why are buildings so important? - p2infohouse.org · energy cost index – $1.53 / (sf-yr) source:...

1

Curtis J. Klaassen, PEEnergy Resource Station

Iowa Energy Center

HIGH PERFORMANCE BUILDINGS

The Building Blocks to 100 MPG

Energy in Buildings

Why Are Buildings So Important?

2

Building Energy in PerspectiveBuildings Use 40% of the Nation’s Primary Energy

22%

18%

32%

28%

Residential

Commercial

Industry

Transportation

Total Residential & Commercial = 40%

Buildings Use 72% of the Nation’s ElectricityResponsible for 39% of the Nation’s Greenhouse

Gas Emissions2005 Building Energy Databook

18%

8% 5% 11%

26%

32%

Vent

Water Heating

Lighting

Equipment Space Heating

Space Cooling

HVAC Total 48 %General 26 %

Lighting 26 %

Typical Midwest Office Building Energy Consumption:Energy Use Index – 126,120 BTU / (SF-Yr)Energy Cost Index – $1.53 / (SF-Yr) Source: CBECS Data

Energy in Office Buildings

3

Energy in BuildingsHeating and Cooling Energy● Heating Ventilating and Air Conditioning (HVAC) May be the Largest user of

Energy in Your Building● Typically Heating and Cooling Commercial Buildings is Responsible for about

50% of Building Energy use

Lighting Energy● Lighting Energy may be the Second Largest user of Energy● Lighting Energy is typically about 25% of Building Energy Use● Lighting Energy is typically about 40% of Building Energy Cost● Reducing Lighting energy reduces Cooling Energy Requirements

Office Equipment Energy● Office Equipment may consume 15 to 25% of the Building Energy Use● Reducing Office Equipment energy also reduces Cooling Energy

Buildings are for PeopleTotal Economic Performance

20 Year Cost of Ownership – Office Building

94%

3% 3%Construction &Financing CostMaintenance &Utilities CostPeople Costs

4

People in Buildings

Personnel Costs can be $300 to $500 per Square Foot per Year

Typical Energy Costs are $1.00 to $1.50 per Square Food per Year

Personnel Costs are 300 to 400 times as much per Square Foot as the energy required to provide for light, comfort and office equipment power

High Performance BuildingsCharacteristics● Healthy and Productive Environment for Workers● Energy Efficient / Cost Effective for Owners ● Sustainable for the Community

Benefits● Improved Work Environment – Thermal, Visual and Acoustic Comfort● Increased Productivity – Productivity gains between 6% and 16%

– Improved Scholastic Achievement and Attendance– Increased Retail Sales

● Increased Employee Satisfaction – Retain Good Employees● Reduced Operating Costs – Energy, Operation, and Maintenance● Reduced Liability Exposure – High Air Quality, Less Sick Building, Mold ● Protection of Natural Resources – Positive influence on environment

Convertible to Net Zero Energy Buildings

5

Efficient Buildings – ResourcesASHRAE Standard 90.1- 2004 (Energy Standard/Code)● ASHRAE / IESNA / ANSI

Energy Star Buildings Rating System● US Environmental Protection Agency

LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design)● US Green Buildings Council

High Performance Buildings – Whole Building Design● US Department of Energy / ASHRAE

Advanced Building Guidelines / Core Performance Guide● New Buildings Institute

Advanced Energy Design Guide: Small Offices, K-12 Schools, Retail● ASHRAE / AIA / IESNA / NBI / USDOE

Monitoring Energy Performance – Show Me The Data● Iowa Energy Center / Energy Resource Station

Case Study:Iowa Association of Municipal Utilities (IAMU)

Photos: Assassi Productions - 2001

Office and Training Complex

Ankeny, IA

6

Case Study:Iowa Utilities Board/Office of Consumer Advocate

New Office Building (under construction)

BNIM Architects

Energy Goal: Less Than 28,000 BTU/SqFt per year

Design Goal: LEED Platinum Rating

High Performance – Building Blocks

Step 1 – Integrated Design Process

Step 2 – Reduce Energy Load

Step 3 – Improve Efficiency of Systems & Equipment

Step 4 – Effective Building Operations

Step 5 – Alternate Energy Sources

7


Step 1 – Integrated Design Process● Assemble interdisciplinary Design Team committed to the Process

● Establish Construction Cost AND Building Performance Goals





Setting Building Performance Goals

Measurable goals are better

From bad to good…● Design a Green building

● Design a LEED <insert precious metal> building

● Design a building to use 30% less energy than ASHRAE 90.1-2004

● Design a building to use less than 30,000 BTU/SqFt per year

● Design a Net Zero Energy building

Metrics is about measuring and comparison● There will never be a prefect system for measuring

8

Design ProcessIntegrated Design Approach● Expanded Design Team – knowledge pool of project stakeholders● 12 full day design charrettes – exchange of ideas / feedback● Energy, Sustainability and Construction Cost goals monitored● Continued focus on simple, functional and utilitarian project objectives● Collaboration – No one has all the answers…..

Design ProcessWhole Building Modeling w/DOE 2 – conducted in 3 phases● Benchmark – Base Case Model established● Optimization – over 70 independent energy strategies evaluated● Refinement – resulting in 3 alternative energy strategy bundles

HVAC System Life Cycle Cost Analysis● Consider energy, O&M, repair and replacement costs● 8 HVAC System Alternatives evaluated

9

Design ProcessMidAmerican Energy Company participation● New Construction Program – for energy efficient new commercial buildings● Financial Incentives – based on both quantity and percentage energy savings● Custom PLUS Energy Design supports early energy modeling – 40-60% better

Construction Cost Evaluation● Input from contractors and materials suppliers● Value Engineering approach

Photos: Assassi Productions - 2001Photos: Assassi Productions - 2001

High Performance – Building BlocksStep 1 – Integrated Design Process

Step 2 – Reduce Energy Load● Site Orientation and Building Arrangement ● Efficient and Effective Building Envelope




10

H

2 X H2 X H

H

North

Building Orientation ConceptsOrient Building on an East/West axisProvide Daylight from North/South OrientationsMinimize East/West Exposures/GlazingHigh South Wall captures Daylight –Lower North Wall shelters against prevailing winter winds

Proportion Interior Spaces no deeper than 2 times window head height

Use Glazing judiciously to accomplish View, Daylight and Ventilation

Window System tuned by orientation

Window SystemOptimize Window Area, U-Value, Shading Coefficient and Visual Transmittance by Orientation.

SC U-value VT

North/South 0.44 0.35 0.67

East/West 0.35 0.25 0.60N

High Performance Building EnvelopeSix Inch Exterior Wall: R = 24.2● Low Density Sprayed Foam Insulation

Metal Roof / Metal Deck: R = 30+● Insulated ‘Sandwich’ panel

Protected Vestibule Entrances

Low-E, Triple pane Windows● Wood Frame: U = 0.25 – 0.35● Operable – Natural Ventilation

Windows are a thermal andcost liability

Optimized Window/Wall Area

Window to Window toWall area Floor area

North 13% 2.4%

South 25% 7.5%

East 25% 2.9%

West 6% 0.7%

Total 19% 13.6%

11

Exterior Solar Control

April ~ 9:00 am solar time

July ~ 11:30 pm solar time

BNIM Architects

High Performance Building Envelope

Thermal Bridging

Wall Studs

Footing

12




Step 3 – Improve Efficiency of Systems & Equipment● Lighting Systems – Daylighting, High Efficiency Lighting

● HVAC Systems – VAV, Heat Recovery, Geothermal Systems

● Efficient A/C units, Boilers, Motors, Light Fixtures

● Computers and Office Equipment



Natural Daylighting

Daylighting is the choice, art, practice or science of using natural daylight as the primary daytime illuminant in a room or building

13

Open Office area - 32’ deepPrivate Office 16’

20 degreemin. winter profile angle

Daylighting ConceptsVisual Connection to the Outdoors – everyone has a viewEnhance People Performance – comfortable and controlled environmentReduce Need for Electric Lights – 30% lamp quantityReduce Need for Lighting Energy – 35% kWh/yrReduce Need for Air Conditioning – over 10% capacityTotal effect reduces Electrical Demand by 24% peak kW

Daylighting Window

View Window

Daylight& ViewWindow

Indirect Light Fixtures with Electronic Dimming Ballast

LightSensors

Transom GlassOccupancy Sensor

0

5

10

15

20

25

Sunday,January 23,

2005

Monday,January 24,

2005

Tuesday,January 25,

2005

Wednesday,January 26,

2005

Thursday,January 27,

2005

Friday,January 28,

2005

Saturday,January 29,

2005

Ligh

t Dem

and

- KW

0

100

200

300

400

500

Sola

r Nor

mal

Flu

x - B

TU/H

r-SF

Actual Light Demand ASHRAE 90.1 1989 ASHRAE 90.1 2001 Connected Lighting Power SOL-HORZ

LPD = 1.1 W/SF, Connected Lighting Power

LPD = 1.3 W/SF, ASHRAE 90.1 2001

LPD = 1.7 W/SF, ASHRAE 90.1 1989

Site Lights 1.4KW

Peak 9.4KWPeak 9.9KW

Lighting System Electrical Demand

Peak Lighting LoadWinter – early darkness

14

0

5

10

15

20

25

Sunday,January 23,

2005

Monday,January 24,

2005

Tuesday,January 25,

2005

Wednesday,January 26,

2005

Thursday,January 27,

2005

Friday,January 28,

2005

Saturday,January 29,

2005

Ligh

t Dem

and

- KW

0

100

200

300

400

500

Sola

r Nor

mal

Flu

x - B

TU/H

r-SF

Actual Light Demand ASHRAE 90.1 1989 ASHRAE 90.1 2001 Connected Lighting Power SOL-HORZ

Solar Normal Flux

LPD = 1.1 W/SF, Connected Lighting Power

LPD = 1.3 W/SF, ASHRAE 90.1 2001

LPD = 1.7 W/SF, ASHRAE 90.1 1989

Site Lights 1.4KW

Peak 9.4KWPeak 9.9KW

Lighting System Electrical Demand

Peak Lighting LoadWinter – early darkness

Lighting SystemsMany Types of Fluorescent Lamps available – many variables

Lumens: 2400 for 25 W lamps to 5000 for High Output● 100+ Lumens per Watt systems available

Life: 20,000 to 30,000 hours

Ballasts: influence light output and power consumption● Extra Efficient Ballasts: Consume 3 to 6 watts less than generic electronic type● Cost $2 to $3 more at the distributor level – Save $20 or more over 15 year life● Cost of ~ 50 cents per watt

CFL’s good but not greatEfficacy of Selected Commercially Available Systems

(Based on design lumens)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140

Incandescent

CFL - Miscellaneous

CFL - Twister Lamp

LED

Induction

T12 Fluorescent

T8 Fluorescent

T5 Fluorescent

Mercury Vapor

Metal Halide

High Pressure Sodium

Efficacy (Lumens per Watt)

(Candle, Globe, and Flood)

CFL efficacy calculated using expected design lumens based on an average 10% lumen depreciation of simular bulbs.

15

Lighting SystemsEvaluate Lighting Power Density● LPDs of 0.6 to 0.7 watts/SqFt possible with Daylighting● Incorporate Task Lighting

Get the Lighting Controls right● Continuous Dimming Control● Light Sensors● Occupancy Sensors

High Reflectance surfaces

Avoid integral emergency lighting fixtures – parasitic load

Control 24 hour “Night Lighting” – high load factor

Don’t ignore site lighting – can be significant energy

Lighting Types – LED or Solid State

Efficacy of Selected Commercially Available Systems(Based on design lumens)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140

Incandescent

CFL - Miscellaneous

CFL - Twister Lamp

LED

Induction

T12 Fluorescent

T8 Fluorescent

T5 Fluorescent

Mercury Vapor

Metal Halide





11 Watt LED equivalent to a 65 Watt Incandescent lamp640 Lumens (58 L/watt)50,000 hours Life$100 CostBEWARE: Other LEDs rated at 23 L/watt and less life

LEDs have been around since 1962, initially as those small red and green lamps in VCR, TV and

other electronic items. White LEDs were invented in 1993.

**

16

Lighting Types – LED or Solid State

78 Watt LED 4,800 Lumens (62 L/watt)80,000 hours Life$900 for Fixture

Outside Lighting Applications

Efficacy of Selected Commercially Available Systems(Based on design lumens)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140

Incandescent

CFL - Miscellaneous

CFL - Twister Lamp

LED

Induction

T12 Fluorescent

T8 Fluorescent

T5 Fluorescent

Mercury Vapor

Metal Halide





*

Mechanical System Concepts

North

Geothermal Heat Pump System● Eight Thermal Comfort Zones ● Simple and Effective Design● $39,000 Incremental Cost over Rooftop Units● 35% Less Energy Costs● Lowest Life Cycle Cost of 8 Options● Does not Detract from Building

Aesthetics

17

Mechanical System Concepts

Energy Recovery Unit● Preheats/Precools Outside Air

with Energy Recovered from the Rest Room Exhaust Air

● Two Speed Unit provides additional Ventilation when the Auditorium is in use

Point of Use Water Heaters Geothermal Heat Pump System● Eight Thermal Comfort Zones ● Simple and Effective Design● $39,000 Incremental Cost over Rooftop Units● 35% Less Energy Costs● Lowest Life Cycle Cost of 8 Options● Does not Detract from Building

Aesthetics

HVAC System Electrical Demand

Loop Circulating Pump Continuous 2 KW

Peak Heating LoadEach Heat Pump has an‘ON’ signature of 3.5 KW Recovering from

Night Setback

Internal Heat Gain and Passive Solar

Night Setback Reintroduced

18

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400

10/01/2005 Time (min.)

Dem

and

(kW

)

00:00 24:0012:00

HVAC System Electrical Demand

Minimum Heating or Cooling Load

Each Heat Pump has an‘ON’ signature of 3.5 KW

Loop Circulating Pump Continuous 2 KW

October 1, 2005 Time (min.)

Circulating Pump Energy● Pumping Energy Can Be Significant due to 24 / 7 Load Factor

● Minimizing Pump Head important

● Many HVAC Systems have excess Pumping Energy

IAMU Loop Circulating Pump Energy Use● Represents 8 % of the HVAC Metered Peak Demand

● Consumes 36 % of the Total Building HVAC Energy

● Responsible for 18 % of the Total Building Energy Costs

● Operating Cost of ~ $1200 per year

● Retrofit VFD installed – saved ~ 80% of pumping energy– reduced building energy use by 13%

Pumping System Considerations

19

Equipment Energy Considerations

Value Difference % Diff

Model Standard Eff

Number of Ground Source Heat Pumps 40

Nominal GSHP Total Capacity Tons 103

Heating Performance

Max Peak Heating Capacity MBH 955 926 -29 -3.0%

Max Total Elec Demand - Heating KW 87.5 69.4 -18.1 -20.7%

Average COP 3.2 3.9 0.7 22.3%

Energy Use - Heating KWH/Yr 69,985 55,483 -14,502 -20.7%

Cooling Performance

Max Peak Cooling Capacity MBH 1,304 1,322 19 1.4%

Max Total Elec Demand - Cooling KW 89.7 72.6 -17.1 -19.1%

Average EER 14.5 18.2 3.7 25.3%

Energy Use - Cooling KWH/Yr 44,826 36,280 -8,546 -19.1%

Total Heat/Cool Energy Use KWH/Yr 114,811 91,764 -23,048 -20.1%

Performance ItemBest PerformanceBase

Equipment

Premium Effiency

40

103

One Point COP improvement represents 3% annual heating energy

$2/watt

High Performance – Building BlocksStep 1 – Integrated Design Process



Step 4 – Effective Building Operations● Proper Control – Thermostats to Energy Management Systems● Commissioning – Performance Monitoring● Operations and Maintenance – Training and Support● Managing General Plug Loads


20

Commissioning – Retro Cx

Percentage of Building Energy5100

$2784.8% 0.3% 93%

46 oF Heater Setpoint

5 oF Heater Setpoint

Percentage Decrease

Annual Runtime (Hr)Annual Energy (kWh)

Annual Cost

420 30360

$20

IAMU Heat Recovery Unit Defrost Cycle● Set point reduced from 46oF to 5oF● 93% savings in energy and cost

● Cost savings $260

● Reduced annual building energy consumption by over 4%

General Power – Plug LoadsOffice Equipment & Computers● Consumes 15% to 20% of Energy

Energy Efficient Equipment● Copiers / Printers / Fax Machines

» Active – 600 to 800 watts / Standby – 50 watts / Sleep – 5 watts

● Vending Machines – 400 watts / 50% lights● Electric Water Coolers, Refrigerators● Procurement policy to purchase Energy Star versions

Turn Off Equipment when building is unoccupied● Managed Power Circuit – time based control

Control “Leaking Electricity”● AKA: Phantom Loads – Standby Power Loss● Energy Consumed by electronic devices when they are switched off

21

Computer and 19” Monitor:● Active – 150 to 250 watts / Sleep – 8 watts● LCD Monitors at 30 to 50 watts vs 65 to 120 watts for CRT● Laptops at 12 to 50 watts

Building Computer Server Rooms● Significant and continuous energy consumption● New servers available which use 25% less energy

Evaluate Server Operating Requirements● Temperature and humidity tolerance range ● Reliability - Redundancy● Computer Room Air Conditioner (CRAC) – EER of ~ 5● Excessive air and water pressure drops compared to conventional

General Power – Computer Loads

0

5

10

15

20

25

Sunday,August 15,

2004

Monday,August 16,

2004

Tuesday,August 17,

2004

Wednesday,August 18,

2004

Thursday,August 19,

2004

Friday,August 20,

2004

Saturday,August 21,

2004

Equi

pmen

t Dem

and

- KW

Actual Equipment Demand Equipment Demand

EPD = 1.0 W/SF

Peak 8.3 KW

General Plug Load Electrical Demand

• Office Equipment• Computers• Water Heaters• Range & Refrigerator• Entrance Heaters

Unoccupied Base Load

22

17 %17,4372,647Total Unoccupied Energy Use

3.5 %3,478528DiscretionaryPersonal Energy

4.5 %4,645705DiscretionaryCommon Energy

9.0 %9,3141,414Nondiscretionary Energy

% of TotalBuilding Energy

Annual EnergykWH

DemandWatts

UnoccupiedEnergy Use

General Plug Load energy savings● Turn off discretionary equipment when building is unoccupied● Replace old conventional equipment with Energy Star rated equipment● Save 9% of the Total Building Energy

Manage General Plug Loads






Step 5 – Alternate Energy Sources● Renewable Energy Options – Solar, Wind, Biomass● Move Toward a Zero Energy Building

23

Wind Energy Ankeny Location

● Wind Turbine» 750 kW NEG Micon

● Tower Height» 165 feet

● Value of production» at 5¢/KWH ~ $70,000

● Cost of Wind Turbine» at $1200/KW ~ $900,000

BuildingLightingPanels

HVACEquipment

Panels

GeneralPowerPanels

MaintenanceBuildingPanels

MainDistribution

Panel

M

M

GeneralLightingTaskLighting

GeoExchangeHeat Pumps

GeoExchangeLoop Pumps

EnergyRecovery Unit

Computer

OfficeEquipmentKitchenEquipmentMiscellaneous

Power

Lights

Miscellaneous

M

GeneralPower

M

HVAC SystemPower

M

LightingPower

M

MaintenanceBuilding Power

Transformer

M

WHERE DOESTHE ENERGY

GO?

Main Menu History

SiteLightingMkW

kWh*

kW

kWh*

kW

kWh*

kW

kWh*

Amps

Amps

Amps

Main ElectricPower

PrimaryElectricService

* kWh readings representcurrent running totals.

BuildingLightingPanels

HVACEquipment

Panels

GeneralPowerPanels

MaintenanceBuildingPanels

MainDistribution

Panel

M

M

GeneralLightingTaskLighting

GeoExchangeHeat Pumps

GeoExchangeLoop Pumps

EnergyRecovery Unit

Computer

OfficeEquipmentKitchenEquipmentMiscellaneous

Power

Lights

Miscellaneous

M

GeneralPower

M

HVAC SystemPower

M

LightingPower

M

MaintenanceBuilding Power

Transformer

M

WHERE DOESTHE ENERGY

GO?

Main Menu History

SiteLightingMkW

kWh*

kW

kWh*

kW

kWh*

kW

kWh*

kW

kWh*

kW

kWh*

kW

kWh*

Amps

Amps

Amps

Main ElectricPower

PrimaryElectricService

* kWh readings representcurrent running totals.

24

Actual Building Site Energy Performance

Cooling 9.9

Fan/Pump 7.6

Fan/Pump 9.5

Lighting 17.6

Lighting 6.7

Equipment 10.9

Equipment 10.9

Equipment 8.9

Heating 19.8

Heating 3.5

HVAC13.6Cooling 4.0

Lighting 5.9

-

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

Code CompliantBuilding

Final Design Estimate

Actual Metered Energy

Ener

gy -

kBTU

/SF

65,800

34,60028,325

ENERGY USE 57% Reduction

3 Year Average

Actual Energy Cost Performance

3 Year Average

Heating $800

Heating$3,500

HVAC$3,115Cooling $920

Cooling$2,280

Fan/Pump$2,180

Fan/Pump$1,750

Lighting$1,540

Lighting$4,040

Lighting$1,345

Equipment$2,045

Equipment$2,500

Equipment$2,500

$0

$2,000

$4,000

$6,000

$8,000

$10,000

$12,000

$14,000

$16,000

Code CompliantBuilding

Final Design Estimate

Actual MeteredEnergy

Ener

gy C

ost -

$

$14,070

$7,940

$6,505

ENERGY COST 54% Reduction

25

18%

8% 5% 11%

26%

32%

Vent

Water Heating

Lighting

Equipment Space Heating

Space Cooling

HVAC Total 48 %General 26 %

Lighting 26 %

Typical Midwest Small Office Building Site Energy:Energy Use Index – 126,120 BTU / ft2 - yrEnergy Cost Index – $1.53 / ft2 - yr Source: CBECS 1999 Data

IAMU Office Building Actual Site Energy:Energy Use Index – 28,325 BTU / ft2 - yr Uses Less than 25% of the EnergyEnergy Cost Index – $ 0.52 / ft2 - yr Operates at 1/3rd of the Energy Cost

Compared to Typical Office Building

Bottom Line – IAMU Office BldgConstruction Cost $116 /Square Foot● Low energy, environmentally responsible small office buildings

are possible on a speculative office building budget● Energy Efficiency premium cost established at 4% of construction cost

Site Energy Use 28,325 BTU/SqFt-Year52¢ / SqFt-Year

● Measured energy performance results confirm that energy goals were achieved and are sustainable over time

Energy Star Performance Score 93● Identifies an exemplary building● Sets an example for other small office buildings

26

Why Are Buildings So Important?Buildings represent 40% of the Nations Primary Energy

It is easy to reduce new building energy use by 30%

It is possible to reduce new building energy use by 75%

That is equivalent to achieving100 MPG for a new car

● When compared to the present average fuel economy at 25 MPG.

© 2

008,

New

Yor

k Ti

mes

Energy Resource Station at DMACCPhone: 515-965-7055

[email protected]

• Questions ???

• Thank You !!!

HIGHPERFORMANCEBUILDINGS

why are buildings so important? - p2infohouse.org · energy cost index – $1.53 / (sf-yr) source:...

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