why are leading actors matched w. costars 1/2 their age?
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Why are leading actors matched w. costars 1/2 their age?](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102618/551449745503462d4e8b4d5d/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Why are leading actors matched w. costars 1/2 their age?
![Page 2: Why are leading actors matched w. costars 1/2 their age?](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102618/551449745503462d4e8b4d5d/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Best Actor/Actress 2008: Sean Penn - 47Kate Winslet - 32
![Page 3: Why are leading actors matched w. costars 1/2 their age?](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102618/551449745503462d4e8b4d5d/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Best Actor/Actress 2007: Daniel Day Lewis - 49Marion Cotillard - 31
![Page 4: Why are leading actors matched w. costars 1/2 their age?](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102618/551449745503462d4e8b4d5d/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Romantic movies: Eternal Sunshine - 2004Jim Carey - 41; Kate Winslet - 28
![Page 5: Why are leading actors matched w. costars 1/2 their age?](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102618/551449745503462d4e8b4d5d/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Romantic movies: Gone with the Wind - 1939Clark Gable - 37; Vivien Leigh - 25
![Page 6: Why are leading actors matched w. costars 1/2 their age?](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102618/551449745503462d4e8b4d5d/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Casa Blanca - 1939Bogart - 43; Ingrid Bergman - 24
![Page 7: Why are leading actors matched w. costars 1/2 their age?](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102618/551449745503462d4e8b4d5d/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Academy Awards 1929 -- 2008 Mean age of best actress - 34Mean age of best actor - 43
![Page 8: Why are leading actors matched w. costars 1/2 their age?](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102618/551449745503462d4e8b4d5d/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Hypothesis: People magazine speculates: Hollywood directors (often older males) “trying to relive their youth”Implies something special about Hollywood, but
![Page 9: Why are leading actors matched w. costars 1/2 their age?](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102618/551449745503462d4e8b4d5d/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
TROPHY WIFE TROPHY WIFE SYNDROME SYNDROME Phoenix Gazette: Phoenix Gazette:
““Growing trend among Growing trend among powerful chief powerful chief executivesexecutives
..discarding long-..discarding long-standing spouses for standing spouses for ‘trophy wives’ – ‘trophy wives’ – women typically women typically younger …beautiful younger …beautiful and very often and very often accomplished.”accomplished.”
![Page 10: Why are leading actors matched w. costars 1/2 their age?](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102618/551449745503462d4e8b4d5d/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
-20-20
10s10s
00
-10-10
10s10s
2020
1010
00
-10-10
20s20s 30s30s 40s40s 50s50s 60s60s
2020
1010
-20-20
20s20s 30s30s 40s40s 50s50s 60s60s
MALE'S AGEMALE'S AGE FEMALE'S AGEFEMALE'S AGE
DIFFERENCE FROM
DIFFERENCE FROM
CEO'S AGE
CEO'S AGE
From From FortuneFortune magazine magazine
Female CEO’s Female CEO’s husbands husbands 4.5 yrs. older 4.5 yrs. older
Male CEO’s Male CEO’s wives wives progressively progressively younger younger
![Page 11: Why are leading actors matched w. costars 1/2 their age?](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102618/551449745503462d4e8b4d5d/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Sociologist Arthur Neal (quoted in Gazette): Our cultural image of a mature man is typically in his late 40s or 50s…successful in his career.…ideal female - 20s or early 30s…This should come as no surprise at all, we live in an advertising culture...
![Page 12: Why are leading actors matched w. costars 1/2 their age?](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102618/551449745503462d4e8b4d5d/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Hypothesis: Phenomenon attributable to our cultureImplies something special about American society
![Page 13: Why are leading actors matched w. costars 1/2 their age?](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102618/551449745503462d4e8b4d5d/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
How do “experts” come up with their opinions on topics like this?
What kinds of evidence do we need to determine whether those opinions are right or wrong?
![Page 14: Why are leading actors matched w. costars 1/2 their age?](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102618/551449745503462d4e8b4d5d/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
SocioculturalSocioculturalSocioculturalSociocultural
EvolutionaryEvolutionaryEvolutionaryEvolutionary
Social LearningSocial LearningSocial LearningSocial Learning
Social CognitiveSocial CognitiveSocial CognitiveSocial Cognitive
Major Theoretical PerspectivesMajor Theoretical Perspectives
![Page 15: Why are leading actors matched w. costars 1/2 their age?](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102618/551449745503462d4e8b4d5d/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Sociocultural Perspective
What drives social behavior?
• Forces in larger social groups such as:
• norms within cultural groups
• social class differences
• nationality/ethnicity
• fads
![Page 16: Why are leading actors matched w. costars 1/2 their age?](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102618/551449745503462d4e8b4d5d/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Young Tibetan Bride (on right) with 3 of 5 brothers she married
Sociocultural theorists might ask:
• What are the differences in What are the differences in social behavior across social behavior across cultures?cultures?
• For example, women in For example, women in some societies marry more some societies marry more than one man (polyandry)than one man (polyandry)
![Page 17: Why are leading actors matched w. costars 1/2 their age?](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102618/551449745503462d4e8b4d5d/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Norms about racism Norms about racism have varied across have varied across historical periodshistorical periods
• In parts of the United In parts of the United States during the States during the 1950s, anti-black 1950s, anti-black prejudice was prejudice was expressed openlyexpressed openly
![Page 18: Why are leading actors matched w. costars 1/2 their age?](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102618/551449745503462d4e8b4d5d/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Social norms: rules and expectations for appropriate social behavior.
Sociocultural Perspective
Culture: beliefs, customs, habits, and language shared by the people living in a particular time and place.
![Page 19: Why are leading actors matched w. costars 1/2 their age?](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102618/551449745503462d4e8b4d5d/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
American culture teaches children to cherish their own individual choice and independence
Culture, Choice, and Intrinsic Motivation
esearch
![Page 20: Why are leading actors matched w. costars 1/2 their age?](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102618/551449745503462d4e8b4d5d/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Culture, Choice, and Intrinsic Motivation
esearch
But Asian culture emphasizes more collective values – viewing the self as interdependent with family and social group.
![Page 21: Why are leading actors matched w. costars 1/2 their age?](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102618/551449745503462d4e8b4d5d/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
In one study, researchers asked Anglo-American and Asian-American children to solve word puzzles that were either:
• Chosen by the child (Personal Choice)• Chosen by the experimenter• Chosen by the child’s mom
Culture, Choice, and Intrinsic Motivation
esearch
![Page 22: Why are leading actors matched w. costars 1/2 their age?](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102618/551449745503462d4e8b4d5d/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
1010
55
00
Personal Choice
Personal Choice
Iyengar & Lepper, 1999esearchesearch
Experimenter Choice
Experimenter Choice
But Asian-American children were more
motivated when their mothers had
chosen the task
But Asian-American children were more
motivated when their mothers had
chosen the task
Number of Word
Puzzles Completed
Number of Word
Puzzles Completed
Anglo American
Anglo American Personal choice
boosted motivation for Anglo-
American children
Personal choice boosted motivation
for Anglo-American children
Asian American
Asian American
Mom ChoiceMom
Choice
![Page 23: Why are leading actors matched w. costars 1/2 their age?](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102618/551449745503462d4e8b4d5d/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Cultural Norms & Romance
Japanese - 1st kiss age 20Americans - heavy petting @ 16Aussie women want 4 sexual partners,
Asian women less than 2
![Page 24: Why are leading actors matched w. costars 1/2 their age?](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102618/551449745503462d4e8b4d5d/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Cultural Norms & Romance
Cultural norms can influence romantic behaviors
But do they explain “trophy wife syndrome?”
![Page 25: Why are leading actors matched w. costars 1/2 their age?](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102618/551449745503462d4e8b4d5d/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Evolutionary PerspectiveWhat drives social behavior?Genetic predispositions to
respond in adaptive ways to particular events in the environment.
![Page 26: Why are leading actors matched w. costars 1/2 their age?](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102618/551449745503462d4e8b4d5d/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Evolutionary PerspectiveSuch as: Tendency to
quickly detect an angry face
580 msec if it’s a woman, 540 msec if it’s a man,
![Page 27: Why are leading actors matched w. costars 1/2 their age?](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102618/551449745503462d4e8b4d5d/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
• Evolutionary theorists might ask:
Are there similarities in social behavior across species?
• Evolutionary theorists might ask:
Are there similarities in social behavior across species?
![Page 28: Why are leading actors matched w. costars 1/2 their age?](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102618/551449745503462d4e8b4d5d/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
![Page 29: Why are leading actors matched w. costars 1/2 their age?](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102618/551449745503462d4e8b4d5d/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Female birds Female birds mate mate polygynously polygynously when male when male territories are territories are highly highly variable;variable;
Only a small Only a small %age of %age of males mate males mate w. > than 1 w. > than 1 femalefemale
![Page 30: Why are leading actors matched w. costars 1/2 their age?](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102618/551449745503462d4e8b4d5d/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
![Page 31: Why are leading actors matched w. costars 1/2 their age?](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102618/551449745503462d4e8b4d5d/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Evolutionary theorists might also ask:
What are the similarities across cultures?
Evolutionary theorists might also ask:
What are the similarities across cultures?
![Page 32: Why are leading actors matched w. costars 1/2 their age?](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102618/551449745503462d4e8b4d5d/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
-20-20
10s10s
00
-10-10
10s10s
2020
1010
00
-10-10
20s20s 30s30s 40s40s 50s50s 60s60s
2020
1010
-20-20
20s20s 30s30s 40s40s 50s50s 60s60s
MALE'S AGEMALE'S AGE FEMALE'S AGEFEMALE'S AGE
DIFFERENCE FROM
DIFFERENCE FROM
TARGET'S AGE
TARGET'S AGE
Oldest preferredOldest preferred
Youngest preferredYoungest preferred
Kenrick, Gabrielidis, Keefe, & Cornelius,Child Development (1996).
Kenrick & Keefe, Behavioral & Brain Sciences, (1992).
![Page 33: Why are leading actors matched w. costars 1/2 their age?](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102618/551449745503462d4e8b4d5d/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
EVOLUTIONARY LIFE EVOLUTIONARY LIFE HISTORY MODEL:HISTORY MODEL:
All Men interested in All Men interested in women in years of peak women in years of peak fertility.fertility.
For old men = younger.For old men = younger.
For young men = older.For young men = older.
• • WHAT UNDERLIES WHAT UNDERLIES “TROPHY WIFE” “TROPHY WIFE” SYNDROME?SYNDROME?
![Page 34: Why are leading actors matched w. costars 1/2 their age?](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102618/551449745503462d4e8b4d5d/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
IF CULTURE -- SHOULD VARY IF CULTURE -- SHOULD VARY WITH SOCIETY AND WITH SOCIETY AND HISTORICAL CHANGE.HISTORICAL CHANGE.
IF HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE IF HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE LIFE SPAN -- CONSISTENT LIFE SPAN -- CONSISTENT ACROSS CULTURES.ACROSS CULTURES.
HOW TO DISTINGUISH HOW TO DISTINGUISH EVOLUTIONARY vs EVOLUTIONARY vs
CULTURAL CULTURAL EXPLANATIONS?EXPLANATIONS?
![Page 35: Why are leading actors matched w. costars 1/2 their age?](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102618/551449745503462d4e8b4d5d/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
-20-20
10s10s
00
-10-10
10s10s
2020
1010
00
-10-10
20s20s 30s30s 40s40s >50>50
2020
1010
-20-20
20s20s 30s30s 40s40s >5>500
MALE'S AGEMALE'S AGE FEMALE'S AGEFEMALE'S AGE
DIFFERENCE FROM
DIFFERENCE FROM
TARGET'S AGE
TARGET'S AGE
NetherlandsNetherlands
Kenrick & Keefe, Behavioral & Brain Sciences, (1992).
![Page 36: Why are leading actors matched w. costars 1/2 their age?](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102618/551449745503462d4e8b4d5d/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
(TIMES OF INDIA, BOMBAY, SUNDAY, JAN. (TIMES OF INDIA, BOMBAY, SUNDAY, JAN. 29, 1989): 29, 1989): WANTED: WANTED: A NON-BHARADWAJ A NON-BHARADWAJ SMART GOOD-LOOKING PREFERABLY SMART GOOD-LOOKING PREFERABLY EMPLOYED KERALA IYER GIRL EMPLOYED KERALA IYER GIRL BELOW 25 FOR A KERALA IYER BOY BELOW 25 FOR A KERALA IYER BOY 29. CHEMICAL ENGINEER. CONTACT 29. CHEMICAL ENGINEER. CONTACT WITH HOROSCOPE.WITH HOROSCOPE.
![Page 37: Why are leading actors matched w. costars 1/2 their age?](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102618/551449745503462d4e8b4d5d/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
-20-20
00
-10-10
2020
1010
00
-10-10
20s20s 30s30s 40s40s 50s50s
2020
1010
-20-20
20s20s 30s30s 40s40s 50s50s
MALE'S AGEMALE'S AGE FEMALE'S AGEFEMALE'S AGE
DIFFERENCE FROM
DIFFERENCE FROM
TARGET'S AGE
TARGET'S AGE
IndiaIndia
Kenrick & Keefe, Behavioral & Brain Sciences, (1992).
![Page 38: Why are leading actors matched w. costars 1/2 their age?](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102618/551449745503462d4e8b4d5d/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
-20-20
10s10s
00
-10-10
10s10s
2020
1010
00
-10-10
20s20s 30s30s 40s40s >50>50
2020
1010
-20-20
20s20s 30s30s 40s40s >5>500
MALE'S AGEMALE'S AGE FEMALE'S AGEFEMALE'S AGE
DIFFERENCE FROM
DIFFERENCE FROM
TARGET'S AGE
TARGET'S AGE
Poro - 1913-1929Poro - 1913-1929
Kenrick & Keefe, Behavioral & Brain Sciences, (1992).
![Page 39: Why are leading actors matched w. costars 1/2 their age?](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102618/551449745503462d4e8b4d5d/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
1st wife - 1st wife - Catherine of Catherine of AragonAragon
Henry - 17, Henry - 17, Catherine - early Catherine - early 20s20s
Last wife, when Last wife, when Henry 51, was 20 Henry 51, was 20 years younger.years younger.
Henry b. 1492Henry b. 1492
HENRY VIIIHENRY VIII
![Page 40: Why are leading actors matched w. costars 1/2 their age?](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102618/551449745503462d4e8b4d5d/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
90 yrs. old, this is his 21st, with 90 yrs. old, this is his 21st, with 4th wife. 4th wife.
Worlds’s oldest father, Aug. 20, 2007
Worlds’s oldest father, Aug. 20, 2007
![Page 41: Why are leading actors matched w. costars 1/2 their age?](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102618/551449745503462d4e8b4d5d/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
-20-20
10s10s
00
-10-10
10s10s
2020
1010
00
-10-10
20s20s 30s30s 40s40s >50>50
2020
1010
-20-20
20s20s 30s30s 40s40s >5>500
MALE'S AGEMALE'S AGE FEMALE'S AGEFEMALE'S AGE
DIFFERENCE FROM
DIFFERENCE FROM
TARGET'S AGE
TARGET'S AGE
1600s1600s
1700s1700s
Kenrick, Nieuweboer & Buunk (unpublished)
1800s1800s
1980s ads1980s adsNetherlanNetherlandsds
N=2N=2
N=8N=8
![Page 42: Why are leading actors matched w. costars 1/2 their age?](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102618/551449745503462d4e8b4d5d/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Widows with farms Widows with farms would marry younger would marry younger men;men;
The women got needed The women got needed assistance;assistance;
Men elevated their Men elevated their position in societyposition in society
One possible One possible explanation:explanation:
![Page 43: Why are leading actors matched w. costars 1/2 their age?](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102618/551449745503462d4e8b4d5d/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Tiwi of North AustraliaTiwi of North Australia
![Page 44: Why are leading actors matched w. costars 1/2 their age?](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102618/551449745503462d4e8b4d5d/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
But society is polygynousBut society is polygynous
Powerful older men Powerful older men monopolize all young bridesmonopolize all young brides
All women must marryAll women must marry
Powerful men betroth young Powerful men betroth young daughters to other daughters to other patriarchspatriarchs
Tiwi men actually place very Tiwi men actually place very high value on young wiveshigh value on young wives
![Page 45: Why are leading actors matched w. costars 1/2 their age?](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102618/551449745503462d4e8b4d5d/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
““To get a start in life as a household To get a start in life as a household head and thus to get his foot on the head and thus to get his foot on the first rung of the prestige ladder, a Tiwi first rung of the prestige ladder, a Tiwi man in his thirties had first of all to get man in his thirties had first of all to get himself married to an elderly widow, himself married to an elderly widow, preferably one with married daughterspreferably one with married daughters
……The widow did several things for him. The widow did several things for him. She became his food provider and She became his food provider and housekeeper. She served as a link to housekeeper. She served as a link to ally him with her sons. As her ally him with her sons. As her husband, he acquired some rights in husband, he acquired some rights in the future remarriages of her the future remarriages of her daughters when they became daughters when they became widowed.”widowed.” (Hart & Pillig, 1960, p. 25) (Hart & Pillig, 1960, p. 25)
![Page 46: Why are leading actors matched w. costars 1/2 their age?](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102618/551449745503462d4e8b4d5d/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Trophy wifes in light of data:Trophy wifes in light of data:
Attraction to younger “trophy” Attraction to younger “trophy” wives not something unique wives not something unique to CEOs, ie to people to CEOs, ie to people exposed to American exposed to American advertisements, advertisements,
Not a result of cultural Not a result of cultural influencesinfluences
Instead, probably linked to life Instead, probably linked to life span differences in fertilityspan differences in fertility
![Page 47: Why are leading actors matched w. costars 1/2 their age?](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102618/551449745503462d4e8b4d5d/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Natural Selection
• Animals with features suited to demands of environment will survive better than those with less well-adapted features.
• Those well-adapted animals will reproduce more successfully.
![Page 48: Why are leading actors matched w. costars 1/2 their age?](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102618/551449745503462d4e8b4d5d/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Kin Selection
• Animals are predisposed to help
those who share genes by common
descent
• Nepotism
![Page 49: Why are leading actors matched w. costars 1/2 their age?](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102618/551449745503462d4e8b4d5d/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Inclusive Fitness
• Fitness formerly defined by number of surviving offspring
• But some animals do not reproduce (e.g. most female bees & ants)
![Page 50: Why are leading actors matched w. costars 1/2 their age?](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102618/551449745503462d4e8b4d5d/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Inclusive Fitness
• Can enhance fitness by
contributing to survival
of kin
• Inclusive = surviving
genes in offspring +
relatives you helpedWhite-fronted bee-eater
![Page 51: Why are leading actors matched w. costars 1/2 their age?](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102618/551449745503462d4e8b4d5d/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
On a 100 point scale (with 100 being warmest), how do you feel towards:
• Father’s father
• Father’s mother
• Mother’s father
• Mother’s mother
![Page 52: Why are leading actors matched w. costars 1/2 their age?](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102618/551449745503462d4e8b4d5d/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
9090
8080
7070
Paternal Paternal
Latham et al., 2005esearchesearch
MaternalMaternal
Researchers attributed this to
paternal uncertainty
Researchers attributed this to
paternal uncertainty
Feeling Thermo-
meter
Feeling Thermo-
meter
GrandfatherGrandfatherStudents felt least close to
father’s father
Students felt least close to
father’s father GrandmotherGrandmother
![Page 53: Why are leading actors matched w. costars 1/2 their age?](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102618/551449745503462d4e8b4d5d/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Parental Investment TheoryParental Investment Theory
Sex contributing more resources Sex contributing more resources to offspring to offspring (usually female)(usually female) – – more selective in mate choice.more selective in mate choice.
Other sex Other sex (usually males)(usually males) – – compete amongst themselves compete amongst themselves for access to more selective for access to more selective partners.partners.
Evolutionary Perspective
![Page 54: Why are leading actors matched w. costars 1/2 their age?](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102618/551449745503462d4e8b4d5d/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
What’s minimum percentile of intelligence you’d accept in considering someone for:
DATE
SEXUAL PARTNER
1 NIGHT STAND
STEADY DATING PARTNER
MARRIAGE PARTNERKenrick, Sadalla, Groth, & Trost (1990) Journal of Personality
Kenrick, Groth, Trost & Sadalla (1993) J. Personality & Social Psychology
Evolutionary Perspective
![Page 55: Why are leading actors matched w. costars 1/2 their age?](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102618/551449745503462d4e8b4d5d/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
DATEDATE SEXSEX MARRIAGEMARRIAGESTEADYSTEADY
50th50th%ile%ile
Minimum Minimum IntelligencIntelligence Desirede Desired
Evolutionary Perspective
![Page 56: Why are leading actors matched w. costars 1/2 their age?](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102618/551449745503462d4e8b4d5d/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
DATEDATE SEXSEX STEADYSTEADY MARRIAGEMARRIAGE
50th50th%ile%ile
Evolutionary Perspective
![Page 57: Why are leading actors matched w. costars 1/2 their age?](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102618/551449745503462d4e8b4d5d/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
DATEDATE SEXSEX STEADYSTEADY MARRIAGEMARRIAGE
50th50th%ile%ile
Evolutionary Perspective
![Page 58: Why are leading actors matched w. costars 1/2 their age?](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102618/551449745503462d4e8b4d5d/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
“Excuse me, I’ve seen you around campus, and I find you attractive. Would you like to go out with me?”
“Excuse me, I’ve seen you around campus, and I find you attractive. Would you like to go up to my room?”
Excuse me, I’ve seen you around campus, and I find you attractive. Would you like to go to bed with me?”
Clark & Hatfield (1989)
Evolutionary Perspective
![Page 59: Why are leading actors matched w. costars 1/2 their age?](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102618/551449745503462d4e8b4d5d/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
0
20
40
60
80
MaleFemale
SUBJECT SEX
GO OUT
GO TO APT.
GO TO BED
PERCENT SAYING "YES" 100
Clark and Hatfield (1989)
![Page 60: Why are leading actors matched w. costars 1/2 their age?](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102618/551449745503462d4e8b4d5d/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Sexual Selection
Animals with features that promote reproduction by
• Attracting opposite sex
• Dominating same sex
will reproduce more successfully.
Evolutionary Perspective
![Page 61: Why are leading actors matched w. costars 1/2 their age?](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102618/551449745503462d4e8b4d5d/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Male
s
EVER CONSIDERED KILLING ANOTHEREVER CONSIDERED KILLING ANOTHER
00 1010 2020 3030 4040 5050 6060 7070 8080 9090 100100
Fem
ale
sNever FrequentlyOccasionally
Kenrick & Sheets (1994). Homicidal Fantasies. Ethology & Sociobiology, 14, 231-246
![Page 62: Why are leading actors matched w. costars 1/2 their age?](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102618/551449745503462d4e8b4d5d/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Phalarope females larger & more competitive / males. Why?
Evolutionary Perspective
![Page 63: Why are leading actors matched w. costars 1/2 their age?](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102618/551449745503462d4e8b4d5d/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Species like phalaropes exception that proves the rule:
Sex making higher investment (usu. but not always females)-- more selective
Other sex competes for mating opportunities.
Evolutionary Perspective
![Page 64: Why are leading actors matched w. costars 1/2 their age?](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102618/551449745503462d4e8b4d5d/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Social Learning PerspectiveWhat drives social behavior?Classically conditioned
preferencessuch as
• Feeling of fear at sight of person who hit you
Social Learning PerspectiveWhat drives social behavior?Classically conditioned preferences
such as
• Feeling of fear at sight of person who hit you
![Page 65: Why are leading actors matched w. costars 1/2 their age?](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102618/551449745503462d4e8b4d5d/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
(Operant conditioning) Habits rewarded by other peoplesuch as• Boy who fights frequently after
father praised him for winning fight w. neighborhood bully.
Social Learning PerspectiveWhat drives social behavior?Social Learning PerspectiveWhat drives social behavior?
![Page 66: Why are leading actors matched w. costars 1/2 their age?](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102618/551449745503462d4e8b4d5d/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Social Learning PerspectiveWhat drives social behavior?Social Learning PerspectiveWhat drives social behavior?
Observation of models rewarded.
such as
• Buying gun after seeing movie in which hero gets girl after shooting several dozen people.
![Page 67: Why are leading actors matched w. costars 1/2 their age?](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102618/551449745503462d4e8b4d5d/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Space BlasterSpace Blaster
Doomsday Version 2.5
Does playing violent video
games increase aggressiveness?
![Page 68: Why are leading actors matched w. costars 1/2 their age?](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102618/551449745503462d4e8b4d5d/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Learning Violence From Video Games
• One team of researchers hypothesized - violent video games may make aggression rewarding, by allowing person to win points for killing & maiming human-like opponents (Anderson & Dill, 2000)
esearch
![Page 69: Why are leading actors matched w. costars 1/2 their age?](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102618/551449745503462d4e8b4d5d/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
• In experiment, students 1st played violent video game (Wulfenstein) or nonviolent game (Tetrix)
• They played a competitive game in which they could retaliate against real opponents by delivering unpleasantly loud blasts of noise
esearch
Learning Violence From Video Games
![Page 70: Why are leading actors matched w. costars 1/2 their age?](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102618/551449745503462d4e8b4d5d/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
8585
8080
Nonviolent Nonviolent
Anderson & Dill, 2000esearchesearch
ViolentViolent
Retaliatory Aggression (unpleasant noise level)
Retaliatory Aggression (unpleasant noise level)
Students who played a
violent video game
demonstrated significantly
higher levels of retaliatory aggression
Students who played a
violent video game
demonstrated significantly
higher levels of retaliatory aggression
Type of Videogame Type of Videogame
![Page 71: Why are leading actors matched w. costars 1/2 their age?](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102618/551449745503462d4e8b4d5d/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
What drives social behavior?• What we pay attention to• How we interpret and judge
social situations• What we retrieve from
memory
What drives social behavior?• What we pay attention to• How we interpret and judge
social situations• What we retrieve from
memory
Social Cognitive Perspective
![Page 72: Why are leading actors matched w. costars 1/2 their age?](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102618/551449745503462d4e8b4d5d/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
![Page 73: Why are leading actors matched w. costars 1/2 their age?](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102618/551449745503462d4e8b4d5d/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
2525
ControlControl
Estimated% Highly Attractive
Estimated% Highly Attractive
Attention-Limited
Attention-Limited
5050
4545
4040
3535
3030
Male TargetsMale Targets
Female Targets Female Targets
![Page 74: Why are leading actors matched w. costars 1/2 their age?](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102618/551449745503462d4e8b4d5d/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
![Page 75: Why are leading actors matched w. costars 1/2 their age?](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102618/551449745503462d4e8b4d5d/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
![Page 76: Why are leading actors matched w. costars 1/2 their age?](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102618/551449745503462d4e8b4d5d/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
![Page 77: Why are leading actors matched w. costars 1/2 their age?](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102618/551449745503462d4e8b4d5d/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
![Page 78: Why are leading actors matched w. costars 1/2 their age?](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102618/551449745503462d4e8b4d5d/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
00
Male PsMale Ps Female PsFemale Ps
6565
6060
5555
5050
4545
Male Targets
Male Targets
Female Targets
Female Targets
% time on attrphotos
![Page 79: Why are leading actors matched w. costars 1/2 their age?](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102618/551449745503462d4e8b4d5d/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
Recognition MemoryRecognition Memory
Participants shown single photos
Male vs. FemaleAttractive vs.
Average Later shown old
photosPlus new ones not
shown before
Participants shown single photos
Male vs. FemaleAttractive vs.
Average Later shown old
photosPlus new ones not
shown before
![Page 80: Why are leading actors matched w. costars 1/2 their age?](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102618/551449745503462d4e8b4d5d/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
Male Participants
AverageAverage AttractiveAttractive
6.06.0
5.55.5
5.05.0
Male TargetsMale Targets
Female Targets Female Targets R
eco
gnit
ion
![Page 81: Why are leading actors matched w. costars 1/2 their age?](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102618/551449745503462d4e8b4d5d/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
Female ParticipantsMale TargetsMale Targets
Female Targets Female Targets
AttractiveAttractive
Females did not selectively
remember the attractive men
Females did not selectively
remember the attractive men
AverageAverage
6.06.0
5.55.5
5.05.0
Reco
gnit
ion
![Page 82: Why are leading actors matched w. costars 1/2 their age?](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102618/551449745503462d4e8b4d5d/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
Both sexes are biased to look at attractive people
Both sexes are biased to look at attractive people
Women attend to, but do not seem to remember attractive men
Men & women attend to, remember, & overestimate attractive women
Women attend to, but do not seem to remember attractive men
Men & women attend to, remember, & overestimate attractive women
Attention and Memory
Attention and Memory
![Page 83: Why are leading actors matched w. costars 1/2 their age?](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102618/551449745503462d4e8b4d5d/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
Biased Interpretation
Biased Interpretation
Participants shown single photosMale vs. Female
Attractive vs. Average Black vs. White
All posed & pre-rated for neutral expressions
Participants shown single photosMale vs. Female
Attractive vs. Average Black vs. White
All posed & pre-rated for neutral expressions
![Page 84: Why are leading actors matched w. costars 1/2 their age?](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102618/551449745503462d4e8b4d5d/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
![Page 85: Why are leading actors matched w. costars 1/2 their age?](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102618/551449745503462d4e8b4d5d/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
![Page 86: Why are leading actors matched w. costars 1/2 their age?](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102618/551449745503462d4e8b4d5d/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
Told people in photos previously thinking emotional thoughts
Task --> read face for subtle emotional cuesBefore seeing photos
Participants watched one of 3 films
Told people in photos previously thinking emotional thoughts
Task --> read face for subtle emotional cuesBefore seeing photos
Participants watched one of 3 films
![Page 87: Why are leading actors matched w. costars 1/2 their age?](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102618/551449745503462d4e8b4d5d/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
QuickTime™ and aMPEG-4 Video decompressorare needed to see this picture.
Self-protectionSelf-protection
![Page 88: Why are leading actors matched w. costars 1/2 their age?](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102618/551449745503462d4e8b4d5d/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
Romance
![Page 89: Why are leading actors matched w. costars 1/2 their age?](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102618/551449745503462d4e8b4d5d/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
Control
![Page 90: Why are leading actors matched w. costars 1/2 their age?](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102618/551449745503462d4e8b4d5d/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
Perceived Anger in Black Male
Targets
Perceived Anger in Black Male
Targets
4.04.0
3.03.0
2.02.0
ControlControl Self-protection
Self-protection
![Page 91: Why are leading actors matched w. costars 1/2 their age?](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102618/551449745503462d4e8b4d5d/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
Perceived Sexual Arousal
in Attractiv
e Opposite
Sex Targets
Perceived Sexual Arousal
in Attractiv
e Opposite
Sex Targets
ControlControl RomanticRomantic
5.05.0
4.04.0
3.03.0
Male ParticipantsMale ParticipantsFemale
ParticipantsFemale
Participants
![Page 92: Why are leading actors matched w. costars 1/2 their age?](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102618/551449745503462d4e8b4d5d/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
SOCIAL COGNITIONSOCIAL COGNITION
Interpretation of sexual arousal biased in line w. parental
investment theory
Interpretation of sexual arousal biased in line w. parental
investment theory Only men “project” sexual
feelings, - specifically onto attractive women
Female & male Ps both felt romantic feelings after film
But female judgments of strangers unaffected
Only men “project” sexual feelings, - specifically onto
attractive womenFemale & male Ps both felt
romantic feelings after filmBut female judgments of strangers
unaffected
![Page 93: Why are leading actors matched w. costars 1/2 their age?](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102618/551449745503462d4e8b4d5d/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
Sociocultural
Perspective
Evolutionary
What Drives Social Behavior?
Social Learning
Social Cognitive
![Page 94: Why are leading actors matched w. costars 1/2 their age?](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102618/551449745503462d4e8b4d5d/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
Forces in larger social groups e.g.: norms, fads, social
class, ethnic identity,
Sociocultural
Perspective
Evolutionary
What Drives Social Behavior?
Social Learning
Social Cognitive
![Page 95: Why are leading actors matched w. costars 1/2 their age?](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102618/551449745503462d4e8b4d5d/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
Genetic predispositions /
promoted ancestors’ survival &
reproduction, such as: bond betw. parent & child
Sociocultural
Perspective
Evolutionary
What Drives Social Behavior?
Social Learning
Social Cognitive
![Page 96: Why are leading actors matched w. costars 1/2 their age?](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102618/551449745503462d4e8b4d5d/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
• • Classically Classically conditioned conditioned preferencespreferences
• HabitsHabits rewarded by others;
• Imitation• Imitation of behavior we’ve seen rewarded in others
Sociocultural
Perspective
Evolutionary
What Drives Social Behavior?
Social Social LearningLearning
Social Cognitive
![Page 97: Why are leading actors matched w. costars 1/2 their age?](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102618/551449745503462d4e8b4d5d/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
What we pay pay attentionattention to;
How we interpretinterpret & judgejudge social sits.; What we retrieve
from memorymemory
Sociocultural
Perspective
Evolutionary
What Drives Social Behavior?
Social Learning
Social Social CognitiveCognitive
![Page 98: Why are leading actors matched w. costars 1/2 their age?](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102618/551449745503462d4e8b4d5d/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
Theories not independent alternatives
Theories not independent alternatives
• Social behavior NOT caused EITHER by culture, evolved mechanisms, learning, OR cognition
• All these factors INTERACT
• Social behavior NOT caused EITHER by culture, evolved mechanisms, learning, OR cognition
• All these factors INTERACT
![Page 99: Why are leading actors matched w. costars 1/2 their age?](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102618/551449745503462d4e8b4d5d/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
Basic Principles of Social Behavior
Basic Principles of Social Behavior
• Social behavior is goal oriented.
• Continual interaction betw. person & situation.
• Social behavior is goal oriented.
• Continual interaction betw. person & situation.
![Page 100: Why are leading actors matched w. costars 1/2 their age?](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102618/551449745503462d4e8b4d5d/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
• At surface level, we have many day-to-day goals.– Go Shopping
– Study for a test
– Get a date for Saturday night.
– Etc.
• At surface level, we have many day-to-day goals.– Go Shopping
– Study for a test
– Get a date for Saturday night.
– Etc.
Social Behavior is Goal OrientedSocial Behavior is Goal Oriented
![Page 101: Why are leading actors matched w. costars 1/2 their age?](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102618/551449745503462d4e8b4d5d/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
Social Behavior is Goal OrientedSocial Behavior is Goal OrientedAt broadest level, we can categorize social
goals into fundamental motives-At broadest level, we can categorize social
goals into fundamental motives-
To establish social tiesTo establish social ties
To understand ourselves and othersTo understand ourselves and others
To gain and maintain statusTo gain and maintain status
To defend ourselves and those we valueTo defend ourselves and those we value
To attract and retain matesTo attract and retain mates
![Page 102: Why are leading actors matched w. costars 1/2 their age?](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102618/551449745503462d4e8b4d5d/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
Person - Situation InteractionsPerson - Situation Interactions
By person psychologists mean characteristics individuals carry into social situations
By person psychologists mean characteristics individuals carry into social situations
By situation - environmental events or circumstances outside person
By situation - environmental events or circumstances outside person
Interaction - persons & situations influence one another in # ways
Interaction - persons & situations influence one another in # ways
![Page 103: Why are leading actors matched w. costars 1/2 their age?](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102618/551449745503462d4e8b4d5d/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
1. Different persons respond differently 1. Different persons respond differently to the same situationto the same situation
1. Different persons respond differently 1. Different persons respond differently to the same situationto the same situation
The Interaction Between the Person and the Situation
The Interaction Between the Person and the Situation
Example: Some people perceive friendliness as flirtation; others perceive flirtation as friendliness.
Example: Some people perceive friendliness as flirtation; others perceive flirtation as friendliness.
![Page 104: Why are leading actors matched w. costars 1/2 their age?](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102618/551449745503462d4e8b4d5d/html5/thumbnails/104.jpg)
2. Situations Choose the Person2. Situations Choose the Person2. Situations Choose the Person2. Situations Choose the Person
The Interaction Between the Person and the Situation
The Interaction Between the Person and the Situation
Not everyone gets to enter every situation they would like.
Example: • West Point doesn’t admit all.
• Dominant, agreeable men more likely chosen for relationships over submissive, disagreeable ones.
Not everyone gets to enter every situation they would like.
Example: • West Point doesn’t admit all.
• Dominant, agreeable men more likely chosen for relationships over submissive, disagreeable ones.
![Page 105: Why are leading actors matched w. costars 1/2 their age?](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102618/551449745503462d4e8b4d5d/html5/thumbnails/105.jpg)
3. Persons Choose Their Situations3. Persons Choose Their Situations3. Persons Choose Their Situations3. Persons Choose Their Situations
The Interaction Between the Person and the Situation
The Interaction Between the Person and the Situation
Example: • One person would pay dearly to go bungee-jumping; another would pay dearly to avoid.
• Men, elderly, & high self-esteem people less likely to seek out help.
Example: • One person would pay dearly to go bungee-jumping; another would pay dearly to avoid.
• Men, elderly, & high self-esteem people less likely to seek out help.
![Page 106: Why are leading actors matched w. costars 1/2 their age?](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102618/551449745503462d4e8b4d5d/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
4. Different Situations Prime Different 4. Different Situations Prime Different Parts of the same PersonParts of the same Person
4. Different Situations Prime Different 4. Different Situations Prime Different Parts of the same PersonParts of the same Person
The Interaction Between the Person and the Situation
The Interaction Between the Person and the Situation
Example: Around your professor, you may show your intellectual side; Around an old friend who did not go to college; you may suppress it.
Example: Around your professor, you may show your intellectual side; Around an old friend who did not go to college; you may suppress it.
![Page 107: Why are leading actors matched w. costars 1/2 their age?](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102618/551449745503462d4e8b4d5d/html5/thumbnails/107.jpg)
5. Persons Change The Situation5. Persons Change The Situation5. Persons Change The Situation5. Persons Change The Situation
The Interaction Between the Person and the Situation
The Interaction Between the Person and the Situation
Example: A highly extraverted person can change a boring party into the social event of the season.
Example: A highly extraverted person can change a boring party into the social event of the season.
![Page 108: Why are leading actors matched w. costars 1/2 their age?](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102618/551449745503462d4e8b4d5d/html5/thumbnails/108.jpg)
6. Situations Change the Person6. Situations Change the Person6. Situations Change the Person6. Situations Change the Person
The Interaction Between the Person and the Situation
The Interaction Between the Person and the Situation
Example: After four years of college, any proclivity to get in fist fights will likely decrease.
Example: After four years of college, any proclivity to get in fist fights will likely decrease.