who we are and what we do lawrence w. zettler laura...
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Florida Orchid Conservation Conference 2011
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The Orchid Recovery Program
At Illinois College: Who We Are and
What We Do
Lawrence W. Zettler
Laura Corey
Department of Biology
Illinois College, Jacksonville, IL
Larry Richardson
JJ Sadler
ILLINOIS
ILLINOIS COLLEGE
Jacksonville
(pop. 20,000)
St. Louis
Chicago
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Founded in 1829 (oldest college in Illinois)
Site of first medical school in Illinois
ILLINOIS COLLEGE TODAY
Private, 4-year, co-educational, liberal arts institution
1,000 Undergraduate students (70% live on campus)
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Illinois College’s Statement of
Community Responsibility
Emphasizes that…
“…we are all caretakers of our community
and recognize that our individual
responsibilities are essential for nurturing
collaborative relationships, critical
exploration, and global awareness”
The ORCHID RECOVERY PROGRAM at
ILLINOIS COLLEGE
OUR MISSION
Integrate undergraduate student learning with the
conservation of North America’s rarest native orchids.
Instill in our students an appreciation for the planet’s
natural resources, and provide the basic tools for
lifelong learning, stewardship, and service.
Photos: Larry Richardson
Logo Design: JJ Sadler
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Incentives for Students to
Carry Out Orchid Research
• Do something meaningful
(personal achievement)
• Earn college credit hours
• Earn a side income
• Learn science by doing
science
• Improve curriculum vita
• Publish/present papers
• Travel/work with experts
Chichinautzin region, Mexico (2006)
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Chichinautzin region, Mexico (2006)
If all else fails….
CAPTURE
THEM!
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Photo: Andrew Stice
Since 1996, the Orchid Recovery Program has focused
mostly on growing endangered species from seed, but
other aspects of conservation are also studied.
ORCHID SEEDS
Dust-like
Lack sufficient
food for embryo
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embryo
seed coat (testa)
embryo
(enlarged)
mass of hyphae
(= peloton)
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PELOTON
MYCOTROPHY = “FUNGUS FEEDING”
Digested Peloton
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3
2 1
0
ORCHID SEEDLING STAGES
PROTOCORM
MYCOTROPHIC REGION (ROOTS)
AUTOTROPHIC REGION (LEAVES)
ORCHID SEEDLING
MIXOTROPHY
= orchids “feed” via
sunlight + fungi
Epidendrum magnoliae
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WHEN LOOKING AT AN ORCHID,
REMEMBER THAT IT IS ACTUALLY
MIXOTROPHIC!
Each natural habitat should be viewed as a refuge for
orchid prey (= fungi) and managed accordingly.
--Dr. Scott L. Stewart
IOCC3, Costa Rica
ORCHID CONSERVATION in perspective…
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Terrestrial orchids harbor “captive”
fungi in lateral (branch) roots and
consume them as needed
Terrestrial orchids harbor “captive”
fungi in lateral (branch) roots and
consume them as needed
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PROTOCORM RECOVERY TECHNIQUE
Seed Baits 35 mm slide mounts
seeds within nylon plankton mesh
wire connecting slide mounts
Packets are buried adjacent to existing
plants that presumably harbor fungi
existing orchid seedling
Photo: D. Maurer
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Photo: D. Maurer
For terrestrial orchids, seed packets are buried
For epiphytic orchids, seed packets are affixed
to tree trunks using staple gun and gutter mesh
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Example: Epulorhiza
ORCHID MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI
Terrestrial and epiphytic orchids alike appear to utilize
members of this anamorphic genus throughout North America
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Case in point - Spiranthes brevilabris from Florida
oat-based medium
inoculum
filter paper
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Photo: T. Wing Yam
4th Intl. Orchid Conservation Congress, Czech Republic, 2011
North American Orchidaceae
• Approximately 205-223
spp. N of Mexico, >60
exclusive to S Florida
• Excluding Florida, ca. 145
spp. in 35 genera. All
except one are terrestrial
• Few have been cultivated
from seed, raising
conservation concerns
Photo: Marlin Bowles
Platanthera leucophaea
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SEED PROPAGATION AND REINTRODUCTION OF THE
U.S. FEDERALLY ENDANGERED HAWAIIAN ENDEMIC,
Platanthera holochila (Orchidaceae)
Lawrence W. Zettler1, Erin M. Wood1,3,
Lynnaun J.A.N. Johnson1,4, Anna K. Kirk1,5,
Steve Perlman2
1 Orchid Recovery Program, Illinois College, Jacksonville, IL 62650 USA 2 National Tropical Botanical Garden, Kauai, HI 96741 USA 3 Currently: Dept. Plant Pathology, University of Florida 4 Currently: Dept. Biology, Western Illinois University 5 Currently: Dept. Entomology, Michigan State University
European Journal Environmental Science (in press)
Terrestrial, with small
greenish flowers - probably
not a good candidate for
the horticulture trade.
Once found on 4 islands,
primarily in cloud forests.
Today (2011), 33 known
plants remain.
Existing plants threatened
by wild pigs and exotic
species encroachment.
Platanthera holochila (Hbd.) Krzl.
“Puahala a kane”
US Federal Endangered
Global Rank G1
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HAWAIIAN ARCHIPELAGO
Oahu (extinct)
Molokai (25)
Maui (7)
Kauai (1)
Hawaii
In 2002, a collaborative effort between the National Tropical
Botanical Garden (NTBG) and Illinois College on the
mainland was initiated to propagate P. holochila from seed
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Seed
Source Island/ Date
n # Seeds # Viable (%) # Stage
0 # Stage
1 # Stage
2 # Stage
3 # Stage
4 # Stage
5 Mean % Stage 5
S120 M 2002 6 122 104 (85.2) 101 0 0 3 - - 0.0
S125 M 2002 17 1,075 1,016 (94.5) 1,016 - - - - - 0.0
S130 M 2003 9 382 378 (98.9) 378 - - - - - 0.0
S153 M 2006 22 5,627 5,052 (89.8) 5,021 1 18 0 0 12 0.2
S154 M 2006 35 8,180 7,804 (95.4) 7,387 7 71 21 66 252 3.2
S155 M 2006 16 1,551 1,514 (97.6) 1,514 - - - - - 0.0
S156 M 2006 7 157 151 (96.2) 151 - - - - - 0.0
S157 M 2006 17 2,508 2,466 (98.3) 2,456 0 0 6 2 2 0.1
S158 M 2006 15 1,811 1,743 (96.2) 1,732 0 0 7 4 - 0.0
M Totals 21,413 20,228 (94.5) 19,756 8 89 37 72 266 1.3
S129 K 2003 11 442 406 (91.9) 380 3 4 4 8 7 1.7
S134 K 2004 3 92 85 (92.4) 85 - - - - - 0.0
S140 K 2005 18 2,208 2,135 (96.7) 2,083 11 19 9 12 1 0.6
S141 K 2005 11 767 727 (94.8) 663 2 9 11 16 26 3.6
S142 K 2005 5 649 621 (95.7) 579 8 22 0 0 12 1.9
S143 K 2005 10 977 936 (95.1) 923 3 6 1 2 1 0.1
S146 K 2006 2 119 111 (93.3) 111 - - - - - 0.0
K Totals 5,254 5,021 (95.6) 4,824 27 60 25 38 47 0.9
TOTALS 26,667 25,249 (94.7) 24,580 35 149 62 110 313 1.2
ASYMBIOTIC GERMINATION ON P723 - 351 days after sowing.
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Arrived on Kauai, 6 March 2011
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Platanthera holochila
Hawaii’s rarest native orchid
and the battle to save it
Lawrence W. Zettler
Steven P. Perlman
Orchids (anticipated February 2012
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Florida Orchidaceae
Nearly half of species in USA
and Canada reside in Florida.
More than half of these 106
species are confined to four
counties in S Florida, many as
epiphytes
Few have received scientific study
(pollination biology, propagation)
Photo: Andy Stice
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CASE STUDY #1
Florida Panther NWR
Zettler, Poulter, McDonald, Stewart. 2007. Conservation-driven
propagation of an epiphytic orchid (Epidendrum nocturnum)
with a mycorrhizal fungus. HortScience 42: 135-139.
Seed propagation and reintroduction of
Epidendrum nocturnum
In 2005, Illinois College students cultivated
Epidendrum nocturnum from seed in lab using fungi
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SEEDLINGS AFFIXED TO TREES WITH GUTTER MESH
Photo: Larry Richardson
Will Kutosky
Photo: Will Kutosky
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CASE STUDY #2
Ghost Orchid Floral Fragrance Analysis (2009)
Photo: JJ Sadler
Sadler, JJ, JM Smith, LW Zettler, HT Alborn, LW Richardson. Floral fragrance
composition of Dendrophylax lindenii (Orchidaceae), using a novel collection
technique applied in situ. European Journal Environmental Science (in press).
Photo: Larry Richardson
EXTRACTION OF GHOST ORCHID
FLORAL FRAGRANCE IN SITU: SET-UP
Jaclyn Smith
James “JJ” Sadler
Site located in Collier Co., FL
13 Ghost Orchids in flower at time
Population size = ca. 50 individuals
Sampling carried out over 2 nights
(22-23 June 2009)
Flowers sampled on 3 plants
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Figure 2 - Composition as a percentage for the 8 volitale compounds
comprising the floral scent of the Ghost Orchid. Error bars = +SD.
WHY (E,E)-α-FARNESCENE?
CLUES:
Odorless to humans.
Oddly, it is often associated with insects and/or
insect-damaged plants.
Aphids (Hemiptera: Apidae) known to release
trans-β-farnescene as an alarm pheromone when
disturbed.
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Why Farnesene?
In July 2009, insects were
observed affixed to flowers of
a Ghost Orchid specimen in
urban Naples, Florida.
Upon closer inspection, ants
were tending soft scales
(Pulvinaria sp.), and a second
plant was infested with
mealybugs (Ferrisia sp.)
Are scales more widespread in
South Florida?
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Are scales more widespread in
South Florida?
Are scales now in natural areas?
YES, apparently so…
Of 49 orchids sampled in 2010 in FPNWR
26 were infested with three scale types
Boisduval Scale was found on four orchid
taxa:
Epidendrum amphistomum
Epidendrum nocturnum
Epidendrum rigidum
Prosthechea cochleata*
(* heaviest infestations)
Zettler, JA, LW Zettler, and LW Richardson. Pestiferous scale
insects on native epiphytic orchids in S Florida: a new threat imposed
by exotic species. Southeastern Naturalist (in press).
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South Florida Research, 2011
Goal #1: Survey more orchids for scales
Goal #2: Capture Ghost Orchid pollinator
Students: Haleigh Ray, John McCormick
Capture Ghost Orchid Pollinator(s)
Outcome: No Pollinators Collected
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Scale Survey, Fakahatchee Strand
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Site Sample1 E.
nocturnum
E.
rigidum
E. tampensis E.
amphistomum
D.
lindenii
Clamshell Yellow Helmet Cigar Ionopsis Ribbon Total
Fakahatchee
Strand Site 1
Orchids
Scale
Hopper
33
1
2
6
0
0
2
0
0
9
1
2
--
--
--
10
2
2
80
0
1
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
140
4(2.9)
7(5.0)
Fakahatchee
Strand Site 2
Orchids
Scale
Hopper
78
0
1
23
0
0
1
0
0
119
3
4
--
--
--
4
0
0
19
1
0
--
--
--
--
--
--
1
0
0
245
4(1.6)
5(2.0)
McBride’s Pond Orchids
Scale
Hopper
50
1
1
4
0
0
3
0
0
95
7
0
--
--
--
134
11
0
71
1
1
1
0
0
--
--
--
--
--
--
358
20 (5.6)
2 (0.56)
Cochran Lake Orchids
Scale
Hopper
105
0
5
44
2
0
4
0
0
214
1
2
4
0
0
97
4
1
128
0
0
--
--
--
1
0
0
2
0
0
599
7 (1.2)
8 (1.3)
Fritz’s Blvd Orchids
Scale
Hopper
7
0
0
43
0
0
1
0
0
166
0
0
--
--
--
46
0
0
30
0
0
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
293
0 (0.0)
0 (0.0)
Haleigh’s Pond Orchids
Scale
Hopper
--
--
--
--
--
--
24
3
0
4
0
0
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
28
3 (10.7)
0 (0.0)
Naples Orchids
Scale
Hopper
8
0
0
19
0
0
--
--
--
22
1
1
14
0
0
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
63
1 (1.6)
1 (1.6)
Total Orchids
Scale
Hopper
281
2 (0.72)
9 (3.2)
139
2 (1.4)
0 (0.0)
35
3 (8.6)
0 (0.0)
629
13 (2.1)
9 (1.4)
18
0 (0.0)
0 (0.0)
291
17 (5.8)
3 (1.0)
328
2 (0.61)
2 (0.61)
1
0 (0.0)
0 (0.0)
1
0 (0.0)
0 (0.0)
3
0 (0.0)
0 (0.0)
1726
39 (2.3)
23 (1.3)
Orchid Scale Data, 2011 – Collier Co., Florida
Ray HA, JP McCormick, AL Stice, I Stocks, LW Zettler. Occurrence of Boisduval Scale, Diapsis boisduvali,
(Hemiptera: Diaspididae) on native epiphytic orchids in Collier Co., FL, including Fakahatchee Strand
State Preserve. Florida Entomologist (in preparation).
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Protocorms of an epiphytic orchid (Epidendrum
amphistomum A. Richard) recovered in situ, and
subsequent identification of associated mycorrhizal
fungi using molecular markers.
1 Orchid Recovery Program, Illinois College
Jacksonville, IL 62650 USA
2 Florida Panther National Wildlife Refuge,
U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service,
Naples, FL 34114 USA
April Ross1 , Lillian Moller-Jacobs1,
Lawrence W. Zettler1, Laura L. Corey1
Larry Richardson2