from France25 May 1810 Argentina from Spain20 July 1810 Colombia from Spain16 September 1810 Mexico from Spain18 September 1810 Chile from Spain14 May 1811 Paraguay from Spain5 July 1811 Venezuela from Spain28 July 1821 Peru from Spain15 September 1821 Costa Rica from Spain15 September 1821 El Salvador from Spain15 September 1821 Guatemala from Spain15 September 1821 Honduras from Spain15 September 1821 Nicaragua from Spain28 November 1821 Panama from Spain24 May 1822 Ecuador from Spain7 September 1822 Brazil from Portugal6 August 1825 Bolivia from Spain25 August 1825 Uruguay from Brazil

(v) Inept-leadership explanations

ldquoAfrican leaders themselves have also failed the resource-rich continent They continue to unscrupulously harp on historical injustices to cover up for their political and economic mess that are [sic] a sad manifestation of their suppression of democratic governance Corrupt and inefficient management of economies greed power hunger disrespect for human rights cronyism among other vices have contributed to the underdevelopment of Africa todayrdquo- Charles Mangongera lsquoShould We Continue to Blame Colonialismrsquo Financial Gazette (Harare Zimbabwe) September 19 2002

ldquoA district our size should have a much better soccer field but the money was pocketed There is corruption at all levels Itrsquos a top-down problemrdquo- Unemployed 27-yr-old Sidhinhyo Morongulos Mozambique April 2004

Evolution of Corruption by Regions of the World 1984-1999

Source Lederman D Loayza N and Soares RR (2001)

ldquoWho has the most to gain from corruption

(or the most to lose from ending it)rdquo

(vi) Psychological explanations

ldquoThere exists among us a strong feeling of inferiority [hellip which] comes from our awareness of past [whiteEuropean] oppressionrdquo- Anonymous fisherman northern Mozambique April 2004

(vii) Neocolonial explanations

ldquoWe were told and accepted that our poverty was caused by our poverty in the now famous theory of the lsquovicious circle of povertyrsquo and we went round in circles seeking ways and means of breaking that circle Had we asked the [right] questions we would not have exposed our economies to the ruthless plunder brought about by lsquoforeign investmentsrsquo which the exponents of the vicious circle theory urged us to do For it is clear foreign investment is the cause and not a solution to our economic backwardnessrdquo- Former Tanzanian minister AM Babu In Walter Rodney (1965) How Europe underdeveloped Africa page 312

Economies are like fires

5 The link with Sustainability

Earthrsquos ecologically productive surface asymp 2142109 hectares

Per-capita surface required to support American lifestyle

asymp 957 hectares

Acreage required to support worldwide American standards of living

asymp 3 Earths

Global population on July 10th 2010 asymp 6 795 329 623

Neocolonial explanations for persistent 21st-century poverty

Present American standards of living for the entire global populace are a physical impossibility

Fact

Cartograms illustrating (a) country-level wood and paper imports (by volume) for the year 2000 (b) country-level net forest loss between 1990 and 2000

(a) (b)

Flo

ws

of r

aw m

ater

ial a

nd fu

el

the case for greater

global equality

almost everyone stands to gain

httpwwwrealfutureorgthe tide is on Our side

Kaokoveld Namibia

US of A

Nepal

Money amp Happiness

What do people think makes them happy Concern

Mean Range Mean Range

Personal economic 10 1-1 77 60-95Family 22 2-3 50 27-76Health 34 2-6 34 4-48Values and character 44 4-6 22 9-42Job or work situation 44 3-6 20 8-42International-world situation 67 5-8 6 1-14Social 73 4-9 4 0-15Political 77 5-9 2 0-11Maintain status quo or no fears 79 5-9 3 0-15

Relative ImportanceRank mentioning

After Cantril (1965)

What do people think makes them happy

After British Social Science Research Council (1975)In Douthwaite (1999)

What is well-being

Concern mentioning

Family and home life 23General contentment 19Money and prices 18Living standards consumption 17Social values 16Personal beliefs religion 11Social relationships 10Housing 10Health 10Work 9Freedom of all kinds 7Leisure holidays travel 6Natural environment 4Education and culture 4Comparison with past and other countries4Possession of consumer goods 3Pressures of life 3Worries mental health 2Negative statements 2Altrusitic statements 2Equality and justice 2Other 3Dont know 10

Income amp happiness

Income amp happiness

Reported life satisfaction increases with income to US$10000 ndash 15000

then levels off at higher levels

The case for greater

equality

Income inequality correlates with

social capital

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

infant mortality

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

mental illness

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

drug abuse

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

high-school drop out rates

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

incarceration rates

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

obesity

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

trust in fellow humans

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

homicide rates

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

teenage pregnancy rates

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

child well-being

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

national altruism

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

recycling

2 What patterns exist in the distribution of income

What patterns exist in the distribution of income

(4) InequalityWhat patterns exist in the distribution of income

Compiled from 2003 World Bank country dataset

Per-capita income for white and black Brazilians

Source IBGE Census 2000

What patterns exist in the distribution of income

What patterns exist in the distribution of income

Income (US$ PPP)

Where are the people

100 100001000 100000

Source Dikhanov Y and Ward M (2003)

(AFR=Africa EAP=East Asia ECE=East- and Central Europe LAC=Latin America OECD=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development SAS=South Asia)

100 100001000 100000Income (US$ PPP)

What patterns exist in the distribution of income

Where is the dough

Source Dikhanov Y and Ward M (2003)

(AFR=Africa EAP=East Asia ECE=East- and Central Europe LAC=Latin America OECD=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development SAS=South Asia)

3 Why are some countries rich and others poor

ldquoWhy are some countries rich and others poorrdquo

Summary of interviews conducted between February 2002 and June 2006

Continent Country Month(s) year(s)

Number of Interviews

Mozambique May-03 10Namibia Jul-04 14South Africa Jul-04 5Bangladesh Jun-02 3Cambodia Jul-02 3

Jun 2002Jul-02

Myanmar (Burma)

Jun-02 7

Jan 2002-

Jun-02Thailand Jul-02 2Tibet (China) Feb-02 6Turkey Mar-06 8Belgium Sep-02 1Bulgaria Mar-06 1

Aug 2002Aug-06

Dec 2004Jul-05

Germany Aug-06 6Hungary Mar-06 2Netherlands the Aug-04 3Norway Jul-06 5Romania Mar-06 1Sweden Jul-06 1

Europe

Denmark 3

France 2

Africa

Asia

India 11

Nepal 19

Continent Country Month(s) year(s)

Number of Interviews

Sep 2002-Jun-06

Aug 2002Aug-06

Mexico Jun-04 4Sep 2002-

Jun-06Aug 2003

Aug-Sep 2004

Aug-05New Zealand Aug-05 4

United States 108

Oceania Australia 28

Canada 3

Greenland 8

North America

Categories of responses

Categories of responses

Categories of responses

(i) Evolutionary explanations

ldquohellip because some people are clever and others are stupidrdquo- Anonymous white South African of Boer ancestry Hazyview South Africa July 2004

ldquoThe idea that some populations are more energetic than others [hellip] perhaps deserves some considerationrdquo- JP Cole (1979) The Development Gap page 111

Categories of responses

Categories of responses

(ii) Culturalsocietal explanations

ldquo the explanations offered for the contrasting records in growth have most often focused on institutions and highlighted the variation across societies in conditions relevant to growth such as the security of property rights prevalence of corruption structures of the financial sector investment in public infrastructure and social capital and the inclination to work hard or be entrepreneurialrdquo- Sokoloff amp Engerman (2000) page 218

GDPcapita relative to US in selected New World economies 1700-1997

Source Sokoloff and Engermann (2000)

Categories of responses

(iii) Environmental explanations

ldquoThese areas were settled because the climate was similar to that of Europerdquo

- Prof Wolfram Latsch personal communication April 2004

ldquoI think that tropical diseases are largely to blamerdquo- Prof Roger Buick North Pole Australia August 2004

Koppen classification climatic zones

(iv) Historical explanations

ldquoEuropean countries have been around for a long time We are young We just simply need time to catch uprdquo- Nxobo Masika Johannesburg South Africa March 2004

Date Country Notes19-Jul-49 Laos from France8-Aug-49 Bhutan from India

24-Dec-51 Libya from Italy9-Nov-53 Cambodia from France1-Jan-56 Sudan from Egypt and UK

2-Mar-56 Morocco from France and Spain20-Mar-56 Tunisia from France6-Mar-57 Ghana from UK

31-Aug-57 Malaysia from UK2-Oct-58 Guinea from France1-Jan-60 Cameroon from French-administered UN trusteeship4-Apr-60 Senegal from France

27-Apr-60 Togo from French-administered UN trusteeship26-Jun-60 Madagascar from France26-Jun-60 Somalia from the UK30-Jun-60 Democratic Republic of the Congo from Belgium

1-Jul-60 Somalia from the Italian-administered UN trusteeship1-Aug-60 Benin from France3-Aug-60 Niger from France5-Aug-60 Burkina Faso from France7-Aug-60 Cocircte dIvoire from France

11-Aug-60 Chad from France13-Aug-60 Central African Republic from France15-Aug-60 Republic of the Congo from France17-Aug-60 Gabon from France22-Sep-60 Mali from France

1-Oct-60 Nigeria from UK28-Nov-60 Mauritania from France27-Apr-61 Sierra Leone from UK19-Jun-61 Kuwait from UK

1-Jan-62 Samoa from New Zealand-administered UN trusteeship1-Jul-62 Burundi from UN trusteeship under Belgian administration1-Jul-62 Rwanda from Belgium-administered UN trusteeship5-Jul-62 Algeria from France

6-Aug-62 Jamaica from UK31-Aug-62 Trinidad and Tobago from UK

9-Oct-62 Uganda from UK12-Dec-63 Kenya from UK26-Apr-64 Tanzania from UK-administered UN trusteeship

6-Jul-64 Malawi from UK21-Sep-64 Malta from UK24-Oct-64 Zambia from UK18-Feb-65 The Gambia from UK26-Jul-65 Maldives from UK9-Aug-65 Singapore from Malaysian Federation

Date Country Notes26-May-66 Guyana from UK30-Sep-66 Botswana from UK

4-Oct-66 Lesotho from UK30-Nov-66 Barbados from UK30-Nov-67 South Yemen from UK31-Jan-68 Nauru from Australia-NZ-UK-administered UN trusteeship

12-Mar-68 Mauritius from UK6-Sep-68 Swaziland from UK

12-Oct-68 Equatorial Guinea from Spain4-Jun-70 Tonga from UK protectorate

10-Oct-70 Fiji from UK15-Aug-71 Bahrain from UK

3-Sep-71 Qatar from UK2-Dec-71 United Arab Emirates from UK

16-Dec-71 Bangladesh from Pakistan10-Jul-73 The Bahamas from UK

24-Sep-73 Guinea-Bissau declared independence from Portugal7-Feb-74 Grenada from UK

19-Oct-74 Niue in free association with New Zealand25-Jun-75 Mozambique from Portugal

5-Jul-75 Cape Verde from Portugal6-Jul-75 Comoros from France

12-Jul-75 Satildeo Tomeacute and Principe from Portugal16-Sep-75 Papua New Guinea from the Australian-administered UN trusteeship11-Nov-75 Angola from Portugal25-Nov-75 Suriname from Netherlands27-Feb-76 Western Sahara from Spain29-Jun-76 Seychelles from UK27-Jun-77 Djibouti from France

7-Jul-78 Solomon Islands from UK1-Oct-78 Tuvalu from UK

3-Nov-78 Dominica from UK22-Feb-79 Saint Lucia from UK12-Jul-79 Kiribati from UK

27-Oct-79 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines from UK18-Apr-80 Zimbabwe from UK30-Jul-80 Vanuatu from France and UK

21-Sep-81 Belize from UK1-Nov-81 Antigua and Barbuda from UK

19-Sep-83 Saint Kitts and Nevis from UK1-Jan-84 Brunei from UK

21-Oct-86 Marshall Islands from the US-administered UN trusteeship 3-Nov-86 Federated States of Micronesia from the US-administered UN trusteeship

21-Mar-90 Namibia from South Africa24-May-93 Eritrea from Ethiopia

1-Oct-94 Palau from the US-administered UN trusteeship

Dates of recent independence of developing countries

Early dates of independence of South American countries

Date Country Notes1 January 1804 Haiti from France25 May 1810 Argentina from Spain20 July 1810 Colombia from Spain16 September 1810 Mexico from Spain18 September 1810 Chile from Spain14 May 1811 Paraguay from Spain5 July 1811 Venezuela from Spain28 July 1821 Peru from Spain15 September 1821 Costa Rica from Spain15 September 1821 El Salvador from Spain15 September 1821 Guatemala from Spain15 September 1821 Honduras from Spain15 September 1821 Nicaragua from Spain28 November 1821 Panama from Spain24 May 1822 Ecuador from Spain7 September 1822 Brazil from Portugal6 August 1825 Bolivia from Spain25 August 1825 Uruguay from Brazil

(v) Inept-leadership explanations

ldquoAfrican leaders themselves have also failed the resource-rich continent They continue to unscrupulously harp on historical injustices to cover up for their political and economic mess that are [sic] a sad manifestation of their suppression of democratic governance Corrupt and inefficient management of economies greed power hunger disrespect for human rights cronyism among other vices have contributed to the underdevelopment of Africa todayrdquo- Charles Mangongera lsquoShould We Continue to Blame Colonialismrsquo Financial Gazette (Harare Zimbabwe) September 19 2002

ldquoA district our size should have a much better soccer field but the money was pocketed There is corruption at all levels Itrsquos a top-down problemrdquo- Unemployed 27-yr-old Sidhinhyo Morongulos Mozambique April 2004

Evolution of Corruption by Regions of the World 1984-1999

Source Lederman D Loayza N and Soares RR (2001)

ldquoWho has the most to gain from corruption

(or the most to lose from ending it)rdquo

(vi) Psychological explanations

ldquoThere exists among us a strong feeling of inferiority [hellip which] comes from our awareness of past [whiteEuropean] oppressionrdquo- Anonymous fisherman northern Mozambique April 2004

(vii) Neocolonial explanations

ldquoWe were told and accepted that our poverty was caused by our poverty in the now famous theory of the lsquovicious circle of povertyrsquo and we went round in circles seeking ways and means of breaking that circle Had we asked the [right] questions we would not have exposed our economies to the ruthless plunder brought about by lsquoforeign investmentsrsquo which the exponents of the vicious circle theory urged us to do For it is clear foreign investment is the cause and not a solution to our economic backwardnessrdquo- Former Tanzanian minister AM Babu In Walter Rodney (1965) How Europe underdeveloped Africa page 312

Economies are like fires

5 The link with Sustainability

Earthrsquos ecologically productive surface asymp 2142109 hectares

Per-capita surface required to support American lifestyle

asymp 957 hectares

Acreage required to support worldwide American standards of living

asymp 3 Earths

Global population on July 10th 2010 asymp 6 795 329 623

Neocolonial explanations for persistent 21st-century poverty

Present American standards of living for the entire global populace are a physical impossibility

Fact

Cartograms illustrating (a) country-level wood and paper imports (by volume) for the year 2000 (b) country-level net forest loss between 1990 and 2000

(a) (b)

Flo

ws

of r

aw m

ater

ial a

nd fu

el

the case for greater

global equality

almost everyone stands to gain

httpwwwrealfutureorgthe tide is on Our side

US of A

Nepal

Money amp Happiness

What do people think makes them happy Concern

Mean Range Mean Range

Personal economic 10 1-1 77 60-95Family 22 2-3 50 27-76Health 34 2-6 34 4-48Values and character 44 4-6 22 9-42Job or work situation 44 3-6 20 8-42International-world situation 67 5-8 6 1-14Social 73 4-9 4 0-15Political 77 5-9 2 0-11Maintain status quo or no fears 79 5-9 3 0-15

Relative ImportanceRank mentioning

After Cantril (1965)

What do people think makes them happy

After British Social Science Research Council (1975)In Douthwaite (1999)

What is well-being

Concern mentioning

Family and home life 23General contentment 19Money and prices 18Living standards consumption 17Social values 16Personal beliefs religion 11Social relationships 10Housing 10Health 10Work 9Freedom of all kinds 7Leisure holidays travel 6Natural environment 4Education and culture 4Comparison with past and other countries4Possession of consumer goods 3Pressures of life 3Worries mental health 2Negative statements 2Altrusitic statements 2Equality and justice 2Other 3Dont know 10

Income amp happiness

Income amp happiness

Reported life satisfaction increases with income to US$10000 ndash 15000

then levels off at higher levels

The case for greater

equality

Income inequality correlates with

social capital

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

infant mortality

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

mental illness

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

drug abuse

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

high-school drop out rates

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

incarceration rates

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

obesity

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

trust in fellow humans

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

homicide rates

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

teenage pregnancy rates

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

child well-being

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

national altruism

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

recycling

2 What patterns exist in the distribution of income

What patterns exist in the distribution of income

(4) InequalityWhat patterns exist in the distribution of income

Compiled from 2003 World Bank country dataset

Per-capita income for white and black Brazilians

Source IBGE Census 2000

What patterns exist in the distribution of income

What patterns exist in the distribution of income

Income (US$ PPP)

Where are the people

100 100001000 100000

Source Dikhanov Y and Ward M (2003)

(AFR=Africa EAP=East Asia ECE=East- and Central Europe LAC=Latin America OECD=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development SAS=South Asia)

100 100001000 100000Income (US$ PPP)

What patterns exist in the distribution of income

Where is the dough

Source Dikhanov Y and Ward M (2003)

(AFR=Africa EAP=East Asia ECE=East- and Central Europe LAC=Latin America OECD=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development SAS=South Asia)

3 Why are some countries rich and others poor

ldquoWhy are some countries rich and others poorrdquo

Summary of interviews conducted between February 2002 and June 2006

Continent Country Month(s) year(s)

Number of Interviews

Mozambique May-03 10Namibia Jul-04 14South Africa Jul-04 5Bangladesh Jun-02 3Cambodia Jul-02 3

Jun 2002Jul-02

Myanmar (Burma)

Jun-02 7

Jan 2002-

Jun-02Thailand Jul-02 2Tibet (China) Feb-02 6Turkey Mar-06 8Belgium Sep-02 1Bulgaria Mar-06 1

Aug 2002Aug-06

Dec 2004Jul-05

Germany Aug-06 6Hungary Mar-06 2Netherlands the Aug-04 3Norway Jul-06 5Romania Mar-06 1Sweden Jul-06 1

Europe

Denmark 3

France 2

Africa

Asia

India 11

Nepal 19

Continent Country Month(s) year(s)

Number of Interviews

Sep 2002-Jun-06

Aug 2002Aug-06

Mexico Jun-04 4Sep 2002-

Jun-06Aug 2003

Aug-Sep 2004

Aug-05New Zealand Aug-05 4

United States 108

Oceania Australia 28

Canada 3

Greenland 8

North America

Categories of responses

Categories of responses

Categories of responses

(i) Evolutionary explanations

ldquohellip because some people are clever and others are stupidrdquo- Anonymous white South African of Boer ancestry Hazyview South Africa July 2004

ldquoThe idea that some populations are more energetic than others [hellip] perhaps deserves some considerationrdquo- JP Cole (1979) The Development Gap page 111

Categories of responses

Categories of responses

(ii) Culturalsocietal explanations

ldquo the explanations offered for the contrasting records in growth have most often focused on institutions and highlighted the variation across societies in conditions relevant to growth such as the security of property rights prevalence of corruption structures of the financial sector investment in public infrastructure and social capital and the inclination to work hard or be entrepreneurialrdquo- Sokoloff amp Engerman (2000) page 218

GDPcapita relative to US in selected New World economies 1700-1997

Source Sokoloff and Engermann (2000)

Categories of responses

(iii) Environmental explanations

ldquoThese areas were settled because the climate was similar to that of Europerdquo

- Prof Wolfram Latsch personal communication April 2004

ldquoI think that tropical diseases are largely to blamerdquo- Prof Roger Buick North Pole Australia August 2004

Koppen classification climatic zones

(iv) Historical explanations

ldquoEuropean countries have been around for a long time We are young We just simply need time to catch uprdquo- Nxobo Masika Johannesburg South Africa March 2004

Date Country Notes19-Jul-49 Laos from France8-Aug-49 Bhutan from India

24-Dec-51 Libya from Italy9-Nov-53 Cambodia from France1-Jan-56 Sudan from Egypt and UK

2-Mar-56 Morocco from France and Spain20-Mar-56 Tunisia from France6-Mar-57 Ghana from UK

31-Aug-57 Malaysia from UK2-Oct-58 Guinea from France1-Jan-60 Cameroon from French-administered UN trusteeship4-Apr-60 Senegal from France

27-Apr-60 Togo from French-administered UN trusteeship26-Jun-60 Madagascar from France26-Jun-60 Somalia from the UK30-Jun-60 Democratic Republic of the Congo from Belgium

1-Jul-60 Somalia from the Italian-administered UN trusteeship1-Aug-60 Benin from France3-Aug-60 Niger from France5-Aug-60 Burkina Faso from France7-Aug-60 Cocircte dIvoire from France

11-Aug-60 Chad from France13-Aug-60 Central African Republic from France15-Aug-60 Republic of the Congo from France17-Aug-60 Gabon from France22-Sep-60 Mali from France

1-Oct-60 Nigeria from UK28-Nov-60 Mauritania from France27-Apr-61 Sierra Leone from UK19-Jun-61 Kuwait from UK

1-Jan-62 Samoa from New Zealand-administered UN trusteeship1-Jul-62 Burundi from UN trusteeship under Belgian administration1-Jul-62 Rwanda from Belgium-administered UN trusteeship5-Jul-62 Algeria from France

6-Aug-62 Jamaica from UK31-Aug-62 Trinidad and Tobago from UK

9-Oct-62 Uganda from UK12-Dec-63 Kenya from UK26-Apr-64 Tanzania from UK-administered UN trusteeship

6-Jul-64 Malawi from UK21-Sep-64 Malta from UK24-Oct-64 Zambia from UK18-Feb-65 The Gambia from UK26-Jul-65 Maldives from UK9-Aug-65 Singapore from Malaysian Federation

Date Country Notes26-May-66 Guyana from UK30-Sep-66 Botswana from UK

4-Oct-66 Lesotho from UK30-Nov-66 Barbados from UK30-Nov-67 South Yemen from UK31-Jan-68 Nauru from Australia-NZ-UK-administered UN trusteeship

12-Mar-68 Mauritius from UK6-Sep-68 Swaziland from UK

12-Oct-68 Equatorial Guinea from Spain4-Jun-70 Tonga from UK protectorate

10-Oct-70 Fiji from UK15-Aug-71 Bahrain from UK

3-Sep-71 Qatar from UK2-Dec-71 United Arab Emirates from UK

16-Dec-71 Bangladesh from Pakistan10-Jul-73 The Bahamas from UK

24-Sep-73 Guinea-Bissau declared independence from Portugal7-Feb-74 Grenada from UK

19-Oct-74 Niue in free association with New Zealand25-Jun-75 Mozambique from Portugal

5-Jul-75 Cape Verde from Portugal6-Jul-75 Comoros from France

12-Jul-75 Satildeo Tomeacute and Principe from Portugal16-Sep-75 Papua New Guinea from the Australian-administered UN trusteeship11-Nov-75 Angola from Portugal25-Nov-75 Suriname from Netherlands27-Feb-76 Western Sahara from Spain29-Jun-76 Seychelles from UK27-Jun-77 Djibouti from France

7-Jul-78 Solomon Islands from UK1-Oct-78 Tuvalu from UK

3-Nov-78 Dominica from UK22-Feb-79 Saint Lucia from UK12-Jul-79 Kiribati from UK

27-Oct-79 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines from UK18-Apr-80 Zimbabwe from UK30-Jul-80 Vanuatu from France and UK

21-Sep-81 Belize from UK1-Nov-81 Antigua and Barbuda from UK

19-Sep-83 Saint Kitts and Nevis from UK1-Jan-84 Brunei from UK

21-Oct-86 Marshall Islands from the US-administered UN trusteeship 3-Nov-86 Federated States of Micronesia from the US-administered UN trusteeship

21-Mar-90 Namibia from South Africa24-May-93 Eritrea from Ethiopia

1-Oct-94 Palau from the US-administered UN trusteeship

Dates of recent independence of developing countries

Early dates of independence of South American countries

Date Country Notes1 January 1804 Haiti from France25 May 1810 Argentina from Spain20 July 1810 Colombia from Spain16 September 1810 Mexico from Spain18 September 1810 Chile from Spain14 May 1811 Paraguay from Spain5 July 1811 Venezuela from Spain28 July 1821 Peru from Spain15 September 1821 Costa Rica from Spain15 September 1821 El Salvador from Spain15 September 1821 Guatemala from Spain15 September 1821 Honduras from Spain15 September 1821 Nicaragua from Spain28 November 1821 Panama from Spain24 May 1822 Ecuador from Spain7 September 1822 Brazil from Portugal6 August 1825 Bolivia from Spain25 August 1825 Uruguay from Brazil

(v) Inept-leadership explanations

ldquoAfrican leaders themselves have also failed the resource-rich continent They continue to unscrupulously harp on historical injustices to cover up for their political and economic mess that are [sic] a sad manifestation of their suppression of democratic governance Corrupt and inefficient management of economies greed power hunger disrespect for human rights cronyism among other vices have contributed to the underdevelopment of Africa todayrdquo- Charles Mangongera lsquoShould We Continue to Blame Colonialismrsquo Financial Gazette (Harare Zimbabwe) September 19 2002

ldquoA district our size should have a much better soccer field but the money was pocketed There is corruption at all levels Itrsquos a top-down problemrdquo- Unemployed 27-yr-old Sidhinhyo Morongulos Mozambique April 2004

Evolution of Corruption by Regions of the World 1984-1999

Source Lederman D Loayza N and Soares RR (2001)

ldquoWho has the most to gain from corruption

(or the most to lose from ending it)rdquo

(vi) Psychological explanations

ldquoThere exists among us a strong feeling of inferiority [hellip which] comes from our awareness of past [whiteEuropean] oppressionrdquo- Anonymous fisherman northern Mozambique April 2004

(vii) Neocolonial explanations

ldquoWe were told and accepted that our poverty was caused by our poverty in the now famous theory of the lsquovicious circle of povertyrsquo and we went round in circles seeking ways and means of breaking that circle Had we asked the [right] questions we would not have exposed our economies to the ruthless plunder brought about by lsquoforeign investmentsrsquo which the exponents of the vicious circle theory urged us to do For it is clear foreign investment is the cause and not a solution to our economic backwardnessrdquo- Former Tanzanian minister AM Babu In Walter Rodney (1965) How Europe underdeveloped Africa page 312

Economies are like fires

5 The link with Sustainability

Earthrsquos ecologically productive surface asymp 2142109 hectares

Per-capita surface required to support American lifestyle

asymp 957 hectares

Acreage required to support worldwide American standards of living

asymp 3 Earths

Global population on July 10th 2010 asymp 6 795 329 623

Neocolonial explanations for persistent 21st-century poverty

Present American standards of living for the entire global populace are a physical impossibility

Fact

Cartograms illustrating (a) country-level wood and paper imports (by volume) for the year 2000 (b) country-level net forest loss between 1990 and 2000

(a) (b)

Flo

ws

of r

aw m

ater

ial a

nd fu

el

the case for greater

global equality

almost everyone stands to gain

httpwwwrealfutureorgthe tide is on Our side

Nepal

Money amp Happiness

What do people think makes them happy Concern

Mean Range Mean Range

Personal economic 10 1-1 77 60-95Family 22 2-3 50 27-76Health 34 2-6 34 4-48Values and character 44 4-6 22 9-42Job or work situation 44 3-6 20 8-42International-world situation 67 5-8 6 1-14Social 73 4-9 4 0-15Political 77 5-9 2 0-11Maintain status quo or no fears 79 5-9 3 0-15

Relative ImportanceRank mentioning

After Cantril (1965)

What do people think makes them happy

After British Social Science Research Council (1975)In Douthwaite (1999)

What is well-being

Concern mentioning

Family and home life 23General contentment 19Money and prices 18Living standards consumption 17Social values 16Personal beliefs religion 11Social relationships 10Housing 10Health 10Work 9Freedom of all kinds 7Leisure holidays travel 6Natural environment 4Education and culture 4Comparison with past and other countries4Possession of consumer goods 3Pressures of life 3Worries mental health 2Negative statements 2Altrusitic statements 2Equality and justice 2Other 3Dont know 10

Income amp happiness

Income amp happiness

Reported life satisfaction increases with income to US$10000 ndash 15000

then levels off at higher levels

The case for greater

equality

Income inequality correlates with

social capital

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

infant mortality

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

mental illness

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

drug abuse

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

high-school drop out rates

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

incarceration rates

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

obesity

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

trust in fellow humans

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

homicide rates

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

teenage pregnancy rates

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

child well-being

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

national altruism

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

recycling

2 What patterns exist in the distribution of income

What patterns exist in the distribution of income

(4) InequalityWhat patterns exist in the distribution of income

Compiled from 2003 World Bank country dataset

Per-capita income for white and black Brazilians

Source IBGE Census 2000

What patterns exist in the distribution of income

What patterns exist in the distribution of income

Income (US$ PPP)

Where are the people

100 100001000 100000

Source Dikhanov Y and Ward M (2003)

(AFR=Africa EAP=East Asia ECE=East- and Central Europe LAC=Latin America OECD=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development SAS=South Asia)

100 100001000 100000Income (US$ PPP)

What patterns exist in the distribution of income

Where is the dough

Source Dikhanov Y and Ward M (2003)

(AFR=Africa EAP=East Asia ECE=East- and Central Europe LAC=Latin America OECD=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development SAS=South Asia)

3 Why are some countries rich and others poor

ldquoWhy are some countries rich and others poorrdquo

Summary of interviews conducted between February 2002 and June 2006

Continent Country Month(s) year(s)

Number of Interviews

Mozambique May-03 10Namibia Jul-04 14South Africa Jul-04 5Bangladesh Jun-02 3Cambodia Jul-02 3

Jun 2002Jul-02

Myanmar (Burma)

Jun-02 7

Jan 2002-

Jun-02Thailand Jul-02 2Tibet (China) Feb-02 6Turkey Mar-06 8Belgium Sep-02 1Bulgaria Mar-06 1

Aug 2002Aug-06

Dec 2004Jul-05

Germany Aug-06 6Hungary Mar-06 2Netherlands the Aug-04 3Norway Jul-06 5Romania Mar-06 1Sweden Jul-06 1

Europe

Denmark 3

France 2

Africa

Asia

India 11

Nepal 19

Continent Country Month(s) year(s)

Number of Interviews

Sep 2002-Jun-06

Aug 2002Aug-06

Mexico Jun-04 4Sep 2002-

Jun-06Aug 2003

Aug-Sep 2004

Aug-05New Zealand Aug-05 4

United States 108

Oceania Australia 28

Canada 3

Greenland 8

North America

Categories of responses

Categories of responses

Categories of responses

(i) Evolutionary explanations

ldquohellip because some people are clever and others are stupidrdquo- Anonymous white South African of Boer ancestry Hazyview South Africa July 2004

ldquoThe idea that some populations are more energetic than others [hellip] perhaps deserves some considerationrdquo- JP Cole (1979) The Development Gap page 111

Categories of responses

Categories of responses

(ii) Culturalsocietal explanations

ldquo the explanations offered for the contrasting records in growth have most often focused on institutions and highlighted the variation across societies in conditions relevant to growth such as the security of property rights prevalence of corruption structures of the financial sector investment in public infrastructure and social capital and the inclination to work hard or be entrepreneurialrdquo- Sokoloff amp Engerman (2000) page 218

GDPcapita relative to US in selected New World economies 1700-1997

Source Sokoloff and Engermann (2000)

Categories of responses

(iii) Environmental explanations

ldquoThese areas were settled because the climate was similar to that of Europerdquo

- Prof Wolfram Latsch personal communication April 2004

ldquoI think that tropical diseases are largely to blamerdquo- Prof Roger Buick North Pole Australia August 2004

Koppen classification climatic zones

(iv) Historical explanations

ldquoEuropean countries have been around for a long time We are young We just simply need time to catch uprdquo- Nxobo Masika Johannesburg South Africa March 2004

Date Country Notes19-Jul-49 Laos from France8-Aug-49 Bhutan from India

24-Dec-51 Libya from Italy9-Nov-53 Cambodia from France1-Jan-56 Sudan from Egypt and UK

2-Mar-56 Morocco from France and Spain20-Mar-56 Tunisia from France6-Mar-57 Ghana from UK

31-Aug-57 Malaysia from UK2-Oct-58 Guinea from France1-Jan-60 Cameroon from French-administered UN trusteeship4-Apr-60 Senegal from France

27-Apr-60 Togo from French-administered UN trusteeship26-Jun-60 Madagascar from France26-Jun-60 Somalia from the UK30-Jun-60 Democratic Republic of the Congo from Belgium

1-Jul-60 Somalia from the Italian-administered UN trusteeship1-Aug-60 Benin from France3-Aug-60 Niger from France5-Aug-60 Burkina Faso from France7-Aug-60 Cocircte dIvoire from France

11-Aug-60 Chad from France13-Aug-60 Central African Republic from France15-Aug-60 Republic of the Congo from France17-Aug-60 Gabon from France22-Sep-60 Mali from France

1-Oct-60 Nigeria from UK28-Nov-60 Mauritania from France27-Apr-61 Sierra Leone from UK19-Jun-61 Kuwait from UK

1-Jan-62 Samoa from New Zealand-administered UN trusteeship1-Jul-62 Burundi from UN trusteeship under Belgian administration1-Jul-62 Rwanda from Belgium-administered UN trusteeship5-Jul-62 Algeria from France

6-Aug-62 Jamaica from UK31-Aug-62 Trinidad and Tobago from UK

9-Oct-62 Uganda from UK12-Dec-63 Kenya from UK26-Apr-64 Tanzania from UK-administered UN trusteeship

6-Jul-64 Malawi from UK21-Sep-64 Malta from UK24-Oct-64 Zambia from UK18-Feb-65 The Gambia from UK26-Jul-65 Maldives from UK9-Aug-65 Singapore from Malaysian Federation

Date Country Notes26-May-66 Guyana from UK30-Sep-66 Botswana from UK

4-Oct-66 Lesotho from UK30-Nov-66 Barbados from UK30-Nov-67 South Yemen from UK31-Jan-68 Nauru from Australia-NZ-UK-administered UN trusteeship

12-Mar-68 Mauritius from UK6-Sep-68 Swaziland from UK

12-Oct-68 Equatorial Guinea from Spain4-Jun-70 Tonga from UK protectorate

10-Oct-70 Fiji from UK15-Aug-71 Bahrain from UK

3-Sep-71 Qatar from UK2-Dec-71 United Arab Emirates from UK

16-Dec-71 Bangladesh from Pakistan10-Jul-73 The Bahamas from UK

24-Sep-73 Guinea-Bissau declared independence from Portugal7-Feb-74 Grenada from UK

19-Oct-74 Niue in free association with New Zealand25-Jun-75 Mozambique from Portugal

5-Jul-75 Cape Verde from Portugal6-Jul-75 Comoros from France

12-Jul-75 Satildeo Tomeacute and Principe from Portugal16-Sep-75 Papua New Guinea from the Australian-administered UN trusteeship11-Nov-75 Angola from Portugal25-Nov-75 Suriname from Netherlands27-Feb-76 Western Sahara from Spain29-Jun-76 Seychelles from UK27-Jun-77 Djibouti from France

7-Jul-78 Solomon Islands from UK1-Oct-78 Tuvalu from UK

3-Nov-78 Dominica from UK22-Feb-79 Saint Lucia from UK12-Jul-79 Kiribati from UK

27-Oct-79 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines from UK18-Apr-80 Zimbabwe from UK30-Jul-80 Vanuatu from France and UK

21-Sep-81 Belize from UK1-Nov-81 Antigua and Barbuda from UK

19-Sep-83 Saint Kitts and Nevis from UK1-Jan-84 Brunei from UK

21-Oct-86 Marshall Islands from the US-administered UN trusteeship 3-Nov-86 Federated States of Micronesia from the US-administered UN trusteeship

21-Mar-90 Namibia from South Africa24-May-93 Eritrea from Ethiopia

1-Oct-94 Palau from the US-administered UN trusteeship

Dates of recent independence of developing countries

Early dates of independence of South American countries

Date Country Notes1 January 1804 Haiti from France25 May 1810 Argentina from Spain20 July 1810 Colombia from Spain16 September 1810 Mexico from Spain18 September 1810 Chile from Spain14 May 1811 Paraguay from Spain5 July 1811 Venezuela from Spain28 July 1821 Peru from Spain15 September 1821 Costa Rica from Spain15 September 1821 El Salvador from Spain15 September 1821 Guatemala from Spain15 September 1821 Honduras from Spain15 September 1821 Nicaragua from Spain28 November 1821 Panama from Spain24 May 1822 Ecuador from Spain7 September 1822 Brazil from Portugal6 August 1825 Bolivia from Spain25 August 1825 Uruguay from Brazil

(v) Inept-leadership explanations

ldquoAfrican leaders themselves have also failed the resource-rich continent They continue to unscrupulously harp on historical injustices to cover up for their political and economic mess that are [sic] a sad manifestation of their suppression of democratic governance Corrupt and inefficient management of economies greed power hunger disrespect for human rights cronyism among other vices have contributed to the underdevelopment of Africa todayrdquo- Charles Mangongera lsquoShould We Continue to Blame Colonialismrsquo Financial Gazette (Harare Zimbabwe) September 19 2002

ldquoA district our size should have a much better soccer field but the money was pocketed There is corruption at all levels Itrsquos a top-down problemrdquo- Unemployed 27-yr-old Sidhinhyo Morongulos Mozambique April 2004

Evolution of Corruption by Regions of the World 1984-1999

Source Lederman D Loayza N and Soares RR (2001)

ldquoWho has the most to gain from corruption

(or the most to lose from ending it)rdquo

(vi) Psychological explanations

ldquoThere exists among us a strong feeling of inferiority [hellip which] comes from our awareness of past [whiteEuropean] oppressionrdquo- Anonymous fisherman northern Mozambique April 2004

(vii) Neocolonial explanations

ldquoWe were told and accepted that our poverty was caused by our poverty in the now famous theory of the lsquovicious circle of povertyrsquo and we went round in circles seeking ways and means of breaking that circle Had we asked the [right] questions we would not have exposed our economies to the ruthless plunder brought about by lsquoforeign investmentsrsquo which the exponents of the vicious circle theory urged us to do For it is clear foreign investment is the cause and not a solution to our economic backwardnessrdquo- Former Tanzanian minister AM Babu In Walter Rodney (1965) How Europe underdeveloped Africa page 312

Economies are like fires

5 The link with Sustainability

Earthrsquos ecologically productive surface asymp 2142109 hectares

Per-capita surface required to support American lifestyle

asymp 957 hectares

Acreage required to support worldwide American standards of living

asymp 3 Earths

Global population on July 10th 2010 asymp 6 795 329 623

Neocolonial explanations for persistent 21st-century poverty

Present American standards of living for the entire global populace are a physical impossibility

Fact

Cartograms illustrating (a) country-level wood and paper imports (by volume) for the year 2000 (b) country-level net forest loss between 1990 and 2000

(a) (b)

Flo

ws

of r

aw m

ater

ial a

nd fu

el

the case for greater

global equality

almost everyone stands to gain

httpwwwrealfutureorgthe tide is on Our side

Money amp Happiness

What do people think makes them happy Concern

Mean Range Mean Range

Personal economic 10 1-1 77 60-95Family 22 2-3 50 27-76Health 34 2-6 34 4-48Values and character 44 4-6 22 9-42Job or work situation 44 3-6 20 8-42International-world situation 67 5-8 6 1-14Social 73 4-9 4 0-15Political 77 5-9 2 0-11Maintain status quo or no fears 79 5-9 3 0-15

Relative ImportanceRank mentioning

After Cantril (1965)

What do people think makes them happy

After British Social Science Research Council (1975)In Douthwaite (1999)

What is well-being

Concern mentioning

Family and home life 23General contentment 19Money and prices 18Living standards consumption 17Social values 16Personal beliefs religion 11Social relationships 10Housing 10Health 10Work 9Freedom of all kinds 7Leisure holidays travel 6Natural environment 4Education and culture 4Comparison with past and other countries4Possession of consumer goods 3Pressures of life 3Worries mental health 2Negative statements 2Altrusitic statements 2Equality and justice 2Other 3Dont know 10

Income amp happiness

Income amp happiness

Reported life satisfaction increases with income to US$10000 ndash 15000

then levels off at higher levels

The case for greater

equality

Income inequality correlates with

social capital

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

infant mortality

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

mental illness

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

drug abuse

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

high-school drop out rates

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

incarceration rates

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

obesity

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

trust in fellow humans

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

homicide rates

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

teenage pregnancy rates

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

child well-being

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

national altruism

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

recycling

2 What patterns exist in the distribution of income

What patterns exist in the distribution of income

(4) InequalityWhat patterns exist in the distribution of income

Compiled from 2003 World Bank country dataset

Per-capita income for white and black Brazilians

Source IBGE Census 2000

What patterns exist in the distribution of income

What patterns exist in the distribution of income

Income (US$ PPP)

Where are the people

100 100001000 100000

Source Dikhanov Y and Ward M (2003)

(AFR=Africa EAP=East Asia ECE=East- and Central Europe LAC=Latin America OECD=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development SAS=South Asia)

100 100001000 100000Income (US$ PPP)

What patterns exist in the distribution of income

Where is the dough

Source Dikhanov Y and Ward M (2003)

(AFR=Africa EAP=East Asia ECE=East- and Central Europe LAC=Latin America OECD=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development SAS=South Asia)

3 Why are some countries rich and others poor

ldquoWhy are some countries rich and others poorrdquo

Summary of interviews conducted between February 2002 and June 2006

Continent Country Month(s) year(s)

Number of Interviews

Mozambique May-03 10Namibia Jul-04 14South Africa Jul-04 5Bangladesh Jun-02 3Cambodia Jul-02 3

Jun 2002Jul-02

Myanmar (Burma)

Jun-02 7

Jan 2002-

Jun-02Thailand Jul-02 2Tibet (China) Feb-02 6Turkey Mar-06 8Belgium Sep-02 1Bulgaria Mar-06 1

Aug 2002Aug-06

Dec 2004Jul-05

Germany Aug-06 6Hungary Mar-06 2Netherlands the Aug-04 3Norway Jul-06 5Romania Mar-06 1Sweden Jul-06 1

Europe

Denmark 3

France 2

Africa

Asia

India 11

Nepal 19

Continent Country Month(s) year(s)

Number of Interviews

Sep 2002-Jun-06

Aug 2002Aug-06

Mexico Jun-04 4Sep 2002-

Jun-06Aug 2003

Aug-Sep 2004

Aug-05New Zealand Aug-05 4

United States 108

Oceania Australia 28

Canada 3

Greenland 8

North America

Categories of responses

Categories of responses

Categories of responses

(i) Evolutionary explanations

ldquohellip because some people are clever and others are stupidrdquo- Anonymous white South African of Boer ancestry Hazyview South Africa July 2004

ldquoThe idea that some populations are more energetic than others [hellip] perhaps deserves some considerationrdquo- JP Cole (1979) The Development Gap page 111

Categories of responses

Categories of responses

(ii) Culturalsocietal explanations

ldquo the explanations offered for the contrasting records in growth have most often focused on institutions and highlighted the variation across societies in conditions relevant to growth such as the security of property rights prevalence of corruption structures of the financial sector investment in public infrastructure and social capital and the inclination to work hard or be entrepreneurialrdquo- Sokoloff amp Engerman (2000) page 218

GDPcapita relative to US in selected New World economies 1700-1997

Source Sokoloff and Engermann (2000)

Categories of responses

(iii) Environmental explanations

ldquoThese areas were settled because the climate was similar to that of Europerdquo

- Prof Wolfram Latsch personal communication April 2004

ldquoI think that tropical diseases are largely to blamerdquo- Prof Roger Buick North Pole Australia August 2004

Koppen classification climatic zones

(iv) Historical explanations

ldquoEuropean countries have been around for a long time We are young We just simply need time to catch uprdquo- Nxobo Masika Johannesburg South Africa March 2004

Date Country Notes19-Jul-49 Laos from France8-Aug-49 Bhutan from India

24-Dec-51 Libya from Italy9-Nov-53 Cambodia from France1-Jan-56 Sudan from Egypt and UK

2-Mar-56 Morocco from France and Spain20-Mar-56 Tunisia from France6-Mar-57 Ghana from UK

31-Aug-57 Malaysia from UK2-Oct-58 Guinea from France1-Jan-60 Cameroon from French-administered UN trusteeship4-Apr-60 Senegal from France

27-Apr-60 Togo from French-administered UN trusteeship26-Jun-60 Madagascar from France26-Jun-60 Somalia from the UK30-Jun-60 Democratic Republic of the Congo from Belgium

1-Jul-60 Somalia from the Italian-administered UN trusteeship1-Aug-60 Benin from France3-Aug-60 Niger from France5-Aug-60 Burkina Faso from France7-Aug-60 Cocircte dIvoire from France

11-Aug-60 Chad from France13-Aug-60 Central African Republic from France15-Aug-60 Republic of the Congo from France17-Aug-60 Gabon from France22-Sep-60 Mali from France

1-Oct-60 Nigeria from UK28-Nov-60 Mauritania from France27-Apr-61 Sierra Leone from UK19-Jun-61 Kuwait from UK

1-Jan-62 Samoa from New Zealand-administered UN trusteeship1-Jul-62 Burundi from UN trusteeship under Belgian administration1-Jul-62 Rwanda from Belgium-administered UN trusteeship5-Jul-62 Algeria from France

6-Aug-62 Jamaica from UK31-Aug-62 Trinidad and Tobago from UK

9-Oct-62 Uganda from UK12-Dec-63 Kenya from UK26-Apr-64 Tanzania from UK-administered UN trusteeship

6-Jul-64 Malawi from UK21-Sep-64 Malta from UK24-Oct-64 Zambia from UK18-Feb-65 The Gambia from UK26-Jul-65 Maldives from UK9-Aug-65 Singapore from Malaysian Federation

Date Country Notes26-May-66 Guyana from UK30-Sep-66 Botswana from UK

4-Oct-66 Lesotho from UK30-Nov-66 Barbados from UK30-Nov-67 South Yemen from UK31-Jan-68 Nauru from Australia-NZ-UK-administered UN trusteeship

12-Mar-68 Mauritius from UK6-Sep-68 Swaziland from UK

12-Oct-68 Equatorial Guinea from Spain4-Jun-70 Tonga from UK protectorate

10-Oct-70 Fiji from UK15-Aug-71 Bahrain from UK

3-Sep-71 Qatar from UK2-Dec-71 United Arab Emirates from UK

16-Dec-71 Bangladesh from Pakistan10-Jul-73 The Bahamas from UK

24-Sep-73 Guinea-Bissau declared independence from Portugal7-Feb-74 Grenada from UK

19-Oct-74 Niue in free association with New Zealand25-Jun-75 Mozambique from Portugal

5-Jul-75 Cape Verde from Portugal6-Jul-75 Comoros from France

12-Jul-75 Satildeo Tomeacute and Principe from Portugal16-Sep-75 Papua New Guinea from the Australian-administered UN trusteeship11-Nov-75 Angola from Portugal25-Nov-75 Suriname from Netherlands27-Feb-76 Western Sahara from Spain29-Jun-76 Seychelles from UK27-Jun-77 Djibouti from France

7-Jul-78 Solomon Islands from UK1-Oct-78 Tuvalu from UK

3-Nov-78 Dominica from UK22-Feb-79 Saint Lucia from UK12-Jul-79 Kiribati from UK

27-Oct-79 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines from UK18-Apr-80 Zimbabwe from UK30-Jul-80 Vanuatu from France and UK

21-Sep-81 Belize from UK1-Nov-81 Antigua and Barbuda from UK

19-Sep-83 Saint Kitts and Nevis from UK1-Jan-84 Brunei from UK

21-Oct-86 Marshall Islands from the US-administered UN trusteeship 3-Nov-86 Federated States of Micronesia from the US-administered UN trusteeship

21-Mar-90 Namibia from South Africa24-May-93 Eritrea from Ethiopia

1-Oct-94 Palau from the US-administered UN trusteeship

Dates of recent independence of developing countries

Early dates of independence of South American countries

Date Country Notes1 January 1804 Haiti from France25 May 1810 Argentina from Spain20 July 1810 Colombia from Spain16 September 1810 Mexico from Spain18 September 1810 Chile from Spain14 May 1811 Paraguay from Spain5 July 1811 Venezuela from Spain28 July 1821 Peru from Spain15 September 1821 Costa Rica from Spain15 September 1821 El Salvador from Spain15 September 1821 Guatemala from Spain15 September 1821 Honduras from Spain15 September 1821 Nicaragua from Spain28 November 1821 Panama from Spain24 May 1822 Ecuador from Spain7 September 1822 Brazil from Portugal6 August 1825 Bolivia from Spain25 August 1825 Uruguay from Brazil

(v) Inept-leadership explanations

ldquoAfrican leaders themselves have also failed the resource-rich continent They continue to unscrupulously harp on historical injustices to cover up for their political and economic mess that are [sic] a sad manifestation of their suppression of democratic governance Corrupt and inefficient management of economies greed power hunger disrespect for human rights cronyism among other vices have contributed to the underdevelopment of Africa todayrdquo- Charles Mangongera lsquoShould We Continue to Blame Colonialismrsquo Financial Gazette (Harare Zimbabwe) September 19 2002

ldquoA district our size should have a much better soccer field but the money was pocketed There is corruption at all levels Itrsquos a top-down problemrdquo- Unemployed 27-yr-old Sidhinhyo Morongulos Mozambique April 2004

Evolution of Corruption by Regions of the World 1984-1999

Source Lederman D Loayza N and Soares RR (2001)

ldquoWho has the most to gain from corruption

(or the most to lose from ending it)rdquo

(vi) Psychological explanations

ldquoThere exists among us a strong feeling of inferiority [hellip which] comes from our awareness of past [whiteEuropean] oppressionrdquo- Anonymous fisherman northern Mozambique April 2004

(vii) Neocolonial explanations

ldquoWe were told and accepted that our poverty was caused by our poverty in the now famous theory of the lsquovicious circle of povertyrsquo and we went round in circles seeking ways and means of breaking that circle Had we asked the [right] questions we would not have exposed our economies to the ruthless plunder brought about by lsquoforeign investmentsrsquo which the exponents of the vicious circle theory urged us to do For it is clear foreign investment is the cause and not a solution to our economic backwardnessrdquo- Former Tanzanian minister AM Babu In Walter Rodney (1965) How Europe underdeveloped Africa page 312

Economies are like fires

5 The link with Sustainability

Earthrsquos ecologically productive surface asymp 2142109 hectares

Per-capita surface required to support American lifestyle

asymp 957 hectares

Acreage required to support worldwide American standards of living

asymp 3 Earths

Global population on July 10th 2010 asymp 6 795 329 623

Neocolonial explanations for persistent 21st-century poverty

Present American standards of living for the entire global populace are a physical impossibility

Fact

Cartograms illustrating (a) country-level wood and paper imports (by volume) for the year 2000 (b) country-level net forest loss between 1990 and 2000

(a) (b)

Flo

ws

of r

aw m

ater

ial a

nd fu

el

the case for greater

global equality

almost everyone stands to gain

httpwwwrealfutureorgthe tide is on Our side

What do people think makes them happy Concern

Mean Range Mean Range

Personal economic 10 1-1 77 60-95Family 22 2-3 50 27-76Health 34 2-6 34 4-48Values and character 44 4-6 22 9-42Job or work situation 44 3-6 20 8-42International-world situation 67 5-8 6 1-14Social 73 4-9 4 0-15Political 77 5-9 2 0-11Maintain status quo or no fears 79 5-9 3 0-15

Relative ImportanceRank mentioning

After Cantril (1965)

What do people think makes them happy

After British Social Science Research Council (1975)In Douthwaite (1999)

What is well-being

Concern mentioning

Family and home life 23General contentment 19Money and prices 18Living standards consumption 17Social values 16Personal beliefs religion 11Social relationships 10Housing 10Health 10Work 9Freedom of all kinds 7Leisure holidays travel 6Natural environment 4Education and culture 4Comparison with past and other countries4Possession of consumer goods 3Pressures of life 3Worries mental health 2Negative statements 2Altrusitic statements 2Equality and justice 2Other 3Dont know 10

Income amp happiness

Income amp happiness

Reported life satisfaction increases with income to US$10000 ndash 15000

then levels off at higher levels

The case for greater

equality

Income inequality correlates with

social capital

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

infant mortality

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

mental illness

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

drug abuse

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

high-school drop out rates

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

incarceration rates

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

obesity

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

trust in fellow humans

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

homicide rates

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

teenage pregnancy rates

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

child well-being

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

national altruism

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

recycling

2 What patterns exist in the distribution of income

What patterns exist in the distribution of income

(4) InequalityWhat patterns exist in the distribution of income

Compiled from 2003 World Bank country dataset

Per-capita income for white and black Brazilians

Source IBGE Census 2000

What patterns exist in the distribution of income

What patterns exist in the distribution of income

Income (US$ PPP)

Where are the people

100 100001000 100000

Source Dikhanov Y and Ward M (2003)

(AFR=Africa EAP=East Asia ECE=East- and Central Europe LAC=Latin America OECD=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development SAS=South Asia)

100 100001000 100000Income (US$ PPP)

What patterns exist in the distribution of income

Where is the dough

Source Dikhanov Y and Ward M (2003)

(AFR=Africa EAP=East Asia ECE=East- and Central Europe LAC=Latin America OECD=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development SAS=South Asia)

3 Why are some countries rich and others poor

ldquoWhy are some countries rich and others poorrdquo

Summary of interviews conducted between February 2002 and June 2006

Continent Country Month(s) year(s)

Number of Interviews

Mozambique May-03 10Namibia Jul-04 14South Africa Jul-04 5Bangladesh Jun-02 3Cambodia Jul-02 3

Jun 2002Jul-02

Myanmar (Burma)

Jun-02 7

Jan 2002-

Jun-02Thailand Jul-02 2Tibet (China) Feb-02 6Turkey Mar-06 8Belgium Sep-02 1Bulgaria Mar-06 1

Aug 2002Aug-06

Dec 2004Jul-05

Germany Aug-06 6Hungary Mar-06 2Netherlands the Aug-04 3Norway Jul-06 5Romania Mar-06 1Sweden Jul-06 1

Europe

Denmark 3

France 2

Africa

Asia

India 11

Nepal 19

Continent Country Month(s) year(s)

Number of Interviews

Sep 2002-Jun-06

Aug 2002Aug-06

Mexico Jun-04 4Sep 2002-

Jun-06Aug 2003

Aug-Sep 2004

Aug-05New Zealand Aug-05 4

United States 108

Oceania Australia 28

Canada 3

Greenland 8

North America

Categories of responses

Categories of responses

Categories of responses

(i) Evolutionary explanations

ldquohellip because some people are clever and others are stupidrdquo- Anonymous white South African of Boer ancestry Hazyview South Africa July 2004

ldquoThe idea that some populations are more energetic than others [hellip] perhaps deserves some considerationrdquo- JP Cole (1979) The Development Gap page 111

Categories of responses

Categories of responses

(ii) Culturalsocietal explanations

ldquo the explanations offered for the contrasting records in growth have most often focused on institutions and highlighted the variation across societies in conditions relevant to growth such as the security of property rights prevalence of corruption structures of the financial sector investment in public infrastructure and social capital and the inclination to work hard or be entrepreneurialrdquo- Sokoloff amp Engerman (2000) page 218

GDPcapita relative to US in selected New World economies 1700-1997

Source Sokoloff and Engermann (2000)

Categories of responses

(iii) Environmental explanations

ldquoThese areas were settled because the climate was similar to that of Europerdquo

- Prof Wolfram Latsch personal communication April 2004

ldquoI think that tropical diseases are largely to blamerdquo- Prof Roger Buick North Pole Australia August 2004

Koppen classification climatic zones

(iv) Historical explanations

ldquoEuropean countries have been around for a long time We are young We just simply need time to catch uprdquo- Nxobo Masika Johannesburg South Africa March 2004

Date Country Notes19-Jul-49 Laos from France8-Aug-49 Bhutan from India

24-Dec-51 Libya from Italy9-Nov-53 Cambodia from France1-Jan-56 Sudan from Egypt and UK

2-Mar-56 Morocco from France and Spain20-Mar-56 Tunisia from France6-Mar-57 Ghana from UK

31-Aug-57 Malaysia from UK2-Oct-58 Guinea from France1-Jan-60 Cameroon from French-administered UN trusteeship4-Apr-60 Senegal from France

27-Apr-60 Togo from French-administered UN trusteeship26-Jun-60 Madagascar from France26-Jun-60 Somalia from the UK30-Jun-60 Democratic Republic of the Congo from Belgium

1-Jul-60 Somalia from the Italian-administered UN trusteeship1-Aug-60 Benin from France3-Aug-60 Niger from France5-Aug-60 Burkina Faso from France7-Aug-60 Cocircte dIvoire from France

11-Aug-60 Chad from France13-Aug-60 Central African Republic from France15-Aug-60 Republic of the Congo from France17-Aug-60 Gabon from France22-Sep-60 Mali from France

1-Oct-60 Nigeria from UK28-Nov-60 Mauritania from France27-Apr-61 Sierra Leone from UK19-Jun-61 Kuwait from UK

1-Jan-62 Samoa from New Zealand-administered UN trusteeship1-Jul-62 Burundi from UN trusteeship under Belgian administration1-Jul-62 Rwanda from Belgium-administered UN trusteeship5-Jul-62 Algeria from France

6-Aug-62 Jamaica from UK31-Aug-62 Trinidad and Tobago from UK

9-Oct-62 Uganda from UK12-Dec-63 Kenya from UK26-Apr-64 Tanzania from UK-administered UN trusteeship

6-Jul-64 Malawi from UK21-Sep-64 Malta from UK24-Oct-64 Zambia from UK18-Feb-65 The Gambia from UK26-Jul-65 Maldives from UK9-Aug-65 Singapore from Malaysian Federation

Date Country Notes26-May-66 Guyana from UK30-Sep-66 Botswana from UK

4-Oct-66 Lesotho from UK30-Nov-66 Barbados from UK30-Nov-67 South Yemen from UK31-Jan-68 Nauru from Australia-NZ-UK-administered UN trusteeship

12-Mar-68 Mauritius from UK6-Sep-68 Swaziland from UK

12-Oct-68 Equatorial Guinea from Spain4-Jun-70 Tonga from UK protectorate

10-Oct-70 Fiji from UK15-Aug-71 Bahrain from UK

3-Sep-71 Qatar from UK2-Dec-71 United Arab Emirates from UK

16-Dec-71 Bangladesh from Pakistan10-Jul-73 The Bahamas from UK

24-Sep-73 Guinea-Bissau declared independence from Portugal7-Feb-74 Grenada from UK

19-Oct-74 Niue in free association with New Zealand25-Jun-75 Mozambique from Portugal

5-Jul-75 Cape Verde from Portugal6-Jul-75 Comoros from France

12-Jul-75 Satildeo Tomeacute and Principe from Portugal16-Sep-75 Papua New Guinea from the Australian-administered UN trusteeship11-Nov-75 Angola from Portugal25-Nov-75 Suriname from Netherlands27-Feb-76 Western Sahara from Spain29-Jun-76 Seychelles from UK27-Jun-77 Djibouti from France

7-Jul-78 Solomon Islands from UK1-Oct-78 Tuvalu from UK

3-Nov-78 Dominica from UK22-Feb-79 Saint Lucia from UK12-Jul-79 Kiribati from UK

27-Oct-79 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines from UK18-Apr-80 Zimbabwe from UK30-Jul-80 Vanuatu from France and UK

21-Sep-81 Belize from UK1-Nov-81 Antigua and Barbuda from UK

19-Sep-83 Saint Kitts and Nevis from UK1-Jan-84 Brunei from UK

21-Oct-86 Marshall Islands from the US-administered UN trusteeship 3-Nov-86 Federated States of Micronesia from the US-administered UN trusteeship

21-Mar-90 Namibia from South Africa24-May-93 Eritrea from Ethiopia

1-Oct-94 Palau from the US-administered UN trusteeship

Dates of recent independence of developing countries

Early dates of independence of South American countries

Date Country Notes1 January 1804 Haiti from France25 May 1810 Argentina from Spain20 July 1810 Colombia from Spain16 September 1810 Mexico from Spain18 September 1810 Chile from Spain14 May 1811 Paraguay from Spain5 July 1811 Venezuela from Spain28 July 1821 Peru from Spain15 September 1821 Costa Rica from Spain15 September 1821 El Salvador from Spain15 September 1821 Guatemala from Spain15 September 1821 Honduras from Spain15 September 1821 Nicaragua from Spain28 November 1821 Panama from Spain24 May 1822 Ecuador from Spain7 September 1822 Brazil from Portugal6 August 1825 Bolivia from Spain25 August 1825 Uruguay from Brazil

(v) Inept-leadership explanations

ldquoAfrican leaders themselves have also failed the resource-rich continent They continue to unscrupulously harp on historical injustices to cover up for their political and economic mess that are [sic] a sad manifestation of their suppression of democratic governance Corrupt and inefficient management of economies greed power hunger disrespect for human rights cronyism among other vices have contributed to the underdevelopment of Africa todayrdquo- Charles Mangongera lsquoShould We Continue to Blame Colonialismrsquo Financial Gazette (Harare Zimbabwe) September 19 2002

ldquoA district our size should have a much better soccer field but the money was pocketed There is corruption at all levels Itrsquos a top-down problemrdquo- Unemployed 27-yr-old Sidhinhyo Morongulos Mozambique April 2004

Evolution of Corruption by Regions of the World 1984-1999

Source Lederman D Loayza N and Soares RR (2001)

ldquoWho has the most to gain from corruption

(or the most to lose from ending it)rdquo

(vi) Psychological explanations

ldquoThere exists among us a strong feeling of inferiority [hellip which] comes from our awareness of past [whiteEuropean] oppressionrdquo- Anonymous fisherman northern Mozambique April 2004

(vii) Neocolonial explanations

ldquoWe were told and accepted that our poverty was caused by our poverty in the now famous theory of the lsquovicious circle of povertyrsquo and we went round in circles seeking ways and means of breaking that circle Had we asked the [right] questions we would not have exposed our economies to the ruthless plunder brought about by lsquoforeign investmentsrsquo which the exponents of the vicious circle theory urged us to do For it is clear foreign investment is the cause and not a solution to our economic backwardnessrdquo- Former Tanzanian minister AM Babu In Walter Rodney (1965) How Europe underdeveloped Africa page 312

Economies are like fires

5 The link with Sustainability

Earthrsquos ecologically productive surface asymp 2142109 hectares

Per-capita surface required to support American lifestyle

asymp 957 hectares

Acreage required to support worldwide American standards of living

asymp 3 Earths

Global population on July 10th 2010 asymp 6 795 329 623

Neocolonial explanations for persistent 21st-century poverty

Present American standards of living for the entire global populace are a physical impossibility

Fact

Cartograms illustrating (a) country-level wood and paper imports (by volume) for the year 2000 (b) country-level net forest loss between 1990 and 2000

(a) (b)

Flo

ws

of r

aw m

ater

ial a

nd fu

el

the case for greater

global equality

almost everyone stands to gain

httpwwwrealfutureorgthe tide is on Our side

What do people think makes them happy

After British Social Science Research Council (1975)In Douthwaite (1999)

What is well-being

Concern mentioning

Family and home life 23General contentment 19Money and prices 18Living standards consumption 17Social values 16Personal beliefs religion 11Social relationships 10Housing 10Health 10Work 9Freedom of all kinds 7Leisure holidays travel 6Natural environment 4Education and culture 4Comparison with past and other countries4Possession of consumer goods 3Pressures of life 3Worries mental health 2Negative statements 2Altrusitic statements 2Equality and justice 2Other 3Dont know 10

Income amp happiness

Income amp happiness

Reported life satisfaction increases with income to US$10000 ndash 15000

then levels off at higher levels

The case for greater

equality

Income inequality correlates with

social capital

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

infant mortality

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

mental illness

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

drug abuse

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

high-school drop out rates

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

incarceration rates

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

obesity

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

trust in fellow humans

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

homicide rates

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

teenage pregnancy rates

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

child well-being

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

national altruism

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

recycling

2 What patterns exist in the distribution of income

What patterns exist in the distribution of income

(4) InequalityWhat patterns exist in the distribution of income

Compiled from 2003 World Bank country dataset

Per-capita income for white and black Brazilians

Source IBGE Census 2000

What patterns exist in the distribution of income

What patterns exist in the distribution of income

Income (US$ PPP)

Where are the people

100 100001000 100000

Source Dikhanov Y and Ward M (2003)

(AFR=Africa EAP=East Asia ECE=East- and Central Europe LAC=Latin America OECD=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development SAS=South Asia)

100 100001000 100000Income (US$ PPP)

What patterns exist in the distribution of income

Where is the dough

Source Dikhanov Y and Ward M (2003)

(AFR=Africa EAP=East Asia ECE=East- and Central Europe LAC=Latin America OECD=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development SAS=South Asia)

3 Why are some countries rich and others poor

ldquoWhy are some countries rich and others poorrdquo

Summary of interviews conducted between February 2002 and June 2006

Continent Country Month(s) year(s)

Number of Interviews

Mozambique May-03 10Namibia Jul-04 14South Africa Jul-04 5Bangladesh Jun-02 3Cambodia Jul-02 3

Jun 2002Jul-02

Myanmar (Burma)

Jun-02 7

Jan 2002-

Jun-02Thailand Jul-02 2Tibet (China) Feb-02 6Turkey Mar-06 8Belgium Sep-02 1Bulgaria Mar-06 1

Aug 2002Aug-06

Dec 2004Jul-05

Germany Aug-06 6Hungary Mar-06 2Netherlands the Aug-04 3Norway Jul-06 5Romania Mar-06 1Sweden Jul-06 1

Europe

Denmark 3

France 2

Africa

Asia

India 11

Nepal 19

Continent Country Month(s) year(s)

Number of Interviews

Sep 2002-Jun-06

Aug 2002Aug-06

Mexico Jun-04 4Sep 2002-

Jun-06Aug 2003

Aug-Sep 2004

Aug-05New Zealand Aug-05 4

United States 108

Oceania Australia 28

Canada 3

Greenland 8

North America

Categories of responses

Categories of responses

Categories of responses

(i) Evolutionary explanations

ldquohellip because some people are clever and others are stupidrdquo- Anonymous white South African of Boer ancestry Hazyview South Africa July 2004

ldquoThe idea that some populations are more energetic than others [hellip] perhaps deserves some considerationrdquo- JP Cole (1979) The Development Gap page 111

Categories of responses

Categories of responses

(ii) Culturalsocietal explanations

ldquo the explanations offered for the contrasting records in growth have most often focused on institutions and highlighted the variation across societies in conditions relevant to growth such as the security of property rights prevalence of corruption structures of the financial sector investment in public infrastructure and social capital and the inclination to work hard or be entrepreneurialrdquo- Sokoloff amp Engerman (2000) page 218

GDPcapita relative to US in selected New World economies 1700-1997

Source Sokoloff and Engermann (2000)

Categories of responses

(iii) Environmental explanations

ldquoThese areas were settled because the climate was similar to that of Europerdquo

- Prof Wolfram Latsch personal communication April 2004

ldquoI think that tropical diseases are largely to blamerdquo- Prof Roger Buick North Pole Australia August 2004

Koppen classification climatic zones

(iv) Historical explanations

ldquoEuropean countries have been around for a long time We are young We just simply need time to catch uprdquo- Nxobo Masika Johannesburg South Africa March 2004

Date Country Notes19-Jul-49 Laos from France8-Aug-49 Bhutan from India

24-Dec-51 Libya from Italy9-Nov-53 Cambodia from France1-Jan-56 Sudan from Egypt and UK

2-Mar-56 Morocco from France and Spain20-Mar-56 Tunisia from France6-Mar-57 Ghana from UK

31-Aug-57 Malaysia from UK2-Oct-58 Guinea from France1-Jan-60 Cameroon from French-administered UN trusteeship4-Apr-60 Senegal from France

27-Apr-60 Togo from French-administered UN trusteeship26-Jun-60 Madagascar from France26-Jun-60 Somalia from the UK30-Jun-60 Democratic Republic of the Congo from Belgium

1-Jul-60 Somalia from the Italian-administered UN trusteeship1-Aug-60 Benin from France3-Aug-60 Niger from France5-Aug-60 Burkina Faso from France7-Aug-60 Cocircte dIvoire from France

11-Aug-60 Chad from France13-Aug-60 Central African Republic from France15-Aug-60 Republic of the Congo from France17-Aug-60 Gabon from France22-Sep-60 Mali from France

1-Oct-60 Nigeria from UK28-Nov-60 Mauritania from France27-Apr-61 Sierra Leone from UK19-Jun-61 Kuwait from UK

1-Jan-62 Samoa from New Zealand-administered UN trusteeship1-Jul-62 Burundi from UN trusteeship under Belgian administration1-Jul-62 Rwanda from Belgium-administered UN trusteeship5-Jul-62 Algeria from France

6-Aug-62 Jamaica from UK31-Aug-62 Trinidad and Tobago from UK

9-Oct-62 Uganda from UK12-Dec-63 Kenya from UK26-Apr-64 Tanzania from UK-administered UN trusteeship

6-Jul-64 Malawi from UK21-Sep-64 Malta from UK24-Oct-64 Zambia from UK18-Feb-65 The Gambia from UK26-Jul-65 Maldives from UK9-Aug-65 Singapore from Malaysian Federation

Date Country Notes26-May-66 Guyana from UK30-Sep-66 Botswana from UK

4-Oct-66 Lesotho from UK30-Nov-66 Barbados from UK30-Nov-67 South Yemen from UK31-Jan-68 Nauru from Australia-NZ-UK-administered UN trusteeship

12-Mar-68 Mauritius from UK6-Sep-68 Swaziland from UK

12-Oct-68 Equatorial Guinea from Spain4-Jun-70 Tonga from UK protectorate

10-Oct-70 Fiji from UK15-Aug-71 Bahrain from UK

3-Sep-71 Qatar from UK2-Dec-71 United Arab Emirates from UK

16-Dec-71 Bangladesh from Pakistan10-Jul-73 The Bahamas from UK

24-Sep-73 Guinea-Bissau declared independence from Portugal7-Feb-74 Grenada from UK

19-Oct-74 Niue in free association with New Zealand25-Jun-75 Mozambique from Portugal

5-Jul-75 Cape Verde from Portugal6-Jul-75 Comoros from France

12-Jul-75 Satildeo Tomeacute and Principe from Portugal16-Sep-75 Papua New Guinea from the Australian-administered UN trusteeship11-Nov-75 Angola from Portugal25-Nov-75 Suriname from Netherlands27-Feb-76 Western Sahara from Spain29-Jun-76 Seychelles from UK27-Jun-77 Djibouti from France

7-Jul-78 Solomon Islands from UK1-Oct-78 Tuvalu from UK

3-Nov-78 Dominica from UK22-Feb-79 Saint Lucia from UK12-Jul-79 Kiribati from UK

27-Oct-79 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines from UK18-Apr-80 Zimbabwe from UK30-Jul-80 Vanuatu from France and UK

21-Sep-81 Belize from UK1-Nov-81 Antigua and Barbuda from UK

19-Sep-83 Saint Kitts and Nevis from UK1-Jan-84 Brunei from UK

21-Oct-86 Marshall Islands from the US-administered UN trusteeship 3-Nov-86 Federated States of Micronesia from the US-administered UN trusteeship

21-Mar-90 Namibia from South Africa24-May-93 Eritrea from Ethiopia

1-Oct-94 Palau from the US-administered UN trusteeship

Dates of recent independence of developing countries

Early dates of independence of South American countries

Date Country Notes1 January 1804 Haiti from France25 May 1810 Argentina from Spain20 July 1810 Colombia from Spain16 September 1810 Mexico from Spain18 September 1810 Chile from Spain14 May 1811 Paraguay from Spain5 July 1811 Venezuela from Spain28 July 1821 Peru from Spain15 September 1821 Costa Rica from Spain15 September 1821 El Salvador from Spain15 September 1821 Guatemala from Spain15 September 1821 Honduras from Spain15 September 1821 Nicaragua from Spain28 November 1821 Panama from Spain24 May 1822 Ecuador from Spain7 September 1822 Brazil from Portugal6 August 1825 Bolivia from Spain25 August 1825 Uruguay from Brazil

(v) Inept-leadership explanations

ldquoAfrican leaders themselves have also failed the resource-rich continent They continue to unscrupulously harp on historical injustices to cover up for their political and economic mess that are [sic] a sad manifestation of their suppression of democratic governance Corrupt and inefficient management of economies greed power hunger disrespect for human rights cronyism among other vices have contributed to the underdevelopment of Africa todayrdquo- Charles Mangongera lsquoShould We Continue to Blame Colonialismrsquo Financial Gazette (Harare Zimbabwe) September 19 2002

ldquoA district our size should have a much better soccer field but the money was pocketed There is corruption at all levels Itrsquos a top-down problemrdquo- Unemployed 27-yr-old Sidhinhyo Morongulos Mozambique April 2004

Evolution of Corruption by Regions of the World 1984-1999

Source Lederman D Loayza N and Soares RR (2001)

ldquoWho has the most to gain from corruption

(or the most to lose from ending it)rdquo

(vi) Psychological explanations

ldquoThere exists among us a strong feeling of inferiority [hellip which] comes from our awareness of past [whiteEuropean] oppressionrdquo- Anonymous fisherman northern Mozambique April 2004

(vii) Neocolonial explanations

ldquoWe were told and accepted that our poverty was caused by our poverty in the now famous theory of the lsquovicious circle of povertyrsquo and we went round in circles seeking ways and means of breaking that circle Had we asked the [right] questions we would not have exposed our economies to the ruthless plunder brought about by lsquoforeign investmentsrsquo which the exponents of the vicious circle theory urged us to do For it is clear foreign investment is the cause and not a solution to our economic backwardnessrdquo- Former Tanzanian minister AM Babu In Walter Rodney (1965) How Europe underdeveloped Africa page 312

Economies are like fires

5 The link with Sustainability

Earthrsquos ecologically productive surface asymp 2142109 hectares

Per-capita surface required to support American lifestyle

asymp 957 hectares

Acreage required to support worldwide American standards of living

asymp 3 Earths

Global population on July 10th 2010 asymp 6 795 329 623

Neocolonial explanations for persistent 21st-century poverty

Present American standards of living for the entire global populace are a physical impossibility

Fact

Cartograms illustrating (a) country-level wood and paper imports (by volume) for the year 2000 (b) country-level net forest loss between 1990 and 2000

(a) (b)

Flo

ws

of r

aw m

ater

ial a

nd fu

el

the case for greater

global equality

almost everyone stands to gain

httpwwwrealfutureorgthe tide is on Our side

Income amp happiness

Income amp happiness

Reported life satisfaction increases with income to US$10000 ndash 15000

then levels off at higher levels

The case for greater

equality

Income inequality correlates with

social capital

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

infant mortality

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

mental illness

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

drug abuse

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

high-school drop out rates

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

incarceration rates

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

obesity

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

trust in fellow humans

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

homicide rates

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

teenage pregnancy rates

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

child well-being

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

national altruism

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

recycling

2 What patterns exist in the distribution of income

What patterns exist in the distribution of income

(4) InequalityWhat patterns exist in the distribution of income

Compiled from 2003 World Bank country dataset

Per-capita income for white and black Brazilians

Source IBGE Census 2000

What patterns exist in the distribution of income

What patterns exist in the distribution of income

Income (US$ PPP)

Where are the people

100 100001000 100000

Source Dikhanov Y and Ward M (2003)

(AFR=Africa EAP=East Asia ECE=East- and Central Europe LAC=Latin America OECD=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development SAS=South Asia)

100 100001000 100000Income (US$ PPP)

What patterns exist in the distribution of income

Where is the dough

Source Dikhanov Y and Ward M (2003)

(AFR=Africa EAP=East Asia ECE=East- and Central Europe LAC=Latin America OECD=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development SAS=South Asia)

3 Why are some countries rich and others poor

ldquoWhy are some countries rich and others poorrdquo

Summary of interviews conducted between February 2002 and June 2006

Continent Country Month(s) year(s)

Number of Interviews

Mozambique May-03 10Namibia Jul-04 14South Africa Jul-04 5Bangladesh Jun-02 3Cambodia Jul-02 3

Jun 2002Jul-02

Myanmar (Burma)

Jun-02 7

Jan 2002-

Jun-02Thailand Jul-02 2Tibet (China) Feb-02 6Turkey Mar-06 8Belgium Sep-02 1Bulgaria Mar-06 1

Aug 2002Aug-06

Dec 2004Jul-05

Germany Aug-06 6Hungary Mar-06 2Netherlands the Aug-04 3Norway Jul-06 5Romania Mar-06 1Sweden Jul-06 1

Europe

Denmark 3

France 2

Africa

Asia

India 11

Nepal 19

Continent Country Month(s) year(s)

Number of Interviews

Sep 2002-Jun-06

Aug 2002Aug-06

Mexico Jun-04 4Sep 2002-

Jun-06Aug 2003

Aug-Sep 2004

Aug-05New Zealand Aug-05 4

United States 108

Oceania Australia 28

Canada 3

Greenland 8

North America

Categories of responses

Categories of responses

Categories of responses

(i) Evolutionary explanations

ldquohellip because some people are clever and others are stupidrdquo- Anonymous white South African of Boer ancestry Hazyview South Africa July 2004

ldquoThe idea that some populations are more energetic than others [hellip] perhaps deserves some considerationrdquo- JP Cole (1979) The Development Gap page 111

Categories of responses

Categories of responses

(ii) Culturalsocietal explanations

ldquo the explanations offered for the contrasting records in growth have most often focused on institutions and highlighted the variation across societies in conditions relevant to growth such as the security of property rights prevalence of corruption structures of the financial sector investment in public infrastructure and social capital and the inclination to work hard or be entrepreneurialrdquo- Sokoloff amp Engerman (2000) page 218

GDPcapita relative to US in selected New World economies 1700-1997

Source Sokoloff and Engermann (2000)

Categories of responses

(iii) Environmental explanations

ldquoThese areas were settled because the climate was similar to that of Europerdquo

- Prof Wolfram Latsch personal communication April 2004

ldquoI think that tropical diseases are largely to blamerdquo- Prof Roger Buick North Pole Australia August 2004

Koppen classification climatic zones

(iv) Historical explanations

ldquoEuropean countries have been around for a long time We are young We just simply need time to catch uprdquo- Nxobo Masika Johannesburg South Africa March 2004

Date Country Notes19-Jul-49 Laos from France8-Aug-49 Bhutan from India

24-Dec-51 Libya from Italy9-Nov-53 Cambodia from France1-Jan-56 Sudan from Egypt and UK

2-Mar-56 Morocco from France and Spain20-Mar-56 Tunisia from France6-Mar-57 Ghana from UK

31-Aug-57 Malaysia from UK2-Oct-58 Guinea from France1-Jan-60 Cameroon from French-administered UN trusteeship4-Apr-60 Senegal from France

27-Apr-60 Togo from French-administered UN trusteeship26-Jun-60 Madagascar from France26-Jun-60 Somalia from the UK30-Jun-60 Democratic Republic of the Congo from Belgium

1-Jul-60 Somalia from the Italian-administered UN trusteeship1-Aug-60 Benin from France3-Aug-60 Niger from France5-Aug-60 Burkina Faso from France7-Aug-60 Cocircte dIvoire from France

11-Aug-60 Chad from France13-Aug-60 Central African Republic from France15-Aug-60 Republic of the Congo from France17-Aug-60 Gabon from France22-Sep-60 Mali from France

1-Oct-60 Nigeria from UK28-Nov-60 Mauritania from France27-Apr-61 Sierra Leone from UK19-Jun-61 Kuwait from UK

1-Jan-62 Samoa from New Zealand-administered UN trusteeship1-Jul-62 Burundi from UN trusteeship under Belgian administration1-Jul-62 Rwanda from Belgium-administered UN trusteeship5-Jul-62 Algeria from France

6-Aug-62 Jamaica from UK31-Aug-62 Trinidad and Tobago from UK

9-Oct-62 Uganda from UK12-Dec-63 Kenya from UK26-Apr-64 Tanzania from UK-administered UN trusteeship

6-Jul-64 Malawi from UK21-Sep-64 Malta from UK24-Oct-64 Zambia from UK18-Feb-65 The Gambia from UK26-Jul-65 Maldives from UK9-Aug-65 Singapore from Malaysian Federation

Date Country Notes26-May-66 Guyana from UK30-Sep-66 Botswana from UK

4-Oct-66 Lesotho from UK30-Nov-66 Barbados from UK30-Nov-67 South Yemen from UK31-Jan-68 Nauru from Australia-NZ-UK-administered UN trusteeship

12-Mar-68 Mauritius from UK6-Sep-68 Swaziland from UK

12-Oct-68 Equatorial Guinea from Spain4-Jun-70 Tonga from UK protectorate

10-Oct-70 Fiji from UK15-Aug-71 Bahrain from UK

3-Sep-71 Qatar from UK2-Dec-71 United Arab Emirates from UK

16-Dec-71 Bangladesh from Pakistan10-Jul-73 The Bahamas from UK

24-Sep-73 Guinea-Bissau declared independence from Portugal7-Feb-74 Grenada from UK

19-Oct-74 Niue in free association with New Zealand25-Jun-75 Mozambique from Portugal

5-Jul-75 Cape Verde from Portugal6-Jul-75 Comoros from France

12-Jul-75 Satildeo Tomeacute and Principe from Portugal16-Sep-75 Papua New Guinea from the Australian-administered UN trusteeship11-Nov-75 Angola from Portugal25-Nov-75 Suriname from Netherlands27-Feb-76 Western Sahara from Spain29-Jun-76 Seychelles from UK27-Jun-77 Djibouti from France

7-Jul-78 Solomon Islands from UK1-Oct-78 Tuvalu from UK

3-Nov-78 Dominica from UK22-Feb-79 Saint Lucia from UK12-Jul-79 Kiribati from UK

27-Oct-79 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines from UK18-Apr-80 Zimbabwe from UK30-Jul-80 Vanuatu from France and UK

21-Sep-81 Belize from UK1-Nov-81 Antigua and Barbuda from UK

19-Sep-83 Saint Kitts and Nevis from UK1-Jan-84 Brunei from UK

21-Oct-86 Marshall Islands from the US-administered UN trusteeship 3-Nov-86 Federated States of Micronesia from the US-administered UN trusteeship

21-Mar-90 Namibia from South Africa24-May-93 Eritrea from Ethiopia

1-Oct-94 Palau from the US-administered UN trusteeship

Dates of recent independence of developing countries

Early dates of independence of South American countries

Date Country Notes1 January 1804 Haiti from France25 May 1810 Argentina from Spain20 July 1810 Colombia from Spain16 September 1810 Mexico from Spain18 September 1810 Chile from Spain14 May 1811 Paraguay from Spain5 July 1811 Venezuela from Spain28 July 1821 Peru from Spain15 September 1821 Costa Rica from Spain15 September 1821 El Salvador from Spain15 September 1821 Guatemala from Spain15 September 1821 Honduras from Spain15 September 1821 Nicaragua from Spain28 November 1821 Panama from Spain24 May 1822 Ecuador from Spain7 September 1822 Brazil from Portugal6 August 1825 Bolivia from Spain25 August 1825 Uruguay from Brazil

(v) Inept-leadership explanations

ldquoAfrican leaders themselves have also failed the resource-rich continent They continue to unscrupulously harp on historical injustices to cover up for their political and economic mess that are [sic] a sad manifestation of their suppression of democratic governance Corrupt and inefficient management of economies greed power hunger disrespect for human rights cronyism among other vices have contributed to the underdevelopment of Africa todayrdquo- Charles Mangongera lsquoShould We Continue to Blame Colonialismrsquo Financial Gazette (Harare Zimbabwe) September 19 2002

ldquoA district our size should have a much better soccer field but the money was pocketed There is corruption at all levels Itrsquos a top-down problemrdquo- Unemployed 27-yr-old Sidhinhyo Morongulos Mozambique April 2004

Evolution of Corruption by Regions of the World 1984-1999

Source Lederman D Loayza N and Soares RR (2001)

ldquoWho has the most to gain from corruption

(or the most to lose from ending it)rdquo

(vi) Psychological explanations

ldquoThere exists among us a strong feeling of inferiority [hellip which] comes from our awareness of past [whiteEuropean] oppressionrdquo- Anonymous fisherman northern Mozambique April 2004

(vii) Neocolonial explanations

ldquoWe were told and accepted that our poverty was caused by our poverty in the now famous theory of the lsquovicious circle of povertyrsquo and we went round in circles seeking ways and means of breaking that circle Had we asked the [right] questions we would not have exposed our economies to the ruthless plunder brought about by lsquoforeign investmentsrsquo which the exponents of the vicious circle theory urged us to do For it is clear foreign investment is the cause and not a solution to our economic backwardnessrdquo- Former Tanzanian minister AM Babu In Walter Rodney (1965) How Europe underdeveloped Africa page 312

Economies are like fires

5 The link with Sustainability

Earthrsquos ecologically productive surface asymp 2142109 hectares

Per-capita surface required to support American lifestyle

asymp 957 hectares

Acreage required to support worldwide American standards of living

asymp 3 Earths

Global population on July 10th 2010 asymp 6 795 329 623

Neocolonial explanations for persistent 21st-century poverty

Present American standards of living for the entire global populace are a physical impossibility

Fact

Cartograms illustrating (a) country-level wood and paper imports (by volume) for the year 2000 (b) country-level net forest loss between 1990 and 2000

(a) (b)

Flo

ws

of r

aw m

ater

ial a

nd fu

el

the case for greater

global equality

almost everyone stands to gain

httpwwwrealfutureorgthe tide is on Our side

Income amp happiness

Reported life satisfaction increases with income to US$10000 ndash 15000

then levels off at higher levels

The case for greater

equality

Income inequality correlates with

social capital

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

infant mortality

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

mental illness

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

drug abuse

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

high-school drop out rates

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

incarceration rates

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

obesity

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

trust in fellow humans

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

homicide rates

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

teenage pregnancy rates

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

child well-being

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

national altruism

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

recycling

2 What patterns exist in the distribution of income

What patterns exist in the distribution of income

(4) InequalityWhat patterns exist in the distribution of income

Compiled from 2003 World Bank country dataset

Per-capita income for white and black Brazilians

Source IBGE Census 2000

What patterns exist in the distribution of income

What patterns exist in the distribution of income

Income (US$ PPP)

Where are the people

100 100001000 100000

Source Dikhanov Y and Ward M (2003)

(AFR=Africa EAP=East Asia ECE=East- and Central Europe LAC=Latin America OECD=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development SAS=South Asia)

100 100001000 100000Income (US$ PPP)

What patterns exist in the distribution of income

Where is the dough

Source Dikhanov Y and Ward M (2003)

(AFR=Africa EAP=East Asia ECE=East- and Central Europe LAC=Latin America OECD=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development SAS=South Asia)

3 Why are some countries rich and others poor

ldquoWhy are some countries rich and others poorrdquo

Summary of interviews conducted between February 2002 and June 2006

Continent Country Month(s) year(s)

Number of Interviews

Mozambique May-03 10Namibia Jul-04 14South Africa Jul-04 5Bangladesh Jun-02 3Cambodia Jul-02 3

Jun 2002Jul-02

Myanmar (Burma)

Jun-02 7

Jan 2002-

Jun-02Thailand Jul-02 2Tibet (China) Feb-02 6Turkey Mar-06 8Belgium Sep-02 1Bulgaria Mar-06 1

Aug 2002Aug-06

Dec 2004Jul-05

Germany Aug-06 6Hungary Mar-06 2Netherlands the Aug-04 3Norway Jul-06 5Romania Mar-06 1Sweden Jul-06 1

Europe

Denmark 3

France 2

Africa

Asia

India 11

Nepal 19

Continent Country Month(s) year(s)

Number of Interviews

Sep 2002-Jun-06

Aug 2002Aug-06

Mexico Jun-04 4Sep 2002-

Jun-06Aug 2003

Aug-Sep 2004

Aug-05New Zealand Aug-05 4

United States 108

Oceania Australia 28

Canada 3

Greenland 8

North America

Categories of responses

Categories of responses

Categories of responses

(i) Evolutionary explanations

ldquohellip because some people are clever and others are stupidrdquo- Anonymous white South African of Boer ancestry Hazyview South Africa July 2004

ldquoThe idea that some populations are more energetic than others [hellip] perhaps deserves some considerationrdquo- JP Cole (1979) The Development Gap page 111

Categories of responses

Categories of responses

(ii) Culturalsocietal explanations

ldquo the explanations offered for the contrasting records in growth have most often focused on institutions and highlighted the variation across societies in conditions relevant to growth such as the security of property rights prevalence of corruption structures of the financial sector investment in public infrastructure and social capital and the inclination to work hard or be entrepreneurialrdquo- Sokoloff amp Engerman (2000) page 218

GDPcapita relative to US in selected New World economies 1700-1997

Source Sokoloff and Engermann (2000)

Categories of responses

(iii) Environmental explanations

ldquoThese areas were settled because the climate was similar to that of Europerdquo

- Prof Wolfram Latsch personal communication April 2004

ldquoI think that tropical diseases are largely to blamerdquo- Prof Roger Buick North Pole Australia August 2004

Koppen classification climatic zones

(iv) Historical explanations

ldquoEuropean countries have been around for a long time We are young We just simply need time to catch uprdquo- Nxobo Masika Johannesburg South Africa March 2004

Date Country Notes19-Jul-49 Laos from France8-Aug-49 Bhutan from India

24-Dec-51 Libya from Italy9-Nov-53 Cambodia from France1-Jan-56 Sudan from Egypt and UK

2-Mar-56 Morocco from France and Spain20-Mar-56 Tunisia from France6-Mar-57 Ghana from UK

31-Aug-57 Malaysia from UK2-Oct-58 Guinea from France1-Jan-60 Cameroon from French-administered UN trusteeship4-Apr-60 Senegal from France

27-Apr-60 Togo from French-administered UN trusteeship26-Jun-60 Madagascar from France26-Jun-60 Somalia from the UK30-Jun-60 Democratic Republic of the Congo from Belgium

1-Jul-60 Somalia from the Italian-administered UN trusteeship1-Aug-60 Benin from France3-Aug-60 Niger from France5-Aug-60 Burkina Faso from France7-Aug-60 Cocircte dIvoire from France

11-Aug-60 Chad from France13-Aug-60 Central African Republic from France15-Aug-60 Republic of the Congo from France17-Aug-60 Gabon from France22-Sep-60 Mali from France

1-Oct-60 Nigeria from UK28-Nov-60 Mauritania from France27-Apr-61 Sierra Leone from UK19-Jun-61 Kuwait from UK

1-Jan-62 Samoa from New Zealand-administered UN trusteeship1-Jul-62 Burundi from UN trusteeship under Belgian administration1-Jul-62 Rwanda from Belgium-administered UN trusteeship5-Jul-62 Algeria from France

6-Aug-62 Jamaica from UK31-Aug-62 Trinidad and Tobago from UK

9-Oct-62 Uganda from UK12-Dec-63 Kenya from UK26-Apr-64 Tanzania from UK-administered UN trusteeship

6-Jul-64 Malawi from UK21-Sep-64 Malta from UK24-Oct-64 Zambia from UK18-Feb-65 The Gambia from UK26-Jul-65 Maldives from UK9-Aug-65 Singapore from Malaysian Federation

Date Country Notes26-May-66 Guyana from UK30-Sep-66 Botswana from UK

4-Oct-66 Lesotho from UK30-Nov-66 Barbados from UK30-Nov-67 South Yemen from UK31-Jan-68 Nauru from Australia-NZ-UK-administered UN trusteeship

12-Mar-68 Mauritius from UK6-Sep-68 Swaziland from UK

12-Oct-68 Equatorial Guinea from Spain4-Jun-70 Tonga from UK protectorate

10-Oct-70 Fiji from UK15-Aug-71 Bahrain from UK

3-Sep-71 Qatar from UK2-Dec-71 United Arab Emirates from UK

16-Dec-71 Bangladesh from Pakistan10-Jul-73 The Bahamas from UK

24-Sep-73 Guinea-Bissau declared independence from Portugal7-Feb-74 Grenada from UK

19-Oct-74 Niue in free association with New Zealand25-Jun-75 Mozambique from Portugal

5-Jul-75 Cape Verde from Portugal6-Jul-75 Comoros from France

12-Jul-75 Satildeo Tomeacute and Principe from Portugal16-Sep-75 Papua New Guinea from the Australian-administered UN trusteeship11-Nov-75 Angola from Portugal25-Nov-75 Suriname from Netherlands27-Feb-76 Western Sahara from Spain29-Jun-76 Seychelles from UK27-Jun-77 Djibouti from France

7-Jul-78 Solomon Islands from UK1-Oct-78 Tuvalu from UK

3-Nov-78 Dominica from UK22-Feb-79 Saint Lucia from UK12-Jul-79 Kiribati from UK

27-Oct-79 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines from UK18-Apr-80 Zimbabwe from UK30-Jul-80 Vanuatu from France and UK

21-Sep-81 Belize from UK1-Nov-81 Antigua and Barbuda from UK

19-Sep-83 Saint Kitts and Nevis from UK1-Jan-84 Brunei from UK

21-Oct-86 Marshall Islands from the US-administered UN trusteeship 3-Nov-86 Federated States of Micronesia from the US-administered UN trusteeship

21-Mar-90 Namibia from South Africa24-May-93 Eritrea from Ethiopia

1-Oct-94 Palau from the US-administered UN trusteeship

Dates of recent independence of developing countries

Early dates of independence of South American countries

Date Country Notes1 January 1804 Haiti from France25 May 1810 Argentina from Spain20 July 1810 Colombia from Spain16 September 1810 Mexico from Spain18 September 1810 Chile from Spain14 May 1811 Paraguay from Spain5 July 1811 Venezuela from Spain28 July 1821 Peru from Spain15 September 1821 Costa Rica from Spain15 September 1821 El Salvador from Spain15 September 1821 Guatemala from Spain15 September 1821 Honduras from Spain15 September 1821 Nicaragua from Spain28 November 1821 Panama from Spain24 May 1822 Ecuador from Spain7 September 1822 Brazil from Portugal6 August 1825 Bolivia from Spain25 August 1825 Uruguay from Brazil

(v) Inept-leadership explanations

ldquoAfrican leaders themselves have also failed the resource-rich continent They continue to unscrupulously harp on historical injustices to cover up for their political and economic mess that are [sic] a sad manifestation of their suppression of democratic governance Corrupt and inefficient management of economies greed power hunger disrespect for human rights cronyism among other vices have contributed to the underdevelopment of Africa todayrdquo- Charles Mangongera lsquoShould We Continue to Blame Colonialismrsquo Financial Gazette (Harare Zimbabwe) September 19 2002

ldquoA district our size should have a much better soccer field but the money was pocketed There is corruption at all levels Itrsquos a top-down problemrdquo- Unemployed 27-yr-old Sidhinhyo Morongulos Mozambique April 2004

Evolution of Corruption by Regions of the World 1984-1999

Source Lederman D Loayza N and Soares RR (2001)

ldquoWho has the most to gain from corruption

(or the most to lose from ending it)rdquo

(vi) Psychological explanations

ldquoThere exists among us a strong feeling of inferiority [hellip which] comes from our awareness of past [whiteEuropean] oppressionrdquo- Anonymous fisherman northern Mozambique April 2004

(vii) Neocolonial explanations

ldquoWe were told and accepted that our poverty was caused by our poverty in the now famous theory of the lsquovicious circle of povertyrsquo and we went round in circles seeking ways and means of breaking that circle Had we asked the [right] questions we would not have exposed our economies to the ruthless plunder brought about by lsquoforeign investmentsrsquo which the exponents of the vicious circle theory urged us to do For it is clear foreign investment is the cause and not a solution to our economic backwardnessrdquo- Former Tanzanian minister AM Babu In Walter Rodney (1965) How Europe underdeveloped Africa page 312

Economies are like fires

5 The link with Sustainability

Earthrsquos ecologically productive surface asymp 2142109 hectares

Per-capita surface required to support American lifestyle

asymp 957 hectares

Acreage required to support worldwide American standards of living

asymp 3 Earths

Global population on July 10th 2010 asymp 6 795 329 623

Neocolonial explanations for persistent 21st-century poverty

Present American standards of living for the entire global populace are a physical impossibility

Fact

Cartograms illustrating (a) country-level wood and paper imports (by volume) for the year 2000 (b) country-level net forest loss between 1990 and 2000

(a) (b)

Flo

ws

of r

aw m

ater

ial a

nd fu

el

the case for greater

global equality

almost everyone stands to gain

httpwwwrealfutureorgthe tide is on Our side

The case for greater

equality

Income inequality correlates with

social capital

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

infant mortality

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

mental illness

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

drug abuse

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

high-school drop out rates

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

incarceration rates

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

obesity

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

trust in fellow humans

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

homicide rates

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

teenage pregnancy rates

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

child well-being

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

national altruism

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

recycling

2 What patterns exist in the distribution of income

What patterns exist in the distribution of income

(4) InequalityWhat patterns exist in the distribution of income

Compiled from 2003 World Bank country dataset

Per-capita income for white and black Brazilians

Source IBGE Census 2000

What patterns exist in the distribution of income

What patterns exist in the distribution of income

Income (US$ PPP)

Where are the people

100 100001000 100000

Source Dikhanov Y and Ward M (2003)

(AFR=Africa EAP=East Asia ECE=East- and Central Europe LAC=Latin America OECD=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development SAS=South Asia)

100 100001000 100000Income (US$ PPP)

What patterns exist in the distribution of income

Where is the dough

Source Dikhanov Y and Ward M (2003)

(AFR=Africa EAP=East Asia ECE=East- and Central Europe LAC=Latin America OECD=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development SAS=South Asia)

3 Why are some countries rich and others poor

ldquoWhy are some countries rich and others poorrdquo

Summary of interviews conducted between February 2002 and June 2006

Continent Country Month(s) year(s)

Number of Interviews

Mozambique May-03 10Namibia Jul-04 14South Africa Jul-04 5Bangladesh Jun-02 3Cambodia Jul-02 3

Jun 2002Jul-02

Myanmar (Burma)

Jun-02 7

Jan 2002-

Jun-02Thailand Jul-02 2Tibet (China) Feb-02 6Turkey Mar-06 8Belgium Sep-02 1Bulgaria Mar-06 1

Aug 2002Aug-06

Dec 2004Jul-05

Germany Aug-06 6Hungary Mar-06 2Netherlands the Aug-04 3Norway Jul-06 5Romania Mar-06 1Sweden Jul-06 1

Europe

Denmark 3

France 2

Africa

Asia

India 11

Nepal 19

Continent Country Month(s) year(s)

Number of Interviews

Sep 2002-Jun-06

Aug 2002Aug-06

Mexico Jun-04 4Sep 2002-

Jun-06Aug 2003

Aug-Sep 2004

Aug-05New Zealand Aug-05 4

United States 108

Oceania Australia 28

Canada 3

Greenland 8

North America

Categories of responses

Categories of responses

Categories of responses

(i) Evolutionary explanations

ldquohellip because some people are clever and others are stupidrdquo- Anonymous white South African of Boer ancestry Hazyview South Africa July 2004

ldquoThe idea that some populations are more energetic than others [hellip] perhaps deserves some considerationrdquo- JP Cole (1979) The Development Gap page 111

Categories of responses

Categories of responses

(ii) Culturalsocietal explanations

ldquo the explanations offered for the contrasting records in growth have most often focused on institutions and highlighted the variation across societies in conditions relevant to growth such as the security of property rights prevalence of corruption structures of the financial sector investment in public infrastructure and social capital and the inclination to work hard or be entrepreneurialrdquo- Sokoloff amp Engerman (2000) page 218

GDPcapita relative to US in selected New World economies 1700-1997

Source Sokoloff and Engermann (2000)

Categories of responses

(iii) Environmental explanations

ldquoThese areas were settled because the climate was similar to that of Europerdquo

- Prof Wolfram Latsch personal communication April 2004

ldquoI think that tropical diseases are largely to blamerdquo- Prof Roger Buick North Pole Australia August 2004

Koppen classification climatic zones

(iv) Historical explanations

ldquoEuropean countries have been around for a long time We are young We just simply need time to catch uprdquo- Nxobo Masika Johannesburg South Africa March 2004

Date Country Notes19-Jul-49 Laos from France8-Aug-49 Bhutan from India

24-Dec-51 Libya from Italy9-Nov-53 Cambodia from France1-Jan-56 Sudan from Egypt and UK

2-Mar-56 Morocco from France and Spain20-Mar-56 Tunisia from France6-Mar-57 Ghana from UK

31-Aug-57 Malaysia from UK2-Oct-58 Guinea from France1-Jan-60 Cameroon from French-administered UN trusteeship4-Apr-60 Senegal from France

27-Apr-60 Togo from French-administered UN trusteeship26-Jun-60 Madagascar from France26-Jun-60 Somalia from the UK30-Jun-60 Democratic Republic of the Congo from Belgium

1-Jul-60 Somalia from the Italian-administered UN trusteeship1-Aug-60 Benin from France3-Aug-60 Niger from France5-Aug-60 Burkina Faso from France7-Aug-60 Cocircte dIvoire from France

11-Aug-60 Chad from France13-Aug-60 Central African Republic from France15-Aug-60 Republic of the Congo from France17-Aug-60 Gabon from France22-Sep-60 Mali from France

1-Oct-60 Nigeria from UK28-Nov-60 Mauritania from France27-Apr-61 Sierra Leone from UK19-Jun-61 Kuwait from UK

1-Jan-62 Samoa from New Zealand-administered UN trusteeship1-Jul-62 Burundi from UN trusteeship under Belgian administration1-Jul-62 Rwanda from Belgium-administered UN trusteeship5-Jul-62 Algeria from France

6-Aug-62 Jamaica from UK31-Aug-62 Trinidad and Tobago from UK

9-Oct-62 Uganda from UK12-Dec-63 Kenya from UK26-Apr-64 Tanzania from UK-administered UN trusteeship

6-Jul-64 Malawi from UK21-Sep-64 Malta from UK24-Oct-64 Zambia from UK18-Feb-65 The Gambia from UK26-Jul-65 Maldives from UK9-Aug-65 Singapore from Malaysian Federation

Date Country Notes26-May-66 Guyana from UK30-Sep-66 Botswana from UK

4-Oct-66 Lesotho from UK30-Nov-66 Barbados from UK30-Nov-67 South Yemen from UK31-Jan-68 Nauru from Australia-NZ-UK-administered UN trusteeship

12-Mar-68 Mauritius from UK6-Sep-68 Swaziland from UK

12-Oct-68 Equatorial Guinea from Spain4-Jun-70 Tonga from UK protectorate

10-Oct-70 Fiji from UK15-Aug-71 Bahrain from UK

3-Sep-71 Qatar from UK2-Dec-71 United Arab Emirates from UK

16-Dec-71 Bangladesh from Pakistan10-Jul-73 The Bahamas from UK

24-Sep-73 Guinea-Bissau declared independence from Portugal7-Feb-74 Grenada from UK

19-Oct-74 Niue in free association with New Zealand25-Jun-75 Mozambique from Portugal

5-Jul-75 Cape Verde from Portugal6-Jul-75 Comoros from France

12-Jul-75 Satildeo Tomeacute and Principe from Portugal16-Sep-75 Papua New Guinea from the Australian-administered UN trusteeship11-Nov-75 Angola from Portugal25-Nov-75 Suriname from Netherlands27-Feb-76 Western Sahara from Spain29-Jun-76 Seychelles from UK27-Jun-77 Djibouti from France

7-Jul-78 Solomon Islands from UK1-Oct-78 Tuvalu from UK

3-Nov-78 Dominica from UK22-Feb-79 Saint Lucia from UK12-Jul-79 Kiribati from UK

27-Oct-79 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines from UK18-Apr-80 Zimbabwe from UK30-Jul-80 Vanuatu from France and UK

21-Sep-81 Belize from UK1-Nov-81 Antigua and Barbuda from UK

19-Sep-83 Saint Kitts and Nevis from UK1-Jan-84 Brunei from UK

21-Oct-86 Marshall Islands from the US-administered UN trusteeship 3-Nov-86 Federated States of Micronesia from the US-administered UN trusteeship

21-Mar-90 Namibia from South Africa24-May-93 Eritrea from Ethiopia

1-Oct-94 Palau from the US-administered UN trusteeship

Dates of recent independence of developing countries

Early dates of independence of South American countries

Date Country Notes1 January 1804 Haiti from France25 May 1810 Argentina from Spain20 July 1810 Colombia from Spain16 September 1810 Mexico from Spain18 September 1810 Chile from Spain14 May 1811 Paraguay from Spain5 July 1811 Venezuela from Spain28 July 1821 Peru from Spain15 September 1821 Costa Rica from Spain15 September 1821 El Salvador from Spain15 September 1821 Guatemala from Spain15 September 1821 Honduras from Spain15 September 1821 Nicaragua from Spain28 November 1821 Panama from Spain24 May 1822 Ecuador from Spain7 September 1822 Brazil from Portugal6 August 1825 Bolivia from Spain25 August 1825 Uruguay from Brazil

(v) Inept-leadership explanations

ldquoAfrican leaders themselves have also failed the resource-rich continent They continue to unscrupulously harp on historical injustices to cover up for their political and economic mess that are [sic] a sad manifestation of their suppression of democratic governance Corrupt and inefficient management of economies greed power hunger disrespect for human rights cronyism among other vices have contributed to the underdevelopment of Africa todayrdquo- Charles Mangongera lsquoShould We Continue to Blame Colonialismrsquo Financial Gazette (Harare Zimbabwe) September 19 2002

ldquoA district our size should have a much better soccer field but the money was pocketed There is corruption at all levels Itrsquos a top-down problemrdquo- Unemployed 27-yr-old Sidhinhyo Morongulos Mozambique April 2004

Evolution of Corruption by Regions of the World 1984-1999

Source Lederman D Loayza N and Soares RR (2001)

ldquoWho has the most to gain from corruption

(or the most to lose from ending it)rdquo

(vi) Psychological explanations

ldquoThere exists among us a strong feeling of inferiority [hellip which] comes from our awareness of past [whiteEuropean] oppressionrdquo- Anonymous fisherman northern Mozambique April 2004

(vii) Neocolonial explanations

ldquoWe were told and accepted that our poverty was caused by our poverty in the now famous theory of the lsquovicious circle of povertyrsquo and we went round in circles seeking ways and means of breaking that circle Had we asked the [right] questions we would not have exposed our economies to the ruthless plunder brought about by lsquoforeign investmentsrsquo which the exponents of the vicious circle theory urged us to do For it is clear foreign investment is the cause and not a solution to our economic backwardnessrdquo- Former Tanzanian minister AM Babu In Walter Rodney (1965) How Europe underdeveloped Africa page 312

Economies are like fires

5 The link with Sustainability

Earthrsquos ecologically productive surface asymp 2142109 hectares

Per-capita surface required to support American lifestyle

asymp 957 hectares

Acreage required to support worldwide American standards of living

asymp 3 Earths

Global population on July 10th 2010 asymp 6 795 329 623

Neocolonial explanations for persistent 21st-century poverty

Present American standards of living for the entire global populace are a physical impossibility

Fact

Cartograms illustrating (a) country-level wood and paper imports (by volume) for the year 2000 (b) country-level net forest loss between 1990 and 2000

(a) (b)

Flo

ws

of r

aw m

ater

ial a

nd fu

el

the case for greater

global equality

almost everyone stands to gain

httpwwwrealfutureorgthe tide is on Our side

Income inequality correlates with

social capital

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

infant mortality

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

mental illness

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

drug abuse

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

high-school drop out rates

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

incarceration rates

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

obesity

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

trust in fellow humans

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

homicide rates

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

teenage pregnancy rates

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

child well-being

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

national altruism

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

recycling

2 What patterns exist in the distribution of income

What patterns exist in the distribution of income

(4) InequalityWhat patterns exist in the distribution of income

Compiled from 2003 World Bank country dataset

Per-capita income for white and black Brazilians

Source IBGE Census 2000

What patterns exist in the distribution of income

What patterns exist in the distribution of income

Income (US$ PPP)

Where are the people

100 100001000 100000

Source Dikhanov Y and Ward M (2003)

(AFR=Africa EAP=East Asia ECE=East- and Central Europe LAC=Latin America OECD=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development SAS=South Asia)

100 100001000 100000Income (US$ PPP)

What patterns exist in the distribution of income

Where is the dough

Source Dikhanov Y and Ward M (2003)

(AFR=Africa EAP=East Asia ECE=East- and Central Europe LAC=Latin America OECD=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development SAS=South Asia)

3 Why are some countries rich and others poor

ldquoWhy are some countries rich and others poorrdquo

Summary of interviews conducted between February 2002 and June 2006

Continent Country Month(s) year(s)

Number of Interviews

Mozambique May-03 10Namibia Jul-04 14South Africa Jul-04 5Bangladesh Jun-02 3Cambodia Jul-02 3

Jun 2002Jul-02

Myanmar (Burma)

Jun-02 7

Jan 2002-

Jun-02Thailand Jul-02 2Tibet (China) Feb-02 6Turkey Mar-06 8Belgium Sep-02 1Bulgaria Mar-06 1

Aug 2002Aug-06

Dec 2004Jul-05

Germany Aug-06 6Hungary Mar-06 2Netherlands the Aug-04 3Norway Jul-06 5Romania Mar-06 1Sweden Jul-06 1

Europe

Denmark 3

France 2

Africa

Asia

India 11

Nepal 19

Continent Country Month(s) year(s)

Number of Interviews

Sep 2002-Jun-06

Aug 2002Aug-06

Mexico Jun-04 4Sep 2002-

Jun-06Aug 2003

Aug-Sep 2004

Aug-05New Zealand Aug-05 4

United States 108

Oceania Australia 28

Canada 3

Greenland 8

North America

Categories of responses

Categories of responses

Categories of responses

(i) Evolutionary explanations

ldquohellip because some people are clever and others are stupidrdquo- Anonymous white South African of Boer ancestry Hazyview South Africa July 2004

ldquoThe idea that some populations are more energetic than others [hellip] perhaps deserves some considerationrdquo- JP Cole (1979) The Development Gap page 111

Categories of responses

Categories of responses

(ii) Culturalsocietal explanations

ldquo the explanations offered for the contrasting records in growth have most often focused on institutions and highlighted the variation across societies in conditions relevant to growth such as the security of property rights prevalence of corruption structures of the financial sector investment in public infrastructure and social capital and the inclination to work hard or be entrepreneurialrdquo- Sokoloff amp Engerman (2000) page 218

GDPcapita relative to US in selected New World economies 1700-1997

Source Sokoloff and Engermann (2000)

Categories of responses

(iii) Environmental explanations

ldquoThese areas were settled because the climate was similar to that of Europerdquo

- Prof Wolfram Latsch personal communication April 2004

ldquoI think that tropical diseases are largely to blamerdquo- Prof Roger Buick North Pole Australia August 2004

Koppen classification climatic zones

(iv) Historical explanations

ldquoEuropean countries have been around for a long time We are young We just simply need time to catch uprdquo- Nxobo Masika Johannesburg South Africa March 2004

Date Country Notes19-Jul-49 Laos from France8-Aug-49 Bhutan from India

24-Dec-51 Libya from Italy9-Nov-53 Cambodia from France1-Jan-56 Sudan from Egypt and UK

2-Mar-56 Morocco from France and Spain20-Mar-56 Tunisia from France6-Mar-57 Ghana from UK

31-Aug-57 Malaysia from UK2-Oct-58 Guinea from France1-Jan-60 Cameroon from French-administered UN trusteeship4-Apr-60 Senegal from France

27-Apr-60 Togo from French-administered UN trusteeship26-Jun-60 Madagascar from France26-Jun-60 Somalia from the UK30-Jun-60 Democratic Republic of the Congo from Belgium

1-Jul-60 Somalia from the Italian-administered UN trusteeship1-Aug-60 Benin from France3-Aug-60 Niger from France5-Aug-60 Burkina Faso from France7-Aug-60 Cocircte dIvoire from France

11-Aug-60 Chad from France13-Aug-60 Central African Republic from France15-Aug-60 Republic of the Congo from France17-Aug-60 Gabon from France22-Sep-60 Mali from France

1-Oct-60 Nigeria from UK28-Nov-60 Mauritania from France27-Apr-61 Sierra Leone from UK19-Jun-61 Kuwait from UK

1-Jan-62 Samoa from New Zealand-administered UN trusteeship1-Jul-62 Burundi from UN trusteeship under Belgian administration1-Jul-62 Rwanda from Belgium-administered UN trusteeship5-Jul-62 Algeria from France

6-Aug-62 Jamaica from UK31-Aug-62 Trinidad and Tobago from UK

9-Oct-62 Uganda from UK12-Dec-63 Kenya from UK26-Apr-64 Tanzania from UK-administered UN trusteeship

6-Jul-64 Malawi from UK21-Sep-64 Malta from UK24-Oct-64 Zambia from UK18-Feb-65 The Gambia from UK26-Jul-65 Maldives from UK9-Aug-65 Singapore from Malaysian Federation

Date Country Notes26-May-66 Guyana from UK30-Sep-66 Botswana from UK

4-Oct-66 Lesotho from UK30-Nov-66 Barbados from UK30-Nov-67 South Yemen from UK31-Jan-68 Nauru from Australia-NZ-UK-administered UN trusteeship

12-Mar-68 Mauritius from UK6-Sep-68 Swaziland from UK

12-Oct-68 Equatorial Guinea from Spain4-Jun-70 Tonga from UK protectorate

10-Oct-70 Fiji from UK15-Aug-71 Bahrain from UK

3-Sep-71 Qatar from UK2-Dec-71 United Arab Emirates from UK

16-Dec-71 Bangladesh from Pakistan10-Jul-73 The Bahamas from UK

24-Sep-73 Guinea-Bissau declared independence from Portugal7-Feb-74 Grenada from UK

19-Oct-74 Niue in free association with New Zealand25-Jun-75 Mozambique from Portugal

5-Jul-75 Cape Verde from Portugal6-Jul-75 Comoros from France

12-Jul-75 Satildeo Tomeacute and Principe from Portugal16-Sep-75 Papua New Guinea from the Australian-administered UN trusteeship11-Nov-75 Angola from Portugal25-Nov-75 Suriname from Netherlands27-Feb-76 Western Sahara from Spain29-Jun-76 Seychelles from UK27-Jun-77 Djibouti from France

7-Jul-78 Solomon Islands from UK1-Oct-78 Tuvalu from UK

3-Nov-78 Dominica from UK22-Feb-79 Saint Lucia from UK12-Jul-79 Kiribati from UK

27-Oct-79 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines from UK18-Apr-80 Zimbabwe from UK30-Jul-80 Vanuatu from France and UK

21-Sep-81 Belize from UK1-Nov-81 Antigua and Barbuda from UK

19-Sep-83 Saint Kitts and Nevis from UK1-Jan-84 Brunei from UK

21-Oct-86 Marshall Islands from the US-administered UN trusteeship 3-Nov-86 Federated States of Micronesia from the US-administered UN trusteeship

21-Mar-90 Namibia from South Africa24-May-93 Eritrea from Ethiopia

1-Oct-94 Palau from the US-administered UN trusteeship

Dates of recent independence of developing countries

Early dates of independence of South American countries

Date Country Notes1 January 1804 Haiti from France25 May 1810 Argentina from Spain20 July 1810 Colombia from Spain16 September 1810 Mexico from Spain18 September 1810 Chile from Spain14 May 1811 Paraguay from Spain5 July 1811 Venezuela from Spain28 July 1821 Peru from Spain15 September 1821 Costa Rica from Spain15 September 1821 El Salvador from Spain15 September 1821 Guatemala from Spain15 September 1821 Honduras from Spain15 September 1821 Nicaragua from Spain28 November 1821 Panama from Spain24 May 1822 Ecuador from Spain7 September 1822 Brazil from Portugal6 August 1825 Bolivia from Spain25 August 1825 Uruguay from Brazil

(v) Inept-leadership explanations

ldquoAfrican leaders themselves have also failed the resource-rich continent They continue to unscrupulously harp on historical injustices to cover up for their political and economic mess that are [sic] a sad manifestation of their suppression of democratic governance Corrupt and inefficient management of economies greed power hunger disrespect for human rights cronyism among other vices have contributed to the underdevelopment of Africa todayrdquo- Charles Mangongera lsquoShould We Continue to Blame Colonialismrsquo Financial Gazette (Harare Zimbabwe) September 19 2002

ldquoA district our size should have a much better soccer field but the money was pocketed There is corruption at all levels Itrsquos a top-down problemrdquo- Unemployed 27-yr-old Sidhinhyo Morongulos Mozambique April 2004

Evolution of Corruption by Regions of the World 1984-1999

Source Lederman D Loayza N and Soares RR (2001)

ldquoWho has the most to gain from corruption

(or the most to lose from ending it)rdquo

(vi) Psychological explanations

ldquoThere exists among us a strong feeling of inferiority [hellip which] comes from our awareness of past [whiteEuropean] oppressionrdquo- Anonymous fisherman northern Mozambique April 2004

(vii) Neocolonial explanations

ldquoWe were told and accepted that our poverty was caused by our poverty in the now famous theory of the lsquovicious circle of povertyrsquo and we went round in circles seeking ways and means of breaking that circle Had we asked the [right] questions we would not have exposed our economies to the ruthless plunder brought about by lsquoforeign investmentsrsquo which the exponents of the vicious circle theory urged us to do For it is clear foreign investment is the cause and not a solution to our economic backwardnessrdquo- Former Tanzanian minister AM Babu In Walter Rodney (1965) How Europe underdeveloped Africa page 312

Economies are like fires

5 The link with Sustainability

Earthrsquos ecologically productive surface asymp 2142109 hectares

Per-capita surface required to support American lifestyle

asymp 957 hectares

Acreage required to support worldwide American standards of living

asymp 3 Earths

Global population on July 10th 2010 asymp 6 795 329 623

Neocolonial explanations for persistent 21st-century poverty

Present American standards of living for the entire global populace are a physical impossibility

Fact

Cartograms illustrating (a) country-level wood and paper imports (by volume) for the year 2000 (b) country-level net forest loss between 1990 and 2000

(a) (b)

Flo

ws

of r

aw m

ater

ial a

nd fu

el

the case for greater

global equality

almost everyone stands to gain

httpwwwrealfutureorgthe tide is on Our side

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

infant mortality

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

mental illness

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

drug abuse

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

high-school drop out rates

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

incarceration rates

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

obesity

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

trust in fellow humans

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

homicide rates

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

teenage pregnancy rates

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

child well-being

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

national altruism

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

recycling

2 What patterns exist in the distribution of income

What patterns exist in the distribution of income

(4) InequalityWhat patterns exist in the distribution of income

Compiled from 2003 World Bank country dataset

Per-capita income for white and black Brazilians

Source IBGE Census 2000

What patterns exist in the distribution of income

What patterns exist in the distribution of income

Income (US$ PPP)

Where are the people

100 100001000 100000

Source Dikhanov Y and Ward M (2003)

(AFR=Africa EAP=East Asia ECE=East- and Central Europe LAC=Latin America OECD=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development SAS=South Asia)

100 100001000 100000Income (US$ PPP)

What patterns exist in the distribution of income

Where is the dough

Source Dikhanov Y and Ward M (2003)

(AFR=Africa EAP=East Asia ECE=East- and Central Europe LAC=Latin America OECD=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development SAS=South Asia)

3 Why are some countries rich and others poor

ldquoWhy are some countries rich and others poorrdquo

Summary of interviews conducted between February 2002 and June 2006

Continent Country Month(s) year(s)

Number of Interviews

Mozambique May-03 10Namibia Jul-04 14South Africa Jul-04 5Bangladesh Jun-02 3Cambodia Jul-02 3

Jun 2002Jul-02

Myanmar (Burma)

Jun-02 7

Jan 2002-

Jun-02Thailand Jul-02 2Tibet (China) Feb-02 6Turkey Mar-06 8Belgium Sep-02 1Bulgaria Mar-06 1

Aug 2002Aug-06

Dec 2004Jul-05

Germany Aug-06 6Hungary Mar-06 2Netherlands the Aug-04 3Norway Jul-06 5Romania Mar-06 1Sweden Jul-06 1

Europe

Denmark 3

France 2

Africa

Asia

India 11

Nepal 19

Continent Country Month(s) year(s)

Number of Interviews

Sep 2002-Jun-06

Aug 2002Aug-06

Mexico Jun-04 4Sep 2002-

Jun-06Aug 2003

Aug-Sep 2004

Aug-05New Zealand Aug-05 4

United States 108

Oceania Australia 28

Canada 3

Greenland 8

North America

Categories of responses

Categories of responses

Categories of responses

(i) Evolutionary explanations

ldquohellip because some people are clever and others are stupidrdquo- Anonymous white South African of Boer ancestry Hazyview South Africa July 2004

ldquoThe idea that some populations are more energetic than others [hellip] perhaps deserves some considerationrdquo- JP Cole (1979) The Development Gap page 111

Categories of responses

Categories of responses

(ii) Culturalsocietal explanations

ldquo the explanations offered for the contrasting records in growth have most often focused on institutions and highlighted the variation across societies in conditions relevant to growth such as the security of property rights prevalence of corruption structures of the financial sector investment in public infrastructure and social capital and the inclination to work hard or be entrepreneurialrdquo- Sokoloff amp Engerman (2000) page 218

GDPcapita relative to US in selected New World economies 1700-1997

Source Sokoloff and Engermann (2000)

Categories of responses

(iii) Environmental explanations

ldquoThese areas were settled because the climate was similar to that of Europerdquo

- Prof Wolfram Latsch personal communication April 2004

ldquoI think that tropical diseases are largely to blamerdquo- Prof Roger Buick North Pole Australia August 2004

Koppen classification climatic zones

(iv) Historical explanations

ldquoEuropean countries have been around for a long time We are young We just simply need time to catch uprdquo- Nxobo Masika Johannesburg South Africa March 2004

Date Country Notes19-Jul-49 Laos from France8-Aug-49 Bhutan from India

24-Dec-51 Libya from Italy9-Nov-53 Cambodia from France1-Jan-56 Sudan from Egypt and UK

2-Mar-56 Morocco from France and Spain20-Mar-56 Tunisia from France6-Mar-57 Ghana from UK

31-Aug-57 Malaysia from UK2-Oct-58 Guinea from France1-Jan-60 Cameroon from French-administered UN trusteeship4-Apr-60 Senegal from France

27-Apr-60 Togo from French-administered UN trusteeship26-Jun-60 Madagascar from France26-Jun-60 Somalia from the UK30-Jun-60 Democratic Republic of the Congo from Belgium

1-Jul-60 Somalia from the Italian-administered UN trusteeship1-Aug-60 Benin from France3-Aug-60 Niger from France5-Aug-60 Burkina Faso from France7-Aug-60 Cocircte dIvoire from France

11-Aug-60 Chad from France13-Aug-60 Central African Republic from France15-Aug-60 Republic of the Congo from France17-Aug-60 Gabon from France22-Sep-60 Mali from France

1-Oct-60 Nigeria from UK28-Nov-60 Mauritania from France27-Apr-61 Sierra Leone from UK19-Jun-61 Kuwait from UK

1-Jan-62 Samoa from New Zealand-administered UN trusteeship1-Jul-62 Burundi from UN trusteeship under Belgian administration1-Jul-62 Rwanda from Belgium-administered UN trusteeship5-Jul-62 Algeria from France

6-Aug-62 Jamaica from UK31-Aug-62 Trinidad and Tobago from UK

9-Oct-62 Uganda from UK12-Dec-63 Kenya from UK26-Apr-64 Tanzania from UK-administered UN trusteeship

6-Jul-64 Malawi from UK21-Sep-64 Malta from UK24-Oct-64 Zambia from UK18-Feb-65 The Gambia from UK26-Jul-65 Maldives from UK9-Aug-65 Singapore from Malaysian Federation

Date Country Notes26-May-66 Guyana from UK30-Sep-66 Botswana from UK

4-Oct-66 Lesotho from UK30-Nov-66 Barbados from UK30-Nov-67 South Yemen from UK31-Jan-68 Nauru from Australia-NZ-UK-administered UN trusteeship

12-Mar-68 Mauritius from UK6-Sep-68 Swaziland from UK

12-Oct-68 Equatorial Guinea from Spain4-Jun-70 Tonga from UK protectorate

10-Oct-70 Fiji from UK15-Aug-71 Bahrain from UK

3-Sep-71 Qatar from UK2-Dec-71 United Arab Emirates from UK

16-Dec-71 Bangladesh from Pakistan10-Jul-73 The Bahamas from UK

24-Sep-73 Guinea-Bissau declared independence from Portugal7-Feb-74 Grenada from UK

19-Oct-74 Niue in free association with New Zealand25-Jun-75 Mozambique from Portugal

5-Jul-75 Cape Verde from Portugal6-Jul-75 Comoros from France

12-Jul-75 Satildeo Tomeacute and Principe from Portugal16-Sep-75 Papua New Guinea from the Australian-administered UN trusteeship11-Nov-75 Angola from Portugal25-Nov-75 Suriname from Netherlands27-Feb-76 Western Sahara from Spain29-Jun-76 Seychelles from UK27-Jun-77 Djibouti from France

7-Jul-78 Solomon Islands from UK1-Oct-78 Tuvalu from UK

3-Nov-78 Dominica from UK22-Feb-79 Saint Lucia from UK12-Jul-79 Kiribati from UK

27-Oct-79 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines from UK18-Apr-80 Zimbabwe from UK30-Jul-80 Vanuatu from France and UK

21-Sep-81 Belize from UK1-Nov-81 Antigua and Barbuda from UK

19-Sep-83 Saint Kitts and Nevis from UK1-Jan-84 Brunei from UK

21-Oct-86 Marshall Islands from the US-administered UN trusteeship 3-Nov-86 Federated States of Micronesia from the US-administered UN trusteeship

21-Mar-90 Namibia from South Africa24-May-93 Eritrea from Ethiopia

1-Oct-94 Palau from the US-administered UN trusteeship

Dates of recent independence of developing countries

Early dates of independence of South American countries

Date Country Notes1 January 1804 Haiti from France25 May 1810 Argentina from Spain20 July 1810 Colombia from Spain16 September 1810 Mexico from Spain18 September 1810 Chile from Spain14 May 1811 Paraguay from Spain5 July 1811 Venezuela from Spain28 July 1821 Peru from Spain15 September 1821 Costa Rica from Spain15 September 1821 El Salvador from Spain15 September 1821 Guatemala from Spain15 September 1821 Honduras from Spain15 September 1821 Nicaragua from Spain28 November 1821 Panama from Spain24 May 1822 Ecuador from Spain7 September 1822 Brazil from Portugal6 August 1825 Bolivia from Spain25 August 1825 Uruguay from Brazil

(v) Inept-leadership explanations

ldquoAfrican leaders themselves have also failed the resource-rich continent They continue to unscrupulously harp on historical injustices to cover up for their political and economic mess that are [sic] a sad manifestation of their suppression of democratic governance Corrupt and inefficient management of economies greed power hunger disrespect for human rights cronyism among other vices have contributed to the underdevelopment of Africa todayrdquo- Charles Mangongera lsquoShould We Continue to Blame Colonialismrsquo Financial Gazette (Harare Zimbabwe) September 19 2002

ldquoA district our size should have a much better soccer field but the money was pocketed There is corruption at all levels Itrsquos a top-down problemrdquo- Unemployed 27-yr-old Sidhinhyo Morongulos Mozambique April 2004

Evolution of Corruption by Regions of the World 1984-1999

Source Lederman D Loayza N and Soares RR (2001)

ldquoWho has the most to gain from corruption

(or the most to lose from ending it)rdquo

(vi) Psychological explanations

ldquoThere exists among us a strong feeling of inferiority [hellip which] comes from our awareness of past [whiteEuropean] oppressionrdquo- Anonymous fisherman northern Mozambique April 2004

(vii) Neocolonial explanations

ldquoWe were told and accepted that our poverty was caused by our poverty in the now famous theory of the lsquovicious circle of povertyrsquo and we went round in circles seeking ways and means of breaking that circle Had we asked the [right] questions we would not have exposed our economies to the ruthless plunder brought about by lsquoforeign investmentsrsquo which the exponents of the vicious circle theory urged us to do For it is clear foreign investment is the cause and not a solution to our economic backwardnessrdquo- Former Tanzanian minister AM Babu In Walter Rodney (1965) How Europe underdeveloped Africa page 312

Economies are like fires

5 The link with Sustainability

Earthrsquos ecologically productive surface asymp 2142109 hectares

Per-capita surface required to support American lifestyle

asymp 957 hectares

Acreage required to support worldwide American standards of living

asymp 3 Earths

Global population on July 10th 2010 asymp 6 795 329 623

Neocolonial explanations for persistent 21st-century poverty

Present American standards of living for the entire global populace are a physical impossibility

Fact

Cartograms illustrating (a) country-level wood and paper imports (by volume) for the year 2000 (b) country-level net forest loss between 1990 and 2000

(a) (b)

Flo

ws

of r

aw m

ater

ial a

nd fu

el

the case for greater

global equality

almost everyone stands to gain

httpwwwrealfutureorgthe tide is on Our side

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

mental illness

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

drug abuse

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

high-school drop out rates

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

incarceration rates

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

obesity

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

trust in fellow humans

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

homicide rates

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

teenage pregnancy rates

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

child well-being

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

national altruism

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

recycling

2 What patterns exist in the distribution of income

What patterns exist in the distribution of income

(4) InequalityWhat patterns exist in the distribution of income

Compiled from 2003 World Bank country dataset

Per-capita income for white and black Brazilians

Source IBGE Census 2000

What patterns exist in the distribution of income

What patterns exist in the distribution of income

Income (US$ PPP)

Where are the people

100 100001000 100000

Source Dikhanov Y and Ward M (2003)

(AFR=Africa EAP=East Asia ECE=East- and Central Europe LAC=Latin America OECD=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development SAS=South Asia)

100 100001000 100000Income (US$ PPP)

What patterns exist in the distribution of income

Where is the dough

Source Dikhanov Y and Ward M (2003)

(AFR=Africa EAP=East Asia ECE=East- and Central Europe LAC=Latin America OECD=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development SAS=South Asia)

3 Why are some countries rich and others poor

ldquoWhy are some countries rich and others poorrdquo

Summary of interviews conducted between February 2002 and June 2006

Continent Country Month(s) year(s)

Number of Interviews

Mozambique May-03 10Namibia Jul-04 14South Africa Jul-04 5Bangladesh Jun-02 3Cambodia Jul-02 3

Jun 2002Jul-02

Myanmar (Burma)

Jun-02 7

Jan 2002-

Jun-02Thailand Jul-02 2Tibet (China) Feb-02 6Turkey Mar-06 8Belgium Sep-02 1Bulgaria Mar-06 1

Aug 2002Aug-06

Dec 2004Jul-05

Germany Aug-06 6Hungary Mar-06 2Netherlands the Aug-04 3Norway Jul-06 5Romania Mar-06 1Sweden Jul-06 1

Europe

Denmark 3

France 2

Africa

Asia

India 11

Nepal 19

Continent Country Month(s) year(s)

Number of Interviews

Sep 2002-Jun-06

Aug 2002Aug-06

Mexico Jun-04 4Sep 2002-

Jun-06Aug 2003

Aug-Sep 2004

Aug-05New Zealand Aug-05 4

United States 108

Oceania Australia 28

Canada 3

Greenland 8

North America

Categories of responses

Categories of responses

Categories of responses

(i) Evolutionary explanations

ldquohellip because some people are clever and others are stupidrdquo- Anonymous white South African of Boer ancestry Hazyview South Africa July 2004

ldquoThe idea that some populations are more energetic than others [hellip] perhaps deserves some considerationrdquo- JP Cole (1979) The Development Gap page 111

Categories of responses

Categories of responses

(ii) Culturalsocietal explanations

ldquo the explanations offered for the contrasting records in growth have most often focused on institutions and highlighted the variation across societies in conditions relevant to growth such as the security of property rights prevalence of corruption structures of the financial sector investment in public infrastructure and social capital and the inclination to work hard or be entrepreneurialrdquo- Sokoloff amp Engerman (2000) page 218

GDPcapita relative to US in selected New World economies 1700-1997

Source Sokoloff and Engermann (2000)

Categories of responses

(iii) Environmental explanations

ldquoThese areas were settled because the climate was similar to that of Europerdquo

- Prof Wolfram Latsch personal communication April 2004

ldquoI think that tropical diseases are largely to blamerdquo- Prof Roger Buick North Pole Australia August 2004

Koppen classification climatic zones

(iv) Historical explanations

ldquoEuropean countries have been around for a long time We are young We just simply need time to catch uprdquo- Nxobo Masika Johannesburg South Africa March 2004

Date Country Notes19-Jul-49 Laos from France8-Aug-49 Bhutan from India

24-Dec-51 Libya from Italy9-Nov-53 Cambodia from France1-Jan-56 Sudan from Egypt and UK

2-Mar-56 Morocco from France and Spain20-Mar-56 Tunisia from France6-Mar-57 Ghana from UK

31-Aug-57 Malaysia from UK2-Oct-58 Guinea from France1-Jan-60 Cameroon from French-administered UN trusteeship4-Apr-60 Senegal from France

27-Apr-60 Togo from French-administered UN trusteeship26-Jun-60 Madagascar from France26-Jun-60 Somalia from the UK30-Jun-60 Democratic Republic of the Congo from Belgium

1-Jul-60 Somalia from the Italian-administered UN trusteeship1-Aug-60 Benin from France3-Aug-60 Niger from France5-Aug-60 Burkina Faso from France7-Aug-60 Cocircte dIvoire from France

11-Aug-60 Chad from France13-Aug-60 Central African Republic from France15-Aug-60 Republic of the Congo from France17-Aug-60 Gabon from France22-Sep-60 Mali from France

1-Oct-60 Nigeria from UK28-Nov-60 Mauritania from France27-Apr-61 Sierra Leone from UK19-Jun-61 Kuwait from UK

1-Jan-62 Samoa from New Zealand-administered UN trusteeship1-Jul-62 Burundi from UN trusteeship under Belgian administration1-Jul-62 Rwanda from Belgium-administered UN trusteeship5-Jul-62 Algeria from France

6-Aug-62 Jamaica from UK31-Aug-62 Trinidad and Tobago from UK

9-Oct-62 Uganda from UK12-Dec-63 Kenya from UK26-Apr-64 Tanzania from UK-administered UN trusteeship

6-Jul-64 Malawi from UK21-Sep-64 Malta from UK24-Oct-64 Zambia from UK18-Feb-65 The Gambia from UK26-Jul-65 Maldives from UK9-Aug-65 Singapore from Malaysian Federation

Date Country Notes26-May-66 Guyana from UK30-Sep-66 Botswana from UK

4-Oct-66 Lesotho from UK30-Nov-66 Barbados from UK30-Nov-67 South Yemen from UK31-Jan-68 Nauru from Australia-NZ-UK-administered UN trusteeship

12-Mar-68 Mauritius from UK6-Sep-68 Swaziland from UK

12-Oct-68 Equatorial Guinea from Spain4-Jun-70 Tonga from UK protectorate

10-Oct-70 Fiji from UK15-Aug-71 Bahrain from UK

3-Sep-71 Qatar from UK2-Dec-71 United Arab Emirates from UK

16-Dec-71 Bangladesh from Pakistan10-Jul-73 The Bahamas from UK

24-Sep-73 Guinea-Bissau declared independence from Portugal7-Feb-74 Grenada from UK

19-Oct-74 Niue in free association with New Zealand25-Jun-75 Mozambique from Portugal

5-Jul-75 Cape Verde from Portugal6-Jul-75 Comoros from France

12-Jul-75 Satildeo Tomeacute and Principe from Portugal16-Sep-75 Papua New Guinea from the Australian-administered UN trusteeship11-Nov-75 Angola from Portugal25-Nov-75 Suriname from Netherlands27-Feb-76 Western Sahara from Spain29-Jun-76 Seychelles from UK27-Jun-77 Djibouti from France

7-Jul-78 Solomon Islands from UK1-Oct-78 Tuvalu from UK

3-Nov-78 Dominica from UK22-Feb-79 Saint Lucia from UK12-Jul-79 Kiribati from UK

27-Oct-79 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines from UK18-Apr-80 Zimbabwe from UK30-Jul-80 Vanuatu from France and UK

21-Sep-81 Belize from UK1-Nov-81 Antigua and Barbuda from UK

19-Sep-83 Saint Kitts and Nevis from UK1-Jan-84 Brunei from UK

21-Oct-86 Marshall Islands from the US-administered UN trusteeship 3-Nov-86 Federated States of Micronesia from the US-administered UN trusteeship

21-Mar-90 Namibia from South Africa24-May-93 Eritrea from Ethiopia

1-Oct-94 Palau from the US-administered UN trusteeship

Dates of recent independence of developing countries

Early dates of independence of South American countries

Date Country Notes1 January 1804 Haiti from France25 May 1810 Argentina from Spain20 July 1810 Colombia from Spain16 September 1810 Mexico from Spain18 September 1810 Chile from Spain14 May 1811 Paraguay from Spain5 July 1811 Venezuela from Spain28 July 1821 Peru from Spain15 September 1821 Costa Rica from Spain15 September 1821 El Salvador from Spain15 September 1821 Guatemala from Spain15 September 1821 Honduras from Spain15 September 1821 Nicaragua from Spain28 November 1821 Panama from Spain24 May 1822 Ecuador from Spain7 September 1822 Brazil from Portugal6 August 1825 Bolivia from Spain25 August 1825 Uruguay from Brazil

(v) Inept-leadership explanations

ldquoAfrican leaders themselves have also failed the resource-rich continent They continue to unscrupulously harp on historical injustices to cover up for their political and economic mess that are [sic] a sad manifestation of their suppression of democratic governance Corrupt and inefficient management of economies greed power hunger disrespect for human rights cronyism among other vices have contributed to the underdevelopment of Africa todayrdquo- Charles Mangongera lsquoShould We Continue to Blame Colonialismrsquo Financial Gazette (Harare Zimbabwe) September 19 2002

ldquoA district our size should have a much better soccer field but the money was pocketed There is corruption at all levels Itrsquos a top-down problemrdquo- Unemployed 27-yr-old Sidhinhyo Morongulos Mozambique April 2004

Evolution of Corruption by Regions of the World 1984-1999

Source Lederman D Loayza N and Soares RR (2001)

ldquoWho has the most to gain from corruption

(or the most to lose from ending it)rdquo

(vi) Psychological explanations

ldquoThere exists among us a strong feeling of inferiority [hellip which] comes from our awareness of past [whiteEuropean] oppressionrdquo- Anonymous fisherman northern Mozambique April 2004

(vii) Neocolonial explanations

ldquoWe were told and accepted that our poverty was caused by our poverty in the now famous theory of the lsquovicious circle of povertyrsquo and we went round in circles seeking ways and means of breaking that circle Had we asked the [right] questions we would not have exposed our economies to the ruthless plunder brought about by lsquoforeign investmentsrsquo which the exponents of the vicious circle theory urged us to do For it is clear foreign investment is the cause and not a solution to our economic backwardnessrdquo- Former Tanzanian minister AM Babu In Walter Rodney (1965) How Europe underdeveloped Africa page 312

Economies are like fires

5 The link with Sustainability

Earthrsquos ecologically productive surface asymp 2142109 hectares

Per-capita surface required to support American lifestyle

asymp 957 hectares

Acreage required to support worldwide American standards of living

asymp 3 Earths

Global population on July 10th 2010 asymp 6 795 329 623

Neocolonial explanations for persistent 21st-century poverty

Present American standards of living for the entire global populace are a physical impossibility

Fact

Cartograms illustrating (a) country-level wood and paper imports (by volume) for the year 2000 (b) country-level net forest loss between 1990 and 2000

(a) (b)

Flo

ws

of r

aw m

ater

ial a

nd fu

el

the case for greater

global equality

almost everyone stands to gain

httpwwwrealfutureorgthe tide is on Our side

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

drug abuse

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

high-school drop out rates

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

incarceration rates

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

obesity

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

trust in fellow humans

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

homicide rates

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

teenage pregnancy rates

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

child well-being

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

national altruism

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

recycling

2 What patterns exist in the distribution of income

What patterns exist in the distribution of income

(4) InequalityWhat patterns exist in the distribution of income

Compiled from 2003 World Bank country dataset

Per-capita income for white and black Brazilians

Source IBGE Census 2000

What patterns exist in the distribution of income

What patterns exist in the distribution of income

Income (US$ PPP)

Where are the people

100 100001000 100000

Source Dikhanov Y and Ward M (2003)

(AFR=Africa EAP=East Asia ECE=East- and Central Europe LAC=Latin America OECD=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development SAS=South Asia)

100 100001000 100000Income (US$ PPP)

What patterns exist in the distribution of income

Where is the dough

Source Dikhanov Y and Ward M (2003)

(AFR=Africa EAP=East Asia ECE=East- and Central Europe LAC=Latin America OECD=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development SAS=South Asia)

3 Why are some countries rich and others poor

ldquoWhy are some countries rich and others poorrdquo

Summary of interviews conducted between February 2002 and June 2006

Continent Country Month(s) year(s)

Number of Interviews

Mozambique May-03 10Namibia Jul-04 14South Africa Jul-04 5Bangladesh Jun-02 3Cambodia Jul-02 3

Jun 2002Jul-02

Myanmar (Burma)

Jun-02 7

Jan 2002-

Jun-02Thailand Jul-02 2Tibet (China) Feb-02 6Turkey Mar-06 8Belgium Sep-02 1Bulgaria Mar-06 1

Aug 2002Aug-06

Dec 2004Jul-05

Germany Aug-06 6Hungary Mar-06 2Netherlands the Aug-04 3Norway Jul-06 5Romania Mar-06 1Sweden Jul-06 1

Europe

Denmark 3

France 2

Africa

Asia

India 11

Nepal 19

Continent Country Month(s) year(s)

Number of Interviews

Sep 2002-Jun-06

Aug 2002Aug-06

Mexico Jun-04 4Sep 2002-

Jun-06Aug 2003

Aug-Sep 2004

Aug-05New Zealand Aug-05 4

United States 108

Oceania Australia 28

Canada 3

Greenland 8

North America

Categories of responses

Categories of responses

Categories of responses

(i) Evolutionary explanations

ldquohellip because some people are clever and others are stupidrdquo- Anonymous white South African of Boer ancestry Hazyview South Africa July 2004

ldquoThe idea that some populations are more energetic than others [hellip] perhaps deserves some considerationrdquo- JP Cole (1979) The Development Gap page 111

Categories of responses

Categories of responses

(ii) Culturalsocietal explanations

ldquo the explanations offered for the contrasting records in growth have most often focused on institutions and highlighted the variation across societies in conditions relevant to growth such as the security of property rights prevalence of corruption structures of the financial sector investment in public infrastructure and social capital and the inclination to work hard or be entrepreneurialrdquo- Sokoloff amp Engerman (2000) page 218

GDPcapita relative to US in selected New World economies 1700-1997

Source Sokoloff and Engermann (2000)

Categories of responses

(iii) Environmental explanations

ldquoThese areas were settled because the climate was similar to that of Europerdquo

- Prof Wolfram Latsch personal communication April 2004

ldquoI think that tropical diseases are largely to blamerdquo- Prof Roger Buick North Pole Australia August 2004

Koppen classification climatic zones

(iv) Historical explanations

ldquoEuropean countries have been around for a long time We are young We just simply need time to catch uprdquo- Nxobo Masika Johannesburg South Africa March 2004

Date Country Notes19-Jul-49 Laos from France8-Aug-49 Bhutan from India

24-Dec-51 Libya from Italy9-Nov-53 Cambodia from France1-Jan-56 Sudan from Egypt and UK

2-Mar-56 Morocco from France and Spain20-Mar-56 Tunisia from France6-Mar-57 Ghana from UK

31-Aug-57 Malaysia from UK2-Oct-58 Guinea from France1-Jan-60 Cameroon from French-administered UN trusteeship4-Apr-60 Senegal from France

27-Apr-60 Togo from French-administered UN trusteeship26-Jun-60 Madagascar from France26-Jun-60 Somalia from the UK30-Jun-60 Democratic Republic of the Congo from Belgium

1-Jul-60 Somalia from the Italian-administered UN trusteeship1-Aug-60 Benin from France3-Aug-60 Niger from France5-Aug-60 Burkina Faso from France7-Aug-60 Cocircte dIvoire from France

11-Aug-60 Chad from France13-Aug-60 Central African Republic from France15-Aug-60 Republic of the Congo from France17-Aug-60 Gabon from France22-Sep-60 Mali from France

1-Oct-60 Nigeria from UK28-Nov-60 Mauritania from France27-Apr-61 Sierra Leone from UK19-Jun-61 Kuwait from UK

1-Jan-62 Samoa from New Zealand-administered UN trusteeship1-Jul-62 Burundi from UN trusteeship under Belgian administration1-Jul-62 Rwanda from Belgium-administered UN trusteeship5-Jul-62 Algeria from France

6-Aug-62 Jamaica from UK31-Aug-62 Trinidad and Tobago from UK

9-Oct-62 Uganda from UK12-Dec-63 Kenya from UK26-Apr-64 Tanzania from UK-administered UN trusteeship

6-Jul-64 Malawi from UK21-Sep-64 Malta from UK24-Oct-64 Zambia from UK18-Feb-65 The Gambia from UK26-Jul-65 Maldives from UK9-Aug-65 Singapore from Malaysian Federation

Date Country Notes26-May-66 Guyana from UK30-Sep-66 Botswana from UK

4-Oct-66 Lesotho from UK30-Nov-66 Barbados from UK30-Nov-67 South Yemen from UK31-Jan-68 Nauru from Australia-NZ-UK-administered UN trusteeship

12-Mar-68 Mauritius from UK6-Sep-68 Swaziland from UK

12-Oct-68 Equatorial Guinea from Spain4-Jun-70 Tonga from UK protectorate

10-Oct-70 Fiji from UK15-Aug-71 Bahrain from UK

3-Sep-71 Qatar from UK2-Dec-71 United Arab Emirates from UK

16-Dec-71 Bangladesh from Pakistan10-Jul-73 The Bahamas from UK

24-Sep-73 Guinea-Bissau declared independence from Portugal7-Feb-74 Grenada from UK

19-Oct-74 Niue in free association with New Zealand25-Jun-75 Mozambique from Portugal

5-Jul-75 Cape Verde from Portugal6-Jul-75 Comoros from France

12-Jul-75 Satildeo Tomeacute and Principe from Portugal16-Sep-75 Papua New Guinea from the Australian-administered UN trusteeship11-Nov-75 Angola from Portugal25-Nov-75 Suriname from Netherlands27-Feb-76 Western Sahara from Spain29-Jun-76 Seychelles from UK27-Jun-77 Djibouti from France

7-Jul-78 Solomon Islands from UK1-Oct-78 Tuvalu from UK

3-Nov-78 Dominica from UK22-Feb-79 Saint Lucia from UK12-Jul-79 Kiribati from UK

27-Oct-79 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines from UK18-Apr-80 Zimbabwe from UK30-Jul-80 Vanuatu from France and UK

21-Sep-81 Belize from UK1-Nov-81 Antigua and Barbuda from UK

19-Sep-83 Saint Kitts and Nevis from UK1-Jan-84 Brunei from UK

21-Oct-86 Marshall Islands from the US-administered UN trusteeship 3-Nov-86 Federated States of Micronesia from the US-administered UN trusteeship

21-Mar-90 Namibia from South Africa24-May-93 Eritrea from Ethiopia

1-Oct-94 Palau from the US-administered UN trusteeship

Dates of recent independence of developing countries

Early dates of independence of South American countries

Date Country Notes1 January 1804 Haiti from France25 May 1810 Argentina from Spain20 July 1810 Colombia from Spain16 September 1810 Mexico from Spain18 September 1810 Chile from Spain14 May 1811 Paraguay from Spain5 July 1811 Venezuela from Spain28 July 1821 Peru from Spain15 September 1821 Costa Rica from Spain15 September 1821 El Salvador from Spain15 September 1821 Guatemala from Spain15 September 1821 Honduras from Spain15 September 1821 Nicaragua from Spain28 November 1821 Panama from Spain24 May 1822 Ecuador from Spain7 September 1822 Brazil from Portugal6 August 1825 Bolivia from Spain25 August 1825 Uruguay from Brazil

(v) Inept-leadership explanations

ldquoAfrican leaders themselves have also failed the resource-rich continent They continue to unscrupulously harp on historical injustices to cover up for their political and economic mess that are [sic] a sad manifestation of their suppression of democratic governance Corrupt and inefficient management of economies greed power hunger disrespect for human rights cronyism among other vices have contributed to the underdevelopment of Africa todayrdquo- Charles Mangongera lsquoShould We Continue to Blame Colonialismrsquo Financial Gazette (Harare Zimbabwe) September 19 2002

ldquoA district our size should have a much better soccer field but the money was pocketed There is corruption at all levels Itrsquos a top-down problemrdquo- Unemployed 27-yr-old Sidhinhyo Morongulos Mozambique April 2004

Evolution of Corruption by Regions of the World 1984-1999

Source Lederman D Loayza N and Soares RR (2001)

ldquoWho has the most to gain from corruption

(or the most to lose from ending it)rdquo

(vi) Psychological explanations

ldquoThere exists among us a strong feeling of inferiority [hellip which] comes from our awareness of past [whiteEuropean] oppressionrdquo- Anonymous fisherman northern Mozambique April 2004

(vii) Neocolonial explanations

ldquoWe were told and accepted that our poverty was caused by our poverty in the now famous theory of the lsquovicious circle of povertyrsquo and we went round in circles seeking ways and means of breaking that circle Had we asked the [right] questions we would not have exposed our economies to the ruthless plunder brought about by lsquoforeign investmentsrsquo which the exponents of the vicious circle theory urged us to do For it is clear foreign investment is the cause and not a solution to our economic backwardnessrdquo- Former Tanzanian minister AM Babu In Walter Rodney (1965) How Europe underdeveloped Africa page 312

Economies are like fires

5 The link with Sustainability

Earthrsquos ecologically productive surface asymp 2142109 hectares

Per-capita surface required to support American lifestyle

asymp 957 hectares

Acreage required to support worldwide American standards of living

asymp 3 Earths

Global population on July 10th 2010 asymp 6 795 329 623

Neocolonial explanations for persistent 21st-century poverty

Present American standards of living for the entire global populace are a physical impossibility

Fact

Cartograms illustrating (a) country-level wood and paper imports (by volume) for the year 2000 (b) country-level net forest loss between 1990 and 2000

(a) (b)

Flo

ws

of r

aw m

ater

ial a

nd fu

el

the case for greater

global equality

almost everyone stands to gain

httpwwwrealfutureorgthe tide is on Our side

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

high-school drop out rates

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

incarceration rates

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

obesity

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

trust in fellow humans

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

homicide rates

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

teenage pregnancy rates

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

child well-being

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

national altruism

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

recycling

2 What patterns exist in the distribution of income

What patterns exist in the distribution of income

(4) InequalityWhat patterns exist in the distribution of income

Compiled from 2003 World Bank country dataset

Per-capita income for white and black Brazilians

Source IBGE Census 2000

What patterns exist in the distribution of income

What patterns exist in the distribution of income

Income (US$ PPP)

Where are the people

100 100001000 100000

Source Dikhanov Y and Ward M (2003)

(AFR=Africa EAP=East Asia ECE=East- and Central Europe LAC=Latin America OECD=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development SAS=South Asia)

100 100001000 100000Income (US$ PPP)

What patterns exist in the distribution of income

Where is the dough

Source Dikhanov Y and Ward M (2003)

(AFR=Africa EAP=East Asia ECE=East- and Central Europe LAC=Latin America OECD=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development SAS=South Asia)

3 Why are some countries rich and others poor

ldquoWhy are some countries rich and others poorrdquo

Summary of interviews conducted between February 2002 and June 2006

Continent Country Month(s) year(s)

Number of Interviews

Mozambique May-03 10Namibia Jul-04 14South Africa Jul-04 5Bangladesh Jun-02 3Cambodia Jul-02 3

Jun 2002Jul-02

Myanmar (Burma)

Jun-02 7

Jan 2002-

Jun-02Thailand Jul-02 2Tibet (China) Feb-02 6Turkey Mar-06 8Belgium Sep-02 1Bulgaria Mar-06 1

Aug 2002Aug-06

Dec 2004Jul-05

Germany Aug-06 6Hungary Mar-06 2Netherlands the Aug-04 3Norway Jul-06 5Romania Mar-06 1Sweden Jul-06 1

Europe

Denmark 3

France 2

Africa

Asia

India 11

Nepal 19

Continent Country Month(s) year(s)

Number of Interviews

Sep 2002-Jun-06

Aug 2002Aug-06

Mexico Jun-04 4Sep 2002-

Jun-06Aug 2003

Aug-Sep 2004

Aug-05New Zealand Aug-05 4

United States 108

Oceania Australia 28

Canada 3

Greenland 8

North America

Categories of responses

Categories of responses

Categories of responses

(i) Evolutionary explanations

ldquohellip because some people are clever and others are stupidrdquo- Anonymous white South African of Boer ancestry Hazyview South Africa July 2004

ldquoThe idea that some populations are more energetic than others [hellip] perhaps deserves some considerationrdquo- JP Cole (1979) The Development Gap page 111

Categories of responses

Categories of responses

(ii) Culturalsocietal explanations

ldquo the explanations offered for the contrasting records in growth have most often focused on institutions and highlighted the variation across societies in conditions relevant to growth such as the security of property rights prevalence of corruption structures of the financial sector investment in public infrastructure and social capital and the inclination to work hard or be entrepreneurialrdquo- Sokoloff amp Engerman (2000) page 218

GDPcapita relative to US in selected New World economies 1700-1997

Source Sokoloff and Engermann (2000)

Categories of responses

(iii) Environmental explanations

ldquoThese areas were settled because the climate was similar to that of Europerdquo

- Prof Wolfram Latsch personal communication April 2004

ldquoI think that tropical diseases are largely to blamerdquo- Prof Roger Buick North Pole Australia August 2004

Koppen classification climatic zones

(iv) Historical explanations

ldquoEuropean countries have been around for a long time We are young We just simply need time to catch uprdquo- Nxobo Masika Johannesburg South Africa March 2004

Date Country Notes19-Jul-49 Laos from France8-Aug-49 Bhutan from India

24-Dec-51 Libya from Italy9-Nov-53 Cambodia from France1-Jan-56 Sudan from Egypt and UK

2-Mar-56 Morocco from France and Spain20-Mar-56 Tunisia from France6-Mar-57 Ghana from UK

31-Aug-57 Malaysia from UK2-Oct-58 Guinea from France1-Jan-60 Cameroon from French-administered UN trusteeship4-Apr-60 Senegal from France

27-Apr-60 Togo from French-administered UN trusteeship26-Jun-60 Madagascar from France26-Jun-60 Somalia from the UK30-Jun-60 Democratic Republic of the Congo from Belgium

1-Jul-60 Somalia from the Italian-administered UN trusteeship1-Aug-60 Benin from France3-Aug-60 Niger from France5-Aug-60 Burkina Faso from France7-Aug-60 Cocircte dIvoire from France

11-Aug-60 Chad from France13-Aug-60 Central African Republic from France15-Aug-60 Republic of the Congo from France17-Aug-60 Gabon from France22-Sep-60 Mali from France

1-Oct-60 Nigeria from UK28-Nov-60 Mauritania from France27-Apr-61 Sierra Leone from UK19-Jun-61 Kuwait from UK

1-Jan-62 Samoa from New Zealand-administered UN trusteeship1-Jul-62 Burundi from UN trusteeship under Belgian administration1-Jul-62 Rwanda from Belgium-administered UN trusteeship5-Jul-62 Algeria from France

6-Aug-62 Jamaica from UK31-Aug-62 Trinidad and Tobago from UK

9-Oct-62 Uganda from UK12-Dec-63 Kenya from UK26-Apr-64 Tanzania from UK-administered UN trusteeship

6-Jul-64 Malawi from UK21-Sep-64 Malta from UK24-Oct-64 Zambia from UK18-Feb-65 The Gambia from UK26-Jul-65 Maldives from UK9-Aug-65 Singapore from Malaysian Federation

Date Country Notes26-May-66 Guyana from UK30-Sep-66 Botswana from UK

4-Oct-66 Lesotho from UK30-Nov-66 Barbados from UK30-Nov-67 South Yemen from UK31-Jan-68 Nauru from Australia-NZ-UK-administered UN trusteeship

12-Mar-68 Mauritius from UK6-Sep-68 Swaziland from UK

12-Oct-68 Equatorial Guinea from Spain4-Jun-70 Tonga from UK protectorate

10-Oct-70 Fiji from UK15-Aug-71 Bahrain from UK

3-Sep-71 Qatar from UK2-Dec-71 United Arab Emirates from UK

16-Dec-71 Bangladesh from Pakistan10-Jul-73 The Bahamas from UK

24-Sep-73 Guinea-Bissau declared independence from Portugal7-Feb-74 Grenada from UK

19-Oct-74 Niue in free association with New Zealand25-Jun-75 Mozambique from Portugal

5-Jul-75 Cape Verde from Portugal6-Jul-75 Comoros from France

12-Jul-75 Satildeo Tomeacute and Principe from Portugal16-Sep-75 Papua New Guinea from the Australian-administered UN trusteeship11-Nov-75 Angola from Portugal25-Nov-75 Suriname from Netherlands27-Feb-76 Western Sahara from Spain29-Jun-76 Seychelles from UK27-Jun-77 Djibouti from France

7-Jul-78 Solomon Islands from UK1-Oct-78 Tuvalu from UK

3-Nov-78 Dominica from UK22-Feb-79 Saint Lucia from UK12-Jul-79 Kiribati from UK

27-Oct-79 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines from UK18-Apr-80 Zimbabwe from UK30-Jul-80 Vanuatu from France and UK

21-Sep-81 Belize from UK1-Nov-81 Antigua and Barbuda from UK

19-Sep-83 Saint Kitts and Nevis from UK1-Jan-84 Brunei from UK

21-Oct-86 Marshall Islands from the US-administered UN trusteeship 3-Nov-86 Federated States of Micronesia from the US-administered UN trusteeship

21-Mar-90 Namibia from South Africa24-May-93 Eritrea from Ethiopia

1-Oct-94 Palau from the US-administered UN trusteeship

Dates of recent independence of developing countries

Early dates of independence of South American countries

Date Country Notes1 January 1804 Haiti from France25 May 1810 Argentina from Spain20 July 1810 Colombia from Spain16 September 1810 Mexico from Spain18 September 1810 Chile from Spain14 May 1811 Paraguay from Spain5 July 1811 Venezuela from Spain28 July 1821 Peru from Spain15 September 1821 Costa Rica from Spain15 September 1821 El Salvador from Spain15 September 1821 Guatemala from Spain15 September 1821 Honduras from Spain15 September 1821 Nicaragua from Spain28 November 1821 Panama from Spain24 May 1822 Ecuador from Spain7 September 1822 Brazil from Portugal6 August 1825 Bolivia from Spain25 August 1825 Uruguay from Brazil

(v) Inept-leadership explanations

ldquoAfrican leaders themselves have also failed the resource-rich continent They continue to unscrupulously harp on historical injustices to cover up for their political and economic mess that are [sic] a sad manifestation of their suppression of democratic governance Corrupt and inefficient management of economies greed power hunger disrespect for human rights cronyism among other vices have contributed to the underdevelopment of Africa todayrdquo- Charles Mangongera lsquoShould We Continue to Blame Colonialismrsquo Financial Gazette (Harare Zimbabwe) September 19 2002

ldquoA district our size should have a much better soccer field but the money was pocketed There is corruption at all levels Itrsquos a top-down problemrdquo- Unemployed 27-yr-old Sidhinhyo Morongulos Mozambique April 2004

Evolution of Corruption by Regions of the World 1984-1999

Source Lederman D Loayza N and Soares RR (2001)

ldquoWho has the most to gain from corruption

(or the most to lose from ending it)rdquo

(vi) Psychological explanations

ldquoThere exists among us a strong feeling of inferiority [hellip which] comes from our awareness of past [whiteEuropean] oppressionrdquo- Anonymous fisherman northern Mozambique April 2004

(vii) Neocolonial explanations

ldquoWe were told and accepted that our poverty was caused by our poverty in the now famous theory of the lsquovicious circle of povertyrsquo and we went round in circles seeking ways and means of breaking that circle Had we asked the [right] questions we would not have exposed our economies to the ruthless plunder brought about by lsquoforeign investmentsrsquo which the exponents of the vicious circle theory urged us to do For it is clear foreign investment is the cause and not a solution to our economic backwardnessrdquo- Former Tanzanian minister AM Babu In Walter Rodney (1965) How Europe underdeveloped Africa page 312

Economies are like fires

5 The link with Sustainability

Earthrsquos ecologically productive surface asymp 2142109 hectares

Per-capita surface required to support American lifestyle

asymp 957 hectares

Acreage required to support worldwide American standards of living

asymp 3 Earths

Global population on July 10th 2010 asymp 6 795 329 623

Neocolonial explanations for persistent 21st-century poverty

Present American standards of living for the entire global populace are a physical impossibility

Fact

Cartograms illustrating (a) country-level wood and paper imports (by volume) for the year 2000 (b) country-level net forest loss between 1990 and 2000

(a) (b)

Flo

ws

of r

aw m

ater

ial a

nd fu

el

the case for greater

global equality

almost everyone stands to gain

httpwwwrealfutureorgthe tide is on Our side

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

incarceration rates

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

obesity

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

trust in fellow humans

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

homicide rates

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

teenage pregnancy rates

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

child well-being

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

national altruism

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

recycling

2 What patterns exist in the distribution of income

What patterns exist in the distribution of income

(4) InequalityWhat patterns exist in the distribution of income

Compiled from 2003 World Bank country dataset

Per-capita income for white and black Brazilians

Source IBGE Census 2000

What patterns exist in the distribution of income

What patterns exist in the distribution of income

Income (US$ PPP)

Where are the people

100 100001000 100000

Source Dikhanov Y and Ward M (2003)

(AFR=Africa EAP=East Asia ECE=East- and Central Europe LAC=Latin America OECD=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development SAS=South Asia)

100 100001000 100000Income (US$ PPP)

What patterns exist in the distribution of income

Where is the dough

Source Dikhanov Y and Ward M (2003)

(AFR=Africa EAP=East Asia ECE=East- and Central Europe LAC=Latin America OECD=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development SAS=South Asia)

3 Why are some countries rich and others poor

ldquoWhy are some countries rich and others poorrdquo

Summary of interviews conducted between February 2002 and June 2006

Continent Country Month(s) year(s)

Number of Interviews

Mozambique May-03 10Namibia Jul-04 14South Africa Jul-04 5Bangladesh Jun-02 3Cambodia Jul-02 3

Jun 2002Jul-02

Myanmar (Burma)

Jun-02 7

Jan 2002-

Jun-02Thailand Jul-02 2Tibet (China) Feb-02 6Turkey Mar-06 8Belgium Sep-02 1Bulgaria Mar-06 1

Aug 2002Aug-06

Dec 2004Jul-05

Germany Aug-06 6Hungary Mar-06 2Netherlands the Aug-04 3Norway Jul-06 5Romania Mar-06 1Sweden Jul-06 1

Europe

Denmark 3

France 2

Africa

Asia

India 11

Nepal 19

Continent Country Month(s) year(s)

Number of Interviews

Sep 2002-Jun-06

Aug 2002Aug-06

Mexico Jun-04 4Sep 2002-

Jun-06Aug 2003

Aug-Sep 2004

Aug-05New Zealand Aug-05 4

United States 108

Oceania Australia 28

Canada 3

Greenland 8

North America

Categories of responses

Categories of responses

Categories of responses

(i) Evolutionary explanations

ldquohellip because some people are clever and others are stupidrdquo- Anonymous white South African of Boer ancestry Hazyview South Africa July 2004

ldquoThe idea that some populations are more energetic than others [hellip] perhaps deserves some considerationrdquo- JP Cole (1979) The Development Gap page 111

Categories of responses

Categories of responses

(ii) Culturalsocietal explanations

ldquo the explanations offered for the contrasting records in growth have most often focused on institutions and highlighted the variation across societies in conditions relevant to growth such as the security of property rights prevalence of corruption structures of the financial sector investment in public infrastructure and social capital and the inclination to work hard or be entrepreneurialrdquo- Sokoloff amp Engerman (2000) page 218

GDPcapita relative to US in selected New World economies 1700-1997

Source Sokoloff and Engermann (2000)

Categories of responses

(iii) Environmental explanations

ldquoThese areas were settled because the climate was similar to that of Europerdquo

- Prof Wolfram Latsch personal communication April 2004

ldquoI think that tropical diseases are largely to blamerdquo- Prof Roger Buick North Pole Australia August 2004

Koppen classification climatic zones

(iv) Historical explanations

ldquoEuropean countries have been around for a long time We are young We just simply need time to catch uprdquo- Nxobo Masika Johannesburg South Africa March 2004

Date Country Notes19-Jul-49 Laos from France8-Aug-49 Bhutan from India

24-Dec-51 Libya from Italy9-Nov-53 Cambodia from France1-Jan-56 Sudan from Egypt and UK

2-Mar-56 Morocco from France and Spain20-Mar-56 Tunisia from France6-Mar-57 Ghana from UK

31-Aug-57 Malaysia from UK2-Oct-58 Guinea from France1-Jan-60 Cameroon from French-administered UN trusteeship4-Apr-60 Senegal from France

27-Apr-60 Togo from French-administered UN trusteeship26-Jun-60 Madagascar from France26-Jun-60 Somalia from the UK30-Jun-60 Democratic Republic of the Congo from Belgium

1-Jul-60 Somalia from the Italian-administered UN trusteeship1-Aug-60 Benin from France3-Aug-60 Niger from France5-Aug-60 Burkina Faso from France7-Aug-60 Cocircte dIvoire from France

11-Aug-60 Chad from France13-Aug-60 Central African Republic from France15-Aug-60 Republic of the Congo from France17-Aug-60 Gabon from France22-Sep-60 Mali from France

1-Oct-60 Nigeria from UK28-Nov-60 Mauritania from France27-Apr-61 Sierra Leone from UK19-Jun-61 Kuwait from UK

1-Jan-62 Samoa from New Zealand-administered UN trusteeship1-Jul-62 Burundi from UN trusteeship under Belgian administration1-Jul-62 Rwanda from Belgium-administered UN trusteeship5-Jul-62 Algeria from France

6-Aug-62 Jamaica from UK31-Aug-62 Trinidad and Tobago from UK

9-Oct-62 Uganda from UK12-Dec-63 Kenya from UK26-Apr-64 Tanzania from UK-administered UN trusteeship

6-Jul-64 Malawi from UK21-Sep-64 Malta from UK24-Oct-64 Zambia from UK18-Feb-65 The Gambia from UK26-Jul-65 Maldives from UK9-Aug-65 Singapore from Malaysian Federation

Date Country Notes26-May-66 Guyana from UK30-Sep-66 Botswana from UK

4-Oct-66 Lesotho from UK30-Nov-66 Barbados from UK30-Nov-67 South Yemen from UK31-Jan-68 Nauru from Australia-NZ-UK-administered UN trusteeship

12-Mar-68 Mauritius from UK6-Sep-68 Swaziland from UK

12-Oct-68 Equatorial Guinea from Spain4-Jun-70 Tonga from UK protectorate

10-Oct-70 Fiji from UK15-Aug-71 Bahrain from UK

3-Sep-71 Qatar from UK2-Dec-71 United Arab Emirates from UK

16-Dec-71 Bangladesh from Pakistan10-Jul-73 The Bahamas from UK

24-Sep-73 Guinea-Bissau declared independence from Portugal7-Feb-74 Grenada from UK

19-Oct-74 Niue in free association with New Zealand25-Jun-75 Mozambique from Portugal

5-Jul-75 Cape Verde from Portugal6-Jul-75 Comoros from France

12-Jul-75 Satildeo Tomeacute and Principe from Portugal16-Sep-75 Papua New Guinea from the Australian-administered UN trusteeship11-Nov-75 Angola from Portugal25-Nov-75 Suriname from Netherlands27-Feb-76 Western Sahara from Spain29-Jun-76 Seychelles from UK27-Jun-77 Djibouti from France

7-Jul-78 Solomon Islands from UK1-Oct-78 Tuvalu from UK

3-Nov-78 Dominica from UK22-Feb-79 Saint Lucia from UK12-Jul-79 Kiribati from UK

27-Oct-79 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines from UK18-Apr-80 Zimbabwe from UK30-Jul-80 Vanuatu from France and UK

21-Sep-81 Belize from UK1-Nov-81 Antigua and Barbuda from UK

19-Sep-83 Saint Kitts and Nevis from UK1-Jan-84 Brunei from UK

21-Oct-86 Marshall Islands from the US-administered UN trusteeship 3-Nov-86 Federated States of Micronesia from the US-administered UN trusteeship

21-Mar-90 Namibia from South Africa24-May-93 Eritrea from Ethiopia

1-Oct-94 Palau from the US-administered UN trusteeship

Dates of recent independence of developing countries

Early dates of independence of South American countries

Date Country Notes1 January 1804 Haiti from France25 May 1810 Argentina from Spain20 July 1810 Colombia from Spain16 September 1810 Mexico from Spain18 September 1810 Chile from Spain14 May 1811 Paraguay from Spain5 July 1811 Venezuela from Spain28 July 1821 Peru from Spain15 September 1821 Costa Rica from Spain15 September 1821 El Salvador from Spain15 September 1821 Guatemala from Spain15 September 1821 Honduras from Spain15 September 1821 Nicaragua from Spain28 November 1821 Panama from Spain24 May 1822 Ecuador from Spain7 September 1822 Brazil from Portugal6 August 1825 Bolivia from Spain25 August 1825 Uruguay from Brazil

(v) Inept-leadership explanations

ldquoAfrican leaders themselves have also failed the resource-rich continent They continue to unscrupulously harp on historical injustices to cover up for their political and economic mess that are [sic] a sad manifestation of their suppression of democratic governance Corrupt and inefficient management of economies greed power hunger disrespect for human rights cronyism among other vices have contributed to the underdevelopment of Africa todayrdquo- Charles Mangongera lsquoShould We Continue to Blame Colonialismrsquo Financial Gazette (Harare Zimbabwe) September 19 2002

ldquoA district our size should have a much better soccer field but the money was pocketed There is corruption at all levels Itrsquos a top-down problemrdquo- Unemployed 27-yr-old Sidhinhyo Morongulos Mozambique April 2004

Evolution of Corruption by Regions of the World 1984-1999

Source Lederman D Loayza N and Soares RR (2001)

ldquoWho has the most to gain from corruption

(or the most to lose from ending it)rdquo

(vi) Psychological explanations

ldquoThere exists among us a strong feeling of inferiority [hellip which] comes from our awareness of past [whiteEuropean] oppressionrdquo- Anonymous fisherman northern Mozambique April 2004

(vii) Neocolonial explanations

ldquoWe were told and accepted that our poverty was caused by our poverty in the now famous theory of the lsquovicious circle of povertyrsquo and we went round in circles seeking ways and means of breaking that circle Had we asked the [right] questions we would not have exposed our economies to the ruthless plunder brought about by lsquoforeign investmentsrsquo which the exponents of the vicious circle theory urged us to do For it is clear foreign investment is the cause and not a solution to our economic backwardnessrdquo- Former Tanzanian minister AM Babu In Walter Rodney (1965) How Europe underdeveloped Africa page 312

Economies are like fires

5 The link with Sustainability

Earthrsquos ecologically productive surface asymp 2142109 hectares

Per-capita surface required to support American lifestyle

asymp 957 hectares

Acreage required to support worldwide American standards of living

asymp 3 Earths

Global population on July 10th 2010 asymp 6 795 329 623

Neocolonial explanations for persistent 21st-century poverty

Present American standards of living for the entire global populace are a physical impossibility

Fact

Cartograms illustrating (a) country-level wood and paper imports (by volume) for the year 2000 (b) country-level net forest loss between 1990 and 2000

(a) (b)

Flo

ws

of r

aw m

ater

ial a

nd fu

el

the case for greater

global equality

almost everyone stands to gain

httpwwwrealfutureorgthe tide is on Our side

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

obesity

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

trust in fellow humans

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

homicide rates

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

teenage pregnancy rates

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

child well-being

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

national altruism

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

recycling

2 What patterns exist in the distribution of income

What patterns exist in the distribution of income

(4) InequalityWhat patterns exist in the distribution of income

Compiled from 2003 World Bank country dataset

Per-capita income for white and black Brazilians

Source IBGE Census 2000

What patterns exist in the distribution of income

What patterns exist in the distribution of income

Income (US$ PPP)

Where are the people

100 100001000 100000

Source Dikhanov Y and Ward M (2003)

(AFR=Africa EAP=East Asia ECE=East- and Central Europe LAC=Latin America OECD=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development SAS=South Asia)

100 100001000 100000Income (US$ PPP)

What patterns exist in the distribution of income

Where is the dough

Source Dikhanov Y and Ward M (2003)

(AFR=Africa EAP=East Asia ECE=East- and Central Europe LAC=Latin America OECD=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development SAS=South Asia)

3 Why are some countries rich and others poor

ldquoWhy are some countries rich and others poorrdquo

Summary of interviews conducted between February 2002 and June 2006

Continent Country Month(s) year(s)

Number of Interviews

Mozambique May-03 10Namibia Jul-04 14South Africa Jul-04 5Bangladesh Jun-02 3Cambodia Jul-02 3

Jun 2002Jul-02

Myanmar (Burma)

Jun-02 7

Jan 2002-

Jun-02Thailand Jul-02 2Tibet (China) Feb-02 6Turkey Mar-06 8Belgium Sep-02 1Bulgaria Mar-06 1

Aug 2002Aug-06

Dec 2004Jul-05

Germany Aug-06 6Hungary Mar-06 2Netherlands the Aug-04 3Norway Jul-06 5Romania Mar-06 1Sweden Jul-06 1

Europe

Denmark 3

France 2

Africa

Asia

India 11

Nepal 19

Continent Country Month(s) year(s)

Number of Interviews

Sep 2002-Jun-06

Aug 2002Aug-06

Mexico Jun-04 4Sep 2002-

Jun-06Aug 2003

Aug-Sep 2004

Aug-05New Zealand Aug-05 4

United States 108

Oceania Australia 28

Canada 3

Greenland 8

North America

Categories of responses

Categories of responses

Categories of responses

(i) Evolutionary explanations

ldquohellip because some people are clever and others are stupidrdquo- Anonymous white South African of Boer ancestry Hazyview South Africa July 2004

ldquoThe idea that some populations are more energetic than others [hellip] perhaps deserves some considerationrdquo- JP Cole (1979) The Development Gap page 111

Categories of responses

Categories of responses

(ii) Culturalsocietal explanations

ldquo the explanations offered for the contrasting records in growth have most often focused on institutions and highlighted the variation across societies in conditions relevant to growth such as the security of property rights prevalence of corruption structures of the financial sector investment in public infrastructure and social capital and the inclination to work hard or be entrepreneurialrdquo- Sokoloff amp Engerman (2000) page 218

GDPcapita relative to US in selected New World economies 1700-1997

Source Sokoloff and Engermann (2000)

Categories of responses

(iii) Environmental explanations

ldquoThese areas were settled because the climate was similar to that of Europerdquo

- Prof Wolfram Latsch personal communication April 2004

ldquoI think that tropical diseases are largely to blamerdquo- Prof Roger Buick North Pole Australia August 2004

Koppen classification climatic zones

(iv) Historical explanations

ldquoEuropean countries have been around for a long time We are young We just simply need time to catch uprdquo- Nxobo Masika Johannesburg South Africa March 2004

Date Country Notes19-Jul-49 Laos from France8-Aug-49 Bhutan from India

24-Dec-51 Libya from Italy9-Nov-53 Cambodia from France1-Jan-56 Sudan from Egypt and UK

2-Mar-56 Morocco from France and Spain20-Mar-56 Tunisia from France6-Mar-57 Ghana from UK

31-Aug-57 Malaysia from UK2-Oct-58 Guinea from France1-Jan-60 Cameroon from French-administered UN trusteeship4-Apr-60 Senegal from France

27-Apr-60 Togo from French-administered UN trusteeship26-Jun-60 Madagascar from France26-Jun-60 Somalia from the UK30-Jun-60 Democratic Republic of the Congo from Belgium

1-Jul-60 Somalia from the Italian-administered UN trusteeship1-Aug-60 Benin from France3-Aug-60 Niger from France5-Aug-60 Burkina Faso from France7-Aug-60 Cocircte dIvoire from France

11-Aug-60 Chad from France13-Aug-60 Central African Republic from France15-Aug-60 Republic of the Congo from France17-Aug-60 Gabon from France22-Sep-60 Mali from France

1-Oct-60 Nigeria from UK28-Nov-60 Mauritania from France27-Apr-61 Sierra Leone from UK19-Jun-61 Kuwait from UK

1-Jan-62 Samoa from New Zealand-administered UN trusteeship1-Jul-62 Burundi from UN trusteeship under Belgian administration1-Jul-62 Rwanda from Belgium-administered UN trusteeship5-Jul-62 Algeria from France

6-Aug-62 Jamaica from UK31-Aug-62 Trinidad and Tobago from UK

9-Oct-62 Uganda from UK12-Dec-63 Kenya from UK26-Apr-64 Tanzania from UK-administered UN trusteeship

6-Jul-64 Malawi from UK21-Sep-64 Malta from UK24-Oct-64 Zambia from UK18-Feb-65 The Gambia from UK26-Jul-65 Maldives from UK9-Aug-65 Singapore from Malaysian Federation

Date Country Notes26-May-66 Guyana from UK30-Sep-66 Botswana from UK

4-Oct-66 Lesotho from UK30-Nov-66 Barbados from UK30-Nov-67 South Yemen from UK31-Jan-68 Nauru from Australia-NZ-UK-administered UN trusteeship

12-Mar-68 Mauritius from UK6-Sep-68 Swaziland from UK

12-Oct-68 Equatorial Guinea from Spain4-Jun-70 Tonga from UK protectorate

10-Oct-70 Fiji from UK15-Aug-71 Bahrain from UK

3-Sep-71 Qatar from UK2-Dec-71 United Arab Emirates from UK

16-Dec-71 Bangladesh from Pakistan10-Jul-73 The Bahamas from UK

24-Sep-73 Guinea-Bissau declared independence from Portugal7-Feb-74 Grenada from UK

19-Oct-74 Niue in free association with New Zealand25-Jun-75 Mozambique from Portugal

5-Jul-75 Cape Verde from Portugal6-Jul-75 Comoros from France

12-Jul-75 Satildeo Tomeacute and Principe from Portugal16-Sep-75 Papua New Guinea from the Australian-administered UN trusteeship11-Nov-75 Angola from Portugal25-Nov-75 Suriname from Netherlands27-Feb-76 Western Sahara from Spain29-Jun-76 Seychelles from UK27-Jun-77 Djibouti from France

7-Jul-78 Solomon Islands from UK1-Oct-78 Tuvalu from UK

3-Nov-78 Dominica from UK22-Feb-79 Saint Lucia from UK12-Jul-79 Kiribati from UK

27-Oct-79 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines from UK18-Apr-80 Zimbabwe from UK30-Jul-80 Vanuatu from France and UK

21-Sep-81 Belize from UK1-Nov-81 Antigua and Barbuda from UK

19-Sep-83 Saint Kitts and Nevis from UK1-Jan-84 Brunei from UK

21-Oct-86 Marshall Islands from the US-administered UN trusteeship 3-Nov-86 Federated States of Micronesia from the US-administered UN trusteeship

21-Mar-90 Namibia from South Africa24-May-93 Eritrea from Ethiopia

1-Oct-94 Palau from the US-administered UN trusteeship

Dates of recent independence of developing countries

Early dates of independence of South American countries

Date Country Notes1 January 1804 Haiti from France25 May 1810 Argentina from Spain20 July 1810 Colombia from Spain16 September 1810 Mexico from Spain18 September 1810 Chile from Spain14 May 1811 Paraguay from Spain5 July 1811 Venezuela from Spain28 July 1821 Peru from Spain15 September 1821 Costa Rica from Spain15 September 1821 El Salvador from Spain15 September 1821 Guatemala from Spain15 September 1821 Honduras from Spain15 September 1821 Nicaragua from Spain28 November 1821 Panama from Spain24 May 1822 Ecuador from Spain7 September 1822 Brazil from Portugal6 August 1825 Bolivia from Spain25 August 1825 Uruguay from Brazil

(v) Inept-leadership explanations

ldquoAfrican leaders themselves have also failed the resource-rich continent They continue to unscrupulously harp on historical injustices to cover up for their political and economic mess that are [sic] a sad manifestation of their suppression of democratic governance Corrupt and inefficient management of economies greed power hunger disrespect for human rights cronyism among other vices have contributed to the underdevelopment of Africa todayrdquo- Charles Mangongera lsquoShould We Continue to Blame Colonialismrsquo Financial Gazette (Harare Zimbabwe) September 19 2002

ldquoA district our size should have a much better soccer field but the money was pocketed There is corruption at all levels Itrsquos a top-down problemrdquo- Unemployed 27-yr-old Sidhinhyo Morongulos Mozambique April 2004

Evolution of Corruption by Regions of the World 1984-1999

Source Lederman D Loayza N and Soares RR (2001)

ldquoWho has the most to gain from corruption

(or the most to lose from ending it)rdquo

(vi) Psychological explanations

ldquoThere exists among us a strong feeling of inferiority [hellip which] comes from our awareness of past [whiteEuropean] oppressionrdquo- Anonymous fisherman northern Mozambique April 2004

(vii) Neocolonial explanations

ldquoWe were told and accepted that our poverty was caused by our poverty in the now famous theory of the lsquovicious circle of povertyrsquo and we went round in circles seeking ways and means of breaking that circle Had we asked the [right] questions we would not have exposed our economies to the ruthless plunder brought about by lsquoforeign investmentsrsquo which the exponents of the vicious circle theory urged us to do For it is clear foreign investment is the cause and not a solution to our economic backwardnessrdquo- Former Tanzanian minister AM Babu In Walter Rodney (1965) How Europe underdeveloped Africa page 312

Economies are like fires

5 The link with Sustainability

Earthrsquos ecologically productive surface asymp 2142109 hectares

Per-capita surface required to support American lifestyle

asymp 957 hectares

Acreage required to support worldwide American standards of living

asymp 3 Earths

Global population on July 10th 2010 asymp 6 795 329 623

Neocolonial explanations for persistent 21st-century poverty

Present American standards of living for the entire global populace are a physical impossibility

Fact

Cartograms illustrating (a) country-level wood and paper imports (by volume) for the year 2000 (b) country-level net forest loss between 1990 and 2000

(a) (b)

Flo

ws

of r

aw m

ater

ial a

nd fu

el

the case for greater

global equality

almost everyone stands to gain

httpwwwrealfutureorgthe tide is on Our side

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

trust in fellow humans

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

homicide rates

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

teenage pregnancy rates

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

child well-being

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

national altruism

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

recycling

2 What patterns exist in the distribution of income

What patterns exist in the distribution of income

(4) InequalityWhat patterns exist in the distribution of income

Compiled from 2003 World Bank country dataset

Per-capita income for white and black Brazilians

Source IBGE Census 2000

What patterns exist in the distribution of income

What patterns exist in the distribution of income

Income (US$ PPP)

Where are the people

100 100001000 100000

Source Dikhanov Y and Ward M (2003)

(AFR=Africa EAP=East Asia ECE=East- and Central Europe LAC=Latin America OECD=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development SAS=South Asia)

100 100001000 100000Income (US$ PPP)

What patterns exist in the distribution of income

Where is the dough

Source Dikhanov Y and Ward M (2003)

(AFR=Africa EAP=East Asia ECE=East- and Central Europe LAC=Latin America OECD=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development SAS=South Asia)

3 Why are some countries rich and others poor

ldquoWhy are some countries rich and others poorrdquo

Summary of interviews conducted between February 2002 and June 2006

Continent Country Month(s) year(s)

Number of Interviews

Mozambique May-03 10Namibia Jul-04 14South Africa Jul-04 5Bangladesh Jun-02 3Cambodia Jul-02 3

Jun 2002Jul-02

Myanmar (Burma)

Jun-02 7

Jan 2002-

Jun-02Thailand Jul-02 2Tibet (China) Feb-02 6Turkey Mar-06 8Belgium Sep-02 1Bulgaria Mar-06 1

Aug 2002Aug-06

Dec 2004Jul-05

Germany Aug-06 6Hungary Mar-06 2Netherlands the Aug-04 3Norway Jul-06 5Romania Mar-06 1Sweden Jul-06 1

Europe

Denmark 3

France 2

Africa

Asia

India 11

Nepal 19

Continent Country Month(s) year(s)

Number of Interviews

Sep 2002-Jun-06

Aug 2002Aug-06

Mexico Jun-04 4Sep 2002-

Jun-06Aug 2003

Aug-Sep 2004

Aug-05New Zealand Aug-05 4

United States 108

Oceania Australia 28

Canada 3

Greenland 8

North America

Categories of responses

Categories of responses

Categories of responses

(i) Evolutionary explanations

ldquohellip because some people are clever and others are stupidrdquo- Anonymous white South African of Boer ancestry Hazyview South Africa July 2004

ldquoThe idea that some populations are more energetic than others [hellip] perhaps deserves some considerationrdquo- JP Cole (1979) The Development Gap page 111

Categories of responses

Categories of responses

(ii) Culturalsocietal explanations

ldquo the explanations offered for the contrasting records in growth have most often focused on institutions and highlighted the variation across societies in conditions relevant to growth such as the security of property rights prevalence of corruption structures of the financial sector investment in public infrastructure and social capital and the inclination to work hard or be entrepreneurialrdquo- Sokoloff amp Engerman (2000) page 218

GDPcapita relative to US in selected New World economies 1700-1997

Source Sokoloff and Engermann (2000)

Categories of responses

(iii) Environmental explanations

ldquoThese areas were settled because the climate was similar to that of Europerdquo

- Prof Wolfram Latsch personal communication April 2004

ldquoI think that tropical diseases are largely to blamerdquo- Prof Roger Buick North Pole Australia August 2004

Koppen classification climatic zones

(iv) Historical explanations

ldquoEuropean countries have been around for a long time We are young We just simply need time to catch uprdquo- Nxobo Masika Johannesburg South Africa March 2004

Date Country Notes19-Jul-49 Laos from France8-Aug-49 Bhutan from India

24-Dec-51 Libya from Italy9-Nov-53 Cambodia from France1-Jan-56 Sudan from Egypt and UK

2-Mar-56 Morocco from France and Spain20-Mar-56 Tunisia from France6-Mar-57 Ghana from UK

31-Aug-57 Malaysia from UK2-Oct-58 Guinea from France1-Jan-60 Cameroon from French-administered UN trusteeship4-Apr-60 Senegal from France

27-Apr-60 Togo from French-administered UN trusteeship26-Jun-60 Madagascar from France26-Jun-60 Somalia from the UK30-Jun-60 Democratic Republic of the Congo from Belgium

1-Jul-60 Somalia from the Italian-administered UN trusteeship1-Aug-60 Benin from France3-Aug-60 Niger from France5-Aug-60 Burkina Faso from France7-Aug-60 Cocircte dIvoire from France

11-Aug-60 Chad from France13-Aug-60 Central African Republic from France15-Aug-60 Republic of the Congo from France17-Aug-60 Gabon from France22-Sep-60 Mali from France

1-Oct-60 Nigeria from UK28-Nov-60 Mauritania from France27-Apr-61 Sierra Leone from UK19-Jun-61 Kuwait from UK

1-Jan-62 Samoa from New Zealand-administered UN trusteeship1-Jul-62 Burundi from UN trusteeship under Belgian administration1-Jul-62 Rwanda from Belgium-administered UN trusteeship5-Jul-62 Algeria from France

6-Aug-62 Jamaica from UK31-Aug-62 Trinidad and Tobago from UK

9-Oct-62 Uganda from UK12-Dec-63 Kenya from UK26-Apr-64 Tanzania from UK-administered UN trusteeship

6-Jul-64 Malawi from UK21-Sep-64 Malta from UK24-Oct-64 Zambia from UK18-Feb-65 The Gambia from UK26-Jul-65 Maldives from UK9-Aug-65 Singapore from Malaysian Federation

Date Country Notes26-May-66 Guyana from UK30-Sep-66 Botswana from UK

4-Oct-66 Lesotho from UK30-Nov-66 Barbados from UK30-Nov-67 South Yemen from UK31-Jan-68 Nauru from Australia-NZ-UK-administered UN trusteeship

12-Mar-68 Mauritius from UK6-Sep-68 Swaziland from UK

12-Oct-68 Equatorial Guinea from Spain4-Jun-70 Tonga from UK protectorate

10-Oct-70 Fiji from UK15-Aug-71 Bahrain from UK

3-Sep-71 Qatar from UK2-Dec-71 United Arab Emirates from UK

16-Dec-71 Bangladesh from Pakistan10-Jul-73 The Bahamas from UK

24-Sep-73 Guinea-Bissau declared independence from Portugal7-Feb-74 Grenada from UK

19-Oct-74 Niue in free association with New Zealand25-Jun-75 Mozambique from Portugal

5-Jul-75 Cape Verde from Portugal6-Jul-75 Comoros from France

12-Jul-75 Satildeo Tomeacute and Principe from Portugal16-Sep-75 Papua New Guinea from the Australian-administered UN trusteeship11-Nov-75 Angola from Portugal25-Nov-75 Suriname from Netherlands27-Feb-76 Western Sahara from Spain29-Jun-76 Seychelles from UK27-Jun-77 Djibouti from France

7-Jul-78 Solomon Islands from UK1-Oct-78 Tuvalu from UK

3-Nov-78 Dominica from UK22-Feb-79 Saint Lucia from UK12-Jul-79 Kiribati from UK

27-Oct-79 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines from UK18-Apr-80 Zimbabwe from UK30-Jul-80 Vanuatu from France and UK

21-Sep-81 Belize from UK1-Nov-81 Antigua and Barbuda from UK

19-Sep-83 Saint Kitts and Nevis from UK1-Jan-84 Brunei from UK

21-Oct-86 Marshall Islands from the US-administered UN trusteeship 3-Nov-86 Federated States of Micronesia from the US-administered UN trusteeship

21-Mar-90 Namibia from South Africa24-May-93 Eritrea from Ethiopia

1-Oct-94 Palau from the US-administered UN trusteeship

Dates of recent independence of developing countries

Early dates of independence of South American countries

Date Country Notes1 January 1804 Haiti from France25 May 1810 Argentina from Spain20 July 1810 Colombia from Spain16 September 1810 Mexico from Spain18 September 1810 Chile from Spain14 May 1811 Paraguay from Spain5 July 1811 Venezuela from Spain28 July 1821 Peru from Spain15 September 1821 Costa Rica from Spain15 September 1821 El Salvador from Spain15 September 1821 Guatemala from Spain15 September 1821 Honduras from Spain15 September 1821 Nicaragua from Spain28 November 1821 Panama from Spain24 May 1822 Ecuador from Spain7 September 1822 Brazil from Portugal6 August 1825 Bolivia from Spain25 August 1825 Uruguay from Brazil

(v) Inept-leadership explanations

ldquoAfrican leaders themselves have also failed the resource-rich continent They continue to unscrupulously harp on historical injustices to cover up for their political and economic mess that are [sic] a sad manifestation of their suppression of democratic governance Corrupt and inefficient management of economies greed power hunger disrespect for human rights cronyism among other vices have contributed to the underdevelopment of Africa todayrdquo- Charles Mangongera lsquoShould We Continue to Blame Colonialismrsquo Financial Gazette (Harare Zimbabwe) September 19 2002

ldquoA district our size should have a much better soccer field but the money was pocketed There is corruption at all levels Itrsquos a top-down problemrdquo- Unemployed 27-yr-old Sidhinhyo Morongulos Mozambique April 2004

Evolution of Corruption by Regions of the World 1984-1999

Source Lederman D Loayza N and Soares RR (2001)

ldquoWho has the most to gain from corruption

(or the most to lose from ending it)rdquo

(vi) Psychological explanations

ldquoThere exists among us a strong feeling of inferiority [hellip which] comes from our awareness of past [whiteEuropean] oppressionrdquo- Anonymous fisherman northern Mozambique April 2004

(vii) Neocolonial explanations

ldquoWe were told and accepted that our poverty was caused by our poverty in the now famous theory of the lsquovicious circle of povertyrsquo and we went round in circles seeking ways and means of breaking that circle Had we asked the [right] questions we would not have exposed our economies to the ruthless plunder brought about by lsquoforeign investmentsrsquo which the exponents of the vicious circle theory urged us to do For it is clear foreign investment is the cause and not a solution to our economic backwardnessrdquo- Former Tanzanian minister AM Babu In Walter Rodney (1965) How Europe underdeveloped Africa page 312

Economies are like fires

5 The link with Sustainability

Earthrsquos ecologically productive surface asymp 2142109 hectares

Per-capita surface required to support American lifestyle

asymp 957 hectares

Acreage required to support worldwide American standards of living

asymp 3 Earths

Global population on July 10th 2010 asymp 6 795 329 623

Neocolonial explanations for persistent 21st-century poverty

Present American standards of living for the entire global populace are a physical impossibility

Fact

Cartograms illustrating (a) country-level wood and paper imports (by volume) for the year 2000 (b) country-level net forest loss between 1990 and 2000

(a) (b)

Flo

ws

of r

aw m

ater

ial a

nd fu

el

the case for greater

global equality

almost everyone stands to gain

httpwwwrealfutureorgthe tide is on Our side

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

homicide rates

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

teenage pregnancy rates

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

child well-being

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

national altruism

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

recycling

2 What patterns exist in the distribution of income

What patterns exist in the distribution of income

(4) InequalityWhat patterns exist in the distribution of income

Compiled from 2003 World Bank country dataset

Per-capita income for white and black Brazilians

Source IBGE Census 2000

What patterns exist in the distribution of income

What patterns exist in the distribution of income

Income (US$ PPP)

Where are the people

100 100001000 100000

Source Dikhanov Y and Ward M (2003)

(AFR=Africa EAP=East Asia ECE=East- and Central Europe LAC=Latin America OECD=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development SAS=South Asia)

100 100001000 100000Income (US$ PPP)

What patterns exist in the distribution of income

Where is the dough

Source Dikhanov Y and Ward M (2003)

(AFR=Africa EAP=East Asia ECE=East- and Central Europe LAC=Latin America OECD=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development SAS=South Asia)

3 Why are some countries rich and others poor

ldquoWhy are some countries rich and others poorrdquo

Summary of interviews conducted between February 2002 and June 2006

Continent Country Month(s) year(s)

Number of Interviews

Mozambique May-03 10Namibia Jul-04 14South Africa Jul-04 5Bangladesh Jun-02 3Cambodia Jul-02 3

Jun 2002Jul-02

Myanmar (Burma)

Jun-02 7

Jan 2002-

Jun-02Thailand Jul-02 2Tibet (China) Feb-02 6Turkey Mar-06 8Belgium Sep-02 1Bulgaria Mar-06 1

Aug 2002Aug-06

Dec 2004Jul-05

Germany Aug-06 6Hungary Mar-06 2Netherlands the Aug-04 3Norway Jul-06 5Romania Mar-06 1Sweden Jul-06 1

Europe

Denmark 3

France 2

Africa

Asia

India 11

Nepal 19

Continent Country Month(s) year(s)

Number of Interviews

Sep 2002-Jun-06

Aug 2002Aug-06

Mexico Jun-04 4Sep 2002-

Jun-06Aug 2003

Aug-Sep 2004

Aug-05New Zealand Aug-05 4

United States 108

Oceania Australia 28

Canada 3

Greenland 8

North America

Categories of responses

Categories of responses

Categories of responses

(i) Evolutionary explanations

ldquohellip because some people are clever and others are stupidrdquo- Anonymous white South African of Boer ancestry Hazyview South Africa July 2004

ldquoThe idea that some populations are more energetic than others [hellip] perhaps deserves some considerationrdquo- JP Cole (1979) The Development Gap page 111

Categories of responses

Categories of responses

(ii) Culturalsocietal explanations

ldquo the explanations offered for the contrasting records in growth have most often focused on institutions and highlighted the variation across societies in conditions relevant to growth such as the security of property rights prevalence of corruption structures of the financial sector investment in public infrastructure and social capital and the inclination to work hard or be entrepreneurialrdquo- Sokoloff amp Engerman (2000) page 218

GDPcapita relative to US in selected New World economies 1700-1997

Source Sokoloff and Engermann (2000)

Categories of responses

(iii) Environmental explanations

ldquoThese areas were settled because the climate was similar to that of Europerdquo

- Prof Wolfram Latsch personal communication April 2004

ldquoI think that tropical diseases are largely to blamerdquo- Prof Roger Buick North Pole Australia August 2004

Koppen classification climatic zones

(iv) Historical explanations

ldquoEuropean countries have been around for a long time We are young We just simply need time to catch uprdquo- Nxobo Masika Johannesburg South Africa March 2004

Date Country Notes19-Jul-49 Laos from France8-Aug-49 Bhutan from India

24-Dec-51 Libya from Italy9-Nov-53 Cambodia from France1-Jan-56 Sudan from Egypt and UK

2-Mar-56 Morocco from France and Spain20-Mar-56 Tunisia from France6-Mar-57 Ghana from UK

31-Aug-57 Malaysia from UK2-Oct-58 Guinea from France1-Jan-60 Cameroon from French-administered UN trusteeship4-Apr-60 Senegal from France

27-Apr-60 Togo from French-administered UN trusteeship26-Jun-60 Madagascar from France26-Jun-60 Somalia from the UK30-Jun-60 Democratic Republic of the Congo from Belgium

1-Jul-60 Somalia from the Italian-administered UN trusteeship1-Aug-60 Benin from France3-Aug-60 Niger from France5-Aug-60 Burkina Faso from France7-Aug-60 Cocircte dIvoire from France

11-Aug-60 Chad from France13-Aug-60 Central African Republic from France15-Aug-60 Republic of the Congo from France17-Aug-60 Gabon from France22-Sep-60 Mali from France

1-Oct-60 Nigeria from UK28-Nov-60 Mauritania from France27-Apr-61 Sierra Leone from UK19-Jun-61 Kuwait from UK

1-Jan-62 Samoa from New Zealand-administered UN trusteeship1-Jul-62 Burundi from UN trusteeship under Belgian administration1-Jul-62 Rwanda from Belgium-administered UN trusteeship5-Jul-62 Algeria from France

6-Aug-62 Jamaica from UK31-Aug-62 Trinidad and Tobago from UK

9-Oct-62 Uganda from UK12-Dec-63 Kenya from UK26-Apr-64 Tanzania from UK-administered UN trusteeship

6-Jul-64 Malawi from UK21-Sep-64 Malta from UK24-Oct-64 Zambia from UK18-Feb-65 The Gambia from UK26-Jul-65 Maldives from UK9-Aug-65 Singapore from Malaysian Federation

Date Country Notes26-May-66 Guyana from UK30-Sep-66 Botswana from UK

4-Oct-66 Lesotho from UK30-Nov-66 Barbados from UK30-Nov-67 South Yemen from UK31-Jan-68 Nauru from Australia-NZ-UK-administered UN trusteeship

12-Mar-68 Mauritius from UK6-Sep-68 Swaziland from UK

12-Oct-68 Equatorial Guinea from Spain4-Jun-70 Tonga from UK protectorate

10-Oct-70 Fiji from UK15-Aug-71 Bahrain from UK

3-Sep-71 Qatar from UK2-Dec-71 United Arab Emirates from UK

16-Dec-71 Bangladesh from Pakistan10-Jul-73 The Bahamas from UK

24-Sep-73 Guinea-Bissau declared independence from Portugal7-Feb-74 Grenada from UK

19-Oct-74 Niue in free association with New Zealand25-Jun-75 Mozambique from Portugal

5-Jul-75 Cape Verde from Portugal6-Jul-75 Comoros from France

12-Jul-75 Satildeo Tomeacute and Principe from Portugal16-Sep-75 Papua New Guinea from the Australian-administered UN trusteeship11-Nov-75 Angola from Portugal25-Nov-75 Suriname from Netherlands27-Feb-76 Western Sahara from Spain29-Jun-76 Seychelles from UK27-Jun-77 Djibouti from France

7-Jul-78 Solomon Islands from UK1-Oct-78 Tuvalu from UK

3-Nov-78 Dominica from UK22-Feb-79 Saint Lucia from UK12-Jul-79 Kiribati from UK

27-Oct-79 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines from UK18-Apr-80 Zimbabwe from UK30-Jul-80 Vanuatu from France and UK

21-Sep-81 Belize from UK1-Nov-81 Antigua and Barbuda from UK

19-Sep-83 Saint Kitts and Nevis from UK1-Jan-84 Brunei from UK

21-Oct-86 Marshall Islands from the US-administered UN trusteeship 3-Nov-86 Federated States of Micronesia from the US-administered UN trusteeship

21-Mar-90 Namibia from South Africa24-May-93 Eritrea from Ethiopia

1-Oct-94 Palau from the US-administered UN trusteeship

Dates of recent independence of developing countries

Early dates of independence of South American countries

Date Country Notes1 January 1804 Haiti from France25 May 1810 Argentina from Spain20 July 1810 Colombia from Spain16 September 1810 Mexico from Spain18 September 1810 Chile from Spain14 May 1811 Paraguay from Spain5 July 1811 Venezuela from Spain28 July 1821 Peru from Spain15 September 1821 Costa Rica from Spain15 September 1821 El Salvador from Spain15 September 1821 Guatemala from Spain15 September 1821 Honduras from Spain15 September 1821 Nicaragua from Spain28 November 1821 Panama from Spain24 May 1822 Ecuador from Spain7 September 1822 Brazil from Portugal6 August 1825 Bolivia from Spain25 August 1825 Uruguay from Brazil

(v) Inept-leadership explanations

ldquoAfrican leaders themselves have also failed the resource-rich continent They continue to unscrupulously harp on historical injustices to cover up for their political and economic mess that are [sic] a sad manifestation of their suppression of democratic governance Corrupt and inefficient management of economies greed power hunger disrespect for human rights cronyism among other vices have contributed to the underdevelopment of Africa todayrdquo- Charles Mangongera lsquoShould We Continue to Blame Colonialismrsquo Financial Gazette (Harare Zimbabwe) September 19 2002

ldquoA district our size should have a much better soccer field but the money was pocketed There is corruption at all levels Itrsquos a top-down problemrdquo- Unemployed 27-yr-old Sidhinhyo Morongulos Mozambique April 2004

Evolution of Corruption by Regions of the World 1984-1999

Source Lederman D Loayza N and Soares RR (2001)

ldquoWho has the most to gain from corruption

(or the most to lose from ending it)rdquo

(vi) Psychological explanations

ldquoThere exists among us a strong feeling of inferiority [hellip which] comes from our awareness of past [whiteEuropean] oppressionrdquo- Anonymous fisherman northern Mozambique April 2004

(vii) Neocolonial explanations

ldquoWe were told and accepted that our poverty was caused by our poverty in the now famous theory of the lsquovicious circle of povertyrsquo and we went round in circles seeking ways and means of breaking that circle Had we asked the [right] questions we would not have exposed our economies to the ruthless plunder brought about by lsquoforeign investmentsrsquo which the exponents of the vicious circle theory urged us to do For it is clear foreign investment is the cause and not a solution to our economic backwardnessrdquo- Former Tanzanian minister AM Babu In Walter Rodney (1965) How Europe underdeveloped Africa page 312

Economies are like fires

5 The link with Sustainability

Earthrsquos ecologically productive surface asymp 2142109 hectares

Per-capita surface required to support American lifestyle

asymp 957 hectares

Acreage required to support worldwide American standards of living

asymp 3 Earths

Global population on July 10th 2010 asymp 6 795 329 623

Neocolonial explanations for persistent 21st-century poverty

Present American standards of living for the entire global populace are a physical impossibility

Fact

Cartograms illustrating (a) country-level wood and paper imports (by volume) for the year 2000 (b) country-level net forest loss between 1990 and 2000

(a) (b)

Flo

ws

of r

aw m

ater

ial a

nd fu

el

the case for greater

global equality

almost everyone stands to gain

httpwwwrealfutureorgthe tide is on Our side

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

teenage pregnancy rates

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

child well-being

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

national altruism

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

recycling

2 What patterns exist in the distribution of income

What patterns exist in the distribution of income

(4) InequalityWhat patterns exist in the distribution of income

Compiled from 2003 World Bank country dataset

Per-capita income for white and black Brazilians

Source IBGE Census 2000

What patterns exist in the distribution of income

What patterns exist in the distribution of income

Income (US$ PPP)

Where are the people

100 100001000 100000

Source Dikhanov Y and Ward M (2003)

(AFR=Africa EAP=East Asia ECE=East- and Central Europe LAC=Latin America OECD=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development SAS=South Asia)

100 100001000 100000Income (US$ PPP)

What patterns exist in the distribution of income

Where is the dough

Source Dikhanov Y and Ward M (2003)

(AFR=Africa EAP=East Asia ECE=East- and Central Europe LAC=Latin America OECD=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development SAS=South Asia)

3 Why are some countries rich and others poor

ldquoWhy are some countries rich and others poorrdquo

Summary of interviews conducted between February 2002 and June 2006

Continent Country Month(s) year(s)

Number of Interviews

Mozambique May-03 10Namibia Jul-04 14South Africa Jul-04 5Bangladesh Jun-02 3Cambodia Jul-02 3

Jun 2002Jul-02

Myanmar (Burma)

Jun-02 7

Jan 2002-

Jun-02Thailand Jul-02 2Tibet (China) Feb-02 6Turkey Mar-06 8Belgium Sep-02 1Bulgaria Mar-06 1

Aug 2002Aug-06

Dec 2004Jul-05

Germany Aug-06 6Hungary Mar-06 2Netherlands the Aug-04 3Norway Jul-06 5Romania Mar-06 1Sweden Jul-06 1

Europe

Denmark 3

France 2

Africa

Asia

India 11

Nepal 19

Continent Country Month(s) year(s)

Number of Interviews

Sep 2002-Jun-06

Aug 2002Aug-06

Mexico Jun-04 4Sep 2002-

Jun-06Aug 2003

Aug-Sep 2004

Aug-05New Zealand Aug-05 4

United States 108

Oceania Australia 28

Canada 3

Greenland 8

North America

Categories of responses

Categories of responses

Categories of responses

(i) Evolutionary explanations

ldquohellip because some people are clever and others are stupidrdquo- Anonymous white South African of Boer ancestry Hazyview South Africa July 2004

ldquoThe idea that some populations are more energetic than others [hellip] perhaps deserves some considerationrdquo- JP Cole (1979) The Development Gap page 111

Categories of responses

Categories of responses

(ii) Culturalsocietal explanations

ldquo the explanations offered for the contrasting records in growth have most often focused on institutions and highlighted the variation across societies in conditions relevant to growth such as the security of property rights prevalence of corruption structures of the financial sector investment in public infrastructure and social capital and the inclination to work hard or be entrepreneurialrdquo- Sokoloff amp Engerman (2000) page 218

GDPcapita relative to US in selected New World economies 1700-1997

Source Sokoloff and Engermann (2000)

Categories of responses

(iii) Environmental explanations

ldquoThese areas were settled because the climate was similar to that of Europerdquo

- Prof Wolfram Latsch personal communication April 2004

ldquoI think that tropical diseases are largely to blamerdquo- Prof Roger Buick North Pole Australia August 2004

Koppen classification climatic zones

(iv) Historical explanations

ldquoEuropean countries have been around for a long time We are young We just simply need time to catch uprdquo- Nxobo Masika Johannesburg South Africa March 2004

Date Country Notes19-Jul-49 Laos from France8-Aug-49 Bhutan from India

24-Dec-51 Libya from Italy9-Nov-53 Cambodia from France1-Jan-56 Sudan from Egypt and UK

2-Mar-56 Morocco from France and Spain20-Mar-56 Tunisia from France6-Mar-57 Ghana from UK

31-Aug-57 Malaysia from UK2-Oct-58 Guinea from France1-Jan-60 Cameroon from French-administered UN trusteeship4-Apr-60 Senegal from France

27-Apr-60 Togo from French-administered UN trusteeship26-Jun-60 Madagascar from France26-Jun-60 Somalia from the UK30-Jun-60 Democratic Republic of the Congo from Belgium

1-Jul-60 Somalia from the Italian-administered UN trusteeship1-Aug-60 Benin from France3-Aug-60 Niger from France5-Aug-60 Burkina Faso from France7-Aug-60 Cocircte dIvoire from France

11-Aug-60 Chad from France13-Aug-60 Central African Republic from France15-Aug-60 Republic of the Congo from France17-Aug-60 Gabon from France22-Sep-60 Mali from France

1-Oct-60 Nigeria from UK28-Nov-60 Mauritania from France27-Apr-61 Sierra Leone from UK19-Jun-61 Kuwait from UK

1-Jan-62 Samoa from New Zealand-administered UN trusteeship1-Jul-62 Burundi from UN trusteeship under Belgian administration1-Jul-62 Rwanda from Belgium-administered UN trusteeship5-Jul-62 Algeria from France

6-Aug-62 Jamaica from UK31-Aug-62 Trinidad and Tobago from UK

9-Oct-62 Uganda from UK12-Dec-63 Kenya from UK26-Apr-64 Tanzania from UK-administered UN trusteeship

6-Jul-64 Malawi from UK21-Sep-64 Malta from UK24-Oct-64 Zambia from UK18-Feb-65 The Gambia from UK26-Jul-65 Maldives from UK9-Aug-65 Singapore from Malaysian Federation

Date Country Notes26-May-66 Guyana from UK30-Sep-66 Botswana from UK

4-Oct-66 Lesotho from UK30-Nov-66 Barbados from UK30-Nov-67 South Yemen from UK31-Jan-68 Nauru from Australia-NZ-UK-administered UN trusteeship

12-Mar-68 Mauritius from UK6-Sep-68 Swaziland from UK

12-Oct-68 Equatorial Guinea from Spain4-Jun-70 Tonga from UK protectorate

10-Oct-70 Fiji from UK15-Aug-71 Bahrain from UK

3-Sep-71 Qatar from UK2-Dec-71 United Arab Emirates from UK

16-Dec-71 Bangladesh from Pakistan10-Jul-73 The Bahamas from UK

24-Sep-73 Guinea-Bissau declared independence from Portugal7-Feb-74 Grenada from UK

19-Oct-74 Niue in free association with New Zealand25-Jun-75 Mozambique from Portugal

5-Jul-75 Cape Verde from Portugal6-Jul-75 Comoros from France

12-Jul-75 Satildeo Tomeacute and Principe from Portugal16-Sep-75 Papua New Guinea from the Australian-administered UN trusteeship11-Nov-75 Angola from Portugal25-Nov-75 Suriname from Netherlands27-Feb-76 Western Sahara from Spain29-Jun-76 Seychelles from UK27-Jun-77 Djibouti from France

7-Jul-78 Solomon Islands from UK1-Oct-78 Tuvalu from UK

3-Nov-78 Dominica from UK22-Feb-79 Saint Lucia from UK12-Jul-79 Kiribati from UK

27-Oct-79 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines from UK18-Apr-80 Zimbabwe from UK30-Jul-80 Vanuatu from France and UK

21-Sep-81 Belize from UK1-Nov-81 Antigua and Barbuda from UK

19-Sep-83 Saint Kitts and Nevis from UK1-Jan-84 Brunei from UK

21-Oct-86 Marshall Islands from the US-administered UN trusteeship 3-Nov-86 Federated States of Micronesia from the US-administered UN trusteeship

21-Mar-90 Namibia from South Africa24-May-93 Eritrea from Ethiopia

1-Oct-94 Palau from the US-administered UN trusteeship

Dates of recent independence of developing countries

Early dates of independence of South American countries

Date Country Notes1 January 1804 Haiti from France25 May 1810 Argentina from Spain20 July 1810 Colombia from Spain16 September 1810 Mexico from Spain18 September 1810 Chile from Spain14 May 1811 Paraguay from Spain5 July 1811 Venezuela from Spain28 July 1821 Peru from Spain15 September 1821 Costa Rica from Spain15 September 1821 El Salvador from Spain15 September 1821 Guatemala from Spain15 September 1821 Honduras from Spain15 September 1821 Nicaragua from Spain28 November 1821 Panama from Spain24 May 1822 Ecuador from Spain7 September 1822 Brazil from Portugal6 August 1825 Bolivia from Spain25 August 1825 Uruguay from Brazil

(v) Inept-leadership explanations

ldquoAfrican leaders themselves have also failed the resource-rich continent They continue to unscrupulously harp on historical injustices to cover up for their political and economic mess that are [sic] a sad manifestation of their suppression of democratic governance Corrupt and inefficient management of economies greed power hunger disrespect for human rights cronyism among other vices have contributed to the underdevelopment of Africa todayrdquo- Charles Mangongera lsquoShould We Continue to Blame Colonialismrsquo Financial Gazette (Harare Zimbabwe) September 19 2002

ldquoA district our size should have a much better soccer field but the money was pocketed There is corruption at all levels Itrsquos a top-down problemrdquo- Unemployed 27-yr-old Sidhinhyo Morongulos Mozambique April 2004

Evolution of Corruption by Regions of the World 1984-1999

Source Lederman D Loayza N and Soares RR (2001)

ldquoWho has the most to gain from corruption

(or the most to lose from ending it)rdquo

(vi) Psychological explanations

ldquoThere exists among us a strong feeling of inferiority [hellip which] comes from our awareness of past [whiteEuropean] oppressionrdquo- Anonymous fisherman northern Mozambique April 2004

(vii) Neocolonial explanations

ldquoWe were told and accepted that our poverty was caused by our poverty in the now famous theory of the lsquovicious circle of povertyrsquo and we went round in circles seeking ways and means of breaking that circle Had we asked the [right] questions we would not have exposed our economies to the ruthless plunder brought about by lsquoforeign investmentsrsquo which the exponents of the vicious circle theory urged us to do For it is clear foreign investment is the cause and not a solution to our economic backwardnessrdquo- Former Tanzanian minister AM Babu In Walter Rodney (1965) How Europe underdeveloped Africa page 312

Economies are like fires

5 The link with Sustainability

Earthrsquos ecologically productive surface asymp 2142109 hectares

Per-capita surface required to support American lifestyle

asymp 957 hectares

Acreage required to support worldwide American standards of living

asymp 3 Earths

Global population on July 10th 2010 asymp 6 795 329 623

Neocolonial explanations for persistent 21st-century poverty

Present American standards of living for the entire global populace are a physical impossibility

Fact

Cartograms illustrating (a) country-level wood and paper imports (by volume) for the year 2000 (b) country-level net forest loss between 1990 and 2000

(a) (b)

Flo

ws

of r

aw m

ater

ial a

nd fu

el

the case for greater

global equality

almost everyone stands to gain

httpwwwrealfutureorgthe tide is on Our side

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

child well-being

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

national altruism

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

recycling

2 What patterns exist in the distribution of income

What patterns exist in the distribution of income

(4) InequalityWhat patterns exist in the distribution of income

Compiled from 2003 World Bank country dataset

Per-capita income for white and black Brazilians

Source IBGE Census 2000

What patterns exist in the distribution of income

What patterns exist in the distribution of income

Income (US$ PPP)

Where are the people

100 100001000 100000

Source Dikhanov Y and Ward M (2003)

(AFR=Africa EAP=East Asia ECE=East- and Central Europe LAC=Latin America OECD=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development SAS=South Asia)

100 100001000 100000Income (US$ PPP)

What patterns exist in the distribution of income

Where is the dough

Source Dikhanov Y and Ward M (2003)

(AFR=Africa EAP=East Asia ECE=East- and Central Europe LAC=Latin America OECD=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development SAS=South Asia)

3 Why are some countries rich and others poor

ldquoWhy are some countries rich and others poorrdquo

Summary of interviews conducted between February 2002 and June 2006

Continent Country Month(s) year(s)

Number of Interviews

Mozambique May-03 10Namibia Jul-04 14South Africa Jul-04 5Bangladesh Jun-02 3Cambodia Jul-02 3

Jun 2002Jul-02

Myanmar (Burma)

Jun-02 7

Jan 2002-

Jun-02Thailand Jul-02 2Tibet (China) Feb-02 6Turkey Mar-06 8Belgium Sep-02 1Bulgaria Mar-06 1

Aug 2002Aug-06

Dec 2004Jul-05

Germany Aug-06 6Hungary Mar-06 2Netherlands the Aug-04 3Norway Jul-06 5Romania Mar-06 1Sweden Jul-06 1

Europe

Denmark 3

France 2

Africa

Asia

India 11

Nepal 19

Continent Country Month(s) year(s)

Number of Interviews

Sep 2002-Jun-06

Aug 2002Aug-06

Mexico Jun-04 4Sep 2002-

Jun-06Aug 2003

Aug-Sep 2004

Aug-05New Zealand Aug-05 4

United States 108

Oceania Australia 28

Canada 3

Greenland 8

North America

Categories of responses

Categories of responses

Categories of responses

(i) Evolutionary explanations

ldquohellip because some people are clever and others are stupidrdquo- Anonymous white South African of Boer ancestry Hazyview South Africa July 2004

ldquoThe idea that some populations are more energetic than others [hellip] perhaps deserves some considerationrdquo- JP Cole (1979) The Development Gap page 111

Categories of responses

Categories of responses

(ii) Culturalsocietal explanations

ldquo the explanations offered for the contrasting records in growth have most often focused on institutions and highlighted the variation across societies in conditions relevant to growth such as the security of property rights prevalence of corruption structures of the financial sector investment in public infrastructure and social capital and the inclination to work hard or be entrepreneurialrdquo- Sokoloff amp Engerman (2000) page 218

GDPcapita relative to US in selected New World economies 1700-1997

Source Sokoloff and Engermann (2000)

Categories of responses

(iii) Environmental explanations

ldquoThese areas were settled because the climate was similar to that of Europerdquo

- Prof Wolfram Latsch personal communication April 2004

ldquoI think that tropical diseases are largely to blamerdquo- Prof Roger Buick North Pole Australia August 2004

Koppen classification climatic zones

(iv) Historical explanations

ldquoEuropean countries have been around for a long time We are young We just simply need time to catch uprdquo- Nxobo Masika Johannesburg South Africa March 2004

Date Country Notes19-Jul-49 Laos from France8-Aug-49 Bhutan from India

24-Dec-51 Libya from Italy9-Nov-53 Cambodia from France1-Jan-56 Sudan from Egypt and UK

2-Mar-56 Morocco from France and Spain20-Mar-56 Tunisia from France6-Mar-57 Ghana from UK

31-Aug-57 Malaysia from UK2-Oct-58 Guinea from France1-Jan-60 Cameroon from French-administered UN trusteeship4-Apr-60 Senegal from France

27-Apr-60 Togo from French-administered UN trusteeship26-Jun-60 Madagascar from France26-Jun-60 Somalia from the UK30-Jun-60 Democratic Republic of the Congo from Belgium

1-Jul-60 Somalia from the Italian-administered UN trusteeship1-Aug-60 Benin from France3-Aug-60 Niger from France5-Aug-60 Burkina Faso from France7-Aug-60 Cocircte dIvoire from France

11-Aug-60 Chad from France13-Aug-60 Central African Republic from France15-Aug-60 Republic of the Congo from France17-Aug-60 Gabon from France22-Sep-60 Mali from France

1-Oct-60 Nigeria from UK28-Nov-60 Mauritania from France27-Apr-61 Sierra Leone from UK19-Jun-61 Kuwait from UK

1-Jan-62 Samoa from New Zealand-administered UN trusteeship1-Jul-62 Burundi from UN trusteeship under Belgian administration1-Jul-62 Rwanda from Belgium-administered UN trusteeship5-Jul-62 Algeria from France

6-Aug-62 Jamaica from UK31-Aug-62 Trinidad and Tobago from UK

9-Oct-62 Uganda from UK12-Dec-63 Kenya from UK26-Apr-64 Tanzania from UK-administered UN trusteeship

6-Jul-64 Malawi from UK21-Sep-64 Malta from UK24-Oct-64 Zambia from UK18-Feb-65 The Gambia from UK26-Jul-65 Maldives from UK9-Aug-65 Singapore from Malaysian Federation

Date Country Notes26-May-66 Guyana from UK30-Sep-66 Botswana from UK

4-Oct-66 Lesotho from UK30-Nov-66 Barbados from UK30-Nov-67 South Yemen from UK31-Jan-68 Nauru from Australia-NZ-UK-administered UN trusteeship

12-Mar-68 Mauritius from UK6-Sep-68 Swaziland from UK

12-Oct-68 Equatorial Guinea from Spain4-Jun-70 Tonga from UK protectorate

10-Oct-70 Fiji from UK15-Aug-71 Bahrain from UK

3-Sep-71 Qatar from UK2-Dec-71 United Arab Emirates from UK

16-Dec-71 Bangladesh from Pakistan10-Jul-73 The Bahamas from UK

24-Sep-73 Guinea-Bissau declared independence from Portugal7-Feb-74 Grenada from UK

19-Oct-74 Niue in free association with New Zealand25-Jun-75 Mozambique from Portugal

5-Jul-75 Cape Verde from Portugal6-Jul-75 Comoros from France

12-Jul-75 Satildeo Tomeacute and Principe from Portugal16-Sep-75 Papua New Guinea from the Australian-administered UN trusteeship11-Nov-75 Angola from Portugal25-Nov-75 Suriname from Netherlands27-Feb-76 Western Sahara from Spain29-Jun-76 Seychelles from UK27-Jun-77 Djibouti from France

7-Jul-78 Solomon Islands from UK1-Oct-78 Tuvalu from UK

3-Nov-78 Dominica from UK22-Feb-79 Saint Lucia from UK12-Jul-79 Kiribati from UK

27-Oct-79 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines from UK18-Apr-80 Zimbabwe from UK30-Jul-80 Vanuatu from France and UK

21-Sep-81 Belize from UK1-Nov-81 Antigua and Barbuda from UK

19-Sep-83 Saint Kitts and Nevis from UK1-Jan-84 Brunei from UK

21-Oct-86 Marshall Islands from the US-administered UN trusteeship 3-Nov-86 Federated States of Micronesia from the US-administered UN trusteeship

21-Mar-90 Namibia from South Africa24-May-93 Eritrea from Ethiopia

1-Oct-94 Palau from the US-administered UN trusteeship

Dates of recent independence of developing countries

Early dates of independence of South American countries

Date Country Notes1 January 1804 Haiti from France25 May 1810 Argentina from Spain20 July 1810 Colombia from Spain16 September 1810 Mexico from Spain18 September 1810 Chile from Spain14 May 1811 Paraguay from Spain5 July 1811 Venezuela from Spain28 July 1821 Peru from Spain15 September 1821 Costa Rica from Spain15 September 1821 El Salvador from Spain15 September 1821 Guatemala from Spain15 September 1821 Honduras from Spain15 September 1821 Nicaragua from Spain28 November 1821 Panama from Spain24 May 1822 Ecuador from Spain7 September 1822 Brazil from Portugal6 August 1825 Bolivia from Spain25 August 1825 Uruguay from Brazil

(v) Inept-leadership explanations

ldquoAfrican leaders themselves have also failed the resource-rich continent They continue to unscrupulously harp on historical injustices to cover up for their political and economic mess that are [sic] a sad manifestation of their suppression of democratic governance Corrupt and inefficient management of economies greed power hunger disrespect for human rights cronyism among other vices have contributed to the underdevelopment of Africa todayrdquo- Charles Mangongera lsquoShould We Continue to Blame Colonialismrsquo Financial Gazette (Harare Zimbabwe) September 19 2002

ldquoA district our size should have a much better soccer field but the money was pocketed There is corruption at all levels Itrsquos a top-down problemrdquo- Unemployed 27-yr-old Sidhinhyo Morongulos Mozambique April 2004

Evolution of Corruption by Regions of the World 1984-1999

Source Lederman D Loayza N and Soares RR (2001)

ldquoWho has the most to gain from corruption

(or the most to lose from ending it)rdquo

(vi) Psychological explanations

ldquoThere exists among us a strong feeling of inferiority [hellip which] comes from our awareness of past [whiteEuropean] oppressionrdquo- Anonymous fisherman northern Mozambique April 2004

(vii) Neocolonial explanations

ldquoWe were told and accepted that our poverty was caused by our poverty in the now famous theory of the lsquovicious circle of povertyrsquo and we went round in circles seeking ways and means of breaking that circle Had we asked the [right] questions we would not have exposed our economies to the ruthless plunder brought about by lsquoforeign investmentsrsquo which the exponents of the vicious circle theory urged us to do For it is clear foreign investment is the cause and not a solution to our economic backwardnessrdquo- Former Tanzanian minister AM Babu In Walter Rodney (1965) How Europe underdeveloped Africa page 312

Economies are like fires

5 The link with Sustainability

Earthrsquos ecologically productive surface asymp 2142109 hectares

Per-capita surface required to support American lifestyle

asymp 957 hectares

Acreage required to support worldwide American standards of living

asymp 3 Earths

Global population on July 10th 2010 asymp 6 795 329 623

Neocolonial explanations for persistent 21st-century poverty

Present American standards of living for the entire global populace are a physical impossibility

Fact

Cartograms illustrating (a) country-level wood and paper imports (by volume) for the year 2000 (b) country-level net forest loss between 1990 and 2000

(a) (b)

Flo

ws

of r

aw m

ater

ial a

nd fu

el

the case for greater

global equality

almost everyone stands to gain

httpwwwrealfutureorgthe tide is on Our side

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

national altruism

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

recycling

2 What patterns exist in the distribution of income

What patterns exist in the distribution of income

(4) InequalityWhat patterns exist in the distribution of income

Compiled from 2003 World Bank country dataset

Per-capita income for white and black Brazilians

Source IBGE Census 2000

What patterns exist in the distribution of income

What patterns exist in the distribution of income

Income (US$ PPP)

Where are the people

100 100001000 100000

Source Dikhanov Y and Ward M (2003)

(AFR=Africa EAP=East Asia ECE=East- and Central Europe LAC=Latin America OECD=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development SAS=South Asia)

100 100001000 100000Income (US$ PPP)

What patterns exist in the distribution of income

Where is the dough

Source Dikhanov Y and Ward M (2003)

(AFR=Africa EAP=East Asia ECE=East- and Central Europe LAC=Latin America OECD=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development SAS=South Asia)

3 Why are some countries rich and others poor

ldquoWhy are some countries rich and others poorrdquo

Summary of interviews conducted between February 2002 and June 2006

Continent Country Month(s) year(s)

Number of Interviews

Mozambique May-03 10Namibia Jul-04 14South Africa Jul-04 5Bangladesh Jun-02 3Cambodia Jul-02 3

Jun 2002Jul-02

Myanmar (Burma)

Jun-02 7

Jan 2002-

Jun-02Thailand Jul-02 2Tibet (China) Feb-02 6Turkey Mar-06 8Belgium Sep-02 1Bulgaria Mar-06 1

Aug 2002Aug-06

Dec 2004Jul-05

Germany Aug-06 6Hungary Mar-06 2Netherlands the Aug-04 3Norway Jul-06 5Romania Mar-06 1Sweden Jul-06 1

Europe

Denmark 3

France 2

Africa

Asia

India 11

Nepal 19

Continent Country Month(s) year(s)

Number of Interviews

Sep 2002-Jun-06

Aug 2002Aug-06

Mexico Jun-04 4Sep 2002-

Jun-06Aug 2003

Aug-Sep 2004

Aug-05New Zealand Aug-05 4

United States 108

Oceania Australia 28

Canada 3

Greenland 8

North America

Categories of responses

Categories of responses

Categories of responses

(i) Evolutionary explanations

ldquohellip because some people are clever and others are stupidrdquo- Anonymous white South African of Boer ancestry Hazyview South Africa July 2004

ldquoThe idea that some populations are more energetic than others [hellip] perhaps deserves some considerationrdquo- JP Cole (1979) The Development Gap page 111

Categories of responses

Categories of responses

(ii) Culturalsocietal explanations

ldquo the explanations offered for the contrasting records in growth have most often focused on institutions and highlighted the variation across societies in conditions relevant to growth such as the security of property rights prevalence of corruption structures of the financial sector investment in public infrastructure and social capital and the inclination to work hard or be entrepreneurialrdquo- Sokoloff amp Engerman (2000) page 218

GDPcapita relative to US in selected New World economies 1700-1997

Source Sokoloff and Engermann (2000)

Categories of responses

(iii) Environmental explanations

ldquoThese areas were settled because the climate was similar to that of Europerdquo

- Prof Wolfram Latsch personal communication April 2004

ldquoI think that tropical diseases are largely to blamerdquo- Prof Roger Buick North Pole Australia August 2004

Koppen classification climatic zones

(iv) Historical explanations

ldquoEuropean countries have been around for a long time We are young We just simply need time to catch uprdquo- Nxobo Masika Johannesburg South Africa March 2004

Date Country Notes19-Jul-49 Laos from France8-Aug-49 Bhutan from India

24-Dec-51 Libya from Italy9-Nov-53 Cambodia from France1-Jan-56 Sudan from Egypt and UK

2-Mar-56 Morocco from France and Spain20-Mar-56 Tunisia from France6-Mar-57 Ghana from UK

31-Aug-57 Malaysia from UK2-Oct-58 Guinea from France1-Jan-60 Cameroon from French-administered UN trusteeship4-Apr-60 Senegal from France

27-Apr-60 Togo from French-administered UN trusteeship26-Jun-60 Madagascar from France26-Jun-60 Somalia from the UK30-Jun-60 Democratic Republic of the Congo from Belgium

1-Jul-60 Somalia from the Italian-administered UN trusteeship1-Aug-60 Benin from France3-Aug-60 Niger from France5-Aug-60 Burkina Faso from France7-Aug-60 Cocircte dIvoire from France

11-Aug-60 Chad from France13-Aug-60 Central African Republic from France15-Aug-60 Republic of the Congo from France17-Aug-60 Gabon from France22-Sep-60 Mali from France

1-Oct-60 Nigeria from UK28-Nov-60 Mauritania from France27-Apr-61 Sierra Leone from UK19-Jun-61 Kuwait from UK

1-Jan-62 Samoa from New Zealand-administered UN trusteeship1-Jul-62 Burundi from UN trusteeship under Belgian administration1-Jul-62 Rwanda from Belgium-administered UN trusteeship5-Jul-62 Algeria from France

6-Aug-62 Jamaica from UK31-Aug-62 Trinidad and Tobago from UK

9-Oct-62 Uganda from UK12-Dec-63 Kenya from UK26-Apr-64 Tanzania from UK-administered UN trusteeship

6-Jul-64 Malawi from UK21-Sep-64 Malta from UK24-Oct-64 Zambia from UK18-Feb-65 The Gambia from UK26-Jul-65 Maldives from UK9-Aug-65 Singapore from Malaysian Federation

Date Country Notes26-May-66 Guyana from UK30-Sep-66 Botswana from UK

4-Oct-66 Lesotho from UK30-Nov-66 Barbados from UK30-Nov-67 South Yemen from UK31-Jan-68 Nauru from Australia-NZ-UK-administered UN trusteeship

12-Mar-68 Mauritius from UK6-Sep-68 Swaziland from UK

12-Oct-68 Equatorial Guinea from Spain4-Jun-70 Tonga from UK protectorate

10-Oct-70 Fiji from UK15-Aug-71 Bahrain from UK

3-Sep-71 Qatar from UK2-Dec-71 United Arab Emirates from UK

16-Dec-71 Bangladesh from Pakistan10-Jul-73 The Bahamas from UK

24-Sep-73 Guinea-Bissau declared independence from Portugal7-Feb-74 Grenada from UK

19-Oct-74 Niue in free association with New Zealand25-Jun-75 Mozambique from Portugal

5-Jul-75 Cape Verde from Portugal6-Jul-75 Comoros from France

12-Jul-75 Satildeo Tomeacute and Principe from Portugal16-Sep-75 Papua New Guinea from the Australian-administered UN trusteeship11-Nov-75 Angola from Portugal25-Nov-75 Suriname from Netherlands27-Feb-76 Western Sahara from Spain29-Jun-76 Seychelles from UK27-Jun-77 Djibouti from France

7-Jul-78 Solomon Islands from UK1-Oct-78 Tuvalu from UK

3-Nov-78 Dominica from UK22-Feb-79 Saint Lucia from UK12-Jul-79 Kiribati from UK

27-Oct-79 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines from UK18-Apr-80 Zimbabwe from UK30-Jul-80 Vanuatu from France and UK

21-Sep-81 Belize from UK1-Nov-81 Antigua and Barbuda from UK

19-Sep-83 Saint Kitts and Nevis from UK1-Jan-84 Brunei from UK

21-Oct-86 Marshall Islands from the US-administered UN trusteeship 3-Nov-86 Federated States of Micronesia from the US-administered UN trusteeship

21-Mar-90 Namibia from South Africa24-May-93 Eritrea from Ethiopia

1-Oct-94 Palau from the US-administered UN trusteeship

Dates of recent independence of developing countries

Early dates of independence of South American countries

Date Country Notes1 January 1804 Haiti from France25 May 1810 Argentina from Spain20 July 1810 Colombia from Spain16 September 1810 Mexico from Spain18 September 1810 Chile from Spain14 May 1811 Paraguay from Spain5 July 1811 Venezuela from Spain28 July 1821 Peru from Spain15 September 1821 Costa Rica from Spain15 September 1821 El Salvador from Spain15 September 1821 Guatemala from Spain15 September 1821 Honduras from Spain15 September 1821 Nicaragua from Spain28 November 1821 Panama from Spain24 May 1822 Ecuador from Spain7 September 1822 Brazil from Portugal6 August 1825 Bolivia from Spain25 August 1825 Uruguay from Brazil

(v) Inept-leadership explanations

ldquoAfrican leaders themselves have also failed the resource-rich continent They continue to unscrupulously harp on historical injustices to cover up for their political and economic mess that are [sic] a sad manifestation of their suppression of democratic governance Corrupt and inefficient management of economies greed power hunger disrespect for human rights cronyism among other vices have contributed to the underdevelopment of Africa todayrdquo- Charles Mangongera lsquoShould We Continue to Blame Colonialismrsquo Financial Gazette (Harare Zimbabwe) September 19 2002

ldquoA district our size should have a much better soccer field but the money was pocketed There is corruption at all levels Itrsquos a top-down problemrdquo- Unemployed 27-yr-old Sidhinhyo Morongulos Mozambique April 2004

Evolution of Corruption by Regions of the World 1984-1999

Source Lederman D Loayza N and Soares RR (2001)

ldquoWho has the most to gain from corruption

(or the most to lose from ending it)rdquo

(vi) Psychological explanations

ldquoThere exists among us a strong feeling of inferiority [hellip which] comes from our awareness of past [whiteEuropean] oppressionrdquo- Anonymous fisherman northern Mozambique April 2004

(vii) Neocolonial explanations

ldquoWe were told and accepted that our poverty was caused by our poverty in the now famous theory of the lsquovicious circle of povertyrsquo and we went round in circles seeking ways and means of breaking that circle Had we asked the [right] questions we would not have exposed our economies to the ruthless plunder brought about by lsquoforeign investmentsrsquo which the exponents of the vicious circle theory urged us to do For it is clear foreign investment is the cause and not a solution to our economic backwardnessrdquo- Former Tanzanian minister AM Babu In Walter Rodney (1965) How Europe underdeveloped Africa page 312

Economies are like fires

5 The link with Sustainability

Earthrsquos ecologically productive surface asymp 2142109 hectares

Per-capita surface required to support American lifestyle

asymp 957 hectares

Acreage required to support worldwide American standards of living

asymp 3 Earths

Global population on July 10th 2010 asymp 6 795 329 623

Neocolonial explanations for persistent 21st-century poverty

Present American standards of living for the entire global populace are a physical impossibility

Fact

Cartograms illustrating (a) country-level wood and paper imports (by volume) for the year 2000 (b) country-level net forest loss between 1990 and 2000

(a) (b)

Flo

ws

of r

aw m

ater

ial a

nd fu

el

the case for greater

global equality

almost everyone stands to gain

httpwwwrealfutureorgthe tide is on Our side

(4) InequalityIncome inequality correlates with

recycling

2 What patterns exist in the distribution of income

What patterns exist in the distribution of income

(4) InequalityWhat patterns exist in the distribution of income

Compiled from 2003 World Bank country dataset

Per-capita income for white and black Brazilians

Source IBGE Census 2000

What patterns exist in the distribution of income

What patterns exist in the distribution of income

Income (US$ PPP)

Where are the people

100 100001000 100000

Source Dikhanov Y and Ward M (2003)

(AFR=Africa EAP=East Asia ECE=East- and Central Europe LAC=Latin America OECD=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development SAS=South Asia)

100 100001000 100000Income (US$ PPP)

What patterns exist in the distribution of income

Where is the dough

Source Dikhanov Y and Ward M (2003)

(AFR=Africa EAP=East Asia ECE=East- and Central Europe LAC=Latin America OECD=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development SAS=South Asia)

3 Why are some countries rich and others poor

ldquoWhy are some countries rich and others poorrdquo

Summary of interviews conducted between February 2002 and June 2006

Continent Country Month(s) year(s)

Number of Interviews

Mozambique May-03 10Namibia Jul-04 14South Africa Jul-04 5Bangladesh Jun-02 3Cambodia Jul-02 3

Jun 2002Jul-02

Myanmar (Burma)

Jun-02 7

Jan 2002-

Jun-02Thailand Jul-02 2Tibet (China) Feb-02 6Turkey Mar-06 8Belgium Sep-02 1Bulgaria Mar-06 1

Aug 2002Aug-06

Dec 2004Jul-05

Germany Aug-06 6Hungary Mar-06 2Netherlands the Aug-04 3Norway Jul-06 5Romania Mar-06 1Sweden Jul-06 1

Europe

Denmark 3

France 2

Africa

Asia

India 11

Nepal 19

Continent Country Month(s) year(s)

Number of Interviews

Sep 2002-Jun-06

Aug 2002Aug-06

Mexico Jun-04 4Sep 2002-

Jun-06Aug 2003

Aug-Sep 2004

Aug-05New Zealand Aug-05 4

United States 108

Oceania Australia 28

Canada 3

Greenland 8

North America

Categories of responses

Categories of responses

Categories of responses

(i) Evolutionary explanations

ldquohellip because some people are clever and others are stupidrdquo- Anonymous white South African of Boer ancestry Hazyview South Africa July 2004

ldquoThe idea that some populations are more energetic than others [hellip] perhaps deserves some considerationrdquo- JP Cole (1979) The Development Gap page 111

Categories of responses

Categories of responses

(ii) Culturalsocietal explanations

ldquo the explanations offered for the contrasting records in growth have most often focused on institutions and highlighted the variation across societies in conditions relevant to growth such as the security of property rights prevalence of corruption structures of the financial sector investment in public infrastructure and social capital and the inclination to work hard or be entrepreneurialrdquo- Sokoloff amp Engerman (2000) page 218

GDPcapita relative to US in selected New World economies 1700-1997

Source Sokoloff and Engermann (2000)

Categories of responses

(iii) Environmental explanations

ldquoThese areas were settled because the climate was similar to that of Europerdquo

- Prof Wolfram Latsch personal communication April 2004

ldquoI think that tropical diseases are largely to blamerdquo- Prof Roger Buick North Pole Australia August 2004

Koppen classification climatic zones

(iv) Historical explanations

ldquoEuropean countries have been around for a long time We are young We just simply need time to catch uprdquo- Nxobo Masika Johannesburg South Africa March 2004

Date Country Notes19-Jul-49 Laos from France8-Aug-49 Bhutan from India

24-Dec-51 Libya from Italy9-Nov-53 Cambodia from France1-Jan-56 Sudan from Egypt and UK

2-Mar-56 Morocco from France and Spain20-Mar-56 Tunisia from France6-Mar-57 Ghana from UK

31-Aug-57 Malaysia from UK2-Oct-58 Guinea from France1-Jan-60 Cameroon from French-administered UN trusteeship4-Apr-60 Senegal from France

27-Apr-60 Togo from French-administered UN trusteeship26-Jun-60 Madagascar from France26-Jun-60 Somalia from the UK30-Jun-60 Democratic Republic of the Congo from Belgium

1-Jul-60 Somalia from the Italian-administered UN trusteeship1-Aug-60 Benin from France3-Aug-60 Niger from France5-Aug-60 Burkina Faso from France7-Aug-60 Cocircte dIvoire from France

11-Aug-60 Chad from France13-Aug-60 Central African Republic from France15-Aug-60 Republic of the Congo from France17-Aug-60 Gabon from France22-Sep-60 Mali from France

1-Oct-60 Nigeria from UK28-Nov-60 Mauritania from France27-Apr-61 Sierra Leone from UK19-Jun-61 Kuwait from UK

1-Jan-62 Samoa from New Zealand-administered UN trusteeship1-Jul-62 Burundi from UN trusteeship under Belgian administration1-Jul-62 Rwanda from Belgium-administered UN trusteeship5-Jul-62 Algeria from France

6-Aug-62 Jamaica from UK31-Aug-62 Trinidad and Tobago from UK

9-Oct-62 Uganda from UK12-Dec-63 Kenya from UK26-Apr-64 Tanzania from UK-administered UN trusteeship

6-Jul-64 Malawi from UK21-Sep-64 Malta from UK24-Oct-64 Zambia from UK18-Feb-65 The Gambia from UK26-Jul-65 Maldives from UK9-Aug-65 Singapore from Malaysian Federation

Date Country Notes26-May-66 Guyana from UK30-Sep-66 Botswana from UK

4-Oct-66 Lesotho from UK30-Nov-66 Barbados from UK30-Nov-67 South Yemen from UK31-Jan-68 Nauru from Australia-NZ-UK-administered UN trusteeship

12-Mar-68 Mauritius from UK6-Sep-68 Swaziland from UK

12-Oct-68 Equatorial Guinea from Spain4-Jun-70 Tonga from UK protectorate

10-Oct-70 Fiji from UK15-Aug-71 Bahrain from UK

3-Sep-71 Qatar from UK2-Dec-71 United Arab Emirates from UK

16-Dec-71 Bangladesh from Pakistan10-Jul-73 The Bahamas from UK

24-Sep-73 Guinea-Bissau declared independence from Portugal7-Feb-74 Grenada from UK

19-Oct-74 Niue in free association with New Zealand25-Jun-75 Mozambique from Portugal

5-Jul-75 Cape Verde from Portugal6-Jul-75 Comoros from France

12-Jul-75 Satildeo Tomeacute and Principe from Portugal16-Sep-75 Papua New Guinea from the Australian-administered UN trusteeship11-Nov-75 Angola from Portugal25-Nov-75 Suriname from Netherlands27-Feb-76 Western Sahara from Spain29-Jun-76 Seychelles from UK27-Jun-77 Djibouti from France

7-Jul-78 Solomon Islands from UK1-Oct-78 Tuvalu from UK

3-Nov-78 Dominica from UK22-Feb-79 Saint Lucia from UK12-Jul-79 Kiribati from UK

27-Oct-79 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines from UK18-Apr-80 Zimbabwe from UK30-Jul-80 Vanuatu from France and UK

21-Sep-81 Belize from UK1-Nov-81 Antigua and Barbuda from UK

19-Sep-83 Saint Kitts and Nevis from UK1-Jan-84 Brunei from UK

21-Oct-86 Marshall Islands from the US-administered UN trusteeship 3-Nov-86 Federated States of Micronesia from the US-administered UN trusteeship

21-Mar-90 Namibia from South Africa24-May-93 Eritrea from Ethiopia

1-Oct-94 Palau from the US-administered UN trusteeship

Dates of recent independence of developing countries

Early dates of independence of South American countries

Date Country Notes1 January 1804 Haiti from France25 May 1810 Argentina from Spain20 July 1810 Colombia from Spain16 September 1810 Mexico from Spain18 September 1810 Chile from Spain14 May 1811 Paraguay from Spain5 July 1811 Venezuela from Spain28 July 1821 Peru from Spain15 September 1821 Costa Rica from Spain15 September 1821 El Salvador from Spain15 September 1821 Guatemala from Spain15 September 1821 Honduras from Spain15 September 1821 Nicaragua from Spain28 November 1821 Panama from Spain24 May 1822 Ecuador from Spain7 September 1822 Brazil from Portugal6 August 1825 Bolivia from Spain25 August 1825 Uruguay from Brazil

(v) Inept-leadership explanations

ldquoAfrican leaders themselves have also failed the resource-rich continent They continue to unscrupulously harp on historical injustices to cover up for their political and economic mess that are [sic] a sad manifestation of their suppression of democratic governance Corrupt and inefficient management of economies greed power hunger disrespect for human rights cronyism among other vices have contributed to the underdevelopment of Africa todayrdquo- Charles Mangongera lsquoShould We Continue to Blame Colonialismrsquo Financial Gazette (Harare Zimbabwe) September 19 2002

ldquoA district our size should have a much better soccer field but the money was pocketed There is corruption at all levels Itrsquos a top-down problemrdquo- Unemployed 27-yr-old Sidhinhyo Morongulos Mozambique April 2004

Evolution of Corruption by Regions of the World 1984-1999

Source Lederman D Loayza N and Soares RR (2001)

ldquoWho has the most to gain from corruption

(or the most to lose from ending it)rdquo

(vi) Psychological explanations

ldquoThere exists among us a strong feeling of inferiority [hellip which] comes from our awareness of past [whiteEuropean] oppressionrdquo- Anonymous fisherman northern Mozambique April 2004

(vii) Neocolonial explanations

ldquoWe were told and accepted that our poverty was caused by our poverty in the now famous theory of the lsquovicious circle of povertyrsquo and we went round in circles seeking ways and means of breaking that circle Had we asked the [right] questions we would not have exposed our economies to the ruthless plunder brought about by lsquoforeign investmentsrsquo which the exponents of the vicious circle theory urged us to do For it is clear foreign investment is the cause and not a solution to our economic backwardnessrdquo- Former Tanzanian minister AM Babu In Walter Rodney (1965) How Europe underdeveloped Africa page 312

Economies are like fires

5 The link with Sustainability

Earthrsquos ecologically productive surface asymp 2142109 hectares

Per-capita surface required to support American lifestyle

asymp 957 hectares

Acreage required to support worldwide American standards of living

asymp 3 Earths

Global population on July 10th 2010 asymp 6 795 329 623

Neocolonial explanations for persistent 21st-century poverty

Present American standards of living for the entire global populace are a physical impossibility

Fact

Cartograms illustrating (a) country-level wood and paper imports (by volume) for the year 2000 (b) country-level net forest loss between 1990 and 2000

(a) (b)

Flo

ws

of r

aw m

ater

ial a

nd fu

el

the case for greater

global equality

almost everyone stands to gain

httpwwwrealfutureorgthe tide is on Our side

2 What patterns exist in the distribution of income

What patterns exist in the distribution of income

(4) InequalityWhat patterns exist in the distribution of income

Compiled from 2003 World Bank country dataset

Per-capita income for white and black Brazilians

Source IBGE Census 2000

What patterns exist in the distribution of income

What patterns exist in the distribution of income

Income (US$ PPP)

Where are the people

100 100001000 100000

Source Dikhanov Y and Ward M (2003)

(AFR=Africa EAP=East Asia ECE=East- and Central Europe LAC=Latin America OECD=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development SAS=South Asia)

100 100001000 100000Income (US$ PPP)

What patterns exist in the distribution of income

Where is the dough

Source Dikhanov Y and Ward M (2003)

(AFR=Africa EAP=East Asia ECE=East- and Central Europe LAC=Latin America OECD=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development SAS=South Asia)

3 Why are some countries rich and others poor

ldquoWhy are some countries rich and others poorrdquo

Summary of interviews conducted between February 2002 and June 2006

Continent Country Month(s) year(s)

Number of Interviews

Mozambique May-03 10Namibia Jul-04 14South Africa Jul-04 5Bangladesh Jun-02 3Cambodia Jul-02 3

Jun 2002Jul-02

Myanmar (Burma)

Jun-02 7

Jan 2002-

Jun-02Thailand Jul-02 2Tibet (China) Feb-02 6Turkey Mar-06 8Belgium Sep-02 1Bulgaria Mar-06 1

Aug 2002Aug-06

Dec 2004Jul-05

Germany Aug-06 6Hungary Mar-06 2Netherlands the Aug-04 3Norway Jul-06 5Romania Mar-06 1Sweden Jul-06 1

Europe

Denmark 3

France 2

Africa

Asia

India 11

Nepal 19

Continent Country Month(s) year(s)

Number of Interviews

Sep 2002-Jun-06

Aug 2002Aug-06

Mexico Jun-04 4Sep 2002-

Jun-06Aug 2003

Aug-Sep 2004

Aug-05New Zealand Aug-05 4

United States 108

Oceania Australia 28

Canada 3

Greenland 8

North America

Categories of responses

Categories of responses

Categories of responses

(i) Evolutionary explanations

ldquohellip because some people are clever and others are stupidrdquo- Anonymous white South African of Boer ancestry Hazyview South Africa July 2004

ldquoThe idea that some populations are more energetic than others [hellip] perhaps deserves some considerationrdquo- JP Cole (1979) The Development Gap page 111

Categories of responses

Categories of responses

(ii) Culturalsocietal explanations

ldquo the explanations offered for the contrasting records in growth have most often focused on institutions and highlighted the variation across societies in conditions relevant to growth such as the security of property rights prevalence of corruption structures of the financial sector investment in public infrastructure and social capital and the inclination to work hard or be entrepreneurialrdquo- Sokoloff amp Engerman (2000) page 218

GDPcapita relative to US in selected New World economies 1700-1997

Source Sokoloff and Engermann (2000)

Categories of responses

(iii) Environmental explanations

ldquoThese areas were settled because the climate was similar to that of Europerdquo

- Prof Wolfram Latsch personal communication April 2004

ldquoI think that tropical diseases are largely to blamerdquo- Prof Roger Buick North Pole Australia August 2004

Koppen classification climatic zones

(iv) Historical explanations

ldquoEuropean countries have been around for a long time We are young We just simply need time to catch uprdquo- Nxobo Masika Johannesburg South Africa March 2004

Date Country Notes19-Jul-49 Laos from France8-Aug-49 Bhutan from India

24-Dec-51 Libya from Italy9-Nov-53 Cambodia from France1-Jan-56 Sudan from Egypt and UK

2-Mar-56 Morocco from France and Spain20-Mar-56 Tunisia from France6-Mar-57 Ghana from UK

31-Aug-57 Malaysia from UK2-Oct-58 Guinea from France1-Jan-60 Cameroon from French-administered UN trusteeship4-Apr-60 Senegal from France

27-Apr-60 Togo from French-administered UN trusteeship26-Jun-60 Madagascar from France26-Jun-60 Somalia from the UK30-Jun-60 Democratic Republic of the Congo from Belgium

1-Jul-60 Somalia from the Italian-administered UN trusteeship1-Aug-60 Benin from France3-Aug-60 Niger from France5-Aug-60 Burkina Faso from France7-Aug-60 Cocircte dIvoire from France

11-Aug-60 Chad from France13-Aug-60 Central African Republic from France15-Aug-60 Republic of the Congo from France17-Aug-60 Gabon from France22-Sep-60 Mali from France

1-Oct-60 Nigeria from UK28-Nov-60 Mauritania from France27-Apr-61 Sierra Leone from UK19-Jun-61 Kuwait from UK

1-Jan-62 Samoa from New Zealand-administered UN trusteeship1-Jul-62 Burundi from UN trusteeship under Belgian administration1-Jul-62 Rwanda from Belgium-administered UN trusteeship5-Jul-62 Algeria from France

6-Aug-62 Jamaica from UK31-Aug-62 Trinidad and Tobago from UK

9-Oct-62 Uganda from UK12-Dec-63 Kenya from UK26-Apr-64 Tanzania from UK-administered UN trusteeship

6-Jul-64 Malawi from UK21-Sep-64 Malta from UK24-Oct-64 Zambia from UK18-Feb-65 The Gambia from UK26-Jul-65 Maldives from UK9-Aug-65 Singapore from Malaysian Federation

Date Country Notes26-May-66 Guyana from UK30-Sep-66 Botswana from UK

4-Oct-66 Lesotho from UK30-Nov-66 Barbados from UK30-Nov-67 South Yemen from UK31-Jan-68 Nauru from Australia-NZ-UK-administered UN trusteeship

12-Mar-68 Mauritius from UK6-Sep-68 Swaziland from UK

12-Oct-68 Equatorial Guinea from Spain4-Jun-70 Tonga from UK protectorate

10-Oct-70 Fiji from UK15-Aug-71 Bahrain from UK

3-Sep-71 Qatar from UK2-Dec-71 United Arab Emirates from UK

16-Dec-71 Bangladesh from Pakistan10-Jul-73 The Bahamas from UK

24-Sep-73 Guinea-Bissau declared independence from Portugal7-Feb-74 Grenada from UK

19-Oct-74 Niue in free association with New Zealand25-Jun-75 Mozambique from Portugal

5-Jul-75 Cape Verde from Portugal6-Jul-75 Comoros from France

12-Jul-75 Satildeo Tomeacute and Principe from Portugal16-Sep-75 Papua New Guinea from the Australian-administered UN trusteeship11-Nov-75 Angola from Portugal25-Nov-75 Suriname from Netherlands27-Feb-76 Western Sahara from Spain29-Jun-76 Seychelles from UK27-Jun-77 Djibouti from France

7-Jul-78 Solomon Islands from UK1-Oct-78 Tuvalu from UK

3-Nov-78 Dominica from UK22-Feb-79 Saint Lucia from UK12-Jul-79 Kiribati from UK

27-Oct-79 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines from UK18-Apr-80 Zimbabwe from UK30-Jul-80 Vanuatu from France and UK

21-Sep-81 Belize from UK1-Nov-81 Antigua and Barbuda from UK

19-Sep-83 Saint Kitts and Nevis from UK1-Jan-84 Brunei from UK

21-Oct-86 Marshall Islands from the US-administered UN trusteeship 3-Nov-86 Federated States of Micronesia from the US-administered UN trusteeship

21-Mar-90 Namibia from South Africa24-May-93 Eritrea from Ethiopia

1-Oct-94 Palau from the US-administered UN trusteeship

Dates of recent independence of developing countries

Early dates of independence of South American countries

Date Country Notes1 January 1804 Haiti from France25 May 1810 Argentina from Spain20 July 1810 Colombia from Spain16 September 1810 Mexico from Spain18 September 1810 Chile from Spain14 May 1811 Paraguay from Spain5 July 1811 Venezuela from Spain28 July 1821 Peru from Spain15 September 1821 Costa Rica from Spain15 September 1821 El Salvador from Spain15 September 1821 Guatemala from Spain15 September 1821 Honduras from Spain15 September 1821 Nicaragua from Spain28 November 1821 Panama from Spain24 May 1822 Ecuador from Spain7 September 1822 Brazil from Portugal6 August 1825 Bolivia from Spain25 August 1825 Uruguay from Brazil

(v) Inept-leadership explanations

ldquoAfrican leaders themselves have also failed the resource-rich continent They continue to unscrupulously harp on historical injustices to cover up for their political and economic mess that are [sic] a sad manifestation of their suppression of democratic governance Corrupt and inefficient management of economies greed power hunger disrespect for human rights cronyism among other vices have contributed to the underdevelopment of Africa todayrdquo- Charles Mangongera lsquoShould We Continue to Blame Colonialismrsquo Financial Gazette (Harare Zimbabwe) September 19 2002

ldquoA district our size should have a much better soccer field but the money was pocketed There is corruption at all levels Itrsquos a top-down problemrdquo- Unemployed 27-yr-old Sidhinhyo Morongulos Mozambique April 2004

Evolution of Corruption by Regions of the World 1984-1999

Source Lederman D Loayza N and Soares RR (2001)

ldquoWho has the most to gain from corruption

(or the most to lose from ending it)rdquo

(vi) Psychological explanations

ldquoThere exists among us a strong feeling of inferiority [hellip which] comes from our awareness of past [whiteEuropean] oppressionrdquo- Anonymous fisherman northern Mozambique April 2004

(vii) Neocolonial explanations

ldquoWe were told and accepted that our poverty was caused by our poverty in the now famous theory of the lsquovicious circle of povertyrsquo and we went round in circles seeking ways and means of breaking that circle Had we asked the [right] questions we would not have exposed our economies to the ruthless plunder brought about by lsquoforeign investmentsrsquo which the exponents of the vicious circle theory urged us to do For it is clear foreign investment is the cause and not a solution to our economic backwardnessrdquo- Former Tanzanian minister AM Babu In Walter Rodney (1965) How Europe underdeveloped Africa page 312

Economies are like fires

5 The link with Sustainability

Earthrsquos ecologically productive surface asymp 2142109 hectares

Per-capita surface required to support American lifestyle

asymp 957 hectares

Acreage required to support worldwide American standards of living

asymp 3 Earths

Global population on July 10th 2010 asymp 6 795 329 623

Neocolonial explanations for persistent 21st-century poverty

Present American standards of living for the entire global populace are a physical impossibility

Fact

Cartograms illustrating (a) country-level wood and paper imports (by volume) for the year 2000 (b) country-level net forest loss between 1990 and 2000

(a) (b)

Flo

ws

of r

aw m

ater

ial a

nd fu

el

the case for greater

global equality

almost everyone stands to gain

httpwwwrealfutureorgthe tide is on Our side

What patterns exist in the distribution of income

(4) InequalityWhat patterns exist in the distribution of income

Compiled from 2003 World Bank country dataset

Per-capita income for white and black Brazilians

Source IBGE Census 2000

What patterns exist in the distribution of income

What patterns exist in the distribution of income

Income (US$ PPP)

Where are the people

100 100001000 100000

Source Dikhanov Y and Ward M (2003)

(AFR=Africa EAP=East Asia ECE=East- and Central Europe LAC=Latin America OECD=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development SAS=South Asia)

100 100001000 100000Income (US$ PPP)

What patterns exist in the distribution of income

Where is the dough

Source Dikhanov Y and Ward M (2003)

(AFR=Africa EAP=East Asia ECE=East- and Central Europe LAC=Latin America OECD=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development SAS=South Asia)

3 Why are some countries rich and others poor

ldquoWhy are some countries rich and others poorrdquo

Summary of interviews conducted between February 2002 and June 2006

Continent Country Month(s) year(s)

Number of Interviews

Mozambique May-03 10Namibia Jul-04 14South Africa Jul-04 5Bangladesh Jun-02 3Cambodia Jul-02 3

Jun 2002Jul-02

Myanmar (Burma)

Jun-02 7

Jan 2002-

Jun-02Thailand Jul-02 2Tibet (China) Feb-02 6Turkey Mar-06 8Belgium Sep-02 1Bulgaria Mar-06 1

Aug 2002Aug-06

Dec 2004Jul-05

Germany Aug-06 6Hungary Mar-06 2Netherlands the Aug-04 3Norway Jul-06 5Romania Mar-06 1Sweden Jul-06 1

Europe

Denmark 3

France 2

Africa

Asia

India 11

Nepal 19

Continent Country Month(s) year(s)

Number of Interviews

Sep 2002-Jun-06

Aug 2002Aug-06

Mexico Jun-04 4Sep 2002-

Jun-06Aug 2003

Aug-Sep 2004

Aug-05New Zealand Aug-05 4

United States 108

Oceania Australia 28

Canada 3

Greenland 8

North America

Categories of responses

Categories of responses

Categories of responses

(i) Evolutionary explanations

ldquohellip because some people are clever and others are stupidrdquo- Anonymous white South African of Boer ancestry Hazyview South Africa July 2004

ldquoThe idea that some populations are more energetic than others [hellip] perhaps deserves some considerationrdquo- JP Cole (1979) The Development Gap page 111

Categories of responses

Categories of responses

(ii) Culturalsocietal explanations

ldquo the explanations offered for the contrasting records in growth have most often focused on institutions and highlighted the variation across societies in conditions relevant to growth such as the security of property rights prevalence of corruption structures of the financial sector investment in public infrastructure and social capital and the inclination to work hard or be entrepreneurialrdquo- Sokoloff amp Engerman (2000) page 218

GDPcapita relative to US in selected New World economies 1700-1997

Source Sokoloff and Engermann (2000)

Categories of responses

(iii) Environmental explanations

ldquoThese areas were settled because the climate was similar to that of Europerdquo

- Prof Wolfram Latsch personal communication April 2004

ldquoI think that tropical diseases are largely to blamerdquo- Prof Roger Buick North Pole Australia August 2004

Koppen classification climatic zones

(iv) Historical explanations

ldquoEuropean countries have been around for a long time We are young We just simply need time to catch uprdquo- Nxobo Masika Johannesburg South Africa March 2004

Date Country Notes19-Jul-49 Laos from France8-Aug-49 Bhutan from India

24-Dec-51 Libya from Italy9-Nov-53 Cambodia from France1-Jan-56 Sudan from Egypt and UK

2-Mar-56 Morocco from France and Spain20-Mar-56 Tunisia from France6-Mar-57 Ghana from UK

31-Aug-57 Malaysia from UK2-Oct-58 Guinea from France1-Jan-60 Cameroon from French-administered UN trusteeship4-Apr-60 Senegal from France

27-Apr-60 Togo from French-administered UN trusteeship26-Jun-60 Madagascar from France26-Jun-60 Somalia from the UK30-Jun-60 Democratic Republic of the Congo from Belgium

1-Jul-60 Somalia from the Italian-administered UN trusteeship1-Aug-60 Benin from France3-Aug-60 Niger from France5-Aug-60 Burkina Faso from France7-Aug-60 Cocircte dIvoire from France

11-Aug-60 Chad from France13-Aug-60 Central African Republic from France15-Aug-60 Republic of the Congo from France17-Aug-60 Gabon from France22-Sep-60 Mali from France

1-Oct-60 Nigeria from UK28-Nov-60 Mauritania from France27-Apr-61 Sierra Leone from UK19-Jun-61 Kuwait from UK

1-Jan-62 Samoa from New Zealand-administered UN trusteeship1-Jul-62 Burundi from UN trusteeship under Belgian administration1-Jul-62 Rwanda from Belgium-administered UN trusteeship5-Jul-62 Algeria from France

6-Aug-62 Jamaica from UK31-Aug-62 Trinidad and Tobago from UK

9-Oct-62 Uganda from UK12-Dec-63 Kenya from UK26-Apr-64 Tanzania from UK-administered UN trusteeship

6-Jul-64 Malawi from UK21-Sep-64 Malta from UK24-Oct-64 Zambia from UK18-Feb-65 The Gambia from UK26-Jul-65 Maldives from UK9-Aug-65 Singapore from Malaysian Federation

Date Country Notes26-May-66 Guyana from UK30-Sep-66 Botswana from UK

4-Oct-66 Lesotho from UK30-Nov-66 Barbados from UK30-Nov-67 South Yemen from UK31-Jan-68 Nauru from Australia-NZ-UK-administered UN trusteeship

12-Mar-68 Mauritius from UK6-Sep-68 Swaziland from UK

12-Oct-68 Equatorial Guinea from Spain4-Jun-70 Tonga from UK protectorate

10-Oct-70 Fiji from UK15-Aug-71 Bahrain from UK

3-Sep-71 Qatar from UK2-Dec-71 United Arab Emirates from UK

16-Dec-71 Bangladesh from Pakistan10-Jul-73 The Bahamas from UK

24-Sep-73 Guinea-Bissau declared independence from Portugal7-Feb-74 Grenada from UK

19-Oct-74 Niue in free association with New Zealand25-Jun-75 Mozambique from Portugal

5-Jul-75 Cape Verde from Portugal6-Jul-75 Comoros from France

12-Jul-75 Satildeo Tomeacute and Principe from Portugal16-Sep-75 Papua New Guinea from the Australian-administered UN trusteeship11-Nov-75 Angola from Portugal25-Nov-75 Suriname from Netherlands27-Feb-76 Western Sahara from Spain29-Jun-76 Seychelles from UK27-Jun-77 Djibouti from France

7-Jul-78 Solomon Islands from UK1-Oct-78 Tuvalu from UK

3-Nov-78 Dominica from UK22-Feb-79 Saint Lucia from UK12-Jul-79 Kiribati from UK

27-Oct-79 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines from UK18-Apr-80 Zimbabwe from UK30-Jul-80 Vanuatu from France and UK

21-Sep-81 Belize from UK1-Nov-81 Antigua and Barbuda from UK

19-Sep-83 Saint Kitts and Nevis from UK1-Jan-84 Brunei from UK

21-Oct-86 Marshall Islands from the US-administered UN trusteeship 3-Nov-86 Federated States of Micronesia from the US-administered UN trusteeship

21-Mar-90 Namibia from South Africa24-May-93 Eritrea from Ethiopia

1-Oct-94 Palau from the US-administered UN trusteeship

Dates of recent independence of developing countries

Early dates of independence of South American countries

Date Country Notes1 January 1804 Haiti from France25 May 1810 Argentina from Spain20 July 1810 Colombia from Spain16 September 1810 Mexico from Spain18 September 1810 Chile from Spain14 May 1811 Paraguay from Spain5 July 1811 Venezuela from Spain28 July 1821 Peru from Spain15 September 1821 Costa Rica from Spain15 September 1821 El Salvador from Spain15 September 1821 Guatemala from Spain15 September 1821 Honduras from Spain15 September 1821 Nicaragua from Spain28 November 1821 Panama from Spain24 May 1822 Ecuador from Spain7 September 1822 Brazil from Portugal6 August 1825 Bolivia from Spain25 August 1825 Uruguay from Brazil

(v) Inept-leadership explanations

ldquoAfrican leaders themselves have also failed the resource-rich continent They continue to unscrupulously harp on historical injustices to cover up for their political and economic mess that are [sic] a sad manifestation of their suppression of democratic governance Corrupt and inefficient management of economies greed power hunger disrespect for human rights cronyism among other vices have contributed to the underdevelopment of Africa todayrdquo- Charles Mangongera lsquoShould We Continue to Blame Colonialismrsquo Financial Gazette (Harare Zimbabwe) September 19 2002

ldquoA district our size should have a much better soccer field but the money was pocketed There is corruption at all levels Itrsquos a top-down problemrdquo- Unemployed 27-yr-old Sidhinhyo Morongulos Mozambique April 2004

Evolution of Corruption by Regions of the World 1984-1999

Source Lederman D Loayza N and Soares RR (2001)

ldquoWho has the most to gain from corruption

(or the most to lose from ending it)rdquo

(vi) Psychological explanations

ldquoThere exists among us a strong feeling of inferiority [hellip which] comes from our awareness of past [whiteEuropean] oppressionrdquo- Anonymous fisherman northern Mozambique April 2004

(vii) Neocolonial explanations

ldquoWe were told and accepted that our poverty was caused by our poverty in the now famous theory of the lsquovicious circle of povertyrsquo and we went round in circles seeking ways and means of breaking that circle Had we asked the [right] questions we would not have exposed our economies to the ruthless plunder brought about by lsquoforeign investmentsrsquo which the exponents of the vicious circle theory urged us to do For it is clear foreign investment is the cause and not a solution to our economic backwardnessrdquo- Former Tanzanian minister AM Babu In Walter Rodney (1965) How Europe underdeveloped Africa page 312

Economies are like fires

5 The link with Sustainability

Earthrsquos ecologically productive surface asymp 2142109 hectares

Per-capita surface required to support American lifestyle

asymp 957 hectares

Acreage required to support worldwide American standards of living

asymp 3 Earths

Global population on July 10th 2010 asymp 6 795 329 623

Neocolonial explanations for persistent 21st-century poverty

Present American standards of living for the entire global populace are a physical impossibility

Fact

Cartograms illustrating (a) country-level wood and paper imports (by volume) for the year 2000 (b) country-level net forest loss between 1990 and 2000

(a) (b)

Flo

ws

of r

aw m

ater

ial a

nd fu

el

the case for greater

global equality

almost everyone stands to gain

httpwwwrealfutureorgthe tide is on Our side

(4) InequalityWhat patterns exist in the distribution of income

Compiled from 2003 World Bank country dataset

Per-capita income for white and black Brazilians

Source IBGE Census 2000

What patterns exist in the distribution of income

What patterns exist in the distribution of income

Income (US$ PPP)

Where are the people

100 100001000 100000

Source Dikhanov Y and Ward M (2003)

(AFR=Africa EAP=East Asia ECE=East- and Central Europe LAC=Latin America OECD=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development SAS=South Asia)

100 100001000 100000Income (US$ PPP)

What patterns exist in the distribution of income

Where is the dough

Source Dikhanov Y and Ward M (2003)

(AFR=Africa EAP=East Asia ECE=East- and Central Europe LAC=Latin America OECD=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development SAS=South Asia)

3 Why are some countries rich and others poor

ldquoWhy are some countries rich and others poorrdquo

Summary of interviews conducted between February 2002 and June 2006

Continent Country Month(s) year(s)

Number of Interviews

Mozambique May-03 10Namibia Jul-04 14South Africa Jul-04 5Bangladesh Jun-02 3Cambodia Jul-02 3

Jun 2002Jul-02

Myanmar (Burma)

Jun-02 7

Jan 2002-

Jun-02Thailand Jul-02 2Tibet (China) Feb-02 6Turkey Mar-06 8Belgium Sep-02 1Bulgaria Mar-06 1

Aug 2002Aug-06

Dec 2004Jul-05

Germany Aug-06 6Hungary Mar-06 2Netherlands the Aug-04 3Norway Jul-06 5Romania Mar-06 1Sweden Jul-06 1

Europe

Denmark 3

France 2

Africa

Asia

India 11

Nepal 19

Continent Country Month(s) year(s)

Number of Interviews

Sep 2002-Jun-06

Aug 2002Aug-06

Mexico Jun-04 4Sep 2002-

Jun-06Aug 2003

Aug-Sep 2004

Aug-05New Zealand Aug-05 4

United States 108

Oceania Australia 28

Canada 3

Greenland 8

North America

Categories of responses

Categories of responses

Categories of responses

(i) Evolutionary explanations

ldquohellip because some people are clever and others are stupidrdquo- Anonymous white South African of Boer ancestry Hazyview South Africa July 2004

ldquoThe idea that some populations are more energetic than others [hellip] perhaps deserves some considerationrdquo- JP Cole (1979) The Development Gap page 111

Categories of responses

Categories of responses

(ii) Culturalsocietal explanations

ldquo the explanations offered for the contrasting records in growth have most often focused on institutions and highlighted the variation across societies in conditions relevant to growth such as the security of property rights prevalence of corruption structures of the financial sector investment in public infrastructure and social capital and the inclination to work hard or be entrepreneurialrdquo- Sokoloff amp Engerman (2000) page 218

GDPcapita relative to US in selected New World economies 1700-1997

Source Sokoloff and Engermann (2000)

Categories of responses

(iii) Environmental explanations

ldquoThese areas were settled because the climate was similar to that of Europerdquo

- Prof Wolfram Latsch personal communication April 2004

ldquoI think that tropical diseases are largely to blamerdquo- Prof Roger Buick North Pole Australia August 2004

Koppen classification climatic zones

(iv) Historical explanations

ldquoEuropean countries have been around for a long time We are young We just simply need time to catch uprdquo- Nxobo Masika Johannesburg South Africa March 2004

Date Country Notes19-Jul-49 Laos from France8-Aug-49 Bhutan from India

24-Dec-51 Libya from Italy9-Nov-53 Cambodia from France1-Jan-56 Sudan from Egypt and UK

2-Mar-56 Morocco from France and Spain20-Mar-56 Tunisia from France6-Mar-57 Ghana from UK

31-Aug-57 Malaysia from UK2-Oct-58 Guinea from France1-Jan-60 Cameroon from French-administered UN trusteeship4-Apr-60 Senegal from France

27-Apr-60 Togo from French-administered UN trusteeship26-Jun-60 Madagascar from France26-Jun-60 Somalia from the UK30-Jun-60 Democratic Republic of the Congo from Belgium

1-Jul-60 Somalia from the Italian-administered UN trusteeship1-Aug-60 Benin from France3-Aug-60 Niger from France5-Aug-60 Burkina Faso from France7-Aug-60 Cocircte dIvoire from France

11-Aug-60 Chad from France13-Aug-60 Central African Republic from France15-Aug-60 Republic of the Congo from France17-Aug-60 Gabon from France22-Sep-60 Mali from France

1-Oct-60 Nigeria from UK28-Nov-60 Mauritania from France27-Apr-61 Sierra Leone from UK19-Jun-61 Kuwait from UK

1-Jan-62 Samoa from New Zealand-administered UN trusteeship1-Jul-62 Burundi from UN trusteeship under Belgian administration1-Jul-62 Rwanda from Belgium-administered UN trusteeship5-Jul-62 Algeria from France

6-Aug-62 Jamaica from UK31-Aug-62 Trinidad and Tobago from UK

9-Oct-62 Uganda from UK12-Dec-63 Kenya from UK26-Apr-64 Tanzania from UK-administered UN trusteeship

6-Jul-64 Malawi from UK21-Sep-64 Malta from UK24-Oct-64 Zambia from UK18-Feb-65 The Gambia from UK26-Jul-65 Maldives from UK9-Aug-65 Singapore from Malaysian Federation

Date Country Notes26-May-66 Guyana from UK30-Sep-66 Botswana from UK

4-Oct-66 Lesotho from UK30-Nov-66 Barbados from UK30-Nov-67 South Yemen from UK31-Jan-68 Nauru from Australia-NZ-UK-administered UN trusteeship

12-Mar-68 Mauritius from UK6-Sep-68 Swaziland from UK

12-Oct-68 Equatorial Guinea from Spain4-Jun-70 Tonga from UK protectorate

10-Oct-70 Fiji from UK15-Aug-71 Bahrain from UK

3-Sep-71 Qatar from UK2-Dec-71 United Arab Emirates from UK

16-Dec-71 Bangladesh from Pakistan10-Jul-73 The Bahamas from UK

24-Sep-73 Guinea-Bissau declared independence from Portugal7-Feb-74 Grenada from UK

19-Oct-74 Niue in free association with New Zealand25-Jun-75 Mozambique from Portugal

5-Jul-75 Cape Verde from Portugal6-Jul-75 Comoros from France

12-Jul-75 Satildeo Tomeacute and Principe from Portugal16-Sep-75 Papua New Guinea from the Australian-administered UN trusteeship11-Nov-75 Angola from Portugal25-Nov-75 Suriname from Netherlands27-Feb-76 Western Sahara from Spain29-Jun-76 Seychelles from UK27-Jun-77 Djibouti from France

7-Jul-78 Solomon Islands from UK1-Oct-78 Tuvalu from UK

3-Nov-78 Dominica from UK22-Feb-79 Saint Lucia from UK12-Jul-79 Kiribati from UK

27-Oct-79 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines from UK18-Apr-80 Zimbabwe from UK30-Jul-80 Vanuatu from France and UK

21-Sep-81 Belize from UK1-Nov-81 Antigua and Barbuda from UK

19-Sep-83 Saint Kitts and Nevis from UK1-Jan-84 Brunei from UK

21-Oct-86 Marshall Islands from the US-administered UN trusteeship 3-Nov-86 Federated States of Micronesia from the US-administered UN trusteeship

21-Mar-90 Namibia from South Africa24-May-93 Eritrea from Ethiopia

1-Oct-94 Palau from the US-administered UN trusteeship

Dates of recent independence of developing countries

Early dates of independence of South American countries

Date Country Notes1 January 1804 Haiti from France25 May 1810 Argentina from Spain20 July 1810 Colombia from Spain16 September 1810 Mexico from Spain18 September 1810 Chile from Spain14 May 1811 Paraguay from Spain5 July 1811 Venezuela from Spain28 July 1821 Peru from Spain15 September 1821 Costa Rica from Spain15 September 1821 El Salvador from Spain15 September 1821 Guatemala from Spain15 September 1821 Honduras from Spain15 September 1821 Nicaragua from Spain28 November 1821 Panama from Spain24 May 1822 Ecuador from Spain7 September 1822 Brazil from Portugal6 August 1825 Bolivia from Spain25 August 1825 Uruguay from Brazil

(v) Inept-leadership explanations

ldquoAfrican leaders themselves have also failed the resource-rich continent They continue to unscrupulously harp on historical injustices to cover up for their political and economic mess that are [sic] a sad manifestation of their suppression of democratic governance Corrupt and inefficient management of economies greed power hunger disrespect for human rights cronyism among other vices have contributed to the underdevelopment of Africa todayrdquo- Charles Mangongera lsquoShould We Continue to Blame Colonialismrsquo Financial Gazette (Harare Zimbabwe) September 19 2002

ldquoA district our size should have a much better soccer field but the money was pocketed There is corruption at all levels Itrsquos a top-down problemrdquo- Unemployed 27-yr-old Sidhinhyo Morongulos Mozambique April 2004

Evolution of Corruption by Regions of the World 1984-1999

Source Lederman D Loayza N and Soares RR (2001)

ldquoWho has the most to gain from corruption

(or the most to lose from ending it)rdquo

(vi) Psychological explanations

ldquoThere exists among us a strong feeling of inferiority [hellip which] comes from our awareness of past [whiteEuropean] oppressionrdquo- Anonymous fisherman northern Mozambique April 2004

(vii) Neocolonial explanations

ldquoWe were told and accepted that our poverty was caused by our poverty in the now famous theory of the lsquovicious circle of povertyrsquo and we went round in circles seeking ways and means of breaking that circle Had we asked the [right] questions we would not have exposed our economies to the ruthless plunder brought about by lsquoforeign investmentsrsquo which the exponents of the vicious circle theory urged us to do For it is clear foreign investment is the cause and not a solution to our economic backwardnessrdquo- Former Tanzanian minister AM Babu In Walter Rodney (1965) How Europe underdeveloped Africa page 312

Economies are like fires

5 The link with Sustainability

Earthrsquos ecologically productive surface asymp 2142109 hectares

Per-capita surface required to support American lifestyle

asymp 957 hectares

Acreage required to support worldwide American standards of living

asymp 3 Earths

Global population on July 10th 2010 asymp 6 795 329 623

Neocolonial explanations for persistent 21st-century poverty

Present American standards of living for the entire global populace are a physical impossibility

Fact

Cartograms illustrating (a) country-level wood and paper imports (by volume) for the year 2000 (b) country-level net forest loss between 1990 and 2000

(a) (b)

Flo

ws

of r

aw m

ater

ial a

nd fu

el

the case for greater

global equality

almost everyone stands to gain

httpwwwrealfutureorgthe tide is on Our side

Per-capita income for white and black Brazilians

Source IBGE Census 2000

What patterns exist in the distribution of income

What patterns exist in the distribution of income

Income (US$ PPP)

Where are the people

100 100001000 100000

Source Dikhanov Y and Ward M (2003)

(AFR=Africa EAP=East Asia ECE=East- and Central Europe LAC=Latin America OECD=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development SAS=South Asia)

100 100001000 100000Income (US$ PPP)

What patterns exist in the distribution of income

Where is the dough

Source Dikhanov Y and Ward M (2003)

(AFR=Africa EAP=East Asia ECE=East- and Central Europe LAC=Latin America OECD=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development SAS=South Asia)

3 Why are some countries rich and others poor

ldquoWhy are some countries rich and others poorrdquo

Summary of interviews conducted between February 2002 and June 2006

Continent Country Month(s) year(s)

Number of Interviews

Mozambique May-03 10Namibia Jul-04 14South Africa Jul-04 5Bangladesh Jun-02 3Cambodia Jul-02 3

Jun 2002Jul-02

Myanmar (Burma)

Jun-02 7

Jan 2002-

Jun-02Thailand Jul-02 2Tibet (China) Feb-02 6Turkey Mar-06 8Belgium Sep-02 1Bulgaria Mar-06 1

Aug 2002Aug-06

Dec 2004Jul-05

Germany Aug-06 6Hungary Mar-06 2Netherlands the Aug-04 3Norway Jul-06 5Romania Mar-06 1Sweden Jul-06 1

Europe

Denmark 3

France 2

Africa

Asia

India 11

Nepal 19

Continent Country Month(s) year(s)

Number of Interviews

Sep 2002-Jun-06

Aug 2002Aug-06

Mexico Jun-04 4Sep 2002-

Jun-06Aug 2003

Aug-Sep 2004

Aug-05New Zealand Aug-05 4

United States 108

Oceania Australia 28

Canada 3

Greenland 8

North America

Categories of responses

Categories of responses

Categories of responses

(i) Evolutionary explanations

ldquohellip because some people are clever and others are stupidrdquo- Anonymous white South African of Boer ancestry Hazyview South Africa July 2004

ldquoThe idea that some populations are more energetic than others [hellip] perhaps deserves some considerationrdquo- JP Cole (1979) The Development Gap page 111

Categories of responses

Categories of responses

(ii) Culturalsocietal explanations

ldquo the explanations offered for the contrasting records in growth have most often focused on institutions and highlighted the variation across societies in conditions relevant to growth such as the security of property rights prevalence of corruption structures of the financial sector investment in public infrastructure and social capital and the inclination to work hard or be entrepreneurialrdquo- Sokoloff amp Engerman (2000) page 218

GDPcapita relative to US in selected New World economies 1700-1997

Source Sokoloff and Engermann (2000)

Categories of responses

(iii) Environmental explanations

ldquoThese areas were settled because the climate was similar to that of Europerdquo

- Prof Wolfram Latsch personal communication April 2004

ldquoI think that tropical diseases are largely to blamerdquo- Prof Roger Buick North Pole Australia August 2004

Koppen classification climatic zones

(iv) Historical explanations

ldquoEuropean countries have been around for a long time We are young We just simply need time to catch uprdquo- Nxobo Masika Johannesburg South Africa March 2004

Date Country Notes19-Jul-49 Laos from France8-Aug-49 Bhutan from India

24-Dec-51 Libya from Italy9-Nov-53 Cambodia from France1-Jan-56 Sudan from Egypt and UK

2-Mar-56 Morocco from France and Spain20-Mar-56 Tunisia from France6-Mar-57 Ghana from UK

31-Aug-57 Malaysia from UK2-Oct-58 Guinea from France1-Jan-60 Cameroon from French-administered UN trusteeship4-Apr-60 Senegal from France

27-Apr-60 Togo from French-administered UN trusteeship26-Jun-60 Madagascar from France26-Jun-60 Somalia from the UK30-Jun-60 Democratic Republic of the Congo from Belgium

1-Jul-60 Somalia from the Italian-administered UN trusteeship1-Aug-60 Benin from France3-Aug-60 Niger from France5-Aug-60 Burkina Faso from France7-Aug-60 Cocircte dIvoire from France

11-Aug-60 Chad from France13-Aug-60 Central African Republic from France15-Aug-60 Republic of the Congo from France17-Aug-60 Gabon from France22-Sep-60 Mali from France

1-Oct-60 Nigeria from UK28-Nov-60 Mauritania from France27-Apr-61 Sierra Leone from UK19-Jun-61 Kuwait from UK

1-Jan-62 Samoa from New Zealand-administered UN trusteeship1-Jul-62 Burundi from UN trusteeship under Belgian administration1-Jul-62 Rwanda from Belgium-administered UN trusteeship5-Jul-62 Algeria from France

6-Aug-62 Jamaica from UK31-Aug-62 Trinidad and Tobago from UK

9-Oct-62 Uganda from UK12-Dec-63 Kenya from UK26-Apr-64 Tanzania from UK-administered UN trusteeship

6-Jul-64 Malawi from UK21-Sep-64 Malta from UK24-Oct-64 Zambia from UK18-Feb-65 The Gambia from UK26-Jul-65 Maldives from UK9-Aug-65 Singapore from Malaysian Federation

Date Country Notes26-May-66 Guyana from UK30-Sep-66 Botswana from UK

4-Oct-66 Lesotho from UK30-Nov-66 Barbados from UK30-Nov-67 South Yemen from UK31-Jan-68 Nauru from Australia-NZ-UK-administered UN trusteeship

12-Mar-68 Mauritius from UK6-Sep-68 Swaziland from UK

12-Oct-68 Equatorial Guinea from Spain4-Jun-70 Tonga from UK protectorate

10-Oct-70 Fiji from UK15-Aug-71 Bahrain from UK

3-Sep-71 Qatar from UK2-Dec-71 United Arab Emirates from UK

16-Dec-71 Bangladesh from Pakistan10-Jul-73 The Bahamas from UK

24-Sep-73 Guinea-Bissau declared independence from Portugal7-Feb-74 Grenada from UK

19-Oct-74 Niue in free association with New Zealand25-Jun-75 Mozambique from Portugal

5-Jul-75 Cape Verde from Portugal6-Jul-75 Comoros from France

12-Jul-75 Satildeo Tomeacute and Principe from Portugal16-Sep-75 Papua New Guinea from the Australian-administered UN trusteeship11-Nov-75 Angola from Portugal25-Nov-75 Suriname from Netherlands27-Feb-76 Western Sahara from Spain29-Jun-76 Seychelles from UK27-Jun-77 Djibouti from France

7-Jul-78 Solomon Islands from UK1-Oct-78 Tuvalu from UK

3-Nov-78 Dominica from UK22-Feb-79 Saint Lucia from UK12-Jul-79 Kiribati from UK

27-Oct-79 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines from UK18-Apr-80 Zimbabwe from UK30-Jul-80 Vanuatu from France and UK

21-Sep-81 Belize from UK1-Nov-81 Antigua and Barbuda from UK

19-Sep-83 Saint Kitts and Nevis from UK1-Jan-84 Brunei from UK

21-Oct-86 Marshall Islands from the US-administered UN trusteeship 3-Nov-86 Federated States of Micronesia from the US-administered UN trusteeship

21-Mar-90 Namibia from South Africa24-May-93 Eritrea from Ethiopia

1-Oct-94 Palau from the US-administered UN trusteeship

Dates of recent independence of developing countries

Early dates of independence of South American countries

Date Country Notes1 January 1804 Haiti from France25 May 1810 Argentina from Spain20 July 1810 Colombia from Spain16 September 1810 Mexico from Spain18 September 1810 Chile from Spain14 May 1811 Paraguay from Spain5 July 1811 Venezuela from Spain28 July 1821 Peru from Spain15 September 1821 Costa Rica from Spain15 September 1821 El Salvador from Spain15 September 1821 Guatemala from Spain15 September 1821 Honduras from Spain15 September 1821 Nicaragua from Spain28 November 1821 Panama from Spain24 May 1822 Ecuador from Spain7 September 1822 Brazil from Portugal6 August 1825 Bolivia from Spain25 August 1825 Uruguay from Brazil

(v) Inept-leadership explanations

ldquoAfrican leaders themselves have also failed the resource-rich continent They continue to unscrupulously harp on historical injustices to cover up for their political and economic mess that are [sic] a sad manifestation of their suppression of democratic governance Corrupt and inefficient management of economies greed power hunger disrespect for human rights cronyism among other vices have contributed to the underdevelopment of Africa todayrdquo- Charles Mangongera lsquoShould We Continue to Blame Colonialismrsquo Financial Gazette (Harare Zimbabwe) September 19 2002

ldquoA district our size should have a much better soccer field but the money was pocketed There is corruption at all levels Itrsquos a top-down problemrdquo- Unemployed 27-yr-old Sidhinhyo Morongulos Mozambique April 2004

Evolution of Corruption by Regions of the World 1984-1999

Source Lederman D Loayza N and Soares RR (2001)

ldquoWho has the most to gain from corruption

(or the most to lose from ending it)rdquo

(vi) Psychological explanations

ldquoThere exists among us a strong feeling of inferiority [hellip which] comes from our awareness of past [whiteEuropean] oppressionrdquo- Anonymous fisherman northern Mozambique April 2004

(vii) Neocolonial explanations

ldquoWe were told and accepted that our poverty was caused by our poverty in the now famous theory of the lsquovicious circle of povertyrsquo and we went round in circles seeking ways and means of breaking that circle Had we asked the [right] questions we would not have exposed our economies to the ruthless plunder brought about by lsquoforeign investmentsrsquo which the exponents of the vicious circle theory urged us to do For it is clear foreign investment is the cause and not a solution to our economic backwardnessrdquo- Former Tanzanian minister AM Babu In Walter Rodney (1965) How Europe underdeveloped Africa page 312

Economies are like fires

5 The link with Sustainability

Earthrsquos ecologically productive surface asymp 2142109 hectares

Per-capita surface required to support American lifestyle

asymp 957 hectares

Acreage required to support worldwide American standards of living

asymp 3 Earths

Global population on July 10th 2010 asymp 6 795 329 623

Neocolonial explanations for persistent 21st-century poverty

Present American standards of living for the entire global populace are a physical impossibility

Fact

Cartograms illustrating (a) country-level wood and paper imports (by volume) for the year 2000 (b) country-level net forest loss between 1990 and 2000

(a) (b)

Flo

ws

of r

aw m

ater

ial a

nd fu

el

the case for greater

global equality

almost everyone stands to gain

httpwwwrealfutureorgthe tide is on Our side

What patterns exist in the distribution of income

Income (US$ PPP)

Where are the people

100 100001000 100000

Source Dikhanov Y and Ward M (2003)

(AFR=Africa EAP=East Asia ECE=East- and Central Europe LAC=Latin America OECD=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development SAS=South Asia)

100 100001000 100000Income (US$ PPP)

What patterns exist in the distribution of income

Where is the dough

Source Dikhanov Y and Ward M (2003)

(AFR=Africa EAP=East Asia ECE=East- and Central Europe LAC=Latin America OECD=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development SAS=South Asia)

3 Why are some countries rich and others poor

ldquoWhy are some countries rich and others poorrdquo

Summary of interviews conducted between February 2002 and June 2006

Continent Country Month(s) year(s)

Number of Interviews

Mozambique May-03 10Namibia Jul-04 14South Africa Jul-04 5Bangladesh Jun-02 3Cambodia Jul-02 3

Jun 2002Jul-02

Myanmar (Burma)

Jun-02 7

Jan 2002-

Jun-02Thailand Jul-02 2Tibet (China) Feb-02 6Turkey Mar-06 8Belgium Sep-02 1Bulgaria Mar-06 1

Aug 2002Aug-06

Dec 2004Jul-05

Germany Aug-06 6Hungary Mar-06 2Netherlands the Aug-04 3Norway Jul-06 5Romania Mar-06 1Sweden Jul-06 1

Europe

Denmark 3

France 2

Africa

Asia

India 11

Nepal 19

Continent Country Month(s) year(s)

Number of Interviews

Sep 2002-Jun-06

Aug 2002Aug-06

Mexico Jun-04 4Sep 2002-

Jun-06Aug 2003

Aug-Sep 2004

Aug-05New Zealand Aug-05 4

United States 108

Oceania Australia 28

Canada 3

Greenland 8

North America

Categories of responses

Categories of responses

Categories of responses

(i) Evolutionary explanations

ldquohellip because some people are clever and others are stupidrdquo- Anonymous white South African of Boer ancestry Hazyview South Africa July 2004

ldquoThe idea that some populations are more energetic than others [hellip] perhaps deserves some considerationrdquo- JP Cole (1979) The Development Gap page 111

Categories of responses

Categories of responses

(ii) Culturalsocietal explanations

ldquo the explanations offered for the contrasting records in growth have most often focused on institutions and highlighted the variation across societies in conditions relevant to growth such as the security of property rights prevalence of corruption structures of the financial sector investment in public infrastructure and social capital and the inclination to work hard or be entrepreneurialrdquo- Sokoloff amp Engerman (2000) page 218

GDPcapita relative to US in selected New World economies 1700-1997

Source Sokoloff and Engermann (2000)

Categories of responses

(iii) Environmental explanations

ldquoThese areas were settled because the climate was similar to that of Europerdquo

- Prof Wolfram Latsch personal communication April 2004

ldquoI think that tropical diseases are largely to blamerdquo- Prof Roger Buick North Pole Australia August 2004

Koppen classification climatic zones

(iv) Historical explanations

ldquoEuropean countries have been around for a long time We are young We just simply need time to catch uprdquo- Nxobo Masika Johannesburg South Africa March 2004

Date Country Notes19-Jul-49 Laos from France8-Aug-49 Bhutan from India

24-Dec-51 Libya from Italy9-Nov-53 Cambodia from France1-Jan-56 Sudan from Egypt and UK

2-Mar-56 Morocco from France and Spain20-Mar-56 Tunisia from France6-Mar-57 Ghana from UK

31-Aug-57 Malaysia from UK2-Oct-58 Guinea from France1-Jan-60 Cameroon from French-administered UN trusteeship4-Apr-60 Senegal from France

27-Apr-60 Togo from French-administered UN trusteeship26-Jun-60 Madagascar from France26-Jun-60 Somalia from the UK30-Jun-60 Democratic Republic of the Congo from Belgium

1-Jul-60 Somalia from the Italian-administered UN trusteeship1-Aug-60 Benin from France3-Aug-60 Niger from France5-Aug-60 Burkina Faso from France7-Aug-60 Cocircte dIvoire from France

11-Aug-60 Chad from France13-Aug-60 Central African Republic from France15-Aug-60 Republic of the Congo from France17-Aug-60 Gabon from France22-Sep-60 Mali from France

1-Oct-60 Nigeria from UK28-Nov-60 Mauritania from France27-Apr-61 Sierra Leone from UK19-Jun-61 Kuwait from UK

1-Jan-62 Samoa from New Zealand-administered UN trusteeship1-Jul-62 Burundi from UN trusteeship under Belgian administration1-Jul-62 Rwanda from Belgium-administered UN trusteeship5-Jul-62 Algeria from France

6-Aug-62 Jamaica from UK31-Aug-62 Trinidad and Tobago from UK

9-Oct-62 Uganda from UK12-Dec-63 Kenya from UK26-Apr-64 Tanzania from UK-administered UN trusteeship

6-Jul-64 Malawi from UK21-Sep-64 Malta from UK24-Oct-64 Zambia from UK18-Feb-65 The Gambia from UK26-Jul-65 Maldives from UK9-Aug-65 Singapore from Malaysian Federation

Date Country Notes26-May-66 Guyana from UK30-Sep-66 Botswana from UK

4-Oct-66 Lesotho from UK30-Nov-66 Barbados from UK30-Nov-67 South Yemen from UK31-Jan-68 Nauru from Australia-NZ-UK-administered UN trusteeship

12-Mar-68 Mauritius from UK6-Sep-68 Swaziland from UK

12-Oct-68 Equatorial Guinea from Spain4-Jun-70 Tonga from UK protectorate

10-Oct-70 Fiji from UK15-Aug-71 Bahrain from UK

3-Sep-71 Qatar from UK2-Dec-71 United Arab Emirates from UK

16-Dec-71 Bangladesh from Pakistan10-Jul-73 The Bahamas from UK

24-Sep-73 Guinea-Bissau declared independence from Portugal7-Feb-74 Grenada from UK

19-Oct-74 Niue in free association with New Zealand25-Jun-75 Mozambique from Portugal

5-Jul-75 Cape Verde from Portugal6-Jul-75 Comoros from France

12-Jul-75 Satildeo Tomeacute and Principe from Portugal16-Sep-75 Papua New Guinea from the Australian-administered UN trusteeship11-Nov-75 Angola from Portugal25-Nov-75 Suriname from Netherlands27-Feb-76 Western Sahara from Spain29-Jun-76 Seychelles from UK27-Jun-77 Djibouti from France

7-Jul-78 Solomon Islands from UK1-Oct-78 Tuvalu from UK

3-Nov-78 Dominica from UK22-Feb-79 Saint Lucia from UK12-Jul-79 Kiribati from UK

27-Oct-79 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines from UK18-Apr-80 Zimbabwe from UK30-Jul-80 Vanuatu from France and UK

21-Sep-81 Belize from UK1-Nov-81 Antigua and Barbuda from UK

19-Sep-83 Saint Kitts and Nevis from UK1-Jan-84 Brunei from UK

21-Oct-86 Marshall Islands from the US-administered UN trusteeship 3-Nov-86 Federated States of Micronesia from the US-administered UN trusteeship

21-Mar-90 Namibia from South Africa24-May-93 Eritrea from Ethiopia

1-Oct-94 Palau from the US-administered UN trusteeship

Dates of recent independence of developing countries

Early dates of independence of South American countries

Date Country Notes1 January 1804 Haiti from France25 May 1810 Argentina from Spain20 July 1810 Colombia from Spain16 September 1810 Mexico from Spain18 September 1810 Chile from Spain14 May 1811 Paraguay from Spain5 July 1811 Venezuela from Spain28 July 1821 Peru from Spain15 September 1821 Costa Rica from Spain15 September 1821 El Salvador from Spain15 September 1821 Guatemala from Spain15 September 1821 Honduras from Spain15 September 1821 Nicaragua from Spain28 November 1821 Panama from Spain24 May 1822 Ecuador from Spain7 September 1822 Brazil from Portugal6 August 1825 Bolivia from Spain25 August 1825 Uruguay from Brazil

(v) Inept-leadership explanations

ldquoAfrican leaders themselves have also failed the resource-rich continent They continue to unscrupulously harp on historical injustices to cover up for their political and economic mess that are [sic] a sad manifestation of their suppression of democratic governance Corrupt and inefficient management of economies greed power hunger disrespect for human rights cronyism among other vices have contributed to the underdevelopment of Africa todayrdquo- Charles Mangongera lsquoShould We Continue to Blame Colonialismrsquo Financial Gazette (Harare Zimbabwe) September 19 2002

ldquoA district our size should have a much better soccer field but the money was pocketed There is corruption at all levels Itrsquos a top-down problemrdquo- Unemployed 27-yr-old Sidhinhyo Morongulos Mozambique April 2004

Evolution of Corruption by Regions of the World 1984-1999

Source Lederman D Loayza N and Soares RR (2001)

ldquoWho has the most to gain from corruption

(or the most to lose from ending it)rdquo

(vi) Psychological explanations

ldquoThere exists among us a strong feeling of inferiority [hellip which] comes from our awareness of past [whiteEuropean] oppressionrdquo- Anonymous fisherman northern Mozambique April 2004

(vii) Neocolonial explanations

ldquoWe were told and accepted that our poverty was caused by our poverty in the now famous theory of the lsquovicious circle of povertyrsquo and we went round in circles seeking ways and means of breaking that circle Had we asked the [right] questions we would not have exposed our economies to the ruthless plunder brought about by lsquoforeign investmentsrsquo which the exponents of the vicious circle theory urged us to do For it is clear foreign investment is the cause and not a solution to our economic backwardnessrdquo- Former Tanzanian minister AM Babu In Walter Rodney (1965) How Europe underdeveloped Africa page 312

Economies are like fires

5 The link with Sustainability

Earthrsquos ecologically productive surface asymp 2142109 hectares

Per-capita surface required to support American lifestyle

asymp 957 hectares

Acreage required to support worldwide American standards of living

asymp 3 Earths

Global population on July 10th 2010 asymp 6 795 329 623

Neocolonial explanations for persistent 21st-century poverty

Present American standards of living for the entire global populace are a physical impossibility

Fact

Cartograms illustrating (a) country-level wood and paper imports (by volume) for the year 2000 (b) country-level net forest loss between 1990 and 2000

(a) (b)

Flo

ws

of r

aw m

ater

ial a

nd fu

el

the case for greater

global equality

almost everyone stands to gain

httpwwwrealfutureorgthe tide is on Our side

100 100001000 100000Income (US$ PPP)

What patterns exist in the distribution of income

Where is the dough

Source Dikhanov Y and Ward M (2003)

(AFR=Africa EAP=East Asia ECE=East- and Central Europe LAC=Latin America OECD=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development SAS=South Asia)

3 Why are some countries rich and others poor

ldquoWhy are some countries rich and others poorrdquo

Summary of interviews conducted between February 2002 and June 2006

Continent Country Month(s) year(s)

Number of Interviews

Mozambique May-03 10Namibia Jul-04 14South Africa Jul-04 5Bangladesh Jun-02 3Cambodia Jul-02 3

Jun 2002Jul-02

Myanmar (Burma)

Jun-02 7

Jan 2002-

Jun-02Thailand Jul-02 2Tibet (China) Feb-02 6Turkey Mar-06 8Belgium Sep-02 1Bulgaria Mar-06 1

Aug 2002Aug-06

Dec 2004Jul-05

Germany Aug-06 6Hungary Mar-06 2Netherlands the Aug-04 3Norway Jul-06 5Romania Mar-06 1Sweden Jul-06 1

Europe

Denmark 3

France 2

Africa

Asia

India 11

Nepal 19

Continent Country Month(s) year(s)

Number of Interviews

Sep 2002-Jun-06

Aug 2002Aug-06

Mexico Jun-04 4Sep 2002-

Jun-06Aug 2003

Aug-Sep 2004

Aug-05New Zealand Aug-05 4

United States 108

Oceania Australia 28

Canada 3

Greenland 8

North America

Categories of responses

Categories of responses

Categories of responses

(i) Evolutionary explanations

ldquohellip because some people are clever and others are stupidrdquo- Anonymous white South African of Boer ancestry Hazyview South Africa July 2004

ldquoThe idea that some populations are more energetic than others [hellip] perhaps deserves some considerationrdquo- JP Cole (1979) The Development Gap page 111

Categories of responses

Categories of responses

(ii) Culturalsocietal explanations

ldquo the explanations offered for the contrasting records in growth have most often focused on institutions and highlighted the variation across societies in conditions relevant to growth such as the security of property rights prevalence of corruption structures of the financial sector investment in public infrastructure and social capital and the inclination to work hard or be entrepreneurialrdquo- Sokoloff amp Engerman (2000) page 218

GDPcapita relative to US in selected New World economies 1700-1997

Source Sokoloff and Engermann (2000)

Categories of responses

(iii) Environmental explanations

ldquoThese areas were settled because the climate was similar to that of Europerdquo

- Prof Wolfram Latsch personal communication April 2004

ldquoI think that tropical diseases are largely to blamerdquo- Prof Roger Buick North Pole Australia August 2004

Koppen classification climatic zones

(iv) Historical explanations

ldquoEuropean countries have been around for a long time We are young We just simply need time to catch uprdquo- Nxobo Masika Johannesburg South Africa March 2004

Date Country Notes19-Jul-49 Laos from France8-Aug-49 Bhutan from India

24-Dec-51 Libya from Italy9-Nov-53 Cambodia from France1-Jan-56 Sudan from Egypt and UK

2-Mar-56 Morocco from France and Spain20-Mar-56 Tunisia from France6-Mar-57 Ghana from UK

31-Aug-57 Malaysia from UK2-Oct-58 Guinea from France1-Jan-60 Cameroon from French-administered UN trusteeship4-Apr-60 Senegal from France

27-Apr-60 Togo from French-administered UN trusteeship26-Jun-60 Madagascar from France26-Jun-60 Somalia from the UK30-Jun-60 Democratic Republic of the Congo from Belgium

1-Jul-60 Somalia from the Italian-administered UN trusteeship1-Aug-60 Benin from France3-Aug-60 Niger from France5-Aug-60 Burkina Faso from France7-Aug-60 Cocircte dIvoire from France

11-Aug-60 Chad from France13-Aug-60 Central African Republic from France15-Aug-60 Republic of the Congo from France17-Aug-60 Gabon from France22-Sep-60 Mali from France

1-Oct-60 Nigeria from UK28-Nov-60 Mauritania from France27-Apr-61 Sierra Leone from UK19-Jun-61 Kuwait from UK

1-Jan-62 Samoa from New Zealand-administered UN trusteeship1-Jul-62 Burundi from UN trusteeship under Belgian administration1-Jul-62 Rwanda from Belgium-administered UN trusteeship5-Jul-62 Algeria from France

6-Aug-62 Jamaica from UK31-Aug-62 Trinidad and Tobago from UK

9-Oct-62 Uganda from UK12-Dec-63 Kenya from UK26-Apr-64 Tanzania from UK-administered UN trusteeship

6-Jul-64 Malawi from UK21-Sep-64 Malta from UK24-Oct-64 Zambia from UK18-Feb-65 The Gambia from UK26-Jul-65 Maldives from UK9-Aug-65 Singapore from Malaysian Federation

Date Country Notes26-May-66 Guyana from UK30-Sep-66 Botswana from UK

4-Oct-66 Lesotho from UK30-Nov-66 Barbados from UK30-Nov-67 South Yemen from UK31-Jan-68 Nauru from Australia-NZ-UK-administered UN trusteeship

12-Mar-68 Mauritius from UK6-Sep-68 Swaziland from UK

12-Oct-68 Equatorial Guinea from Spain4-Jun-70 Tonga from UK protectorate

10-Oct-70 Fiji from UK15-Aug-71 Bahrain from UK

3-Sep-71 Qatar from UK2-Dec-71 United Arab Emirates from UK

16-Dec-71 Bangladesh from Pakistan10-Jul-73 The Bahamas from UK

24-Sep-73 Guinea-Bissau declared independence from Portugal7-Feb-74 Grenada from UK

19-Oct-74 Niue in free association with New Zealand25-Jun-75 Mozambique from Portugal

5-Jul-75 Cape Verde from Portugal6-Jul-75 Comoros from France

12-Jul-75 Satildeo Tomeacute and Principe from Portugal16-Sep-75 Papua New Guinea from the Australian-administered UN trusteeship11-Nov-75 Angola from Portugal25-Nov-75 Suriname from Netherlands27-Feb-76 Western Sahara from Spain29-Jun-76 Seychelles from UK27-Jun-77 Djibouti from France

7-Jul-78 Solomon Islands from UK1-Oct-78 Tuvalu from UK

3-Nov-78 Dominica from UK22-Feb-79 Saint Lucia from UK12-Jul-79 Kiribati from UK

27-Oct-79 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines from UK18-Apr-80 Zimbabwe from UK30-Jul-80 Vanuatu from France and UK

21-Sep-81 Belize from UK1-Nov-81 Antigua and Barbuda from UK

19-Sep-83 Saint Kitts and Nevis from UK1-Jan-84 Brunei from UK

21-Oct-86 Marshall Islands from the US-administered UN trusteeship 3-Nov-86 Federated States of Micronesia from the US-administered UN trusteeship

21-Mar-90 Namibia from South Africa24-May-93 Eritrea from Ethiopia

1-Oct-94 Palau from the US-administered UN trusteeship

Dates of recent independence of developing countries

Early dates of independence of South American countries

Date Country Notes1 January 1804 Haiti from France25 May 1810 Argentina from Spain20 July 1810 Colombia from Spain16 September 1810 Mexico from Spain18 September 1810 Chile from Spain14 May 1811 Paraguay from Spain5 July 1811 Venezuela from Spain28 July 1821 Peru from Spain15 September 1821 Costa Rica from Spain15 September 1821 El Salvador from Spain15 September 1821 Guatemala from Spain15 September 1821 Honduras from Spain15 September 1821 Nicaragua from Spain28 November 1821 Panama from Spain24 May 1822 Ecuador from Spain7 September 1822 Brazil from Portugal6 August 1825 Bolivia from Spain25 August 1825 Uruguay from Brazil

(v) Inept-leadership explanations

ldquoAfrican leaders themselves have also failed the resource-rich continent They continue to unscrupulously harp on historical injustices to cover up for their political and economic mess that are [sic] a sad manifestation of their suppression of democratic governance Corrupt and inefficient management of economies greed power hunger disrespect for human rights cronyism among other vices have contributed to the underdevelopment of Africa todayrdquo- Charles Mangongera lsquoShould We Continue to Blame Colonialismrsquo Financial Gazette (Harare Zimbabwe) September 19 2002

ldquoA district our size should have a much better soccer field but the money was pocketed There is corruption at all levels Itrsquos a top-down problemrdquo- Unemployed 27-yr-old Sidhinhyo Morongulos Mozambique April 2004

Evolution of Corruption by Regions of the World 1984-1999

Source Lederman D Loayza N and Soares RR (2001)

ldquoWho has the most to gain from corruption

(or the most to lose from ending it)rdquo

(vi) Psychological explanations

ldquoThere exists among us a strong feeling of inferiority [hellip which] comes from our awareness of past [whiteEuropean] oppressionrdquo- Anonymous fisherman northern Mozambique April 2004

(vii) Neocolonial explanations

ldquoWe were told and accepted that our poverty was caused by our poverty in the now famous theory of the lsquovicious circle of povertyrsquo and we went round in circles seeking ways and means of breaking that circle Had we asked the [right] questions we would not have exposed our economies to the ruthless plunder brought about by lsquoforeign investmentsrsquo which the exponents of the vicious circle theory urged us to do For it is clear foreign investment is the cause and not a solution to our economic backwardnessrdquo- Former Tanzanian minister AM Babu In Walter Rodney (1965) How Europe underdeveloped Africa page 312

Economies are like fires

5 The link with Sustainability

Earthrsquos ecologically productive surface asymp 2142109 hectares

Per-capita surface required to support American lifestyle

asymp 957 hectares

Acreage required to support worldwide American standards of living

asymp 3 Earths

Global population on July 10th 2010 asymp 6 795 329 623

Neocolonial explanations for persistent 21st-century poverty

Present American standards of living for the entire global populace are a physical impossibility

Fact

Cartograms illustrating (a) country-level wood and paper imports (by volume) for the year 2000 (b) country-level net forest loss between 1990 and 2000

(a) (b)

Flo

ws

of r

aw m

ater

ial a

nd fu

el

the case for greater

global equality

almost everyone stands to gain

httpwwwrealfutureorgthe tide is on Our side

3 Why are some countries rich and others poor

ldquoWhy are some countries rich and others poorrdquo

Summary of interviews conducted between February 2002 and June 2006

Continent Country Month(s) year(s)

Number of Interviews

Mozambique May-03 10Namibia Jul-04 14South Africa Jul-04 5Bangladesh Jun-02 3Cambodia Jul-02 3

Jun 2002Jul-02

Myanmar (Burma)

Jun-02 7

Jan 2002-

Jun-02Thailand Jul-02 2Tibet (China) Feb-02 6Turkey Mar-06 8Belgium Sep-02 1Bulgaria Mar-06 1

Aug 2002Aug-06

Dec 2004Jul-05

Germany Aug-06 6Hungary Mar-06 2Netherlands the Aug-04 3Norway Jul-06 5Romania Mar-06 1Sweden Jul-06 1

Europe

Denmark 3

France 2

Africa

Asia

India 11

Nepal 19

Continent Country Month(s) year(s)

Number of Interviews

Sep 2002-Jun-06

Aug 2002Aug-06

Mexico Jun-04 4Sep 2002-

Jun-06Aug 2003

Aug-Sep 2004

Aug-05New Zealand Aug-05 4

United States 108

Oceania Australia 28

Canada 3

Greenland 8

North America

Categories of responses

Categories of responses

Categories of responses

(i) Evolutionary explanations

ldquohellip because some people are clever and others are stupidrdquo- Anonymous white South African of Boer ancestry Hazyview South Africa July 2004

ldquoThe idea that some populations are more energetic than others [hellip] perhaps deserves some considerationrdquo- JP Cole (1979) The Development Gap page 111

Categories of responses

Categories of responses

(ii) Culturalsocietal explanations

ldquo the explanations offered for the contrasting records in growth have most often focused on institutions and highlighted the variation across societies in conditions relevant to growth such as the security of property rights prevalence of corruption structures of the financial sector investment in public infrastructure and social capital and the inclination to work hard or be entrepreneurialrdquo- Sokoloff amp Engerman (2000) page 218

GDPcapita relative to US in selected New World economies 1700-1997

Source Sokoloff and Engermann (2000)

Categories of responses

(iii) Environmental explanations

ldquoThese areas were settled because the climate was similar to that of Europerdquo

- Prof Wolfram Latsch personal communication April 2004

ldquoI think that tropical diseases are largely to blamerdquo- Prof Roger Buick North Pole Australia August 2004

Koppen classification climatic zones

(iv) Historical explanations

ldquoEuropean countries have been around for a long time We are young We just simply need time to catch uprdquo- Nxobo Masika Johannesburg South Africa March 2004

Date Country Notes19-Jul-49 Laos from France8-Aug-49 Bhutan from India

24-Dec-51 Libya from Italy9-Nov-53 Cambodia from France1-Jan-56 Sudan from Egypt and UK

2-Mar-56 Morocco from France and Spain20-Mar-56 Tunisia from France6-Mar-57 Ghana from UK

31-Aug-57 Malaysia from UK2-Oct-58 Guinea from France1-Jan-60 Cameroon from French-administered UN trusteeship4-Apr-60 Senegal from France

27-Apr-60 Togo from French-administered UN trusteeship26-Jun-60 Madagascar from France26-Jun-60 Somalia from the UK30-Jun-60 Democratic Republic of the Congo from Belgium

1-Jul-60 Somalia from the Italian-administered UN trusteeship1-Aug-60 Benin from France3-Aug-60 Niger from France5-Aug-60 Burkina Faso from France7-Aug-60 Cocircte dIvoire from France

11-Aug-60 Chad from France13-Aug-60 Central African Republic from France15-Aug-60 Republic of the Congo from France17-Aug-60 Gabon from France22-Sep-60 Mali from France

1-Oct-60 Nigeria from UK28-Nov-60 Mauritania from France27-Apr-61 Sierra Leone from UK19-Jun-61 Kuwait from UK

1-Jan-62 Samoa from New Zealand-administered UN trusteeship1-Jul-62 Burundi from UN trusteeship under Belgian administration1-Jul-62 Rwanda from Belgium-administered UN trusteeship5-Jul-62 Algeria from France

6-Aug-62 Jamaica from UK31-Aug-62 Trinidad and Tobago from UK

9-Oct-62 Uganda from UK12-Dec-63 Kenya from UK26-Apr-64 Tanzania from UK-administered UN trusteeship

6-Jul-64 Malawi from UK21-Sep-64 Malta from UK24-Oct-64 Zambia from UK18-Feb-65 The Gambia from UK26-Jul-65 Maldives from UK9-Aug-65 Singapore from Malaysian Federation

Date Country Notes26-May-66 Guyana from UK30-Sep-66 Botswana from UK

4-Oct-66 Lesotho from UK30-Nov-66 Barbados from UK30-Nov-67 South Yemen from UK31-Jan-68 Nauru from Australia-NZ-UK-administered UN trusteeship

12-Mar-68 Mauritius from UK6-Sep-68 Swaziland from UK

12-Oct-68 Equatorial Guinea from Spain4-Jun-70 Tonga from UK protectorate

10-Oct-70 Fiji from UK15-Aug-71 Bahrain from UK

3-Sep-71 Qatar from UK2-Dec-71 United Arab Emirates from UK

16-Dec-71 Bangladesh from Pakistan10-Jul-73 The Bahamas from UK

24-Sep-73 Guinea-Bissau declared independence from Portugal7-Feb-74 Grenada from UK

19-Oct-74 Niue in free association with New Zealand25-Jun-75 Mozambique from Portugal

5-Jul-75 Cape Verde from Portugal6-Jul-75 Comoros from France

12-Jul-75 Satildeo Tomeacute and Principe from Portugal16-Sep-75 Papua New Guinea from the Australian-administered UN trusteeship11-Nov-75 Angola from Portugal25-Nov-75 Suriname from Netherlands27-Feb-76 Western Sahara from Spain29-Jun-76 Seychelles from UK27-Jun-77 Djibouti from France

7-Jul-78 Solomon Islands from UK1-Oct-78 Tuvalu from UK

3-Nov-78 Dominica from UK22-Feb-79 Saint Lucia from UK12-Jul-79 Kiribati from UK

27-Oct-79 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines from UK18-Apr-80 Zimbabwe from UK30-Jul-80 Vanuatu from France and UK

21-Sep-81 Belize from UK1-Nov-81 Antigua and Barbuda from UK

19-Sep-83 Saint Kitts and Nevis from UK1-Jan-84 Brunei from UK

21-Oct-86 Marshall Islands from the US-administered UN trusteeship 3-Nov-86 Federated States of Micronesia from the US-administered UN trusteeship

21-Mar-90 Namibia from South Africa24-May-93 Eritrea from Ethiopia

1-Oct-94 Palau from the US-administered UN trusteeship

Dates of recent independence of developing countries

Early dates of independence of South American countries

Date Country Notes1 January 1804 Haiti from France25 May 1810 Argentina from Spain20 July 1810 Colombia from Spain16 September 1810 Mexico from Spain18 September 1810 Chile from Spain14 May 1811 Paraguay from Spain5 July 1811 Venezuela from Spain28 July 1821 Peru from Spain15 September 1821 Costa Rica from Spain15 September 1821 El Salvador from Spain15 September 1821 Guatemala from Spain15 September 1821 Honduras from Spain15 September 1821 Nicaragua from Spain28 November 1821 Panama from Spain24 May 1822 Ecuador from Spain7 September 1822 Brazil from Portugal6 August 1825 Bolivia from Spain25 August 1825 Uruguay from Brazil

(v) Inept-leadership explanations

ldquoAfrican leaders themselves have also failed the resource-rich continent They continue to unscrupulously harp on historical injustices to cover up for their political and economic mess that are [sic] a sad manifestation of their suppression of democratic governance Corrupt and inefficient management of economies greed power hunger disrespect for human rights cronyism among other vices have contributed to the underdevelopment of Africa todayrdquo- Charles Mangongera lsquoShould We Continue to Blame Colonialismrsquo Financial Gazette (Harare Zimbabwe) September 19 2002

ldquoA district our size should have a much better soccer field but the money was pocketed There is corruption at all levels Itrsquos a top-down problemrdquo- Unemployed 27-yr-old Sidhinhyo Morongulos Mozambique April 2004

Evolution of Corruption by Regions of the World 1984-1999

Source Lederman D Loayza N and Soares RR (2001)

ldquoWho has the most to gain from corruption

(or the most to lose from ending it)rdquo

(vi) Psychological explanations

ldquoThere exists among us a strong feeling of inferiority [hellip which] comes from our awareness of past [whiteEuropean] oppressionrdquo- Anonymous fisherman northern Mozambique April 2004

(vii) Neocolonial explanations

ldquoWe were told and accepted that our poverty was caused by our poverty in the now famous theory of the lsquovicious circle of povertyrsquo and we went round in circles seeking ways and means of breaking that circle Had we asked the [right] questions we would not have exposed our economies to the ruthless plunder brought about by lsquoforeign investmentsrsquo which the exponents of the vicious circle theory urged us to do For it is clear foreign investment is the cause and not a solution to our economic backwardnessrdquo- Former Tanzanian minister AM Babu In Walter Rodney (1965) How Europe underdeveloped Africa page 312

Economies are like fires

5 The link with Sustainability

Earthrsquos ecologically productive surface asymp 2142109 hectares

Per-capita surface required to support American lifestyle

asymp 957 hectares

Acreage required to support worldwide American standards of living

asymp 3 Earths

Global population on July 10th 2010 asymp 6 795 329 623

Neocolonial explanations for persistent 21st-century poverty

Present American standards of living for the entire global populace are a physical impossibility

Fact

Cartograms illustrating (a) country-level wood and paper imports (by volume) for the year 2000 (b) country-level net forest loss between 1990 and 2000

(a) (b)

Flo

ws

of r

aw m

ater

ial a

nd fu

el

the case for greater

global equality

almost everyone stands to gain

httpwwwrealfutureorgthe tide is on Our side

ldquoWhy are some countries rich and others poorrdquo

Summary of interviews conducted between February 2002 and June 2006

Continent Country Month(s) year(s)

Number of Interviews

Mozambique May-03 10Namibia Jul-04 14South Africa Jul-04 5Bangladesh Jun-02 3Cambodia Jul-02 3

Jun 2002Jul-02

Myanmar (Burma)

Jun-02 7

Jan 2002-

Jun-02Thailand Jul-02 2Tibet (China) Feb-02 6Turkey Mar-06 8Belgium Sep-02 1Bulgaria Mar-06 1

Aug 2002Aug-06

Dec 2004Jul-05

Germany Aug-06 6Hungary Mar-06 2Netherlands the Aug-04 3Norway Jul-06 5Romania Mar-06 1Sweden Jul-06 1

Europe

Denmark 3

France 2

Africa

Asia

India 11

Nepal 19

Continent Country Month(s) year(s)

Number of Interviews

Sep 2002-Jun-06

Aug 2002Aug-06

Mexico Jun-04 4Sep 2002-

Jun-06Aug 2003

Aug-Sep 2004

Aug-05New Zealand Aug-05 4

United States 108

Oceania Australia 28

Canada 3

Greenland 8

North America

Categories of responses

Categories of responses

Categories of responses

(i) Evolutionary explanations

ldquohellip because some people are clever and others are stupidrdquo- Anonymous white South African of Boer ancestry Hazyview South Africa July 2004

ldquoThe idea that some populations are more energetic than others [hellip] perhaps deserves some considerationrdquo- JP Cole (1979) The Development Gap page 111

Categories of responses

Categories of responses

(ii) Culturalsocietal explanations

ldquo the explanations offered for the contrasting records in growth have most often focused on institutions and highlighted the variation across societies in conditions relevant to growth such as the security of property rights prevalence of corruption structures of the financial sector investment in public infrastructure and social capital and the inclination to work hard or be entrepreneurialrdquo- Sokoloff amp Engerman (2000) page 218

GDPcapita relative to US in selected New World economies 1700-1997

Source Sokoloff and Engermann (2000)

Categories of responses

(iii) Environmental explanations

ldquoThese areas were settled because the climate was similar to that of Europerdquo

- Prof Wolfram Latsch personal communication April 2004

ldquoI think that tropical diseases are largely to blamerdquo- Prof Roger Buick North Pole Australia August 2004

Koppen classification climatic zones

(iv) Historical explanations

ldquoEuropean countries have been around for a long time We are young We just simply need time to catch uprdquo- Nxobo Masika Johannesburg South Africa March 2004

Date Country Notes19-Jul-49 Laos from France8-Aug-49 Bhutan from India

24-Dec-51 Libya from Italy9-Nov-53 Cambodia from France1-Jan-56 Sudan from Egypt and UK

2-Mar-56 Morocco from France and Spain20-Mar-56 Tunisia from France6-Mar-57 Ghana from UK

31-Aug-57 Malaysia from UK2-Oct-58 Guinea from France1-Jan-60 Cameroon from French-administered UN trusteeship4-Apr-60 Senegal from France

27-Apr-60 Togo from French-administered UN trusteeship26-Jun-60 Madagascar from France26-Jun-60 Somalia from the UK30-Jun-60 Democratic Republic of the Congo from Belgium

1-Jul-60 Somalia from the Italian-administered UN trusteeship1-Aug-60 Benin from France3-Aug-60 Niger from France5-Aug-60 Burkina Faso from France7-Aug-60 Cocircte dIvoire from France

11-Aug-60 Chad from France13-Aug-60 Central African Republic from France15-Aug-60 Republic of the Congo from France17-Aug-60 Gabon from France22-Sep-60 Mali from France

1-Oct-60 Nigeria from UK28-Nov-60 Mauritania from France27-Apr-61 Sierra Leone from UK19-Jun-61 Kuwait from UK

1-Jan-62 Samoa from New Zealand-administered UN trusteeship1-Jul-62 Burundi from UN trusteeship under Belgian administration1-Jul-62 Rwanda from Belgium-administered UN trusteeship5-Jul-62 Algeria from France

6-Aug-62 Jamaica from UK31-Aug-62 Trinidad and Tobago from UK

9-Oct-62 Uganda from UK12-Dec-63 Kenya from UK26-Apr-64 Tanzania from UK-administered UN trusteeship

6-Jul-64 Malawi from UK21-Sep-64 Malta from UK24-Oct-64 Zambia from UK18-Feb-65 The Gambia from UK26-Jul-65 Maldives from UK9-Aug-65 Singapore from Malaysian Federation

Date Country Notes26-May-66 Guyana from UK30-Sep-66 Botswana from UK

4-Oct-66 Lesotho from UK30-Nov-66 Barbados from UK30-Nov-67 South Yemen from UK31-Jan-68 Nauru from Australia-NZ-UK-administered UN trusteeship

12-Mar-68 Mauritius from UK6-Sep-68 Swaziland from UK

12-Oct-68 Equatorial Guinea from Spain4-Jun-70 Tonga from UK protectorate

10-Oct-70 Fiji from UK15-Aug-71 Bahrain from UK

3-Sep-71 Qatar from UK2-Dec-71 United Arab Emirates from UK

16-Dec-71 Bangladesh from Pakistan10-Jul-73 The Bahamas from UK

24-Sep-73 Guinea-Bissau declared independence from Portugal7-Feb-74 Grenada from UK

19-Oct-74 Niue in free association with New Zealand25-Jun-75 Mozambique from Portugal

5-Jul-75 Cape Verde from Portugal6-Jul-75 Comoros from France

12-Jul-75 Satildeo Tomeacute and Principe from Portugal16-Sep-75 Papua New Guinea from the Australian-administered UN trusteeship11-Nov-75 Angola from Portugal25-Nov-75 Suriname from Netherlands27-Feb-76 Western Sahara from Spain29-Jun-76 Seychelles from UK27-Jun-77 Djibouti from France

7-Jul-78 Solomon Islands from UK1-Oct-78 Tuvalu from UK

3-Nov-78 Dominica from UK22-Feb-79 Saint Lucia from UK12-Jul-79 Kiribati from UK

27-Oct-79 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines from UK18-Apr-80 Zimbabwe from UK30-Jul-80 Vanuatu from France and UK

21-Sep-81 Belize from UK1-Nov-81 Antigua and Barbuda from UK

19-Sep-83 Saint Kitts and Nevis from UK1-Jan-84 Brunei from UK

21-Oct-86 Marshall Islands from the US-administered UN trusteeship 3-Nov-86 Federated States of Micronesia from the US-administered UN trusteeship

21-Mar-90 Namibia from South Africa24-May-93 Eritrea from Ethiopia

1-Oct-94 Palau from the US-administered UN trusteeship

Dates of recent independence of developing countries

Early dates of independence of South American countries

Date Country Notes1 January 1804 Haiti from France25 May 1810 Argentina from Spain20 July 1810 Colombia from Spain16 September 1810 Mexico from Spain18 September 1810 Chile from Spain14 May 1811 Paraguay from Spain5 July 1811 Venezuela from Spain28 July 1821 Peru from Spain15 September 1821 Costa Rica from Spain15 September 1821 El Salvador from Spain15 September 1821 Guatemala from Spain15 September 1821 Honduras from Spain15 September 1821 Nicaragua from Spain28 November 1821 Panama from Spain24 May 1822 Ecuador from Spain7 September 1822 Brazil from Portugal6 August 1825 Bolivia from Spain25 August 1825 Uruguay from Brazil

(v) Inept-leadership explanations

ldquoAfrican leaders themselves have also failed the resource-rich continent They continue to unscrupulously harp on historical injustices to cover up for their political and economic mess that are [sic] a sad manifestation of their suppression of democratic governance Corrupt and inefficient management of economies greed power hunger disrespect for human rights cronyism among other vices have contributed to the underdevelopment of Africa todayrdquo- Charles Mangongera lsquoShould We Continue to Blame Colonialismrsquo Financial Gazette (Harare Zimbabwe) September 19 2002

ldquoA district our size should have a much better soccer field but the money was pocketed There is corruption at all levels Itrsquos a top-down problemrdquo- Unemployed 27-yr-old Sidhinhyo Morongulos Mozambique April 2004

Evolution of Corruption by Regions of the World 1984-1999

Source Lederman D Loayza N and Soares RR (2001)

ldquoWho has the most to gain from corruption

(or the most to lose from ending it)rdquo

(vi) Psychological explanations

ldquoThere exists among us a strong feeling of inferiority [hellip which] comes from our awareness of past [whiteEuropean] oppressionrdquo- Anonymous fisherman northern Mozambique April 2004

(vii) Neocolonial explanations

ldquoWe were told and accepted that our poverty was caused by our poverty in the now famous theory of the lsquovicious circle of povertyrsquo and we went round in circles seeking ways and means of breaking that circle Had we asked the [right] questions we would not have exposed our economies to the ruthless plunder brought about by lsquoforeign investmentsrsquo which the exponents of the vicious circle theory urged us to do For it is clear foreign investment is the cause and not a solution to our economic backwardnessrdquo- Former Tanzanian minister AM Babu In Walter Rodney (1965) How Europe underdeveloped Africa page 312

Economies are like fires

5 The link with Sustainability

Earthrsquos ecologically productive surface asymp 2142109 hectares

Per-capita surface required to support American lifestyle

asymp 957 hectares

Acreage required to support worldwide American standards of living

asymp 3 Earths

Global population on July 10th 2010 asymp 6 795 329 623

Neocolonial explanations for persistent 21st-century poverty

Present American standards of living for the entire global populace are a physical impossibility

Fact

Cartograms illustrating (a) country-level wood and paper imports (by volume) for the year 2000 (b) country-level net forest loss between 1990 and 2000

(a) (b)

Flo

ws

of r

aw m

ater

ial a

nd fu

el

the case for greater

global equality

almost everyone stands to gain

httpwwwrealfutureorgthe tide is on Our side

Categories of responses

Categories of responses

Categories of responses

(i) Evolutionary explanations

ldquohellip because some people are clever and others are stupidrdquo- Anonymous white South African of Boer ancestry Hazyview South Africa July 2004

ldquoThe idea that some populations are more energetic than others [hellip] perhaps deserves some considerationrdquo- JP Cole (1979) The Development Gap page 111

Categories of responses

Categories of responses

(ii) Culturalsocietal explanations

ldquo the explanations offered for the contrasting records in growth have most often focused on institutions and highlighted the variation across societies in conditions relevant to growth such as the security of property rights prevalence of corruption structures of the financial sector investment in public infrastructure and social capital and the inclination to work hard or be entrepreneurialrdquo- Sokoloff amp Engerman (2000) page 218

GDPcapita relative to US in selected New World economies 1700-1997

Source Sokoloff and Engermann (2000)

Categories of responses

(iii) Environmental explanations

ldquoThese areas were settled because the climate was similar to that of Europerdquo

- Prof Wolfram Latsch personal communication April 2004

ldquoI think that tropical diseases are largely to blamerdquo- Prof Roger Buick North Pole Australia August 2004

Koppen classification climatic zones

(iv) Historical explanations

ldquoEuropean countries have been around for a long time We are young We just simply need time to catch uprdquo- Nxobo Masika Johannesburg South Africa March 2004

Date Country Notes19-Jul-49 Laos from France8-Aug-49 Bhutan from India

24-Dec-51 Libya from Italy9-Nov-53 Cambodia from France1-Jan-56 Sudan from Egypt and UK

2-Mar-56 Morocco from France and Spain20-Mar-56 Tunisia from France6-Mar-57 Ghana from UK

31-Aug-57 Malaysia from UK2-Oct-58 Guinea from France1-Jan-60 Cameroon from French-administered UN trusteeship4-Apr-60 Senegal from France

27-Apr-60 Togo from French-administered UN trusteeship26-Jun-60 Madagascar from France26-Jun-60 Somalia from the UK30-Jun-60 Democratic Republic of the Congo from Belgium

1-Jul-60 Somalia from the Italian-administered UN trusteeship1-Aug-60 Benin from France3-Aug-60 Niger from France5-Aug-60 Burkina Faso from France7-Aug-60 Cocircte dIvoire from France

11-Aug-60 Chad from France13-Aug-60 Central African Republic from France15-Aug-60 Republic of the Congo from France17-Aug-60 Gabon from France22-Sep-60 Mali from France

1-Oct-60 Nigeria from UK28-Nov-60 Mauritania from France27-Apr-61 Sierra Leone from UK19-Jun-61 Kuwait from UK

1-Jan-62 Samoa from New Zealand-administered UN trusteeship1-Jul-62 Burundi from UN trusteeship under Belgian administration1-Jul-62 Rwanda from Belgium-administered UN trusteeship5-Jul-62 Algeria from France

6-Aug-62 Jamaica from UK31-Aug-62 Trinidad and Tobago from UK

9-Oct-62 Uganda from UK12-Dec-63 Kenya from UK26-Apr-64 Tanzania from UK-administered UN trusteeship

6-Jul-64 Malawi from UK21-Sep-64 Malta from UK24-Oct-64 Zambia from UK18-Feb-65 The Gambia from UK26-Jul-65 Maldives from UK9-Aug-65 Singapore from Malaysian Federation

Date Country Notes26-May-66 Guyana from UK30-Sep-66 Botswana from UK

4-Oct-66 Lesotho from UK30-Nov-66 Barbados from UK30-Nov-67 South Yemen from UK31-Jan-68 Nauru from Australia-NZ-UK-administered UN trusteeship

12-Mar-68 Mauritius from UK6-Sep-68 Swaziland from UK

12-Oct-68 Equatorial Guinea from Spain4-Jun-70 Tonga from UK protectorate

10-Oct-70 Fiji from UK15-Aug-71 Bahrain from UK

3-Sep-71 Qatar from UK2-Dec-71 United Arab Emirates from UK

16-Dec-71 Bangladesh from Pakistan10-Jul-73 The Bahamas from UK

24-Sep-73 Guinea-Bissau declared independence from Portugal7-Feb-74 Grenada from UK

19-Oct-74 Niue in free association with New Zealand25-Jun-75 Mozambique from Portugal

5-Jul-75 Cape Verde from Portugal6-Jul-75 Comoros from France

12-Jul-75 Satildeo Tomeacute and Principe from Portugal16-Sep-75 Papua New Guinea from the Australian-administered UN trusteeship11-Nov-75 Angola from Portugal25-Nov-75 Suriname from Netherlands27-Feb-76 Western Sahara from Spain29-Jun-76 Seychelles from UK27-Jun-77 Djibouti from France

7-Jul-78 Solomon Islands from UK1-Oct-78 Tuvalu from UK

3-Nov-78 Dominica from UK22-Feb-79 Saint Lucia from UK12-Jul-79 Kiribati from UK

27-Oct-79 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines from UK18-Apr-80 Zimbabwe from UK30-Jul-80 Vanuatu from France and UK

21-Sep-81 Belize from UK1-Nov-81 Antigua and Barbuda from UK

19-Sep-83 Saint Kitts and Nevis from UK1-Jan-84 Brunei from UK

21-Oct-86 Marshall Islands from the US-administered UN trusteeship 3-Nov-86 Federated States of Micronesia from the US-administered UN trusteeship

21-Mar-90 Namibia from South Africa24-May-93 Eritrea from Ethiopia

1-Oct-94 Palau from the US-administered UN trusteeship

Dates of recent independence of developing countries

Early dates of independence of South American countries

Date Country Notes1 January 1804 Haiti from France25 May 1810 Argentina from Spain20 July 1810 Colombia from Spain16 September 1810 Mexico from Spain18 September 1810 Chile from Spain14 May 1811 Paraguay from Spain5 July 1811 Venezuela from Spain28 July 1821 Peru from Spain15 September 1821 Costa Rica from Spain15 September 1821 El Salvador from Spain15 September 1821 Guatemala from Spain15 September 1821 Honduras from Spain15 September 1821 Nicaragua from Spain28 November 1821 Panama from Spain24 May 1822 Ecuador from Spain7 September 1822 Brazil from Portugal6 August 1825 Bolivia from Spain25 August 1825 Uruguay from Brazil

(v) Inept-leadership explanations

ldquoAfrican leaders themselves have also failed the resource-rich continent They continue to unscrupulously harp on historical injustices to cover up for their political and economic mess that are [sic] a sad manifestation of their suppression of democratic governance Corrupt and inefficient management of economies greed power hunger disrespect for human rights cronyism among other vices have contributed to the underdevelopment of Africa todayrdquo- Charles Mangongera lsquoShould We Continue to Blame Colonialismrsquo Financial Gazette (Harare Zimbabwe) September 19 2002

ldquoA district our size should have a much better soccer field but the money was pocketed There is corruption at all levels Itrsquos a top-down problemrdquo- Unemployed 27-yr-old Sidhinhyo Morongulos Mozambique April 2004

Evolution of Corruption by Regions of the World 1984-1999

Source Lederman D Loayza N and Soares RR (2001)

ldquoWho has the most to gain from corruption

(or the most to lose from ending it)rdquo

(vi) Psychological explanations

ldquoThere exists among us a strong feeling of inferiority [hellip which] comes from our awareness of past [whiteEuropean] oppressionrdquo- Anonymous fisherman northern Mozambique April 2004

(vii) Neocolonial explanations

ldquoWe were told and accepted that our poverty was caused by our poverty in the now famous theory of the lsquovicious circle of povertyrsquo and we went round in circles seeking ways and means of breaking that circle Had we asked the [right] questions we would not have exposed our economies to the ruthless plunder brought about by lsquoforeign investmentsrsquo which the exponents of the vicious circle theory urged us to do For it is clear foreign investment is the cause and not a solution to our economic backwardnessrdquo- Former Tanzanian minister AM Babu In Walter Rodney (1965) How Europe underdeveloped Africa page 312

Economies are like fires

5 The link with Sustainability

Earthrsquos ecologically productive surface asymp 2142109 hectares

Per-capita surface required to support American lifestyle

asymp 957 hectares

Acreage required to support worldwide American standards of living

asymp 3 Earths

Global population on July 10th 2010 asymp 6 795 329 623

Neocolonial explanations for persistent 21st-century poverty

Present American standards of living for the entire global populace are a physical impossibility

Fact

Cartograms illustrating (a) country-level wood and paper imports (by volume) for the year 2000 (b) country-level net forest loss between 1990 and 2000

(a) (b)

Flo

ws

of r

aw m

ater

ial a

nd fu

el

the case for greater

global equality

almost everyone stands to gain

httpwwwrealfutureorgthe tide is on Our side

Categories of responses

Categories of responses

(i) Evolutionary explanations

ldquohellip because some people are clever and others are stupidrdquo- Anonymous white South African of Boer ancestry Hazyview South Africa July 2004

ldquoThe idea that some populations are more energetic than others [hellip] perhaps deserves some considerationrdquo- JP Cole (1979) The Development Gap page 111

Categories of responses

Categories of responses

(ii) Culturalsocietal explanations

ldquo the explanations offered for the contrasting records in growth have most often focused on institutions and highlighted the variation across societies in conditions relevant to growth such as the security of property rights prevalence of corruption structures of the financial sector investment in public infrastructure and social capital and the inclination to work hard or be entrepreneurialrdquo- Sokoloff amp Engerman (2000) page 218

GDPcapita relative to US in selected New World economies 1700-1997

Source Sokoloff and Engermann (2000)

Categories of responses

(iii) Environmental explanations

ldquoThese areas were settled because the climate was similar to that of Europerdquo

- Prof Wolfram Latsch personal communication April 2004

ldquoI think that tropical diseases are largely to blamerdquo- Prof Roger Buick North Pole Australia August 2004

Koppen classification climatic zones

(iv) Historical explanations

ldquoEuropean countries have been around for a long time We are young We just simply need time to catch uprdquo- Nxobo Masika Johannesburg South Africa March 2004

Date Country Notes19-Jul-49 Laos from France8-Aug-49 Bhutan from India

24-Dec-51 Libya from Italy9-Nov-53 Cambodia from France1-Jan-56 Sudan from Egypt and UK

2-Mar-56 Morocco from France and Spain20-Mar-56 Tunisia from France6-Mar-57 Ghana from UK

31-Aug-57 Malaysia from UK2-Oct-58 Guinea from France1-Jan-60 Cameroon from French-administered UN trusteeship4-Apr-60 Senegal from France

27-Apr-60 Togo from French-administered UN trusteeship26-Jun-60 Madagascar from France26-Jun-60 Somalia from the UK30-Jun-60 Democratic Republic of the Congo from Belgium

1-Jul-60 Somalia from the Italian-administered UN trusteeship1-Aug-60 Benin from France3-Aug-60 Niger from France5-Aug-60 Burkina Faso from France7-Aug-60 Cocircte dIvoire from France

11-Aug-60 Chad from France13-Aug-60 Central African Republic from France15-Aug-60 Republic of the Congo from France17-Aug-60 Gabon from France22-Sep-60 Mali from France

1-Oct-60 Nigeria from UK28-Nov-60 Mauritania from France27-Apr-61 Sierra Leone from UK19-Jun-61 Kuwait from UK

1-Jan-62 Samoa from New Zealand-administered UN trusteeship1-Jul-62 Burundi from UN trusteeship under Belgian administration1-Jul-62 Rwanda from Belgium-administered UN trusteeship5-Jul-62 Algeria from France

6-Aug-62 Jamaica from UK31-Aug-62 Trinidad and Tobago from UK

9-Oct-62 Uganda from UK12-Dec-63 Kenya from UK26-Apr-64 Tanzania from UK-administered UN trusteeship

6-Jul-64 Malawi from UK21-Sep-64 Malta from UK24-Oct-64 Zambia from UK18-Feb-65 The Gambia from UK26-Jul-65 Maldives from UK9-Aug-65 Singapore from Malaysian Federation

Date Country Notes26-May-66 Guyana from UK30-Sep-66 Botswana from UK

4-Oct-66 Lesotho from UK30-Nov-66 Barbados from UK30-Nov-67 South Yemen from UK31-Jan-68 Nauru from Australia-NZ-UK-administered UN trusteeship

12-Mar-68 Mauritius from UK6-Sep-68 Swaziland from UK

12-Oct-68 Equatorial Guinea from Spain4-Jun-70 Tonga from UK protectorate

10-Oct-70 Fiji from UK15-Aug-71 Bahrain from UK

3-Sep-71 Qatar from UK2-Dec-71 United Arab Emirates from UK

16-Dec-71 Bangladesh from Pakistan10-Jul-73 The Bahamas from UK

24-Sep-73 Guinea-Bissau declared independence from Portugal7-Feb-74 Grenada from UK

19-Oct-74 Niue in free association with New Zealand25-Jun-75 Mozambique from Portugal

5-Jul-75 Cape Verde from Portugal6-Jul-75 Comoros from France

12-Jul-75 Satildeo Tomeacute and Principe from Portugal16-Sep-75 Papua New Guinea from the Australian-administered UN trusteeship11-Nov-75 Angola from Portugal25-Nov-75 Suriname from Netherlands27-Feb-76 Western Sahara from Spain29-Jun-76 Seychelles from UK27-Jun-77 Djibouti from France

7-Jul-78 Solomon Islands from UK1-Oct-78 Tuvalu from UK

3-Nov-78 Dominica from UK22-Feb-79 Saint Lucia from UK12-Jul-79 Kiribati from UK

27-Oct-79 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines from UK18-Apr-80 Zimbabwe from UK30-Jul-80 Vanuatu from France and UK

21-Sep-81 Belize from UK1-Nov-81 Antigua and Barbuda from UK

19-Sep-83 Saint Kitts and Nevis from UK1-Jan-84 Brunei from UK

21-Oct-86 Marshall Islands from the US-administered UN trusteeship 3-Nov-86 Federated States of Micronesia from the US-administered UN trusteeship

21-Mar-90 Namibia from South Africa24-May-93 Eritrea from Ethiopia

1-Oct-94 Palau from the US-administered UN trusteeship

Dates of recent independence of developing countries

Early dates of independence of South American countries

Date Country Notes1 January 1804 Haiti from France25 May 1810 Argentina from Spain20 July 1810 Colombia from Spain16 September 1810 Mexico from Spain18 September 1810 Chile from Spain14 May 1811 Paraguay from Spain5 July 1811 Venezuela from Spain28 July 1821 Peru from Spain15 September 1821 Costa Rica from Spain15 September 1821 El Salvador from Spain15 September 1821 Guatemala from Spain15 September 1821 Honduras from Spain15 September 1821 Nicaragua from Spain28 November 1821 Panama from Spain24 May 1822 Ecuador from Spain7 September 1822 Brazil from Portugal6 August 1825 Bolivia from Spain25 August 1825 Uruguay from Brazil

(v) Inept-leadership explanations

ldquoAfrican leaders themselves have also failed the resource-rich continent They continue to unscrupulously harp on historical injustices to cover up for their political and economic mess that are [sic] a sad manifestation of their suppression of democratic governance Corrupt and inefficient management of economies greed power hunger disrespect for human rights cronyism among other vices have contributed to the underdevelopment of Africa todayrdquo- Charles Mangongera lsquoShould We Continue to Blame Colonialismrsquo Financial Gazette (Harare Zimbabwe) September 19 2002

ldquoA district our size should have a much better soccer field but the money was pocketed There is corruption at all levels Itrsquos a top-down problemrdquo- Unemployed 27-yr-old Sidhinhyo Morongulos Mozambique April 2004

Evolution of Corruption by Regions of the World 1984-1999

Source Lederman D Loayza N and Soares RR (2001)

ldquoWho has the most to gain from corruption

(or the most to lose from ending it)rdquo

(vi) Psychological explanations

ldquoThere exists among us a strong feeling of inferiority [hellip which] comes from our awareness of past [whiteEuropean] oppressionrdquo- Anonymous fisherman northern Mozambique April 2004

(vii) Neocolonial explanations

ldquoWe were told and accepted that our poverty was caused by our poverty in the now famous theory of the lsquovicious circle of povertyrsquo and we went round in circles seeking ways and means of breaking that circle Had we asked the [right] questions we would not have exposed our economies to the ruthless plunder brought about by lsquoforeign investmentsrsquo which the exponents of the vicious circle theory urged us to do For it is clear foreign investment is the cause and not a solution to our economic backwardnessrdquo- Former Tanzanian minister AM Babu In Walter Rodney (1965) How Europe underdeveloped Africa page 312

Economies are like fires

5 The link with Sustainability

Earthrsquos ecologically productive surface asymp 2142109 hectares

Per-capita surface required to support American lifestyle

asymp 957 hectares

Acreage required to support worldwide American standards of living

asymp 3 Earths

Global population on July 10th 2010 asymp 6 795 329 623

Neocolonial explanations for persistent 21st-century poverty

Present American standards of living for the entire global populace are a physical impossibility

Fact

Cartograms illustrating (a) country-level wood and paper imports (by volume) for the year 2000 (b) country-level net forest loss between 1990 and 2000

(a) (b)

Flo

ws

of r

aw m

ater

ial a

nd fu

el

the case for greater

global equality

almost everyone stands to gain

httpwwwrealfutureorgthe tide is on Our side

Categories of responses

(i) Evolutionary explanations

ldquohellip because some people are clever and others are stupidrdquo- Anonymous white South African of Boer ancestry Hazyview South Africa July 2004

ldquoThe idea that some populations are more energetic than others [hellip] perhaps deserves some considerationrdquo- JP Cole (1979) The Development Gap page 111

Categories of responses

Categories of responses

(ii) Culturalsocietal explanations

ldquo the explanations offered for the contrasting records in growth have most often focused on institutions and highlighted the variation across societies in conditions relevant to growth such as the security of property rights prevalence of corruption structures of the financial sector investment in public infrastructure and social capital and the inclination to work hard or be entrepreneurialrdquo- Sokoloff amp Engerman (2000) page 218

GDPcapita relative to US in selected New World economies 1700-1997

Source Sokoloff and Engermann (2000)

Categories of responses

(iii) Environmental explanations

ldquoThese areas were settled because the climate was similar to that of Europerdquo

- Prof Wolfram Latsch personal communication April 2004

ldquoI think that tropical diseases are largely to blamerdquo- Prof Roger Buick North Pole Australia August 2004

Koppen classification climatic zones

(iv) Historical explanations

ldquoEuropean countries have been around for a long time We are young We just simply need time to catch uprdquo- Nxobo Masika Johannesburg South Africa March 2004

Date Country Notes19-Jul-49 Laos from France8-Aug-49 Bhutan from India

24-Dec-51 Libya from Italy9-Nov-53 Cambodia from France1-Jan-56 Sudan from Egypt and UK

2-Mar-56 Morocco from France and Spain20-Mar-56 Tunisia from France6-Mar-57 Ghana from UK

31-Aug-57 Malaysia from UK2-Oct-58 Guinea from France1-Jan-60 Cameroon from French-administered UN trusteeship4-Apr-60 Senegal from France

27-Apr-60 Togo from French-administered UN trusteeship26-Jun-60 Madagascar from France26-Jun-60 Somalia from the UK30-Jun-60 Democratic Republic of the Congo from Belgium

1-Jul-60 Somalia from the Italian-administered UN trusteeship1-Aug-60 Benin from France3-Aug-60 Niger from France5-Aug-60 Burkina Faso from France7-Aug-60 Cocircte dIvoire from France

11-Aug-60 Chad from France13-Aug-60 Central African Republic from France15-Aug-60 Republic of the Congo from France17-Aug-60 Gabon from France22-Sep-60 Mali from France

1-Oct-60 Nigeria from UK28-Nov-60 Mauritania from France27-Apr-61 Sierra Leone from UK19-Jun-61 Kuwait from UK

1-Jan-62 Samoa from New Zealand-administered UN trusteeship1-Jul-62 Burundi from UN trusteeship under Belgian administration1-Jul-62 Rwanda from Belgium-administered UN trusteeship5-Jul-62 Algeria from France

6-Aug-62 Jamaica from UK31-Aug-62 Trinidad and Tobago from UK

9-Oct-62 Uganda from UK12-Dec-63 Kenya from UK26-Apr-64 Tanzania from UK-administered UN trusteeship

6-Jul-64 Malawi from UK21-Sep-64 Malta from UK24-Oct-64 Zambia from UK18-Feb-65 The Gambia from UK26-Jul-65 Maldives from UK9-Aug-65 Singapore from Malaysian Federation

Date Country Notes26-May-66 Guyana from UK30-Sep-66 Botswana from UK

4-Oct-66 Lesotho from UK30-Nov-66 Barbados from UK30-Nov-67 South Yemen from UK31-Jan-68 Nauru from Australia-NZ-UK-administered UN trusteeship

12-Mar-68 Mauritius from UK6-Sep-68 Swaziland from UK

12-Oct-68 Equatorial Guinea from Spain4-Jun-70 Tonga from UK protectorate

10-Oct-70 Fiji from UK15-Aug-71 Bahrain from UK

3-Sep-71 Qatar from UK2-Dec-71 United Arab Emirates from UK

16-Dec-71 Bangladesh from Pakistan10-Jul-73 The Bahamas from UK

24-Sep-73 Guinea-Bissau declared independence from Portugal7-Feb-74 Grenada from UK

19-Oct-74 Niue in free association with New Zealand25-Jun-75 Mozambique from Portugal

5-Jul-75 Cape Verde from Portugal6-Jul-75 Comoros from France

12-Jul-75 Satildeo Tomeacute and Principe from Portugal16-Sep-75 Papua New Guinea from the Australian-administered UN trusteeship11-Nov-75 Angola from Portugal25-Nov-75 Suriname from Netherlands27-Feb-76 Western Sahara from Spain29-Jun-76 Seychelles from UK27-Jun-77 Djibouti from France

7-Jul-78 Solomon Islands from UK1-Oct-78 Tuvalu from UK

3-Nov-78 Dominica from UK22-Feb-79 Saint Lucia from UK12-Jul-79 Kiribati from UK

27-Oct-79 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines from UK18-Apr-80 Zimbabwe from UK30-Jul-80 Vanuatu from France and UK

21-Sep-81 Belize from UK1-Nov-81 Antigua and Barbuda from UK

19-Sep-83 Saint Kitts and Nevis from UK1-Jan-84 Brunei from UK

21-Oct-86 Marshall Islands from the US-administered UN trusteeship 3-Nov-86 Federated States of Micronesia from the US-administered UN trusteeship

21-Mar-90 Namibia from South Africa24-May-93 Eritrea from Ethiopia

1-Oct-94 Palau from the US-administered UN trusteeship

Dates of recent independence of developing countries

Early dates of independence of South American countries

Date Country Notes1 January 1804 Haiti from France25 May 1810 Argentina from Spain20 July 1810 Colombia from Spain16 September 1810 Mexico from Spain18 September 1810 Chile from Spain14 May 1811 Paraguay from Spain5 July 1811 Venezuela from Spain28 July 1821 Peru from Spain15 September 1821 Costa Rica from Spain15 September 1821 El Salvador from Spain15 September 1821 Guatemala from Spain15 September 1821 Honduras from Spain15 September 1821 Nicaragua from Spain28 November 1821 Panama from Spain24 May 1822 Ecuador from Spain7 September 1822 Brazil from Portugal6 August 1825 Bolivia from Spain25 August 1825 Uruguay from Brazil

(v) Inept-leadership explanations

ldquoAfrican leaders themselves have also failed the resource-rich continent They continue to unscrupulously harp on historical injustices to cover up for their political and economic mess that are [sic] a sad manifestation of their suppression of democratic governance Corrupt and inefficient management of economies greed power hunger disrespect for human rights cronyism among other vices have contributed to the underdevelopment of Africa todayrdquo- Charles Mangongera lsquoShould We Continue to Blame Colonialismrsquo Financial Gazette (Harare Zimbabwe) September 19 2002

ldquoA district our size should have a much better soccer field but the money was pocketed There is corruption at all levels Itrsquos a top-down problemrdquo- Unemployed 27-yr-old Sidhinhyo Morongulos Mozambique April 2004

Evolution of Corruption by Regions of the World 1984-1999

Source Lederman D Loayza N and Soares RR (2001)

ldquoWho has the most to gain from corruption

(or the most to lose from ending it)rdquo

(vi) Psychological explanations

ldquoThere exists among us a strong feeling of inferiority [hellip which] comes from our awareness of past [whiteEuropean] oppressionrdquo- Anonymous fisherman northern Mozambique April 2004

(vii) Neocolonial explanations

ldquoWe were told and accepted that our poverty was caused by our poverty in the now famous theory of the lsquovicious circle of povertyrsquo and we went round in circles seeking ways and means of breaking that circle Had we asked the [right] questions we would not have exposed our economies to the ruthless plunder brought about by lsquoforeign investmentsrsquo which the exponents of the vicious circle theory urged us to do For it is clear foreign investment is the cause and not a solution to our economic backwardnessrdquo- Former Tanzanian minister AM Babu In Walter Rodney (1965) How Europe underdeveloped Africa page 312

Economies are like fires

5 The link with Sustainability

Earthrsquos ecologically productive surface asymp 2142109 hectares

Per-capita surface required to support American lifestyle

asymp 957 hectares

Acreage required to support worldwide American standards of living

asymp 3 Earths

Global population on July 10th 2010 asymp 6 795 329 623

Neocolonial explanations for persistent 21st-century poverty

Present American standards of living for the entire global populace are a physical impossibility

Fact

Cartograms illustrating (a) country-level wood and paper imports (by volume) for the year 2000 (b) country-level net forest loss between 1990 and 2000

(a) (b)

Flo

ws

of r

aw m

ater

ial a

nd fu

el

the case for greater

global equality

almost everyone stands to gain

httpwwwrealfutureorgthe tide is on Our side

(i) Evolutionary explanations

ldquohellip because some people are clever and others are stupidrdquo- Anonymous white South African of Boer ancestry Hazyview South Africa July 2004

ldquoThe idea that some populations are more energetic than others [hellip] perhaps deserves some considerationrdquo- JP Cole (1979) The Development Gap page 111

Categories of responses

Categories of responses

(ii) Culturalsocietal explanations

ldquo the explanations offered for the contrasting records in growth have most often focused on institutions and highlighted the variation across societies in conditions relevant to growth such as the security of property rights prevalence of corruption structures of the financial sector investment in public infrastructure and social capital and the inclination to work hard or be entrepreneurialrdquo- Sokoloff amp Engerman (2000) page 218

GDPcapita relative to US in selected New World economies 1700-1997

Source Sokoloff and Engermann (2000)

Categories of responses

(iii) Environmental explanations

ldquoThese areas were settled because the climate was similar to that of Europerdquo

- Prof Wolfram Latsch personal communication April 2004

ldquoI think that tropical diseases are largely to blamerdquo- Prof Roger Buick North Pole Australia August 2004

Koppen classification climatic zones

(iv) Historical explanations

ldquoEuropean countries have been around for a long time We are young We just simply need time to catch uprdquo- Nxobo Masika Johannesburg South Africa March 2004

Date Country Notes19-Jul-49 Laos from France8-Aug-49 Bhutan from India

24-Dec-51 Libya from Italy9-Nov-53 Cambodia from France1-Jan-56 Sudan from Egypt and UK

2-Mar-56 Morocco from France and Spain20-Mar-56 Tunisia from France6-Mar-57 Ghana from UK

31-Aug-57 Malaysia from UK2-Oct-58 Guinea from France1-Jan-60 Cameroon from French-administered UN trusteeship4-Apr-60 Senegal from France

27-Apr-60 Togo from French-administered UN trusteeship26-Jun-60 Madagascar from France26-Jun-60 Somalia from the UK30-Jun-60 Democratic Republic of the Congo from Belgium

1-Jul-60 Somalia from the Italian-administered UN trusteeship1-Aug-60 Benin from France3-Aug-60 Niger from France5-Aug-60 Burkina Faso from France7-Aug-60 Cocircte dIvoire from France

11-Aug-60 Chad from France13-Aug-60 Central African Republic from France15-Aug-60 Republic of the Congo from France17-Aug-60 Gabon from France22-Sep-60 Mali from France

1-Oct-60 Nigeria from UK28-Nov-60 Mauritania from France27-Apr-61 Sierra Leone from UK19-Jun-61 Kuwait from UK

1-Jan-62 Samoa from New Zealand-administered UN trusteeship1-Jul-62 Burundi from UN trusteeship under Belgian administration1-Jul-62 Rwanda from Belgium-administered UN trusteeship5-Jul-62 Algeria from France

6-Aug-62 Jamaica from UK31-Aug-62 Trinidad and Tobago from UK

9-Oct-62 Uganda from UK12-Dec-63 Kenya from UK26-Apr-64 Tanzania from UK-administered UN trusteeship

6-Jul-64 Malawi from UK21-Sep-64 Malta from UK24-Oct-64 Zambia from UK18-Feb-65 The Gambia from UK26-Jul-65 Maldives from UK9-Aug-65 Singapore from Malaysian Federation

Date Country Notes26-May-66 Guyana from UK30-Sep-66 Botswana from UK

4-Oct-66 Lesotho from UK30-Nov-66 Barbados from UK30-Nov-67 South Yemen from UK31-Jan-68 Nauru from Australia-NZ-UK-administered UN trusteeship

12-Mar-68 Mauritius from UK6-Sep-68 Swaziland from UK

12-Oct-68 Equatorial Guinea from Spain4-Jun-70 Tonga from UK protectorate

10-Oct-70 Fiji from UK15-Aug-71 Bahrain from UK

3-Sep-71 Qatar from UK2-Dec-71 United Arab Emirates from UK

16-Dec-71 Bangladesh from Pakistan10-Jul-73 The Bahamas from UK

24-Sep-73 Guinea-Bissau declared independence from Portugal7-Feb-74 Grenada from UK

19-Oct-74 Niue in free association with New Zealand25-Jun-75 Mozambique from Portugal

5-Jul-75 Cape Verde from Portugal6-Jul-75 Comoros from France

12-Jul-75 Satildeo Tomeacute and Principe from Portugal16-Sep-75 Papua New Guinea from the Australian-administered UN trusteeship11-Nov-75 Angola from Portugal25-Nov-75 Suriname from Netherlands27-Feb-76 Western Sahara from Spain29-Jun-76 Seychelles from UK27-Jun-77 Djibouti from France

7-Jul-78 Solomon Islands from UK1-Oct-78 Tuvalu from UK

3-Nov-78 Dominica from UK22-Feb-79 Saint Lucia from UK12-Jul-79 Kiribati from UK

27-Oct-79 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines from UK18-Apr-80 Zimbabwe from UK30-Jul-80 Vanuatu from France and UK

21-Sep-81 Belize from UK1-Nov-81 Antigua and Barbuda from UK

19-Sep-83 Saint Kitts and Nevis from UK1-Jan-84 Brunei from UK

21-Oct-86 Marshall Islands from the US-administered UN trusteeship 3-Nov-86 Federated States of Micronesia from the US-administered UN trusteeship

21-Mar-90 Namibia from South Africa24-May-93 Eritrea from Ethiopia

1-Oct-94 Palau from the US-administered UN trusteeship

Dates of recent independence of developing countries

Early dates of independence of South American countries

Date Country Notes1 January 1804 Haiti from France25 May 1810 Argentina from Spain20 July 1810 Colombia from Spain16 September 1810 Mexico from Spain18 September 1810 Chile from Spain14 May 1811 Paraguay from Spain5 July 1811 Venezuela from Spain28 July 1821 Peru from Spain15 September 1821 Costa Rica from Spain15 September 1821 El Salvador from Spain15 September 1821 Guatemala from Spain15 September 1821 Honduras from Spain15 September 1821 Nicaragua from Spain28 November 1821 Panama from Spain24 May 1822 Ecuador from Spain7 September 1822 Brazil from Portugal6 August 1825 Bolivia from Spain25 August 1825 Uruguay from Brazil

(v) Inept-leadership explanations

ldquoAfrican leaders themselves have also failed the resource-rich continent They continue to unscrupulously harp on historical injustices to cover up for their political and economic mess that are [sic] a sad manifestation of their suppression of democratic governance Corrupt and inefficient management of economies greed power hunger disrespect for human rights cronyism among other vices have contributed to the underdevelopment of Africa todayrdquo- Charles Mangongera lsquoShould We Continue to Blame Colonialismrsquo Financial Gazette (Harare Zimbabwe) September 19 2002

ldquoA district our size should have a much better soccer field but the money was pocketed There is corruption at all levels Itrsquos a top-down problemrdquo- Unemployed 27-yr-old Sidhinhyo Morongulos Mozambique April 2004

Evolution of Corruption by Regions of the World 1984-1999

Source Lederman D Loayza N and Soares RR (2001)

ldquoWho has the most to gain from corruption

(or the most to lose from ending it)rdquo

(vi) Psychological explanations

ldquoThere exists among us a strong feeling of inferiority [hellip which] comes from our awareness of past [whiteEuropean] oppressionrdquo- Anonymous fisherman northern Mozambique April 2004

(vii) Neocolonial explanations

ldquoWe were told and accepted that our poverty was caused by our poverty in the now famous theory of the lsquovicious circle of povertyrsquo and we went round in circles seeking ways and means of breaking that circle Had we asked the [right] questions we would not have exposed our economies to the ruthless plunder brought about by lsquoforeign investmentsrsquo which the exponents of the vicious circle theory urged us to do For it is clear foreign investment is the cause and not a solution to our economic backwardnessrdquo- Former Tanzanian minister AM Babu In Walter Rodney (1965) How Europe underdeveloped Africa page 312

Economies are like fires

5 The link with Sustainability

Earthrsquos ecologically productive surface asymp 2142109 hectares

Per-capita surface required to support American lifestyle

asymp 957 hectares

Acreage required to support worldwide American standards of living

asymp 3 Earths

Global population on July 10th 2010 asymp 6 795 329 623

Neocolonial explanations for persistent 21st-century poverty

Present American standards of living for the entire global populace are a physical impossibility

Fact

Cartograms illustrating (a) country-level wood and paper imports (by volume) for the year 2000 (b) country-level net forest loss between 1990 and 2000

(a) (b)

Flo

ws

of r

aw m

ater

ial a

nd fu

el

the case for greater

global equality

almost everyone stands to gain

httpwwwrealfutureorgthe tide is on Our side

Categories of responses

Categories of responses

(ii) Culturalsocietal explanations

ldquo the explanations offered for the contrasting records in growth have most often focused on institutions and highlighted the variation across societies in conditions relevant to growth such as the security of property rights prevalence of corruption structures of the financial sector investment in public infrastructure and social capital and the inclination to work hard or be entrepreneurialrdquo- Sokoloff amp Engerman (2000) page 218

GDPcapita relative to US in selected New World economies 1700-1997

Source Sokoloff and Engermann (2000)

Categories of responses

(iii) Environmental explanations

ldquoThese areas were settled because the climate was similar to that of Europerdquo

- Prof Wolfram Latsch personal communication April 2004

ldquoI think that tropical diseases are largely to blamerdquo- Prof Roger Buick North Pole Australia August 2004

Koppen classification climatic zones

(iv) Historical explanations

ldquoEuropean countries have been around for a long time We are young We just simply need time to catch uprdquo- Nxobo Masika Johannesburg South Africa March 2004

Date Country Notes19-Jul-49 Laos from France8-Aug-49 Bhutan from India

24-Dec-51 Libya from Italy9-Nov-53 Cambodia from France1-Jan-56 Sudan from Egypt and UK

2-Mar-56 Morocco from France and Spain20-Mar-56 Tunisia from France6-Mar-57 Ghana from UK

31-Aug-57 Malaysia from UK2-Oct-58 Guinea from France1-Jan-60 Cameroon from French-administered UN trusteeship4-Apr-60 Senegal from France

27-Apr-60 Togo from French-administered UN trusteeship26-Jun-60 Madagascar from France26-Jun-60 Somalia from the UK30-Jun-60 Democratic Republic of the Congo from Belgium

1-Jul-60 Somalia from the Italian-administered UN trusteeship1-Aug-60 Benin from France3-Aug-60 Niger from France5-Aug-60 Burkina Faso from France7-Aug-60 Cocircte dIvoire from France

11-Aug-60 Chad from France13-Aug-60 Central African Republic from France15-Aug-60 Republic of the Congo from France17-Aug-60 Gabon from France22-Sep-60 Mali from France

1-Oct-60 Nigeria from UK28-Nov-60 Mauritania from France27-Apr-61 Sierra Leone from UK19-Jun-61 Kuwait from UK

1-Jan-62 Samoa from New Zealand-administered UN trusteeship1-Jul-62 Burundi from UN trusteeship under Belgian administration1-Jul-62 Rwanda from Belgium-administered UN trusteeship5-Jul-62 Algeria from France

6-Aug-62 Jamaica from UK31-Aug-62 Trinidad and Tobago from UK

9-Oct-62 Uganda from UK12-Dec-63 Kenya from UK26-Apr-64 Tanzania from UK-administered UN trusteeship

6-Jul-64 Malawi from UK21-Sep-64 Malta from UK24-Oct-64 Zambia from UK18-Feb-65 The Gambia from UK26-Jul-65 Maldives from UK9-Aug-65 Singapore from Malaysian Federation

Date Country Notes26-May-66 Guyana from UK30-Sep-66 Botswana from UK

4-Oct-66 Lesotho from UK30-Nov-66 Barbados from UK30-Nov-67 South Yemen from UK31-Jan-68 Nauru from Australia-NZ-UK-administered UN trusteeship

12-Mar-68 Mauritius from UK6-Sep-68 Swaziland from UK

12-Oct-68 Equatorial Guinea from Spain4-Jun-70 Tonga from UK protectorate

10-Oct-70 Fiji from UK15-Aug-71 Bahrain from UK

3-Sep-71 Qatar from UK2-Dec-71 United Arab Emirates from UK

16-Dec-71 Bangladesh from Pakistan10-Jul-73 The Bahamas from UK

24-Sep-73 Guinea-Bissau declared independence from Portugal7-Feb-74 Grenada from UK

19-Oct-74 Niue in free association with New Zealand25-Jun-75 Mozambique from Portugal

5-Jul-75 Cape Verde from Portugal6-Jul-75 Comoros from France

12-Jul-75 Satildeo Tomeacute and Principe from Portugal16-Sep-75 Papua New Guinea from the Australian-administered UN trusteeship11-Nov-75 Angola from Portugal25-Nov-75 Suriname from Netherlands27-Feb-76 Western Sahara from Spain29-Jun-76 Seychelles from UK27-Jun-77 Djibouti from France

7-Jul-78 Solomon Islands from UK1-Oct-78 Tuvalu from UK

3-Nov-78 Dominica from UK22-Feb-79 Saint Lucia from UK12-Jul-79 Kiribati from UK

27-Oct-79 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines from UK18-Apr-80 Zimbabwe from UK30-Jul-80 Vanuatu from France and UK

21-Sep-81 Belize from UK1-Nov-81 Antigua and Barbuda from UK

19-Sep-83 Saint Kitts and Nevis from UK1-Jan-84 Brunei from UK

21-Oct-86 Marshall Islands from the US-administered UN trusteeship 3-Nov-86 Federated States of Micronesia from the US-administered UN trusteeship

21-Mar-90 Namibia from South Africa24-May-93 Eritrea from Ethiopia

1-Oct-94 Palau from the US-administered UN trusteeship

Dates of recent independence of developing countries

Early dates of independence of South American countries

Date Country Notes1 January 1804 Haiti from France25 May 1810 Argentina from Spain20 July 1810 Colombia from Spain16 September 1810 Mexico from Spain18 September 1810 Chile from Spain14 May 1811 Paraguay from Spain5 July 1811 Venezuela from Spain28 July 1821 Peru from Spain15 September 1821 Costa Rica from Spain15 September 1821 El Salvador from Spain15 September 1821 Guatemala from Spain15 September 1821 Honduras from Spain15 September 1821 Nicaragua from Spain28 November 1821 Panama from Spain24 May 1822 Ecuador from Spain7 September 1822 Brazil from Portugal6 August 1825 Bolivia from Spain25 August 1825 Uruguay from Brazil

(v) Inept-leadership explanations

ldquoAfrican leaders themselves have also failed the resource-rich continent They continue to unscrupulously harp on historical injustices to cover up for their political and economic mess that are [sic] a sad manifestation of their suppression of democratic governance Corrupt and inefficient management of economies greed power hunger disrespect for human rights cronyism among other vices have contributed to the underdevelopment of Africa todayrdquo- Charles Mangongera lsquoShould We Continue to Blame Colonialismrsquo Financial Gazette (Harare Zimbabwe) September 19 2002

ldquoA district our size should have a much better soccer field but the money was pocketed There is corruption at all levels Itrsquos a top-down problemrdquo- Unemployed 27-yr-old Sidhinhyo Morongulos Mozambique April 2004

Evolution of Corruption by Regions of the World 1984-1999

Source Lederman D Loayza N and Soares RR (2001)

ldquoWho has the most to gain from corruption

(or the most to lose from ending it)rdquo

(vi) Psychological explanations

ldquoThere exists among us a strong feeling of inferiority [hellip which] comes from our awareness of past [whiteEuropean] oppressionrdquo- Anonymous fisherman northern Mozambique April 2004

(vii) Neocolonial explanations

ldquoWe were told and accepted that our poverty was caused by our poverty in the now famous theory of the lsquovicious circle of povertyrsquo and we went round in circles seeking ways and means of breaking that circle Had we asked the [right] questions we would not have exposed our economies to the ruthless plunder brought about by lsquoforeign investmentsrsquo which the exponents of the vicious circle theory urged us to do For it is clear foreign investment is the cause and not a solution to our economic backwardnessrdquo- Former Tanzanian minister AM Babu In Walter Rodney (1965) How Europe underdeveloped Africa page 312

Economies are like fires

5 The link with Sustainability

Earthrsquos ecologically productive surface asymp 2142109 hectares

Per-capita surface required to support American lifestyle

asymp 957 hectares

Acreage required to support worldwide American standards of living

asymp 3 Earths

Global population on July 10th 2010 asymp 6 795 329 623

Neocolonial explanations for persistent 21st-century poverty

Present American standards of living for the entire global populace are a physical impossibility

Fact

Cartograms illustrating (a) country-level wood and paper imports (by volume) for the year 2000 (b) country-level net forest loss between 1990 and 2000

(a) (b)

Flo

ws

of r

aw m

ater

ial a

nd fu

el

the case for greater

global equality

almost everyone stands to gain

httpwwwrealfutureorgthe tide is on Our side

Categories of responses

(ii) Culturalsocietal explanations

ldquo the explanations offered for the contrasting records in growth have most often focused on institutions and highlighted the variation across societies in conditions relevant to growth such as the security of property rights prevalence of corruption structures of the financial sector investment in public infrastructure and social capital and the inclination to work hard or be entrepreneurialrdquo- Sokoloff amp Engerman (2000) page 218

GDPcapita relative to US in selected New World economies 1700-1997

Source Sokoloff and Engermann (2000)

Categories of responses

(iii) Environmental explanations

ldquoThese areas were settled because the climate was similar to that of Europerdquo

- Prof Wolfram Latsch personal communication April 2004

ldquoI think that tropical diseases are largely to blamerdquo- Prof Roger Buick North Pole Australia August 2004

Koppen classification climatic zones

(iv) Historical explanations

ldquoEuropean countries have been around for a long time We are young We just simply need time to catch uprdquo- Nxobo Masika Johannesburg South Africa March 2004

Date Country Notes19-Jul-49 Laos from France8-Aug-49 Bhutan from India

24-Dec-51 Libya from Italy9-Nov-53 Cambodia from France1-Jan-56 Sudan from Egypt and UK

2-Mar-56 Morocco from France and Spain20-Mar-56 Tunisia from France6-Mar-57 Ghana from UK

31-Aug-57 Malaysia from UK2-Oct-58 Guinea from France1-Jan-60 Cameroon from French-administered UN trusteeship4-Apr-60 Senegal from France

27-Apr-60 Togo from French-administered UN trusteeship26-Jun-60 Madagascar from France26-Jun-60 Somalia from the UK30-Jun-60 Democratic Republic of the Congo from Belgium

1-Jul-60 Somalia from the Italian-administered UN trusteeship1-Aug-60 Benin from France3-Aug-60 Niger from France5-Aug-60 Burkina Faso from France7-Aug-60 Cocircte dIvoire from France

11-Aug-60 Chad from France13-Aug-60 Central African Republic from France15-Aug-60 Republic of the Congo from France17-Aug-60 Gabon from France22-Sep-60 Mali from France

1-Oct-60 Nigeria from UK28-Nov-60 Mauritania from France27-Apr-61 Sierra Leone from UK19-Jun-61 Kuwait from UK

1-Jan-62 Samoa from New Zealand-administered UN trusteeship1-Jul-62 Burundi from UN trusteeship under Belgian administration1-Jul-62 Rwanda from Belgium-administered UN trusteeship5-Jul-62 Algeria from France

6-Aug-62 Jamaica from UK31-Aug-62 Trinidad and Tobago from UK

9-Oct-62 Uganda from UK12-Dec-63 Kenya from UK26-Apr-64 Tanzania from UK-administered UN trusteeship

6-Jul-64 Malawi from UK21-Sep-64 Malta from UK24-Oct-64 Zambia from UK18-Feb-65 The Gambia from UK26-Jul-65 Maldives from UK9-Aug-65 Singapore from Malaysian Federation

Date Country Notes26-May-66 Guyana from UK30-Sep-66 Botswana from UK

4-Oct-66 Lesotho from UK30-Nov-66 Barbados from UK30-Nov-67 South Yemen from UK31-Jan-68 Nauru from Australia-NZ-UK-administered UN trusteeship

12-Mar-68 Mauritius from UK6-Sep-68 Swaziland from UK

12-Oct-68 Equatorial Guinea from Spain4-Jun-70 Tonga from UK protectorate

10-Oct-70 Fiji from UK15-Aug-71 Bahrain from UK

3-Sep-71 Qatar from UK2-Dec-71 United Arab Emirates from UK

16-Dec-71 Bangladesh from Pakistan10-Jul-73 The Bahamas from UK

24-Sep-73 Guinea-Bissau declared independence from Portugal7-Feb-74 Grenada from UK

19-Oct-74 Niue in free association with New Zealand25-Jun-75 Mozambique from Portugal

5-Jul-75 Cape Verde from Portugal6-Jul-75 Comoros from France

12-Jul-75 Satildeo Tomeacute and Principe from Portugal16-Sep-75 Papua New Guinea from the Australian-administered UN trusteeship11-Nov-75 Angola from Portugal25-Nov-75 Suriname from Netherlands27-Feb-76 Western Sahara from Spain29-Jun-76 Seychelles from UK27-Jun-77 Djibouti from France

7-Jul-78 Solomon Islands from UK1-Oct-78 Tuvalu from UK

3-Nov-78 Dominica from UK22-Feb-79 Saint Lucia from UK12-Jul-79 Kiribati from UK

27-Oct-79 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines from UK18-Apr-80 Zimbabwe from UK30-Jul-80 Vanuatu from France and UK

21-Sep-81 Belize from UK1-Nov-81 Antigua and Barbuda from UK

19-Sep-83 Saint Kitts and Nevis from UK1-Jan-84 Brunei from UK

21-Oct-86 Marshall Islands from the US-administered UN trusteeship 3-Nov-86 Federated States of Micronesia from the US-administered UN trusteeship

21-Mar-90 Namibia from South Africa24-May-93 Eritrea from Ethiopia

1-Oct-94 Palau from the US-administered UN trusteeship

Dates of recent independence of developing countries

Early dates of independence of South American countries

Date Country Notes1 January 1804 Haiti from France25 May 1810 Argentina from Spain20 July 1810 Colombia from Spain16 September 1810 Mexico from Spain18 September 1810 Chile from Spain14 May 1811 Paraguay from Spain5 July 1811 Venezuela from Spain28 July 1821 Peru from Spain15 September 1821 Costa Rica from Spain15 September 1821 El Salvador from Spain15 September 1821 Guatemala from Spain15 September 1821 Honduras from Spain15 September 1821 Nicaragua from Spain28 November 1821 Panama from Spain24 May 1822 Ecuador from Spain7 September 1822 Brazil from Portugal6 August 1825 Bolivia from Spain25 August 1825 Uruguay from Brazil

(v) Inept-leadership explanations

ldquoAfrican leaders themselves have also failed the resource-rich continent They continue to unscrupulously harp on historical injustices to cover up for their political and economic mess that are [sic] a sad manifestation of their suppression of democratic governance Corrupt and inefficient management of economies greed power hunger disrespect for human rights cronyism among other vices have contributed to the underdevelopment of Africa todayrdquo- Charles Mangongera lsquoShould We Continue to Blame Colonialismrsquo Financial Gazette (Harare Zimbabwe) September 19 2002

ldquoA district our size should have a much better soccer field but the money was pocketed There is corruption at all levels Itrsquos a top-down problemrdquo- Unemployed 27-yr-old Sidhinhyo Morongulos Mozambique April 2004

Evolution of Corruption by Regions of the World 1984-1999

Source Lederman D Loayza N and Soares RR (2001)

ldquoWho has the most to gain from corruption

(or the most to lose from ending it)rdquo

(vi) Psychological explanations

ldquoThere exists among us a strong feeling of inferiority [hellip which] comes from our awareness of past [whiteEuropean] oppressionrdquo- Anonymous fisherman northern Mozambique April 2004

(vii) Neocolonial explanations

ldquoWe were told and accepted that our poverty was caused by our poverty in the now famous theory of the lsquovicious circle of povertyrsquo and we went round in circles seeking ways and means of breaking that circle Had we asked the [right] questions we would not have exposed our economies to the ruthless plunder brought about by lsquoforeign investmentsrsquo which the exponents of the vicious circle theory urged us to do For it is clear foreign investment is the cause and not a solution to our economic backwardnessrdquo- Former Tanzanian minister AM Babu In Walter Rodney (1965) How Europe underdeveloped Africa page 312

Economies are like fires

5 The link with Sustainability

Earthrsquos ecologically productive surface asymp 2142109 hectares

Per-capita surface required to support American lifestyle

asymp 957 hectares

Acreage required to support worldwide American standards of living

asymp 3 Earths

Global population on July 10th 2010 asymp 6 795 329 623

Neocolonial explanations for persistent 21st-century poverty

Present American standards of living for the entire global populace are a physical impossibility

Fact

Cartograms illustrating (a) country-level wood and paper imports (by volume) for the year 2000 (b) country-level net forest loss between 1990 and 2000

(a) (b)

Flo

ws

of r

aw m

ater

ial a

nd fu

el

the case for greater

global equality

almost everyone stands to gain

httpwwwrealfutureorgthe tide is on Our side

(ii) Culturalsocietal explanations

ldquo the explanations offered for the contrasting records in growth have most often focused on institutions and highlighted the variation across societies in conditions relevant to growth such as the security of property rights prevalence of corruption structures of the financial sector investment in public infrastructure and social capital and the inclination to work hard or be entrepreneurialrdquo- Sokoloff amp Engerman (2000) page 218

GDPcapita relative to US in selected New World economies 1700-1997

Source Sokoloff and Engermann (2000)

Categories of responses

(iii) Environmental explanations

ldquoThese areas were settled because the climate was similar to that of Europerdquo

- Prof Wolfram Latsch personal communication April 2004

ldquoI think that tropical diseases are largely to blamerdquo- Prof Roger Buick North Pole Australia August 2004

Koppen classification climatic zones

(iv) Historical explanations

ldquoEuropean countries have been around for a long time We are young We just simply need time to catch uprdquo- Nxobo Masika Johannesburg South Africa March 2004

Date Country Notes19-Jul-49 Laos from France8-Aug-49 Bhutan from India

24-Dec-51 Libya from Italy9-Nov-53 Cambodia from France1-Jan-56 Sudan from Egypt and UK

2-Mar-56 Morocco from France and Spain20-Mar-56 Tunisia from France6-Mar-57 Ghana from UK

31-Aug-57 Malaysia from UK2-Oct-58 Guinea from France1-Jan-60 Cameroon from French-administered UN trusteeship4-Apr-60 Senegal from France

27-Apr-60 Togo from French-administered UN trusteeship26-Jun-60 Madagascar from France26-Jun-60 Somalia from the UK30-Jun-60 Democratic Republic of the Congo from Belgium

1-Jul-60 Somalia from the Italian-administered UN trusteeship1-Aug-60 Benin from France3-Aug-60 Niger from France5-Aug-60 Burkina Faso from France7-Aug-60 Cocircte dIvoire from France

11-Aug-60 Chad from France13-Aug-60 Central African Republic from France15-Aug-60 Republic of the Congo from France17-Aug-60 Gabon from France22-Sep-60 Mali from France

1-Oct-60 Nigeria from UK28-Nov-60 Mauritania from France27-Apr-61 Sierra Leone from UK19-Jun-61 Kuwait from UK

1-Jan-62 Samoa from New Zealand-administered UN trusteeship1-Jul-62 Burundi from UN trusteeship under Belgian administration1-Jul-62 Rwanda from Belgium-administered UN trusteeship5-Jul-62 Algeria from France

6-Aug-62 Jamaica from UK31-Aug-62 Trinidad and Tobago from UK

9-Oct-62 Uganda from UK12-Dec-63 Kenya from UK26-Apr-64 Tanzania from UK-administered UN trusteeship

6-Jul-64 Malawi from UK21-Sep-64 Malta from UK24-Oct-64 Zambia from UK18-Feb-65 The Gambia from UK26-Jul-65 Maldives from UK9-Aug-65 Singapore from Malaysian Federation

Date Country Notes26-May-66 Guyana from UK30-Sep-66 Botswana from UK

4-Oct-66 Lesotho from UK30-Nov-66 Barbados from UK30-Nov-67 South Yemen from UK31-Jan-68 Nauru from Australia-NZ-UK-administered UN trusteeship

12-Mar-68 Mauritius from UK6-Sep-68 Swaziland from UK

12-Oct-68 Equatorial Guinea from Spain4-Jun-70 Tonga from UK protectorate

10-Oct-70 Fiji from UK15-Aug-71 Bahrain from UK

3-Sep-71 Qatar from UK2-Dec-71 United Arab Emirates from UK

16-Dec-71 Bangladesh from Pakistan10-Jul-73 The Bahamas from UK

24-Sep-73 Guinea-Bissau declared independence from Portugal7-Feb-74 Grenada from UK

19-Oct-74 Niue in free association with New Zealand25-Jun-75 Mozambique from Portugal

5-Jul-75 Cape Verde from Portugal6-Jul-75 Comoros from France

12-Jul-75 Satildeo Tomeacute and Principe from Portugal16-Sep-75 Papua New Guinea from the Australian-administered UN trusteeship11-Nov-75 Angola from Portugal25-Nov-75 Suriname from Netherlands27-Feb-76 Western Sahara from Spain29-Jun-76 Seychelles from UK27-Jun-77 Djibouti from France

7-Jul-78 Solomon Islands from UK1-Oct-78 Tuvalu from UK

3-Nov-78 Dominica from UK22-Feb-79 Saint Lucia from UK12-Jul-79 Kiribati from UK

27-Oct-79 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines from UK18-Apr-80 Zimbabwe from UK30-Jul-80 Vanuatu from France and UK

21-Sep-81 Belize from UK1-Nov-81 Antigua and Barbuda from UK

19-Sep-83 Saint Kitts and Nevis from UK1-Jan-84 Brunei from UK

21-Oct-86 Marshall Islands from the US-administered UN trusteeship 3-Nov-86 Federated States of Micronesia from the US-administered UN trusteeship

21-Mar-90 Namibia from South Africa24-May-93 Eritrea from Ethiopia

1-Oct-94 Palau from the US-administered UN trusteeship

Dates of recent independence of developing countries

Early dates of independence of South American countries

Date Country Notes1 January 1804 Haiti from France25 May 1810 Argentina from Spain20 July 1810 Colombia from Spain16 September 1810 Mexico from Spain18 September 1810 Chile from Spain14 May 1811 Paraguay from Spain5 July 1811 Venezuela from Spain28 July 1821 Peru from Spain15 September 1821 Costa Rica from Spain15 September 1821 El Salvador from Spain15 September 1821 Guatemala from Spain15 September 1821 Honduras from Spain15 September 1821 Nicaragua from Spain28 November 1821 Panama from Spain24 May 1822 Ecuador from Spain7 September 1822 Brazil from Portugal6 August 1825 Bolivia from Spain25 August 1825 Uruguay from Brazil

(v) Inept-leadership explanations

ldquoAfrican leaders themselves have also failed the resource-rich continent They continue to unscrupulously harp on historical injustices to cover up for their political and economic mess that are [sic] a sad manifestation of their suppression of democratic governance Corrupt and inefficient management of economies greed power hunger disrespect for human rights cronyism among other vices have contributed to the underdevelopment of Africa todayrdquo- Charles Mangongera lsquoShould We Continue to Blame Colonialismrsquo Financial Gazette (Harare Zimbabwe) September 19 2002

ldquoA district our size should have a much better soccer field but the money was pocketed There is corruption at all levels Itrsquos a top-down problemrdquo- Unemployed 27-yr-old Sidhinhyo Morongulos Mozambique April 2004

Evolution of Corruption by Regions of the World 1984-1999

Source Lederman D Loayza N and Soares RR (2001)

ldquoWho has the most to gain from corruption

(or the most to lose from ending it)rdquo

(vi) Psychological explanations

ldquoThere exists among us a strong feeling of inferiority [hellip which] comes from our awareness of past [whiteEuropean] oppressionrdquo- Anonymous fisherman northern Mozambique April 2004

(vii) Neocolonial explanations

ldquoWe were told and accepted that our poverty was caused by our poverty in the now famous theory of the lsquovicious circle of povertyrsquo and we went round in circles seeking ways and means of breaking that circle Had we asked the [right] questions we would not have exposed our economies to the ruthless plunder brought about by lsquoforeign investmentsrsquo which the exponents of the vicious circle theory urged us to do For it is clear foreign investment is the cause and not a solution to our economic backwardnessrdquo- Former Tanzanian minister AM Babu In Walter Rodney (1965) How Europe underdeveloped Africa page 312

Economies are like fires

5 The link with Sustainability

Earthrsquos ecologically productive surface asymp 2142109 hectares

Per-capita surface required to support American lifestyle

asymp 957 hectares

Acreage required to support worldwide American standards of living

asymp 3 Earths

Global population on July 10th 2010 asymp 6 795 329 623

Neocolonial explanations for persistent 21st-century poverty

Present American standards of living for the entire global populace are a physical impossibility

Fact

Cartograms illustrating (a) country-level wood and paper imports (by volume) for the year 2000 (b) country-level net forest loss between 1990 and 2000

(a) (b)

Flo

ws

of r

aw m

ater

ial a

nd fu

el

the case for greater

global equality

almost everyone stands to gain

httpwwwrealfutureorgthe tide is on Our side

GDPcapita relative to US in selected New World economies 1700-1997

Source Sokoloff and Engermann (2000)

Categories of responses

(iii) Environmental explanations

ldquoThese areas were settled because the climate was similar to that of Europerdquo

- Prof Wolfram Latsch personal communication April 2004

ldquoI think that tropical diseases are largely to blamerdquo- Prof Roger Buick North Pole Australia August 2004

Koppen classification climatic zones

(iv) Historical explanations

ldquoEuropean countries have been around for a long time We are young We just simply need time to catch uprdquo- Nxobo Masika Johannesburg South Africa March 2004

Date Country Notes19-Jul-49 Laos from France8-Aug-49 Bhutan from India

24-Dec-51 Libya from Italy9-Nov-53 Cambodia from France1-Jan-56 Sudan from Egypt and UK

2-Mar-56 Morocco from France and Spain20-Mar-56 Tunisia from France6-Mar-57 Ghana from UK

31-Aug-57 Malaysia from UK2-Oct-58 Guinea from France1-Jan-60 Cameroon from French-administered UN trusteeship4-Apr-60 Senegal from France

27-Apr-60 Togo from French-administered UN trusteeship26-Jun-60 Madagascar from France26-Jun-60 Somalia from the UK30-Jun-60 Democratic Republic of the Congo from Belgium

1-Jul-60 Somalia from the Italian-administered UN trusteeship1-Aug-60 Benin from France3-Aug-60 Niger from France5-Aug-60 Burkina Faso from France7-Aug-60 Cocircte dIvoire from France

11-Aug-60 Chad from France13-Aug-60 Central African Republic from France15-Aug-60 Republic of the Congo from France17-Aug-60 Gabon from France22-Sep-60 Mali from France

1-Oct-60 Nigeria from UK28-Nov-60 Mauritania from France27-Apr-61 Sierra Leone from UK19-Jun-61 Kuwait from UK

1-Jan-62 Samoa from New Zealand-administered UN trusteeship1-Jul-62 Burundi from UN trusteeship under Belgian administration1-Jul-62 Rwanda from Belgium-administered UN trusteeship5-Jul-62 Algeria from France

6-Aug-62 Jamaica from UK31-Aug-62 Trinidad and Tobago from UK

9-Oct-62 Uganda from UK12-Dec-63 Kenya from UK26-Apr-64 Tanzania from UK-administered UN trusteeship

6-Jul-64 Malawi from UK21-Sep-64 Malta from UK24-Oct-64 Zambia from UK18-Feb-65 The Gambia from UK26-Jul-65 Maldives from UK9-Aug-65 Singapore from Malaysian Federation

Date Country Notes26-May-66 Guyana from UK30-Sep-66 Botswana from UK

4-Oct-66 Lesotho from UK30-Nov-66 Barbados from UK30-Nov-67 South Yemen from UK31-Jan-68 Nauru from Australia-NZ-UK-administered UN trusteeship

12-Mar-68 Mauritius from UK6-Sep-68 Swaziland from UK

12-Oct-68 Equatorial Guinea from Spain4-Jun-70 Tonga from UK protectorate

10-Oct-70 Fiji from UK15-Aug-71 Bahrain from UK

3-Sep-71 Qatar from UK2-Dec-71 United Arab Emirates from UK

16-Dec-71 Bangladesh from Pakistan10-Jul-73 The Bahamas from UK

24-Sep-73 Guinea-Bissau declared independence from Portugal7-Feb-74 Grenada from UK

19-Oct-74 Niue in free association with New Zealand25-Jun-75 Mozambique from Portugal

5-Jul-75 Cape Verde from Portugal6-Jul-75 Comoros from France

12-Jul-75 Satildeo Tomeacute and Principe from Portugal16-Sep-75 Papua New Guinea from the Australian-administered UN trusteeship11-Nov-75 Angola from Portugal25-Nov-75 Suriname from Netherlands27-Feb-76 Western Sahara from Spain29-Jun-76 Seychelles from UK27-Jun-77 Djibouti from France

7-Jul-78 Solomon Islands from UK1-Oct-78 Tuvalu from UK

3-Nov-78 Dominica from UK22-Feb-79 Saint Lucia from UK12-Jul-79 Kiribati from UK

27-Oct-79 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines from UK18-Apr-80 Zimbabwe from UK30-Jul-80 Vanuatu from France and UK

21-Sep-81 Belize from UK1-Nov-81 Antigua and Barbuda from UK

19-Sep-83 Saint Kitts and Nevis from UK1-Jan-84 Brunei from UK

21-Oct-86 Marshall Islands from the US-administered UN trusteeship 3-Nov-86 Federated States of Micronesia from the US-administered UN trusteeship

21-Mar-90 Namibia from South Africa24-May-93 Eritrea from Ethiopia

1-Oct-94 Palau from the US-administered UN trusteeship

Dates of recent independence of developing countries

Early dates of independence of South American countries

Date Country Notes1 January 1804 Haiti from France25 May 1810 Argentina from Spain20 July 1810 Colombia from Spain16 September 1810 Mexico from Spain18 September 1810 Chile from Spain14 May 1811 Paraguay from Spain5 July 1811 Venezuela from Spain28 July 1821 Peru from Spain15 September 1821 Costa Rica from Spain15 September 1821 El Salvador from Spain15 September 1821 Guatemala from Spain15 September 1821 Honduras from Spain15 September 1821 Nicaragua from Spain28 November 1821 Panama from Spain24 May 1822 Ecuador from Spain7 September 1822 Brazil from Portugal6 August 1825 Bolivia from Spain25 August 1825 Uruguay from Brazil

(v) Inept-leadership explanations

ldquoAfrican leaders themselves have also failed the resource-rich continent They continue to unscrupulously harp on historical injustices to cover up for their political and economic mess that are [sic] a sad manifestation of their suppression of democratic governance Corrupt and inefficient management of economies greed power hunger disrespect for human rights cronyism among other vices have contributed to the underdevelopment of Africa todayrdquo- Charles Mangongera lsquoShould We Continue to Blame Colonialismrsquo Financial Gazette (Harare Zimbabwe) September 19 2002

ldquoA district our size should have a much better soccer field but the money was pocketed There is corruption at all levels Itrsquos a top-down problemrdquo- Unemployed 27-yr-old Sidhinhyo Morongulos Mozambique April 2004

Evolution of Corruption by Regions of the World 1984-1999

Source Lederman D Loayza N and Soares RR (2001)

ldquoWho has the most to gain from corruption

(or the most to lose from ending it)rdquo

(vi) Psychological explanations

ldquoThere exists among us a strong feeling of inferiority [hellip which] comes from our awareness of past [whiteEuropean] oppressionrdquo- Anonymous fisherman northern Mozambique April 2004

(vii) Neocolonial explanations

ldquoWe were told and accepted that our poverty was caused by our poverty in the now famous theory of the lsquovicious circle of povertyrsquo and we went round in circles seeking ways and means of breaking that circle Had we asked the [right] questions we would not have exposed our economies to the ruthless plunder brought about by lsquoforeign investmentsrsquo which the exponents of the vicious circle theory urged us to do For it is clear foreign investment is the cause and not a solution to our economic backwardnessrdquo- Former Tanzanian minister AM Babu In Walter Rodney (1965) How Europe underdeveloped Africa page 312

Economies are like fires

5 The link with Sustainability

Earthrsquos ecologically productive surface asymp 2142109 hectares

Per-capita surface required to support American lifestyle

asymp 957 hectares

Acreage required to support worldwide American standards of living

asymp 3 Earths

Global population on July 10th 2010 asymp 6 795 329 623

Neocolonial explanations for persistent 21st-century poverty

Present American standards of living for the entire global populace are a physical impossibility

Fact

Cartograms illustrating (a) country-level wood and paper imports (by volume) for the year 2000 (b) country-level net forest loss between 1990 and 2000

(a) (b)

Flo

ws

of r

aw m

ater

ial a

nd fu

el

the case for greater

global equality

almost everyone stands to gain

httpwwwrealfutureorgthe tide is on Our side

Categories of responses

(iii) Environmental explanations

ldquoThese areas were settled because the climate was similar to that of Europerdquo

- Prof Wolfram Latsch personal communication April 2004

ldquoI think that tropical diseases are largely to blamerdquo- Prof Roger Buick North Pole Australia August 2004

Koppen classification climatic zones

(iv) Historical explanations

ldquoEuropean countries have been around for a long time We are young We just simply need time to catch uprdquo- Nxobo Masika Johannesburg South Africa March 2004

Date Country Notes19-Jul-49 Laos from France8-Aug-49 Bhutan from India

24-Dec-51 Libya from Italy9-Nov-53 Cambodia from France1-Jan-56 Sudan from Egypt and UK

2-Mar-56 Morocco from France and Spain20-Mar-56 Tunisia from France6-Mar-57 Ghana from UK

31-Aug-57 Malaysia from UK2-Oct-58 Guinea from France1-Jan-60 Cameroon from French-administered UN trusteeship4-Apr-60 Senegal from France

27-Apr-60 Togo from French-administered UN trusteeship26-Jun-60 Madagascar from France26-Jun-60 Somalia from the UK30-Jun-60 Democratic Republic of the Congo from Belgium

1-Jul-60 Somalia from the Italian-administered UN trusteeship1-Aug-60 Benin from France3-Aug-60 Niger from France5-Aug-60 Burkina Faso from France7-Aug-60 Cocircte dIvoire from France

11-Aug-60 Chad from France13-Aug-60 Central African Republic from France15-Aug-60 Republic of the Congo from France17-Aug-60 Gabon from France22-Sep-60 Mali from France

1-Oct-60 Nigeria from UK28-Nov-60 Mauritania from France27-Apr-61 Sierra Leone from UK19-Jun-61 Kuwait from UK

1-Jan-62 Samoa from New Zealand-administered UN trusteeship1-Jul-62 Burundi from UN trusteeship under Belgian administration1-Jul-62 Rwanda from Belgium-administered UN trusteeship5-Jul-62 Algeria from France

6-Aug-62 Jamaica from UK31-Aug-62 Trinidad and Tobago from UK

9-Oct-62 Uganda from UK12-Dec-63 Kenya from UK26-Apr-64 Tanzania from UK-administered UN trusteeship

6-Jul-64 Malawi from UK21-Sep-64 Malta from UK24-Oct-64 Zambia from UK18-Feb-65 The Gambia from UK26-Jul-65 Maldives from UK9-Aug-65 Singapore from Malaysian Federation

Date Country Notes26-May-66 Guyana from UK30-Sep-66 Botswana from UK

4-Oct-66 Lesotho from UK30-Nov-66 Barbados from UK30-Nov-67 South Yemen from UK31-Jan-68 Nauru from Australia-NZ-UK-administered UN trusteeship

12-Mar-68 Mauritius from UK6-Sep-68 Swaziland from UK

12-Oct-68 Equatorial Guinea from Spain4-Jun-70 Tonga from UK protectorate

10-Oct-70 Fiji from UK15-Aug-71 Bahrain from UK

3-Sep-71 Qatar from UK2-Dec-71 United Arab Emirates from UK

16-Dec-71 Bangladesh from Pakistan10-Jul-73 The Bahamas from UK

24-Sep-73 Guinea-Bissau declared independence from Portugal7-Feb-74 Grenada from UK

19-Oct-74 Niue in free association with New Zealand25-Jun-75 Mozambique from Portugal

5-Jul-75 Cape Verde from Portugal6-Jul-75 Comoros from France

12-Jul-75 Satildeo Tomeacute and Principe from Portugal16-Sep-75 Papua New Guinea from the Australian-administered UN trusteeship11-Nov-75 Angola from Portugal25-Nov-75 Suriname from Netherlands27-Feb-76 Western Sahara from Spain29-Jun-76 Seychelles from UK27-Jun-77 Djibouti from France

7-Jul-78 Solomon Islands from UK1-Oct-78 Tuvalu from UK

3-Nov-78 Dominica from UK22-Feb-79 Saint Lucia from UK12-Jul-79 Kiribati from UK

27-Oct-79 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines from UK18-Apr-80 Zimbabwe from UK30-Jul-80 Vanuatu from France and UK

21-Sep-81 Belize from UK1-Nov-81 Antigua and Barbuda from UK

19-Sep-83 Saint Kitts and Nevis from UK1-Jan-84 Brunei from UK

21-Oct-86 Marshall Islands from the US-administered UN trusteeship 3-Nov-86 Federated States of Micronesia from the US-administered UN trusteeship

21-Mar-90 Namibia from South Africa24-May-93 Eritrea from Ethiopia

1-Oct-94 Palau from the US-administered UN trusteeship

Dates of recent independence of developing countries

Early dates of independence of South American countries

Date Country Notes1 January 1804 Haiti from France25 May 1810 Argentina from Spain20 July 1810 Colombia from Spain16 September 1810 Mexico from Spain18 September 1810 Chile from Spain14 May 1811 Paraguay from Spain5 July 1811 Venezuela from Spain28 July 1821 Peru from Spain15 September 1821 Costa Rica from Spain15 September 1821 El Salvador from Spain15 September 1821 Guatemala from Spain15 September 1821 Honduras from Spain15 September 1821 Nicaragua from Spain28 November 1821 Panama from Spain24 May 1822 Ecuador from Spain7 September 1822 Brazil from Portugal6 August 1825 Bolivia from Spain25 August 1825 Uruguay from Brazil

(v) Inept-leadership explanations

ldquoAfrican leaders themselves have also failed the resource-rich continent They continue to unscrupulously harp on historical injustices to cover up for their political and economic mess that are [sic] a sad manifestation of their suppression of democratic governance Corrupt and inefficient management of economies greed power hunger disrespect for human rights cronyism among other vices have contributed to the underdevelopment of Africa todayrdquo- Charles Mangongera lsquoShould We Continue to Blame Colonialismrsquo Financial Gazette (Harare Zimbabwe) September 19 2002

ldquoA district our size should have a much better soccer field but the money was pocketed There is corruption at all levels Itrsquos a top-down problemrdquo- Unemployed 27-yr-old Sidhinhyo Morongulos Mozambique April 2004

Evolution of Corruption by Regions of the World 1984-1999

Source Lederman D Loayza N and Soares RR (2001)

ldquoWho has the most to gain from corruption

(or the most to lose from ending it)rdquo

(vi) Psychological explanations

ldquoThere exists among us a strong feeling of inferiority [hellip which] comes from our awareness of past [whiteEuropean] oppressionrdquo- Anonymous fisherman northern Mozambique April 2004

(vii) Neocolonial explanations

ldquoWe were told and accepted that our poverty was caused by our poverty in the now famous theory of the lsquovicious circle of povertyrsquo and we went round in circles seeking ways and means of breaking that circle Had we asked the [right] questions we would not have exposed our economies to the ruthless plunder brought about by lsquoforeign investmentsrsquo which the exponents of the vicious circle theory urged us to do For it is clear foreign investment is the cause and not a solution to our economic backwardnessrdquo- Former Tanzanian minister AM Babu In Walter Rodney (1965) How Europe underdeveloped Africa page 312

Economies are like fires

5 The link with Sustainability

Earthrsquos ecologically productive surface asymp 2142109 hectares

Per-capita surface required to support American lifestyle

asymp 957 hectares

Acreage required to support worldwide American standards of living

asymp 3 Earths

Global population on July 10th 2010 asymp 6 795 329 623

Neocolonial explanations for persistent 21st-century poverty

Present American standards of living for the entire global populace are a physical impossibility

Fact

Cartograms illustrating (a) country-level wood and paper imports (by volume) for the year 2000 (b) country-level net forest loss between 1990 and 2000

(a) (b)

Flo

ws

of r

aw m

ater

ial a

nd fu

el

the case for greater

global equality

almost everyone stands to gain

httpwwwrealfutureorgthe tide is on Our side

(iii) Environmental explanations

ldquoThese areas were settled because the climate was similar to that of Europerdquo

- Prof Wolfram Latsch personal communication April 2004

ldquoI think that tropical diseases are largely to blamerdquo- Prof Roger Buick North Pole Australia August 2004

Koppen classification climatic zones

(iv) Historical explanations

ldquoEuropean countries have been around for a long time We are young We just simply need time to catch uprdquo- Nxobo Masika Johannesburg South Africa March 2004

Date Country Notes19-Jul-49 Laos from France8-Aug-49 Bhutan from India

24-Dec-51 Libya from Italy9-Nov-53 Cambodia from France1-Jan-56 Sudan from Egypt and UK

2-Mar-56 Morocco from France and Spain20-Mar-56 Tunisia from France6-Mar-57 Ghana from UK

31-Aug-57 Malaysia from UK2-Oct-58 Guinea from France1-Jan-60 Cameroon from French-administered UN trusteeship4-Apr-60 Senegal from France

27-Apr-60 Togo from French-administered UN trusteeship26-Jun-60 Madagascar from France26-Jun-60 Somalia from the UK30-Jun-60 Democratic Republic of the Congo from Belgium

1-Jul-60 Somalia from the Italian-administered UN trusteeship1-Aug-60 Benin from France3-Aug-60 Niger from France5-Aug-60 Burkina Faso from France7-Aug-60 Cocircte dIvoire from France

11-Aug-60 Chad from France13-Aug-60 Central African Republic from France15-Aug-60 Republic of the Congo from France17-Aug-60 Gabon from France22-Sep-60 Mali from France

1-Oct-60 Nigeria from UK28-Nov-60 Mauritania from France27-Apr-61 Sierra Leone from UK19-Jun-61 Kuwait from UK

1-Jan-62 Samoa from New Zealand-administered UN trusteeship1-Jul-62 Burundi from UN trusteeship under Belgian administration1-Jul-62 Rwanda from Belgium-administered UN trusteeship5-Jul-62 Algeria from France

6-Aug-62 Jamaica from UK31-Aug-62 Trinidad and Tobago from UK

9-Oct-62 Uganda from UK12-Dec-63 Kenya from UK26-Apr-64 Tanzania from UK-administered UN trusteeship

6-Jul-64 Malawi from UK21-Sep-64 Malta from UK24-Oct-64 Zambia from UK18-Feb-65 The Gambia from UK26-Jul-65 Maldives from UK9-Aug-65 Singapore from Malaysian Federation

Date Country Notes26-May-66 Guyana from UK30-Sep-66 Botswana from UK

4-Oct-66 Lesotho from UK30-Nov-66 Barbados from UK30-Nov-67 South Yemen from UK31-Jan-68 Nauru from Australia-NZ-UK-administered UN trusteeship

12-Mar-68 Mauritius from UK6-Sep-68 Swaziland from UK

12-Oct-68 Equatorial Guinea from Spain4-Jun-70 Tonga from UK protectorate

10-Oct-70 Fiji from UK15-Aug-71 Bahrain from UK

3-Sep-71 Qatar from UK2-Dec-71 United Arab Emirates from UK

16-Dec-71 Bangladesh from Pakistan10-Jul-73 The Bahamas from UK

24-Sep-73 Guinea-Bissau declared independence from Portugal7-Feb-74 Grenada from UK

19-Oct-74 Niue in free association with New Zealand25-Jun-75 Mozambique from Portugal

5-Jul-75 Cape Verde from Portugal6-Jul-75 Comoros from France

12-Jul-75 Satildeo Tomeacute and Principe from Portugal16-Sep-75 Papua New Guinea from the Australian-administered UN trusteeship11-Nov-75 Angola from Portugal25-Nov-75 Suriname from Netherlands27-Feb-76 Western Sahara from Spain29-Jun-76 Seychelles from UK27-Jun-77 Djibouti from France

7-Jul-78 Solomon Islands from UK1-Oct-78 Tuvalu from UK

3-Nov-78 Dominica from UK22-Feb-79 Saint Lucia from UK12-Jul-79 Kiribati from UK

27-Oct-79 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines from UK18-Apr-80 Zimbabwe from UK30-Jul-80 Vanuatu from France and UK

21-Sep-81 Belize from UK1-Nov-81 Antigua and Barbuda from UK

19-Sep-83 Saint Kitts and Nevis from UK1-Jan-84 Brunei from UK

21-Oct-86 Marshall Islands from the US-administered UN trusteeship 3-Nov-86 Federated States of Micronesia from the US-administered UN trusteeship

21-Mar-90 Namibia from South Africa24-May-93 Eritrea from Ethiopia

1-Oct-94 Palau from the US-administered UN trusteeship

Dates of recent independence of developing countries

Early dates of independence of South American countries

Date Country Notes1 January 1804 Haiti from France25 May 1810 Argentina from Spain20 July 1810 Colombia from Spain16 September 1810 Mexico from Spain18 September 1810 Chile from Spain14 May 1811 Paraguay from Spain5 July 1811 Venezuela from Spain28 July 1821 Peru from Spain15 September 1821 Costa Rica from Spain15 September 1821 El Salvador from Spain15 September 1821 Guatemala from Spain15 September 1821 Honduras from Spain15 September 1821 Nicaragua from Spain28 November 1821 Panama from Spain24 May 1822 Ecuador from Spain7 September 1822 Brazil from Portugal6 August 1825 Bolivia from Spain25 August 1825 Uruguay from Brazil

(v) Inept-leadership explanations

ldquoAfrican leaders themselves have also failed the resource-rich continent They continue to unscrupulously harp on historical injustices to cover up for their political and economic mess that are [sic] a sad manifestation of their suppression of democratic governance Corrupt and inefficient management of economies greed power hunger disrespect for human rights cronyism among other vices have contributed to the underdevelopment of Africa todayrdquo- Charles Mangongera lsquoShould We Continue to Blame Colonialismrsquo Financial Gazette (Harare Zimbabwe) September 19 2002

ldquoA district our size should have a much better soccer field but the money was pocketed There is corruption at all levels Itrsquos a top-down problemrdquo- Unemployed 27-yr-old Sidhinhyo Morongulos Mozambique April 2004

Evolution of Corruption by Regions of the World 1984-1999

Source Lederman D Loayza N and Soares RR (2001)

ldquoWho has the most to gain from corruption

(or the most to lose from ending it)rdquo

(vi) Psychological explanations

ldquoThere exists among us a strong feeling of inferiority [hellip which] comes from our awareness of past [whiteEuropean] oppressionrdquo- Anonymous fisherman northern Mozambique April 2004

(vii) Neocolonial explanations

ldquoWe were told and accepted that our poverty was caused by our poverty in the now famous theory of the lsquovicious circle of povertyrsquo and we went round in circles seeking ways and means of breaking that circle Had we asked the [right] questions we would not have exposed our economies to the ruthless plunder brought about by lsquoforeign investmentsrsquo which the exponents of the vicious circle theory urged us to do For it is clear foreign investment is the cause and not a solution to our economic backwardnessrdquo- Former Tanzanian minister AM Babu In Walter Rodney (1965) How Europe underdeveloped Africa page 312

Economies are like fires

5 The link with Sustainability

Earthrsquos ecologically productive surface asymp 2142109 hectares

Per-capita surface required to support American lifestyle

asymp 957 hectares

Acreage required to support worldwide American standards of living

asymp 3 Earths

Global population on July 10th 2010 asymp 6 795 329 623

Neocolonial explanations for persistent 21st-century poverty

Present American standards of living for the entire global populace are a physical impossibility

Fact

Cartograms illustrating (a) country-level wood and paper imports (by volume) for the year 2000 (b) country-level net forest loss between 1990 and 2000

(a) (b)

Flo

ws

of r

aw m

ater

ial a

nd fu

el

the case for greater

global equality

almost everyone stands to gain

httpwwwrealfutureorgthe tide is on Our side

Koppen classification climatic zones

(iv) Historical explanations

ldquoEuropean countries have been around for a long time We are young We just simply need time to catch uprdquo- Nxobo Masika Johannesburg South Africa March 2004

Date Country Notes19-Jul-49 Laos from France8-Aug-49 Bhutan from India

24-Dec-51 Libya from Italy9-Nov-53 Cambodia from France1-Jan-56 Sudan from Egypt and UK

2-Mar-56 Morocco from France and Spain20-Mar-56 Tunisia from France6-Mar-57 Ghana from UK

31-Aug-57 Malaysia from UK2-Oct-58 Guinea from France1-Jan-60 Cameroon from French-administered UN trusteeship4-Apr-60 Senegal from France

27-Apr-60 Togo from French-administered UN trusteeship26-Jun-60 Madagascar from France26-Jun-60 Somalia from the UK30-Jun-60 Democratic Republic of the Congo from Belgium

1-Jul-60 Somalia from the Italian-administered UN trusteeship1-Aug-60 Benin from France3-Aug-60 Niger from France5-Aug-60 Burkina Faso from France7-Aug-60 Cocircte dIvoire from France

11-Aug-60 Chad from France13-Aug-60 Central African Republic from France15-Aug-60 Republic of the Congo from France17-Aug-60 Gabon from France22-Sep-60 Mali from France

1-Oct-60 Nigeria from UK28-Nov-60 Mauritania from France27-Apr-61 Sierra Leone from UK19-Jun-61 Kuwait from UK

1-Jan-62 Samoa from New Zealand-administered UN trusteeship1-Jul-62 Burundi from UN trusteeship under Belgian administration1-Jul-62 Rwanda from Belgium-administered UN trusteeship5-Jul-62 Algeria from France

6-Aug-62 Jamaica from UK31-Aug-62 Trinidad and Tobago from UK

9-Oct-62 Uganda from UK12-Dec-63 Kenya from UK26-Apr-64 Tanzania from UK-administered UN trusteeship

6-Jul-64 Malawi from UK21-Sep-64 Malta from UK24-Oct-64 Zambia from UK18-Feb-65 The Gambia from UK26-Jul-65 Maldives from UK9-Aug-65 Singapore from Malaysian Federation

Date Country Notes26-May-66 Guyana from UK30-Sep-66 Botswana from UK

4-Oct-66 Lesotho from UK30-Nov-66 Barbados from UK30-Nov-67 South Yemen from UK31-Jan-68 Nauru from Australia-NZ-UK-administered UN trusteeship

12-Mar-68 Mauritius from UK6-Sep-68 Swaziland from UK

12-Oct-68 Equatorial Guinea from Spain4-Jun-70 Tonga from UK protectorate

10-Oct-70 Fiji from UK15-Aug-71 Bahrain from UK

3-Sep-71 Qatar from UK2-Dec-71 United Arab Emirates from UK

16-Dec-71 Bangladesh from Pakistan10-Jul-73 The Bahamas from UK

24-Sep-73 Guinea-Bissau declared independence from Portugal7-Feb-74 Grenada from UK

19-Oct-74 Niue in free association with New Zealand25-Jun-75 Mozambique from Portugal

5-Jul-75 Cape Verde from Portugal6-Jul-75 Comoros from France

12-Jul-75 Satildeo Tomeacute and Principe from Portugal16-Sep-75 Papua New Guinea from the Australian-administered UN trusteeship11-Nov-75 Angola from Portugal25-Nov-75 Suriname from Netherlands27-Feb-76 Western Sahara from Spain29-Jun-76 Seychelles from UK27-Jun-77 Djibouti from France

7-Jul-78 Solomon Islands from UK1-Oct-78 Tuvalu from UK

3-Nov-78 Dominica from UK22-Feb-79 Saint Lucia from UK12-Jul-79 Kiribati from UK

27-Oct-79 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines from UK18-Apr-80 Zimbabwe from UK30-Jul-80 Vanuatu from France and UK

21-Sep-81 Belize from UK1-Nov-81 Antigua and Barbuda from UK

19-Sep-83 Saint Kitts and Nevis from UK1-Jan-84 Brunei from UK

21-Oct-86 Marshall Islands from the US-administered UN trusteeship 3-Nov-86 Federated States of Micronesia from the US-administered UN trusteeship

21-Mar-90 Namibia from South Africa24-May-93 Eritrea from Ethiopia

1-Oct-94 Palau from the US-administered UN trusteeship

Dates of recent independence of developing countries

Early dates of independence of South American countries

Date Country Notes1 January 1804 Haiti from France25 May 1810 Argentina from Spain20 July 1810 Colombia from Spain16 September 1810 Mexico from Spain18 September 1810 Chile from Spain14 May 1811 Paraguay from Spain5 July 1811 Venezuela from Spain28 July 1821 Peru from Spain15 September 1821 Costa Rica from Spain15 September 1821 El Salvador from Spain15 September 1821 Guatemala from Spain15 September 1821 Honduras from Spain15 September 1821 Nicaragua from Spain28 November 1821 Panama from Spain24 May 1822 Ecuador from Spain7 September 1822 Brazil from Portugal6 August 1825 Bolivia from Spain25 August 1825 Uruguay from Brazil

(v) Inept-leadership explanations

ldquoAfrican leaders themselves have also failed the resource-rich continent They continue to unscrupulously harp on historical injustices to cover up for their political and economic mess that are [sic] a sad manifestation of their suppression of democratic governance Corrupt and inefficient management of economies greed power hunger disrespect for human rights cronyism among other vices have contributed to the underdevelopment of Africa todayrdquo- Charles Mangongera lsquoShould We Continue to Blame Colonialismrsquo Financial Gazette (Harare Zimbabwe) September 19 2002

ldquoA district our size should have a much better soccer field but the money was pocketed There is corruption at all levels Itrsquos a top-down problemrdquo- Unemployed 27-yr-old Sidhinhyo Morongulos Mozambique April 2004

Evolution of Corruption by Regions of the World 1984-1999

Source Lederman D Loayza N and Soares RR (2001)

ldquoWho has the most to gain from corruption

(or the most to lose from ending it)rdquo

(vi) Psychological explanations

ldquoThere exists among us a strong feeling of inferiority [hellip which] comes from our awareness of past [whiteEuropean] oppressionrdquo- Anonymous fisherman northern Mozambique April 2004

(vii) Neocolonial explanations

ldquoWe were told and accepted that our poverty was caused by our poverty in the now famous theory of the lsquovicious circle of povertyrsquo and we went round in circles seeking ways and means of breaking that circle Had we asked the [right] questions we would not have exposed our economies to the ruthless plunder brought about by lsquoforeign investmentsrsquo which the exponents of the vicious circle theory urged us to do For it is clear foreign investment is the cause and not a solution to our economic backwardnessrdquo- Former Tanzanian minister AM Babu In Walter Rodney (1965) How Europe underdeveloped Africa page 312

Economies are like fires

5 The link with Sustainability

Earthrsquos ecologically productive surface asymp 2142109 hectares

Per-capita surface required to support American lifestyle

asymp 957 hectares

Acreage required to support worldwide American standards of living

asymp 3 Earths

Global population on July 10th 2010 asymp 6 795 329 623

Neocolonial explanations for persistent 21st-century poverty

Present American standards of living for the entire global populace are a physical impossibility

Fact

Cartograms illustrating (a) country-level wood and paper imports (by volume) for the year 2000 (b) country-level net forest loss between 1990 and 2000

(a) (b)

Flo

ws

of r

aw m

ater

ial a

nd fu

el

the case for greater

global equality

almost everyone stands to gain

httpwwwrealfutureorgthe tide is on Our side

(iv) Historical explanations

ldquoEuropean countries have been around for a long time We are young We just simply need time to catch uprdquo- Nxobo Masika Johannesburg South Africa March 2004

Date Country Notes19-Jul-49 Laos from France8-Aug-49 Bhutan from India

24-Dec-51 Libya from Italy9-Nov-53 Cambodia from France1-Jan-56 Sudan from Egypt and UK

2-Mar-56 Morocco from France and Spain20-Mar-56 Tunisia from France6-Mar-57 Ghana from UK

31-Aug-57 Malaysia from UK2-Oct-58 Guinea from France1-Jan-60 Cameroon from French-administered UN trusteeship4-Apr-60 Senegal from France

27-Apr-60 Togo from French-administered UN trusteeship26-Jun-60 Madagascar from France26-Jun-60 Somalia from the UK30-Jun-60 Democratic Republic of the Congo from Belgium

1-Jul-60 Somalia from the Italian-administered UN trusteeship1-Aug-60 Benin from France3-Aug-60 Niger from France5-Aug-60 Burkina Faso from France7-Aug-60 Cocircte dIvoire from France

11-Aug-60 Chad from France13-Aug-60 Central African Republic from France15-Aug-60 Republic of the Congo from France17-Aug-60 Gabon from France22-Sep-60 Mali from France

1-Oct-60 Nigeria from UK28-Nov-60 Mauritania from France27-Apr-61 Sierra Leone from UK19-Jun-61 Kuwait from UK

1-Jan-62 Samoa from New Zealand-administered UN trusteeship1-Jul-62 Burundi from UN trusteeship under Belgian administration1-Jul-62 Rwanda from Belgium-administered UN trusteeship5-Jul-62 Algeria from France

6-Aug-62 Jamaica from UK31-Aug-62 Trinidad and Tobago from UK

9-Oct-62 Uganda from UK12-Dec-63 Kenya from UK26-Apr-64 Tanzania from UK-administered UN trusteeship

6-Jul-64 Malawi from UK21-Sep-64 Malta from UK24-Oct-64 Zambia from UK18-Feb-65 The Gambia from UK26-Jul-65 Maldives from UK9-Aug-65 Singapore from Malaysian Federation

Date Country Notes26-May-66 Guyana from UK30-Sep-66 Botswana from UK

4-Oct-66 Lesotho from UK30-Nov-66 Barbados from UK30-Nov-67 South Yemen from UK31-Jan-68 Nauru from Australia-NZ-UK-administered UN trusteeship

12-Mar-68 Mauritius from UK6-Sep-68 Swaziland from UK

12-Oct-68 Equatorial Guinea from Spain4-Jun-70 Tonga from UK protectorate

10-Oct-70 Fiji from UK15-Aug-71 Bahrain from UK

3-Sep-71 Qatar from UK2-Dec-71 United Arab Emirates from UK

16-Dec-71 Bangladesh from Pakistan10-Jul-73 The Bahamas from UK

24-Sep-73 Guinea-Bissau declared independence from Portugal7-Feb-74 Grenada from UK

19-Oct-74 Niue in free association with New Zealand25-Jun-75 Mozambique from Portugal

5-Jul-75 Cape Verde from Portugal6-Jul-75 Comoros from France

12-Jul-75 Satildeo Tomeacute and Principe from Portugal16-Sep-75 Papua New Guinea from the Australian-administered UN trusteeship11-Nov-75 Angola from Portugal25-Nov-75 Suriname from Netherlands27-Feb-76 Western Sahara from Spain29-Jun-76 Seychelles from UK27-Jun-77 Djibouti from France

7-Jul-78 Solomon Islands from UK1-Oct-78 Tuvalu from UK

3-Nov-78 Dominica from UK22-Feb-79 Saint Lucia from UK12-Jul-79 Kiribati from UK

27-Oct-79 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines from UK18-Apr-80 Zimbabwe from UK30-Jul-80 Vanuatu from France and UK

21-Sep-81 Belize from UK1-Nov-81 Antigua and Barbuda from UK

19-Sep-83 Saint Kitts and Nevis from UK1-Jan-84 Brunei from UK

21-Oct-86 Marshall Islands from the US-administered UN trusteeship 3-Nov-86 Federated States of Micronesia from the US-administered UN trusteeship

21-Mar-90 Namibia from South Africa24-May-93 Eritrea from Ethiopia

1-Oct-94 Palau from the US-administered UN trusteeship

Dates of recent independence of developing countries

Early dates of independence of South American countries

Date Country Notes1 January 1804 Haiti from France25 May 1810 Argentina from Spain20 July 1810 Colombia from Spain16 September 1810 Mexico from Spain18 September 1810 Chile from Spain14 May 1811 Paraguay from Spain5 July 1811 Venezuela from Spain28 July 1821 Peru from Spain15 September 1821 Costa Rica from Spain15 September 1821 El Salvador from Spain15 September 1821 Guatemala from Spain15 September 1821 Honduras from Spain15 September 1821 Nicaragua from Spain28 November 1821 Panama from Spain24 May 1822 Ecuador from Spain7 September 1822 Brazil from Portugal6 August 1825 Bolivia from Spain25 August 1825 Uruguay from Brazil

(v) Inept-leadership explanations

ldquoAfrican leaders themselves have also failed the resource-rich continent They continue to unscrupulously harp on historical injustices to cover up for their political and economic mess that are [sic] a sad manifestation of their suppression of democratic governance Corrupt and inefficient management of economies greed power hunger disrespect for human rights cronyism among other vices have contributed to the underdevelopment of Africa todayrdquo- Charles Mangongera lsquoShould We Continue to Blame Colonialismrsquo Financial Gazette (Harare Zimbabwe) September 19 2002

ldquoA district our size should have a much better soccer field but the money was pocketed There is corruption at all levels Itrsquos a top-down problemrdquo- Unemployed 27-yr-old Sidhinhyo Morongulos Mozambique April 2004

Evolution of Corruption by Regions of the World 1984-1999

Source Lederman D Loayza N and Soares RR (2001)

ldquoWho has the most to gain from corruption

(or the most to lose from ending it)rdquo

(vi) Psychological explanations

ldquoThere exists among us a strong feeling of inferiority [hellip which] comes from our awareness of past [whiteEuropean] oppressionrdquo- Anonymous fisherman northern Mozambique April 2004

(vii) Neocolonial explanations

ldquoWe were told and accepted that our poverty was caused by our poverty in the now famous theory of the lsquovicious circle of povertyrsquo and we went round in circles seeking ways and means of breaking that circle Had we asked the [right] questions we would not have exposed our economies to the ruthless plunder brought about by lsquoforeign investmentsrsquo which the exponents of the vicious circle theory urged us to do For it is clear foreign investment is the cause and not a solution to our economic backwardnessrdquo- Former Tanzanian minister AM Babu In Walter Rodney (1965) How Europe underdeveloped Africa page 312

Economies are like fires

5 The link with Sustainability

Earthrsquos ecologically productive surface asymp 2142109 hectares

Per-capita surface required to support American lifestyle

asymp 957 hectares

Acreage required to support worldwide American standards of living

asymp 3 Earths

Global population on July 10th 2010 asymp 6 795 329 623

Neocolonial explanations for persistent 21st-century poverty

Present American standards of living for the entire global populace are a physical impossibility

Fact

Cartograms illustrating (a) country-level wood and paper imports (by volume) for the year 2000 (b) country-level net forest loss between 1990 and 2000

(a) (b)

Flo

ws

of r

aw m

ater

ial a

nd fu

el

the case for greater

global equality

almost everyone stands to gain

httpwwwrealfutureorgthe tide is on Our side

Date Country Notes19-Jul-49 Laos from France8-Aug-49 Bhutan from India

24-Dec-51 Libya from Italy9-Nov-53 Cambodia from France1-Jan-56 Sudan from Egypt and UK

2-Mar-56 Morocco from France and Spain20-Mar-56 Tunisia from France6-Mar-57 Ghana from UK

31-Aug-57 Malaysia from UK2-Oct-58 Guinea from France1-Jan-60 Cameroon from French-administered UN trusteeship4-Apr-60 Senegal from France

27-Apr-60 Togo from French-administered UN trusteeship26-Jun-60 Madagascar from France26-Jun-60 Somalia from the UK30-Jun-60 Democratic Republic of the Congo from Belgium

1-Jul-60 Somalia from the Italian-administered UN trusteeship1-Aug-60 Benin from France3-Aug-60 Niger from France5-Aug-60 Burkina Faso from France7-Aug-60 Cocircte dIvoire from France

11-Aug-60 Chad from France13-Aug-60 Central African Republic from France15-Aug-60 Republic of the Congo from France17-Aug-60 Gabon from France22-Sep-60 Mali from France

1-Oct-60 Nigeria from UK28-Nov-60 Mauritania from France27-Apr-61 Sierra Leone from UK19-Jun-61 Kuwait from UK

1-Jan-62 Samoa from New Zealand-administered UN trusteeship1-Jul-62 Burundi from UN trusteeship under Belgian administration1-Jul-62 Rwanda from Belgium-administered UN trusteeship5-Jul-62 Algeria from France

6-Aug-62 Jamaica from UK31-Aug-62 Trinidad and Tobago from UK

9-Oct-62 Uganda from UK12-Dec-63 Kenya from UK26-Apr-64 Tanzania from UK-administered UN trusteeship

6-Jul-64 Malawi from UK21-Sep-64 Malta from UK24-Oct-64 Zambia from UK18-Feb-65 The Gambia from UK26-Jul-65 Maldives from UK9-Aug-65 Singapore from Malaysian Federation

Date Country Notes26-May-66 Guyana from UK30-Sep-66 Botswana from UK

4-Oct-66 Lesotho from UK30-Nov-66 Barbados from UK30-Nov-67 South Yemen from UK31-Jan-68 Nauru from Australia-NZ-UK-administered UN trusteeship

12-Mar-68 Mauritius from UK6-Sep-68 Swaziland from UK

12-Oct-68 Equatorial Guinea from Spain4-Jun-70 Tonga from UK protectorate

10-Oct-70 Fiji from UK15-Aug-71 Bahrain from UK

3-Sep-71 Qatar from UK2-Dec-71 United Arab Emirates from UK

16-Dec-71 Bangladesh from Pakistan10-Jul-73 The Bahamas from UK

24-Sep-73 Guinea-Bissau declared independence from Portugal7-Feb-74 Grenada from UK

19-Oct-74 Niue in free association with New Zealand25-Jun-75 Mozambique from Portugal

5-Jul-75 Cape Verde from Portugal6-Jul-75 Comoros from France

12-Jul-75 Satildeo Tomeacute and Principe from Portugal16-Sep-75 Papua New Guinea from the Australian-administered UN trusteeship11-Nov-75 Angola from Portugal25-Nov-75 Suriname from Netherlands27-Feb-76 Western Sahara from Spain29-Jun-76 Seychelles from UK27-Jun-77 Djibouti from France

7-Jul-78 Solomon Islands from UK1-Oct-78 Tuvalu from UK

3-Nov-78 Dominica from UK22-Feb-79 Saint Lucia from UK12-Jul-79 Kiribati from UK

27-Oct-79 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines from UK18-Apr-80 Zimbabwe from UK30-Jul-80 Vanuatu from France and UK

21-Sep-81 Belize from UK1-Nov-81 Antigua and Barbuda from UK

19-Sep-83 Saint Kitts and Nevis from UK1-Jan-84 Brunei from UK

21-Oct-86 Marshall Islands from the US-administered UN trusteeship 3-Nov-86 Federated States of Micronesia from the US-administered UN trusteeship

21-Mar-90 Namibia from South Africa24-May-93 Eritrea from Ethiopia

1-Oct-94 Palau from the US-administered UN trusteeship

Dates of recent independence of developing countries

Early dates of independence of South American countries

Date Country Notes1 January 1804 Haiti from France25 May 1810 Argentina from Spain20 July 1810 Colombia from Spain16 September 1810 Mexico from Spain18 September 1810 Chile from Spain14 May 1811 Paraguay from Spain5 July 1811 Venezuela from Spain28 July 1821 Peru from Spain15 September 1821 Costa Rica from Spain15 September 1821 El Salvador from Spain15 September 1821 Guatemala from Spain15 September 1821 Honduras from Spain15 September 1821 Nicaragua from Spain28 November 1821 Panama from Spain24 May 1822 Ecuador from Spain7 September 1822 Brazil from Portugal6 August 1825 Bolivia from Spain25 August 1825 Uruguay from Brazil

(v) Inept-leadership explanations

ldquoAfrican leaders themselves have also failed the resource-rich continent They continue to unscrupulously harp on historical injustices to cover up for their political and economic mess that are [sic] a sad manifestation of their suppression of democratic governance Corrupt and inefficient management of economies greed power hunger disrespect for human rights cronyism among other vices have contributed to the underdevelopment of Africa todayrdquo- Charles Mangongera lsquoShould We Continue to Blame Colonialismrsquo Financial Gazette (Harare Zimbabwe) September 19 2002

ldquoA district our size should have a much better soccer field but the money was pocketed There is corruption at all levels Itrsquos a top-down problemrdquo- Unemployed 27-yr-old Sidhinhyo Morongulos Mozambique April 2004

Evolution of Corruption by Regions of the World 1984-1999

Source Lederman D Loayza N and Soares RR (2001)

ldquoWho has the most to gain from corruption

(or the most to lose from ending it)rdquo

(vi) Psychological explanations

ldquoThere exists among us a strong feeling of inferiority [hellip which] comes from our awareness of past [whiteEuropean] oppressionrdquo- Anonymous fisherman northern Mozambique April 2004

(vii) Neocolonial explanations

ldquoWe were told and accepted that our poverty was caused by our poverty in the now famous theory of the lsquovicious circle of povertyrsquo and we went round in circles seeking ways and means of breaking that circle Had we asked the [right] questions we would not have exposed our economies to the ruthless plunder brought about by lsquoforeign investmentsrsquo which the exponents of the vicious circle theory urged us to do For it is clear foreign investment is the cause and not a solution to our economic backwardnessrdquo- Former Tanzanian minister AM Babu In Walter Rodney (1965) How Europe underdeveloped Africa page 312

Economies are like fires

5 The link with Sustainability

Earthrsquos ecologically productive surface asymp 2142109 hectares

Per-capita surface required to support American lifestyle

asymp 957 hectares

Acreage required to support worldwide American standards of living

asymp 3 Earths

Global population on July 10th 2010 asymp 6 795 329 623

Neocolonial explanations for persistent 21st-century poverty

Present American standards of living for the entire global populace are a physical impossibility

Fact

Cartograms illustrating (a) country-level wood and paper imports (by volume) for the year 2000 (b) country-level net forest loss between 1990 and 2000

(a) (b)

Flo

ws

of r

aw m

ater

ial a

nd fu

el

the case for greater

global equality

almost everyone stands to gain

httpwwwrealfutureorgthe tide is on Our side

Early dates of independence of South American countries

Date Country Notes1 January 1804 Haiti from France25 May 1810 Argentina from Spain20 July 1810 Colombia from Spain16 September 1810 Mexico from Spain18 September 1810 Chile from Spain14 May 1811 Paraguay from Spain5 July 1811 Venezuela from Spain28 July 1821 Peru from Spain15 September 1821 Costa Rica from Spain15 September 1821 El Salvador from Spain15 September 1821 Guatemala from Spain15 September 1821 Honduras from Spain15 September 1821 Nicaragua from Spain28 November 1821 Panama from Spain24 May 1822 Ecuador from Spain7 September 1822 Brazil from Portugal6 August 1825 Bolivia from Spain25 August 1825 Uruguay from Brazil

(v) Inept-leadership explanations

ldquoAfrican leaders themselves have also failed the resource-rich continent They continue to unscrupulously harp on historical injustices to cover up for their political and economic mess that are [sic] a sad manifestation of their suppression of democratic governance Corrupt and inefficient management of economies greed power hunger disrespect for human rights cronyism among other vices have contributed to the underdevelopment of Africa todayrdquo- Charles Mangongera lsquoShould We Continue to Blame Colonialismrsquo Financial Gazette (Harare Zimbabwe) September 19 2002

ldquoA district our size should have a much better soccer field but the money was pocketed There is corruption at all levels Itrsquos a top-down problemrdquo- Unemployed 27-yr-old Sidhinhyo Morongulos Mozambique April 2004

Evolution of Corruption by Regions of the World 1984-1999

Source Lederman D Loayza N and Soares RR (2001)

ldquoWho has the most to gain from corruption

(or the most to lose from ending it)rdquo

(vi) Psychological explanations

ldquoThere exists among us a strong feeling of inferiority [hellip which] comes from our awareness of past [whiteEuropean] oppressionrdquo- Anonymous fisherman northern Mozambique April 2004

(vii) Neocolonial explanations

ldquoWe were told and accepted that our poverty was caused by our poverty in the now famous theory of the lsquovicious circle of povertyrsquo and we went round in circles seeking ways and means of breaking that circle Had we asked the [right] questions we would not have exposed our economies to the ruthless plunder brought about by lsquoforeign investmentsrsquo which the exponents of the vicious circle theory urged us to do For it is clear foreign investment is the cause and not a solution to our economic backwardnessrdquo- Former Tanzanian minister AM Babu In Walter Rodney (1965) How Europe underdeveloped Africa page 312

Economies are like fires

5 The link with Sustainability

Earthrsquos ecologically productive surface asymp 2142109 hectares

Per-capita surface required to support American lifestyle

asymp 957 hectares

Acreage required to support worldwide American standards of living

asymp 3 Earths

Global population on July 10th 2010 asymp 6 795 329 623

Neocolonial explanations for persistent 21st-century poverty

Present American standards of living for the entire global populace are a physical impossibility

Fact

Cartograms illustrating (a) country-level wood and paper imports (by volume) for the year 2000 (b) country-level net forest loss between 1990 and 2000

(a) (b)

Flo

ws

of r

aw m

ater

ial a

nd fu

el

the case for greater

global equality

almost everyone stands to gain

httpwwwrealfutureorgthe tide is on Our side

(v) Inept-leadership explanations

ldquoAfrican leaders themselves have also failed the resource-rich continent They continue to unscrupulously harp on historical injustices to cover up for their political and economic mess that are [sic] a sad manifestation of their suppression of democratic governance Corrupt and inefficient management of economies greed power hunger disrespect for human rights cronyism among other vices have contributed to the underdevelopment of Africa todayrdquo- Charles Mangongera lsquoShould We Continue to Blame Colonialismrsquo Financial Gazette (Harare Zimbabwe) September 19 2002

ldquoA district our size should have a much better soccer field but the money was pocketed There is corruption at all levels Itrsquos a top-down problemrdquo- Unemployed 27-yr-old Sidhinhyo Morongulos Mozambique April 2004

Evolution of Corruption by Regions of the World 1984-1999

Source Lederman D Loayza N and Soares RR (2001)

ldquoWho has the most to gain from corruption

(or the most to lose from ending it)rdquo

(vi) Psychological explanations

ldquoThere exists among us a strong feeling of inferiority [hellip which] comes from our awareness of past [whiteEuropean] oppressionrdquo- Anonymous fisherman northern Mozambique April 2004

(vii) Neocolonial explanations

ldquoWe were told and accepted that our poverty was caused by our poverty in the now famous theory of the lsquovicious circle of povertyrsquo and we went round in circles seeking ways and means of breaking that circle Had we asked the [right] questions we would not have exposed our economies to the ruthless plunder brought about by lsquoforeign investmentsrsquo which the exponents of the vicious circle theory urged us to do For it is clear foreign investment is the cause and not a solution to our economic backwardnessrdquo- Former Tanzanian minister AM Babu In Walter Rodney (1965) How Europe underdeveloped Africa page 312

Economies are like fires

5 The link with Sustainability

Earthrsquos ecologically productive surface asymp 2142109 hectares

Per-capita surface required to support American lifestyle

asymp 957 hectares

Acreage required to support worldwide American standards of living

asymp 3 Earths

Global population on July 10th 2010 asymp 6 795 329 623

Neocolonial explanations for persistent 21st-century poverty

Present American standards of living for the entire global populace are a physical impossibility

Fact

Cartograms illustrating (a) country-level wood and paper imports (by volume) for the year 2000 (b) country-level net forest loss between 1990 and 2000

(a) (b)

Flo

ws

of r

aw m

ater

ial a

nd fu

el

the case for greater

global equality

almost everyone stands to gain

httpwwwrealfutureorgthe tide is on Our side

Evolution of Corruption by Regions of the World 1984-1999

Source Lederman D Loayza N and Soares RR (2001)

ldquoWho has the most to gain from corruption

(or the most to lose from ending it)rdquo

(vi) Psychological explanations

ldquoThere exists among us a strong feeling of inferiority [hellip which] comes from our awareness of past [whiteEuropean] oppressionrdquo- Anonymous fisherman northern Mozambique April 2004

(vii) Neocolonial explanations

ldquoWe were told and accepted that our poverty was caused by our poverty in the now famous theory of the lsquovicious circle of povertyrsquo and we went round in circles seeking ways and means of breaking that circle Had we asked the [right] questions we would not have exposed our economies to the ruthless plunder brought about by lsquoforeign investmentsrsquo which the exponents of the vicious circle theory urged us to do For it is clear foreign investment is the cause and not a solution to our economic backwardnessrdquo- Former Tanzanian minister AM Babu In Walter Rodney (1965) How Europe underdeveloped Africa page 312

Economies are like fires

5 The link with Sustainability

Earthrsquos ecologically productive surface asymp 2142109 hectares

Per-capita surface required to support American lifestyle

asymp 957 hectares

Acreage required to support worldwide American standards of living

asymp 3 Earths

Global population on July 10th 2010 asymp 6 795 329 623

Neocolonial explanations for persistent 21st-century poverty

Present American standards of living for the entire global populace are a physical impossibility

Fact

Cartograms illustrating (a) country-level wood and paper imports (by volume) for the year 2000 (b) country-level net forest loss between 1990 and 2000

(a) (b)

Flo

ws

of r

aw m

ater

ial a

nd fu

el

the case for greater

global equality

almost everyone stands to gain

httpwwwrealfutureorgthe tide is on Our side

ldquoWho has the most to gain from corruption

(or the most to lose from ending it)rdquo

(vi) Psychological explanations

ldquoThere exists among us a strong feeling of inferiority [hellip which] comes from our awareness of past [whiteEuropean] oppressionrdquo- Anonymous fisherman northern Mozambique April 2004

(vii) Neocolonial explanations

ldquoWe were told and accepted that our poverty was caused by our poverty in the now famous theory of the lsquovicious circle of povertyrsquo and we went round in circles seeking ways and means of breaking that circle Had we asked the [right] questions we would not have exposed our economies to the ruthless plunder brought about by lsquoforeign investmentsrsquo which the exponents of the vicious circle theory urged us to do For it is clear foreign investment is the cause and not a solution to our economic backwardnessrdquo- Former Tanzanian minister AM Babu In Walter Rodney (1965) How Europe underdeveloped Africa page 312

Economies are like fires

5 The link with Sustainability

Earthrsquos ecologically productive surface asymp 2142109 hectares

Per-capita surface required to support American lifestyle

asymp 957 hectares

Acreage required to support worldwide American standards of living

asymp 3 Earths

Global population on July 10th 2010 asymp 6 795 329 623

Neocolonial explanations for persistent 21st-century poverty

Present American standards of living for the entire global populace are a physical impossibility

Fact

Cartograms illustrating (a) country-level wood and paper imports (by volume) for the year 2000 (b) country-level net forest loss between 1990 and 2000

(a) (b)

Flo

ws

of r

aw m

ater

ial a

nd fu

el

the case for greater

global equality

almost everyone stands to gain

httpwwwrealfutureorgthe tide is on Our side

(vi) Psychological explanations

ldquoThere exists among us a strong feeling of inferiority [hellip which] comes from our awareness of past [whiteEuropean] oppressionrdquo- Anonymous fisherman northern Mozambique April 2004

(vii) Neocolonial explanations

ldquoWe were told and accepted that our poverty was caused by our poverty in the now famous theory of the lsquovicious circle of povertyrsquo and we went round in circles seeking ways and means of breaking that circle Had we asked the [right] questions we would not have exposed our economies to the ruthless plunder brought about by lsquoforeign investmentsrsquo which the exponents of the vicious circle theory urged us to do For it is clear foreign investment is the cause and not a solution to our economic backwardnessrdquo- Former Tanzanian minister AM Babu In Walter Rodney (1965) How Europe underdeveloped Africa page 312

Economies are like fires

5 The link with Sustainability

Earthrsquos ecologically productive surface asymp 2142109 hectares

Per-capita surface required to support American lifestyle

asymp 957 hectares

Acreage required to support worldwide American standards of living

asymp 3 Earths

Global population on July 10th 2010 asymp 6 795 329 623

Neocolonial explanations for persistent 21st-century poverty

Present American standards of living for the entire global populace are a physical impossibility

Fact

Cartograms illustrating (a) country-level wood and paper imports (by volume) for the year 2000 (b) country-level net forest loss between 1990 and 2000

(a) (b)

Flo

ws

of r

aw m

ater

ial a

nd fu

el

the case for greater

global equality

almost everyone stands to gain

httpwwwrealfutureorgthe tide is on Our side

(vii) Neocolonial explanations

ldquoWe were told and accepted that our poverty was caused by our poverty in the now famous theory of the lsquovicious circle of povertyrsquo and we went round in circles seeking ways and means of breaking that circle Had we asked the [right] questions we would not have exposed our economies to the ruthless plunder brought about by lsquoforeign investmentsrsquo which the exponents of the vicious circle theory urged us to do For it is clear foreign investment is the cause and not a solution to our economic backwardnessrdquo- Former Tanzanian minister AM Babu In Walter Rodney (1965) How Europe underdeveloped Africa page 312

Economies are like fires

5 The link with Sustainability

Earthrsquos ecologically productive surface asymp 2142109 hectares

Per-capita surface required to support American lifestyle

asymp 957 hectares

Acreage required to support worldwide American standards of living

asymp 3 Earths

Global population on July 10th 2010 asymp 6 795 329 623

Neocolonial explanations for persistent 21st-century poverty

Present American standards of living for the entire global populace are a physical impossibility

Fact

Cartograms illustrating (a) country-level wood and paper imports (by volume) for the year 2000 (b) country-level net forest loss between 1990 and 2000

(a) (b)

Flo

ws

of r

aw m

ater

ial a

nd fu

el

the case for greater

global equality

almost everyone stands to gain

httpwwwrealfutureorgthe tide is on Our side

Economies are like fires

5 The link with Sustainability

Earthrsquos ecologically productive surface asymp 2142109 hectares

Per-capita surface required to support American lifestyle

asymp 957 hectares

Acreage required to support worldwide American standards of living

asymp 3 Earths

Global population on July 10th 2010 asymp 6 795 329 623

Neocolonial explanations for persistent 21st-century poverty

Present American standards of living for the entire global populace are a physical impossibility

Fact

Cartograms illustrating (a) country-level wood and paper imports (by volume) for the year 2000 (b) country-level net forest loss between 1990 and 2000

(a) (b)

Flo

ws

of r

aw m

ater

ial a

nd fu

el

the case for greater

global equality

almost everyone stands to gain

httpwwwrealfutureorgthe tide is on Our side

5 The link with Sustainability

Earthrsquos ecologically productive surface asymp 2142109 hectares

Per-capita surface required to support American lifestyle

asymp 957 hectares

Acreage required to support worldwide American standards of living

asymp 3 Earths

Global population on July 10th 2010 asymp 6 795 329 623

Neocolonial explanations for persistent 21st-century poverty

Present American standards of living for the entire global populace are a physical impossibility

Fact

Cartograms illustrating (a) country-level wood and paper imports (by volume) for the year 2000 (b) country-level net forest loss between 1990 and 2000

(a) (b)

Flo

ws

of r

aw m

ater

ial a

nd fu

el

the case for greater

global equality

almost everyone stands to gain

httpwwwrealfutureorgthe tide is on Our side

Earthrsquos ecologically productive surface asymp 2142109 hectares

Per-capita surface required to support American lifestyle

asymp 957 hectares

Acreage required to support worldwide American standards of living

asymp 3 Earths

Global population on July 10th 2010 asymp 6 795 329 623

Neocolonial explanations for persistent 21st-century poverty

Present American standards of living for the entire global populace are a physical impossibility

Fact

Cartograms illustrating (a) country-level wood and paper imports (by volume) for the year 2000 (b) country-level net forest loss between 1990 and 2000

(a) (b)

Flo

ws

of r

aw m

ater

ial a

nd fu

el

the case for greater

global equality

almost everyone stands to gain

httpwwwrealfutureorgthe tide is on Our side

Present American standards of living for the entire global populace are a physical impossibility

Fact

Cartograms illustrating (a) country-level wood and paper imports (by volume) for the year 2000 (b) country-level net forest loss between 1990 and 2000

(a) (b)

Flo

ws

of r

aw m

ater

ial a

nd fu

el

the case for greater

global equality

almost everyone stands to gain

httpwwwrealfutureorgthe tide is on Our side

Cartograms illustrating (a) country-level wood and paper imports (by volume) for the year 2000 (b) country-level net forest loss between 1990 and 2000

(a) (b)

Flo

ws

of r

aw m

ater

ial a

nd fu

el

the case for greater

global equality

almost everyone stands to gain

httpwwwrealfutureorgthe tide is on Our side

Flo

ws

of r

aw m

ater

ial a

nd fu

el

the case for greater

global equality

almost everyone stands to gain

httpwwwrealfutureorgthe tide is on Our side

the case for greater

global equality

almost everyone stands to gain

httpwwwrealfutureorgthe tide is on Our side

httpwwwrealfutureorgthe tide is on Our side