who should be sanctioned? - kubatanaarchive.kubatana.net/docs/hr/reeler_who_sanctioned030131.pdfwho...

Who should besanctioned?

A P Reeler.Former Director, Amani Trust.

Executive Committee Member, TheInternational Rehabilitation Council

for Torture Victims.

31 January 2003.

Who should be sanctioned?

2

Since the beginning of the Zimbabwe crisis in February 2000, an enormous number of reportshave been published on the gross human rights violations that have been perpetrated uponthe people of Zimbabwe. The vast majority have come from within Zimbabwe, and mostly fromthe Zimbabwe Human Rights NGO Forum and its member organisations. There have alsobeen corroborating reports from highly respected international human rights organizations:Amnesty International, the International Rehabilitation Council for Torture Victims (IRCT),Human Rights Watch, and Physicians for Human Rights (Denmark). These latter reports haveuniversally corroborated the reports of their Zimbabwean counterparts.

These reports, taken together, paint a very grim picture of the organized violence and torturethat has afflicted Zimbabwe since February 2000. They confirm that gross human rightsviolations have become routine in Zimbabwe, unrepudiated in general by the government, andcertainly do not show that there have been any credible attempts by the government toprevent or stop these violations from occurring. The reports overwhelmingly implicatesupporters of ZanuPF as the major perpetrators, as well as showing an alarming degree ofinvolvement by state agents such as the police, the intelligence services, and, to a lesserextent, the army.

Terrible things have been done, the former Chief Justice of Zimbabwe, Anthony Gubbay, putit, and they continue to be done. The evidence shows that all the following gross human rightsviolations have been perpetrated on the citizens of Zimbabwe, and especially the supportersof the Movement for Democratic Change (MDC):

• Summary executions;• Extra-judicial killings;• Disappearances;• Torture;• Mass psychological torture;• Political rape;• Rape;• Illegal arrests;• Unlawful detentions.

The purpose of all these terrible crimes has been totally transparent: they have beencommitted in order to win elections and to maintain political power in the hands of ZanuPF.This is not just the conclusion of the human rights monitoring bodies, but also of allresponsible election observer missions to the various elections that have taken place in thepast three years. The repudiated elections have led to Zimbabwe being accorded pariahstatus in the international community: suspended from the councils of the Commonwealth,suspended from receiving development aid by a large number of countries, including theEuropean Union, and, in near-desperation, to the application of personal sanctions by theUnited States and the EU against those perceived to be responsible for the debacle that isZimbabwe currently.

And yet, despite all the pressure and the diplomacy, both “quiet” and noisy, little changes inZimbabwe. The human rights violations continue, the economy slides further and further downthe slope to catastrophe, starvation looms for increasing millions of Zimbabweans, and thereare considerable fears for politicide certainly, and possibly genocide1.

Tackling the problemApart from demarches, suspension of aid, and personal sanctions, how can this loomingcatastrophe be averted? Robert Mugabe is impervious to all diplomatic pressure it seems, andcertainly does not worry about diplomatic demarches. The suspension of development aid nowcontributes massively to the economic melt down, but this economic collapse now requiresthat the international community consider increasing humanitarian support to a governmentthat shows no signs of taking the steps to correct the economic slide. Some commentatorsraise the possibility of military intervention, but this seems unlikely given that the internationalcommunity cannot even stand united on the illegitimacy question; simply, if the “President” and 1 See ZimNews, 22 January 2003, “Is Zimbabwe on the Brink of Genocide?” [www.zimnews.com].


3

the ZanuPF government hold power on the basis of illegitimate elections, can they beconsidered to be a legitimate government? The world is divided on this question, but, anumber of so-called Third World states, and especially African states, seem to accept that thede facto power of the Mugabe regime is in some way de jure. The “illegitimacy problem”clearly deserves more attention than it gets at present, and the international community needsto keep this at the forefront of all discussions on Zimbabwe. They also need to keep firmly inmind that this is an illegitimate government doing terrible things to all whom oppose it, andagainst those who have chosen the path of peace and civil action, not violence, in theirchallenge to the illegitimacy problem. This makes the organized violence and torture evenmore sinister and reprehensible.

One possible way forward is to increase the pressure upon those responsible for the mess,and to indicate in the strongest possible terms that they are responsible and will be heldresponsible for the events that occur from now on. This short paper will examine the“responsibility problem”, drawing on the information publicly available.

Increasing pressure on those responsible: targeting the “middle managers”

Robert Mugabe has an uncanny ability, seen recurringly over the past 20 years, to holdtogether an unruly party. He may well be able to retain sufficient control over the internalpolitics of Zimbabwe to head off the pressure to expedite the election petition, and to quash allmoves to support an independent judiciary. If this is the case, then there is only one otherroute to change, and that is to make it clear to his own party that there will be costs tocontinuing to support Robert Mugabe. It is clear that we know who these supporters are, andmany of the more senior supporters are already on the lists of the United States and the EUfor personal sanctions. However, there are many others equally deserving of sanctions whoare not so senior in the ZanuPF hierarchy, but are crucial to maintaining ZanuPF in its state ofillegitimacy.

This latter group is not invisible. Indeed, they are known through the many reports of thehuman rights groups in Zimbabwe; they are known to the communities in which they operate;and they are protected by the impunity offered by the state, both formal and informal. It is nosecret who are these “middle managers”; they are names in a number of reports produced bythe Zimbabwe Human Rights NGO Forum, and these reports have been in the public domainfor some time now. Three reports, in particular, are important for understanding the “middlemanagers”:

• Zimbabwe Human Rights NGO Forum (2000), Who is responsible? A preliminaryanalysis of pre-election violence in Zimbabwe, HARARE: ZIMBABWE HUMANRIGHTS NGO FORUM

.• Zimbabwe Human Rights NGO Forum (2001), Who was responsible? A

consolidated analysis of pre-election violence in Zimbabwe, HARARE:ZIMBABWE HUMAN RIGHTS NGO FORUM.

• Zimbabwe Human Rights NGO Forum (2002), “Are They Accountable?: Examiningalleged violators and their violations pre and post the Presidential Election March2002”, HARARE: ZIMBABWE HUMAN RIGHTS NGO FORUM.

What follows is an analysis of these reports, supported by a large number of additionalreports. Using this publicly available information, the data has been examined to see who arethe most frequent offenders mentioned in the reports, and who might be the most culpable ofthese offenders. It also attempts to look at patterns, and the implications of those patterns.


4

How many are responsible?

The reports of the Human Rights Forum indicate that a total of 1,352 individual persons arementioned in the statements given by victims. There are also a very large number mentionedin the same reports derived from press reports, but we have concerned ourselves only with thenames that have come directly to the Human Rights Forum, since these are supported byaffidavits and medical reports. This is a large number of names, but it should be stressed onlyrepresents a sample of the actual total. The names are derived from only those who reportedto the Forum, and cannot be even an indicator of the actual total. The actual total can only bedetermined by a Commission of Inquiry or epidemiological investigation2.

The first step in the analysis was to look at differences between the Parliamentary Election in2000 and the Presidential Election in 2002. As can be seen from Table 1 below, there are notgreat differences in the total numbers of perpetrators identified between the two elections.There is about a 10% increase in the number of perpetrators identified for the PresidentialElection. The interesting changes are in the types of perpetrators identified between the twoelections.

Table 1.Percentages of different categories of perpetrators reported to humanrights organizations in the Parliamentary and Presidential Elections

2000n=648

2002n=704

Member of Parliament 3.4 0.57Central Intelligence Organisation 1.39 0Zimbabwe Republic Police 2.01 6.68Zimbabwe National Army 0 0.85Zimbabwe Prison Service 0 0.28Zimbabwe National Liberation WarVeterans Association 19.8 23.6ZanuPF supporter 67.4 63.9ZanuPF (YOUTH) 3.7 0.14ZanuPF (OFFICIALS) 0.93 0.14Movement for Democratic Change 0.15 0.28Government Official 0.46 0.14Unknown 0.77 3.27

(These percentages are based on the number of names mentioned and do not reflect the number oftimes that a name is mentioned.)

The number of reports involving the MDC is wholly insignificant3, and hence the remainder ofthis report will not concern itself with the MDC, but concentrate on the other categories ofperpetrators.

As is seen from Table 1, ZanuPF supporters form the overwhelming majority of theperpetrators, and together with the war veterans (ZNLWVA), the second most frequentcategory, account for over 85% of the perpetrators in both elections. We see a small trendduring the Presidential Election for more categories of perpetrators to appear: as thepercentage of ZanuPF supporters falls slightly – from 67% to 64% - so is there acorresponding increase in the percentages for the Zimbabwe Republic Police (ZRP), theZimbabwe National Army (ZNA), and the Zimbabwe Prison Service (ZPS). There is also arelatively marked decrease in the number of Members of Parliament mentioned in the

2 Here it is relevant to point out that previous research into part epidemics of gross human rights violations inZimbabwe have shown that the numbers can be frighteningly large. For example, epidemiological investigation of thenumbers affected during the Liberation War of the 1970s indicated that 1 adult in 10 over the age of 30 years was asurvivor of torture, whilst figures on the Gukurahundi period indicate 5 adults in 10 were survivors. A more recentstudy, on commercial farm workers indicated that 71% of the sample had suffered from torture: see Amani (2002),Preliminary Report of a Survey on Internally Displaced Persons from Commercial Farms in Zimbabwe, HARARE:AMANI TRUST.3 This is a conclusion supported throughout the many human rights reports on current Zimbabwe, and is additionallysupported by the conclusions of the many reports from election observer groups. Hence, it is not a problematic orcontentious assertion to exclude the MDC from analysis.


5

Presidential Election. Presumably MPs were more prepared to be involved in violence in theirown cause than in the cause of their President.

There may also be a measure of caution being shown by these MPs, having been previouslymentioned in the Human Rights Forum report – “Who is Responsible?” – as well as many ofthem having been subject to public scrutiny through the election petitions mounted by theMDC in the aftermath of the Parliamentary Elections. It may be that there is after all apreventive effect for publishing reports of gross human rights violations.

The reports of the Forum do not allow much analysis of the category – ZanuPF supporter –and it is therefore not possible to make any comments on the role of the youth militia, but thisgroup has been mentioned in other reports of the Forum and in the reports of memberorganisations of the Forum4.

There are 1,352 names mentioned in these reports, but many names only appear once, eitherfor the Parliamentary Election or the Presidential Election. It is thus of interest to examinecases of multiple involvement in gross human rights violations, both in the sense of beinginvolved at different times and also in the sense of being involved in multiple incidents - andin different places - within the same time frame. It is also of interest to examine cases wherepersons having some official status – MP, policeman, member of the CIO, soldier, partyofficial, government or local government official, etc – are named as perpetrators, as theseare persons whose office should demand that they are impartial. Where officials are involved,it also raises the question about the government’s involvement in gross human rightsviolations: do these officials get involved in their personal capacity or as agents of theGovernment?

Thus, the analysis then sorted through the names mentioned in the reports, and removed allcases in which the person was only mentioned once, and did not hold any public office orpolitical office, such as a party official. When this was done, the total number of cases wasreduced considerably; from 1,352 to 608, a drop of 55%. However, it still meant that 45% ofthe names mentioned were either officials or multiple offenders. Table 2 below is thus anextension of Table 1 above.

Table 2.Serious offenders in the Parliamentary and Presidential elections, and in both Elections

(percentages).

2000 2002

SeriousOffenders fromboth elections.

N=608Member of Parliament 3.4 0.57 4.28Central Intelligence Organisation 1.39 0 1.15Zimbabwe Republic Police 2.01 6.68 9.21Zimbabwe National Army 0 0.85 0.49Zimbabwe Prison Service 0 0.28 0.16Zimbabwe National Liberation WarVeterans Association 19.8 23.6 4.11ZanuPF supporter 67.4 63.9 76.3ZanuPF (YOUTH) 3.7 0.14 0.99ZanuPF OFFICIALS 0.93 0.14 1.32Movement for Democratic Change 0.15 0.28 0Government Official 0.46 0.14 1.97Unknown 0.77 3.27 0

As can be seen from Table 2, the relative percentages do not change much when weconsider only the serious offenders. The major perpetrators remain overwhelmingly ZanuPF

4 See here especially, Amani (2002), Beating your opposition. Torture during the 2002 Presidential campaign inZimbabwe, HARARE: AMANI TRUST.


6

supporters and war veterans (ZNLWVA), but, interestingly, the ZRP becomes a higher rankedcategory and MPs become the second ranked category. This clearly speaks to thesuggestions made by all human rights groups that this campaign of violence was organized,the clear implication to be drawn from the involvement of state agencies.

Table 3 below shows the numbers of persons in each category, the number of times that thisgroup was involved in alleged torture, and the percentages. Statistically, the average numberof times that this group as a whole was involved in torture was 2.64 (s.dev.1.63). However,some individuals distinguished themselves and were reported on many occasions as havingbeen involved in torture. Mr Norman Josaya was mentioned no less than 16 times, whilstMessrs Mupamombe (15), Mashonga (14), “Biggie” Chitoro (11), and Rwodzi (10) all receivedfrequent mention.

Table 3.Total numbers of times persons in each category identified as a perpetrator

Category of Perpetrator Nos.

Nos. oftimes

mentioned.

Percentage

Member of Parliament 26 58 4.2Central Intelligence Organisation 7 9 0.65Zimbabwe Republic Police 56 88 6.31Zimbabwe National Army 3 9 0.65Zimbabwe Prison Service 1 0 0Zimbabwe National Liberation War Veterans Association 25 150 10.8ZanuPF (Supporter) 464 1045 74.9ZanuPF (Youth) 6 13 0.93ZanuPF (Official) 8 7 0.5Government & local government officials 12 15 1.08

Total: 608 1,394

Amongst the Members of Parliament, there were a large number who were mentioned morethan once. Shadreck Chipanga (6), Saviour Kasukawere (5), Border Gezi (5), Elliot Manyika(5), J.B. Matiza (4), and Mark Madiro (4) were all multiple offenders according to the reportsreceived by the Forum. Dr. Chenjerai Hitler Hunzvi, the deceased Member of Parliament forChikomba and leader of the Zimbabwe National Liberation War Veterans Association(ZNLWVA), of course is probably the most notorious, as is the deceased Border Gezi. Inrespect of the latter, there has been at least one report to the Human Rights Forum allegingthat Border Gezi had set in place a “hit squad”5. Doctor Hunzvi made no attempt to hide hisinvolvement in violence and was on record many times threatening violence, and clearlyindicating that he was in charge of the “war veterans”.

Over 13% of the total above can be considered to be “officials” of one kind or another, andthis again speaks very strongly to the idea that the violence was organized and condoned bythe State. The involvement of Members of Parliament in gross human rights violations is avery serious problem, and this has been recognized by the placing of most of these MPs onthe personal sanctions lists of the US and the EU. We will return to this issue later, as well asthe issue of the most notorious of the perpetrators, but it now worth while looking at patterns,especially as they relate to elections.

Provinces and Constituencies

Many of the reports on the elections, as well as the human rights reports, make theobservation that there was a curious association between the violence and the areas in whichZanuPF would have been expected to have done well in elections6.

5 See Zimbabwe Human Rights NGO Forum (2000), Who is responsible? A preliminary analysis of pre-electionviolence in Zimbabwe, HARARE: ZIMBABWE HUMAN RIGHTS NGO FORUM.6 See especially Zimbabwe Human Rights NGO Forum (2002), Human Rights and Zimbabwe’s PresidentialElection: March 2002, HARARE: ZIMBABWE HUMAN RIGHTS NGO FORUM


7

Table 4.Provinces in rank order of gross human rights violations reported.

PROVINCE 2000 2002 TotalMASHONALAND EAST 281 229 510MASHONALAND WEST 194 118 312MANICALAND 40 201 241MIDLANDS NORTH 80 154 234MIDLANDS SOUTH 199 25 224MASHONALAND CENTRAL 84 114 198HARARE 45 73 140MASVINGO 13 48 61MATABELELAND SOUTH 6 21 27BULAWAYO 0 5 5MATABELELAND NORTH 0 2 2

It is curious that so much torture was reported from areas in which ZanuPF would expect tobe strong, and it is tempting to merely conclude that the organized violence and torture fromboth elections was merely to ensure demand for ZanuPF and abandonment of the MDC. Thiswas undoubtedly part of the purpose, but it should also be noted that the Provinces that rankhighly are also those Provinces in which there reside large numbers of commercial farmworkers, and particularly plantation workers. Some Zimbabwean Provinces have very highnumbers of farm workers, whilst others do not, and the difference lies in whether the climateallows cropping, which involves large manpower, or livestock, which requires only smallnumbers of people.

This links directly to the so-called land reform process, which, while it was clearly a majorpropaganda issue for the ZanuPF government, it was also a pretext for eliminating thesupport in an enormous constituency for the MDC. The union representing the plantationworkers, the General Agricultural and Plantation Workers Union of Zimbabwe (GAPWUZ),had been part of the trade union support for the NCA, and the rejection of the draftConstitution in February 2000. It is very clear in retrospect that the votes from this sectorwould have wholly overcome the advantage that ZanuPF held in the agricultural, as opposedto the livestock, Provinces. Whatever else the land reform campaign was, it was also apretext for attacking the support for the MDC in the commercial farm worker population. Hereit is argued that the attacks upon the commercial farmers was a pretext to the attacks uponthere workers. Here all reports, both local and international, have commented upon thesupport, both manpower and logistical, that the government gave to the land invasions.

Table 5.The 20 worst constituencies in the Parliamentary and Presidential Elections based on the total

number of human rights violations reported per constituency.CONSTITUENCY 2000 2002 Total

HURUNGWE 184 16 200GOKWE 80 96 176MBERENGWA EAST 119 23 142HARARE 119 73 107BINDURA 22 68 90MUREHWA NORTH 37 38 75BUHERA 9 65 74MUDZI 72 2 74UMP 15 59 74GURUVE 0 72 72MUTOKO 45 11 56CHIKOMBA 28 26 54MT DARWIN SOUTH 42 10 52MUREHWA SOUTH 36 12 48MAKONI EAST 30 15 45HWEDZA 16 28 44ZHOMBE 0 40 40ZVISHAVANE 34 2 36


8

Table 5 shows the 20 worst constituencies for the Parliamentary and Presidential electionscombined. The total picture is shown in Appendix 3, but the “top twenty” are shown forillustrative purposes.

As can be seen from Table 5, some constituencies show consistent patterns for bothelections; for example, Gokwe, Harare, and Murehwa North had relatively consistent patternsfor both elections. Hurungwe, Mberengwa East Mudzi, and Zvishavane show higher violencefor the Parliamentary elections, whilst Bindura, Buhera, Guruve, and UMP show much higherviolence for the Presidential Elections.

There is obviously an association between the worst constituencies and the worst Provinces,and also between both of these and the officials involved. For example, most of the MPsmentioned are those from constituencies in Mashonaland Central, East and West, whilst theremainder come from constituencies where the reported violence and torture was high. InMashonaland Central, Border Gezi, Mark Madiro, Elliot Manyika, and Saviour Kasukawerewere all frequently mentioned: it takes no rocket science to discern the pattern, nor toconclude that this was not random but organized, and organized with the connivance of thegovernment.

The “Top Fifty”: The worst of the worst

As will be seen from Table 6 (also Appendix 2), the 50 most frequently mentionedperpetrators, from amongst the total of 608, show a very interesting spread of affiliations, andthis spread to some extent modifies some of the trends above.

Category of Perpetrator% of total % of the

worstMember of Parliament 4.2 12Central Intelligence Organisation 0.65 2Zimbabwe Republic Police 6.31 4Zimbabwe National Army 0.65 0Zimbabwe Prison Service 0 0Zimbabwe National Liberation War Veterans Association 10.8 28ZanuPF (Supporter) 74.9 54ZanuPF (Youth) 0.93 0ZanuPF (Official) 0.5 0Government & local government officials 1.08 0

“War veterans” and ZanuPF supporters previously accounted for about 85% of the total, andthis trend is again seen in the top 50, but the weightings for the two groups change. Amongstthe worst, “war veterans” now account for 28% and ZanuPF supporters only 54%. This againsuggests organization behind the violence, with the role of “war veteran” leaders such as DrHunzvi and Border Gezi being complimented by their subordinates such as Norman Josayaor Biggie Chitoro.

MPs again form a much higher percentage of the worst perpetrators, with the overallpercentage shifting from 4% of the total to 12% of the worst. This again reinforces the viewthat the violence and torture was organized, and that, at the core of the organization, wereimportant ZanuPF supporters and government officials.

As will be seen from the list of names in Appendix 2, the worst perpetrators are also personsmentioned many times in the reports of the Human Rights Forum, as well in the data derivedfrom the Zimbabwean press reports. Very few – Biggie Chitoro and Joseph Mwale only – areimplicated in extra-judicial killings or summary executions, and the majority are involved intorture. Torture is the most frequent gross human right violation, and torture – either asassault with intent to commit grievous bodily harm or common assault – was one of thecategories of crime covered by the Presidential Amnesty of October 2000. This amnesty is yet


9

another piece of evidence supporting the assertion, made through this paper, that theviolence and torture were organized and condoned by the ZanuPF government.

Conclusions

Quite obviously this analysis can only be a partial examination of the gross human rightsviolations and those responsible for these. It draws only on the published data, and can be nosubstitute for a full-blown commission of inquiry, but it raises very serious questions indeedabout the responsibility of the ZanuPF government for gross human rights violations againstthe people of Zimbabwe. This is not the first time such concerns have been raised, and thereis still no credible accounting for the gross human rights violations committed in the 1980s.

This analysis shows the involvement of MPs, policemen, government officials, “warveterans”,and ZanuPF party supporters, and repeated involvement. It shows patterns ofinvolvement around elections, and in areas in which severe threats to ZanuPF’s politicalhegemony have been posed. This analysis shows few changes between the two importantrecent elections in Zimbabwe – the Parliamentary Elections of 2000 and the PresidentialElection of 2002 – and indicates one of the strategies behind ZanuPF’s campaign to maintainpolitical power.

It is evident that impunity has been an important factor in allowing the violence and torture tocontinue, and this impunity has been both formal, using Presidential amnesties, and informalthrough the failure to ensure that the Zimbabwe Republic Police enforce the law and theirconstitutional duty. This strongly supports the argument that the violence and torture wasorganized and condoned.

However, as indicated above, remonstrances, demarches, and publication of the facts havelittle effect upon the ZanuPF government. Not even sanctions seem to have had an effect. Sowhat can be done to stop further horror and return the country to legality and the rule of law.

Several suggestions can be made.

Firstly, there must be strong pressure exerted by the international community for independentinvestigations of gross human rights violations and the allegations made by Zimbabweanhuman rights bodies. This should be a concern not merely for the EU, but for theCommonwealth, SADC, and the AU. Perhaps a multi-platform commission, comprised ofrepresentatives of all these bodies, might be mounted and sent to Zimbabwe in order toinvestigate these allegations. It is no longer enough for the international community to derivemisplaced solace from the relatively small number of deaths, and time for the testing of theassertion that massive levels of torture approximate to genocide7.

Secondly, perhaps it is time to review the personal sanctions: not with the intent to removethese, but to apply them more extensively. The persons to whom sanctions should be appliedmust be those who are accountable for the problems in Zimbabwe. It should include not onlythose who are politically responsible or responsible for gross corruption, but also those whoare allegedly guilty of gross human rights violations.

As this analysis has shown, we know who this latter group of people are likely to be, and theyshould be not only the subject of sanctions, but also of investigation for gross human rightsviolations. Although Robert Mugabe and his doubtfully legitimate government are ultimatelyresponsible for events in Zimbabwe, it must also be the case that sanctions and penalties areapplied more widely to include those who commit gross human rights violations. This wouldsend a signal the perpetrators that responsibility for violence and torture will haveconsequences, and will indicate to those members of ZanuPF who desire the return tolegitimacy, the rule of law, and international acceptance, that part of the solution lies in theirhands too.

7 See here especially ZimNews, 22 January 2003, “Is Zimbabwe on the Brink of Genocide?” [www.zimnews.com].


10

Appendix 1.Reports of the Zimbabwe Human Rights NGO Forum

Zimbabwe Human Rights NGO Forum (1999), A Consolidated Report on the Food Riots19—23 January 1998, HARARE: ZIMBABWE HUMAN RIGHTS NGO FORUM.

Zimbabwe Human Rights NGO Forum, (1999), Organised Violence and Torture inZimbabwe in 1999, HARARE: ZIMBABWE HUMAN RIGHTS NGO FORUM.

Zimbabwe Human Rights NGO Forum (2000), Organised Violence and Torturein Zimbabwe in 2000, HARARE: ZIMBABWE HUMAN RIGHTS NGO FORUM.

Zimbabwe Human Rights NGO Forum (2001), Organised Violence and Torturein Zimbabwe in 2001, HARARE: ZIMBABWE HUMAN RIGHTS NGO FORUM.

Zimbabwe Human Rights NGO Forum (2000), Who is responsible? A preliminary analysisof pre-election violence in Zimbabwe, HARARE: ZIMBABWE HUMAN RIGHTS NGOFORUM.

Zimbabwe Human Rights NGO Forum (2000), Report on political violence in Bulawayo,Harare, Manicaland, Mashonaland West, Masvingo, Matabeleland North, MatabelelandSouth and Midlands, HARARE: ZIMBABWE HUMAN RIGHTS NGO FORUM.

Zimbabwe Human Rights NGO Forum (2000, A report on Post-Election Violence,HARARE: ZIMBABWE HUMAN RIGHTS NGO FORUM.

Zimbabwe Human Rights NGO Forum (2000), Report on Pre-election Political Violence inMberengwa, HARARE: ZIMBABWE HUMAN RIGHTS NGO FORUM.

Zimbabwe Human Rights NGO Forum (2001), Report on Election-related PoliticalViolence in Chikomba, HARARE: ZIMBABWE HUMAN RIGHTS NGO FORUM.

Zimbabwe Human Rights NGO Forum (2001), Human Rights and Zimbabwe’s June 2000election, HARARE: ZIMBABWE HUMAN RIGHTS NGO FORUM.

Zimbabwe Human Rights NGO Forum (2001), Who was responsible? A consolidatedanalysis of pre-election violence in Zimbabwe, HARARE: ZIMBABWE HUMAN RIGHTSNGO FORUM.

Zimbabwe Human Rights NGO Forum (2001), Politically motivated violence in Zimbabwe2000–2001. A report on the campaign of political repression conducted by theZimbabwean Government under the guise of carrying out land reform, HARARE:ZIMABWE HUMAN RIGHTS NGO FORUM.

Zimbabwe Human Rights NGO Forum (2001), Evaluating the Abuja Agreement,HARARE: ZIMBABWE HUMAN RIGHTS NGO FORUM.

Zimbabwe Human Rights NGO Forum (2001), Evaluating the Abuja Agreement: TwoMonths Report, HARARE: ZIMBABWE HUMAN RIGHTS NGO FORUM.

Zimbabwe Human Rights NGO Forum (2002), Human Rights and Zimbabwe’sPresidential Election: March 2002, HARARE: ZIMBABWE HUMAN RIGHTS NGOFORUM

Zimbabwe Human Rights NGO Forum (2002), “Are They Accountable?: Examining allegedviolators and their violations pre and post the Presidential Election March 2002”, HARARE:ZIMBABWE HUMAN RIGHTS NGO FORUM.


11

Appendix 2.

The fifty most frequently mentioned perpetrators of gross human rights violations.Josaya, Norman (16) Hurungwe East ZNLWVAMupamombe (15) Hurungwe East ZNLWVAMashonga (14) Hurungwe East ZNLWVAChitoro, Biggie (11) Mberengwa East ZNLWVARwodzi (10) Hurungwe East ZNLWVANgoni (9) Hurungwe East ZNLWVAChingodza, M (9) Hurungwe East ZPFMujuru (8) Mudzi ZPFKasambarare, Givemore (7) Goromonzi ZPFKarungaire, E (7) Hurungwe East ZNLWVAChinotimba, Joseph (6) Harare ZNLWVAKazembe (6) Hatfield ZPFMusauki, Joseph (6) Guruve North ZPFSalim, Abraham (6) UMP ZPFHunzvi, Chenjerai(6) Budiriro ZPFChipanga, Shadreck(5) Makoni East MPPaprika (5) Hurungwe East ZNLWVAChuitsi, T (5) Gokwe North ZPFGava, Simon (5) Zhombe ZPFMasenda, J (5) Hurungwe East ZPFGezi, Border (5) Bindura + MPKasukawere, Saviour (5) Bindura + MPManyika, Elliot (MP) (5) Bindura MPKaukonde, J (5) Mudzi ZPFChiwara, Lucky (4) Gokwe North ZNLWVADonsa, C (5) Mberengwa East ZNLWVAJamela, Festo (5) Mberengwa E ZNLWVAMangena, Langton (5) Mberengwa East ZNLWVAChinembiri, Elliot (5) Zhombe ZPFChivata (5) Hatfield ZPFDanda, Webster (5) Zhombe ZPFDenere, Lazarus (5) Zhombe ZPFJimmy (5) Hurungwe East ZPFKirmukiyani, Emmanuel (5) Guruve North ZPFMapako, B (5) Zvishavane ZPFMativenga, Tauya (5) Zhombe ZPFMaumburudze (5) Hatfield ZPFMavingwa, Collin (5) Zhombe ZPFMufari, Nelson (5) Zhombe ZPFNyoka, Frian(5) Murehwa North + South ZPFSakahowa, Lovemore (5) Shurugwi ZPFKagodo, Last (4) Muzarabani ZPFMachona, Constable (4) Buhera North ZRPMadiro, Mark (4) Hurungwe East MPMafiosi, Dickson (4) Bindura ZPFMatiza, Joel(4) Murehwa North + South MPMazinyani, Sgt. (4) Shurugwi ZRPMhiripiri, Punish (4) Makoni West ZPFMutemachani, Boniface (4) Chiredzi North ZNLWVAMwale, Joseph(4) Buhera North CIO


12

Appendix 3.Name, constituency and role of perpetrators

NAME CONSTITUENCY ROLEChinyere, Chief UMP CHIEFMuawata, Chief Mudzi CHIEFTshovani, Chief Chiredzi North CHIEFChitektekto UMP CIOChiwara, Artwell Shamva CIOMakomba, P Marondera East + West CIOMasocha Chikomba CIOZimunya, Aaron Mutare South CIOPorusingazi, Enock (3) Chipinge South CIOSimongo, K (2) Zvishavane CIOMwale, Joseph Chimanimani CIOMwale, Joseph(3) Buhera North CIOChiteve, John(2) Bindura COUNCILLORGatsi, Councillor Unknown COUNCILLORHove, Richard Mberengwa East COUNCILLORJacob, Edmund(2) Mutoko North + South COUNCILLORMakoni, (Councillor) (3) Chikomba COUNCILLORGara, Tony Mbare East MPShumba, Josphat Mberengwa East MPGezi, Border (5) Bindura + MPChimutengwende, Chen Mazowe East MPKasukuwere, saviour(5) Bindura + MPMujuru, Joyce Mount Darwin North MPMutasa, D. Makoni West MPGumbo, Joram Mberengwa East MPHerbert Murerwa Goromonzi MPHokoyo, Gladys(3) Budiriro MPMadiro, mark (4) Hurungwe East MPManyika, Elliot (MP) (5) Bindura MPMurerwa Herbert Goromonzi MPMusamadya, M.P. Mutoko North MPMutiwekuziva (MP) (2) Chikomba MPGumbo, Rugare Mberengwa East MPChapfika, David Mutoko North + South MPKaukonde, J (5) Mudzi MPMatiza, Joel(4) Murehwa North + South MPChipanga, Shadreck(5) Makoni East MPKuruneri, Christopher Mazowe West MPThembani, sabina(4) Mufakose MPChidengedzu, Headman Makoni West OFFICIALMarufu, Mutami (Kraalhead) Guruve North/South OFFICIALNgoroma, Kraalhead Guruve North/South OFFICIALZemura, Mai (Legal Projects Office) Murehwa South OFFICIALBangidza, Colonel (3) Chimanimani ZNAMasabeya, Captain (3) Chimanimani ZNAZephania, Major (3) Chimanimani ZNADungiro, John (war veterans ZNLWVANcube (war veteran) (3) Murehwa South ZNLWVAChinotimba joseph (6) Harare ZNLWVA


13

Chitoro, biggie (11) Mberengwa East ZNLWVAChiwara, lucky (4) Gokwe North ZNLWVADonsa, C (5) Mberengwa East ZNLWVADube, Felix (3) Gokwe North ZNLWVADube, Manuel (3) Unknown ZNLWVAGift (3) Shurugwi ZNLWVAHove, Kennedy (2) Mberengwa East ZNLWVAJamela, Festo (5) Mberengwa E ZNLWVAJosaya, Norman(16) Hurungwe East ZNLWVAkarungaire, e (7) Hurungwe East ZNLWVAMachambanje, A (2) Mberengwa East ZNLWVAMangena, Langton (5) Mberengwa East ZNLWVAMashonga (14) Hurungwe East ZNLWVAMavigi (2) Hurungwe East ZNLWVAMpofu, E (2) Zvishavane ZNLWVAMupamombe (15) Hurungwe East ZNLWVAMutemachani, B (4) Chiredzi North ZNLWVANgoni (9) Hurungwe East ZNLWVANkomo, Lyford (2) Mberengwa East ZNLWVAPaprika (5) Hurungwe East ZNLWVARwodzi (10) Hurungwe East ZNLWVAShiri, Elly (3) Mberengwa East ZNLWVAShupikai (3) Hurungwe East ZNLWVAChigega, Gilbert Bindura ZPFUnnamed (at Hunzvi’s surgery) (7) Budiriro ZPFChigega, Blessing Bindura ZPFChigubu, Themba Guruve South ZPFChikanga, Never Murehwa North ZPFChikono, Godfrey Guruve South ZPFChikono, Kudzanai Bindura ZPFChimbwanda, Doben Murehwa South ZPFChimombe, Chimwanza Murehwa North ZPFChimutashu Mount Darwin South ZPFChimutsa, Anyway Mount Darwin South ZPFChinaka, Ben Dzingai Bikita East/West ZPFChingosho, Mr Murehwa North + South ZPFChingururu, J Mudzi ZPFManyame, John Murehwa South/North ZPFChawarura, Force Bindura ZPFChawarura, Jack Bindura ZPFChifodya, T Mutoko South ZPFChijange, E Chiredzi North ZPFChifodya, L Mutoko South ZPFJohn Gumpo Kariba ZPFChiweshe, Josephat (4) Hurungwe West & Chinhoyi ZPFMakwananzi, Issac Mazowe West ZPFChigega, Norbert (3) Bindura + Shamva ZPFChigega, Never Noel (4) Bindura + Shamva ZPFArmstrong (2) Kariba ZPFBanda, Masauso (2) Kwekwe ZPFBanda, Mr (3) Kambuzuma ZPFBandera (3) Hatfield ZPFBangojena, H (2) Shurugwi ZPFBheka, Shepard Gokwe Central ZPF


14

Bhiza, Godfrey (2) Shamva/ Bindura ZPFBhozo, A (4) Hurungwe East ZPFBimbiko, B (3) Gokwe Central ZPFBinduko, Cephas (2) Gokwe Central ZPFBotha, Taurai (2) Chinhoyi ZPFBukutu, Lovemore (2) Makoni East ZPFBumhira, Enock Mbare East/West/Mazarabani ZPFChakawarika (3) Murehwa South ZPFChanyarova Murehwa South ZPFChanyorowa Mutoko North ZPFChanyuruka, Raga (2) Murehwa North ZPFChapondo, T (4) Murehwa North + South ZPFCharise, Sam (3) Chegutu ZPFChigombe, Gilbert (2) Shamva ZPFChigubu, Themba Murehwa North ZPFChigwedere, Fanwell(2) Hwedza ZPFChigwizura, Adam Mutare West ZPFChigwizura, Samuel (2) Mutare West ZPFChihona (4) Hatfield ZPFChijange, K Chiredzi North ZPFChikanye, Francis Murehwa North ZPFChikono, Godfrey Murehwa North ZPFChikono, Nelson (2) Bindura ZPFChikowore, Patrick (2) Gokwe Central ZPFChimanga, Enock (2) Mutasa ZPFChimbo, Simba (2) Mutasa ZPFChimbwanda, Durban UMP ZPFChimombe, Chimwanzi Makoni East ZPFChimonzo Bindura ZPFChimuka Buhera North ZPFChimukate, Clifford Mount Darwin South ZPFChimunondo, Givemore (2) Hatfield ZPFChimutashu, Nicholas Mount Darwin South ZPFChimutsa, Lovemore Mount Darwin South ZPFChin’ono, Godfrey (3) Makoni North ZPFChinaka, Macdonald Bikita East/West ZPFChinembiri, Elliot (5) Zhombe ZPFChingodza, M (9) Hurungwe East ZPFChingozho, Gilbert Murehwa North + South ZPFChingururu, R Mudzi ZPFChinomona, Ignatiius Mutoko North + South ZPFChinomona, Trancis(2) Mutoko North + South ZPFChinono, Godwin (2) Makoni North ZPFChinwengwaenene, t (2) Mberengwa East ZPFChinyani Mount Darwin South ZPFChinyani, Jona Murape Bindura ZPFChinyike, Charles (3) Bikita West ZPFChinyoka Zvishavane ZPFChinyoka, H Zvishavane ZPFChinyoka, R Mberengwa East ZPFChiota, Cephas (2) Murehwa North ZPFChiota, Kurai Murehwa North ZPFChipanga, Shadreck Makoni East ZPFChiraya, Milton (2) Murehwa North ZPF


15

Chiremba, Nhamo (2) Gutu North ZPFChirinda (2) Murehwa North ZPFChisaga (2) Gokwe Central ZPFChisango (3) Hurungwe East ZPFChisango, Douglas Gokwe North ZPFChisango, s (2) Gokwe North ZPFChisango, Simba Gokwe North ZPFChitate, Muzvondiwa (2) Bindura ZPFChitsa, Panganai (2) Mutare South ZPFChitsa, Prisca Mutare South ZPFChitura, Sparks(2) Mount Darwin South ZPFChiutsi, t (5) Gokwe North ZPFChiutsi, Taurai (2) Gokwe North ZPFChivata (5) Hatfield ZPFChiwara Shamva ZPFChiwara, goddie (4) Gokwe North ZPFChodzodzo, Farai(2) Hwedza ZPFChoto, Better(2) Hwedza ZPFDafi, Happymore(2) Makoni East ZPFDanda, Webster (5) Zhombe ZPFDenere, Lazarus (5) Zhombe ZPFDhauka (2) UMP ZPFDube, H Mberengwa East ZPFDube, James Buhera North ZPFDube, Mapungwana Buhera South ZPFDube, Mr Shurugwi ZPFDube, Ndabezimhle Unknown ZPFDube, S Gokwe North ZPFDube, Victor Bulilimamangwe North/South ZPFDzenga, Kuruza (2) Gokwe Central ZPFDziva, Taona (2) Mberengwa East ZPFDzvairo, Cathbert UMP ZPFErengwe (3) Makoni East ZPFFoloma, A (4) Zvishavane ZPFGapa (2) Hurungwe East ZPFGaran’anga, Nicodimus UMP ZPFGaran’anga, Tafireyi UMP ZPFGava, Simon (5) Zhombe ZPFGava, U (3) Gokwe Central ZPFGode, Godfrey Mount Darwin South ZPFGode, Godfrey Mt Darwin North/South ZPFGomo, Desmond (3) Guruve North ZPFGumbo, Benard Guruve North ZPFGumbo, T Gokwe North ZPFGutsa, Paul (2) Bindura ZPFGutsa, Savha Bindura ZPFGwahwara, Hazvinei UMP ZPFGwakwata UMP ZPFGwamura, Everson(2) Goromonzi ZPFGwashe, W (4) Gokwe North ZPFHodzi UMP ZPFHodzi Mutoko North + South ZPFHodzi, M Mutoko North ZPFHove, D Mberengwa East ZPF


16

Hove, Gan’eni Mberengwa East ZPFHove, Josikia (3) Mberengwa East ZPFHove, Judson (2) Mberengwa West ZPFHove, Portia (2) Mberengwa East ZPFHove, Simba (4) Mberengwa East ZPFHove, V. Mberengwa East ZPFHove, Z Mberengwa East ZPFHungwe, Philip (2) Mberengwa East ZPFHungwe, S Mberengwa East ZPFHunzvi, Chenjerai(3) Budiriro ZPFHunzvi, Chenjerai(3) Chikomba ZPFHuranda, S (3) Shurugwi ZPFJanuary, Itai (2) Gokwe Central ZPFJanuary, Katande (2) Gokwe West ZPFJanuary, Makomo (2) Gokwe West ZPFJezenga, Cliff(2) Mudzi ZPFJimmy (5) Hurungwe East ZPFJisi, Mr Murehwa North + South ZPFJiti, Mr Murehwa South ZPFJongororo, Enock (2) Marondera East ZPFJongwe, Petros (2) Marondera East ZPFJonhasi, Christopher Guruve North ZPFJonhasi, Koshiwe (4) Guruve North ZPFJume, Jacob(2) Mount Darwin South ZPFJuru, Boster Goromonzi ZPFJuru, O Goromonzi ZPFKagodo, Exidos Muzarabani ZPFKagodo, Ivo (2) Muzarabani ZPFKagodo, Last (3) Muzarabani ZPFKaimba, Obey (2) Shamva ZPFKaitano, S (2) Mudzi ZPFKambazvi, Godfrey Guruve North ZPFKambazvi, Jerina Guruve North ZPFKamedza, Causewell(2) UMP ZPFKamhaka, Albert Mudzi ZPFKamhaka, Joe Mudzi ZPFKamoti, Dount(2) Marondera East ZPFKamunhukamwe, Peter Guruve South ZPFKamunhukamwe, Peter UMP ZPFKamuti, Norman (2) Hwedza ZPFKandoro, Mufundirwa Guruve South ZPFKandoro, Mufundirwa Bikita East ZPFKanokanza, Simba Mount Darwin South ZPFKanokanza, Trackfone Mount Darwin South ZPFKapere (2) Hwedza ZPFKasambarara UMP ZPFKasambarare UMP ZPFKasambarare, Givemore (7) Goromonzi ZPFKasambarere, Collins Hwedza ZPFKasambarere, Esam Hwedza ZPFKavhumbura, J Murehwa South ZPFkavhumbura, p Murehwa South ZPFKazembe (6) Hatfield ZPFKazembe, Mrs Hatfield ZPF


17

Khumalo (2) Mazowe West ZPFKhumalo, W Mberengwa East ZPFKhupe, Leon (2) Bulilimamangwe North ZPFKirmukiyani, Emmanuel (5) Guruve North ZPFKiwa (2) Murehwa South ZPFKudawafeya, S (2) Unknown ZPFKufuka, Abel Marondera east ZPFKufuka, Mande Cleopas Marondera West ZPFMabhena Mberengwa East ZPFMabhena, R Mberengwa East ZPFMabhunu, Luke (2) Chipinge ZPFMabhunu, Tongai Chipinge ZPFMabhunumuchapera, N (2) Hurungwe East ZPFMabika, Cletos (2) Gokwe North ZPFMabvirakure, Rutendo (2) Mutasa ZPFMachakaire, Alois Buhera North ZPFMachakaire, Batsirai Buhera North ZPFMachakaire, Simon Buhera North ZPFMachakata, Stuwart (2) Gokwe North ZPFMachangwe, Jacob (3) Makoni North ZPFMadiro, F Hurungwe West ZPFMadiyanikwe, John Chimanimani ZPFMadzikatire, John Chimanimani ZPFMadzikatire, Silvester Chimanimani ZPFMadzudzo, Alfonso Bindura ZPFMadzudzu, Alfonse Bindura ZPFMafios, Dixon Mount Darwin South ZPFMafiosi, Dickson (3) Bindura ZPFMagauze (3) Mudzi ZPFMagaya, Clever (2) UMP ZPFMagomo (3) Hwedza ZPFMagunje (4) Hurungwe East ZPFMahoza Mutoko North ZPFMahoza, T Mutoko North + South ZPFMahuni, Flaviano Tichatonga (2) Mutoko South/north; Guruve South ZPFMairos, Kenneth (2) Makoni North ZPFMajengwa, Ali(3) Mbare East ZPFMajonga, edwin(3) Murehwa North + South ZPFMakaye, Farirai Bikita East ZPFMakaye, Sylvester Bikita East ZPFMakaza, Lakeness (3) Goromonzi ZPFMakaza, Robert Hurungwe East ZPFMakaza, Wirimai UMP ZPFMakiyi Hurungwe East ZPFMakombe (4) Mberengwa East + West ZPFMakombe, Tendai Mazowe West ZPFMakoni, Gerald Gutu North ZPFMakoni, Kennedy Gutu North ZPFMakonza, G (2) Hurungwe West ZPFMalunga, Alfred(2) Bindura ZPFMambohaatemwi, Arnold (2) Makoni East ZPFMandlovu (3) Mberengwa East ZPFMangondo, Rainos (2) Gokwe South ZPFMangondo, Rainos (2) Gokwe West ZPF


18

Manyame, Dominic Murehwa South/North ZPFManyanga, Ernest Guruve North ZPFManyanga, Mrs Guruve North/South ZPFMapako, B (5) Zvishavane ZPFMapaunzi, Guilt Bikita West ZPFMapaunzi, Sungisai Bikita West ZPFMapfumo, Given (3) Gokwe North ZPFMapfumo, Given (3) Gokwe North ZPFMapingire, Mai Mberengwa East ZPFMapingire, S Mberengwa East ZPFMapiye, l (4) Mberengwa East ZPFMapungwana, James (2) Buhera North ZPFMarau, Dungu (2) Murehwa South/North ZPFMarodza Mount Darwin North ZPFMarodza, R Marondera East + West ZPFMarodza, Terry (8) Mount Darwin South; Mudzi ZPFMasaka, Jasman Mutare South ZPFMasaka, Onias (2) Mutare South ZPFMasama, Annanias Buhera ZPFMasenda, J (10) Hurungwe East ZPFMashamva, Sally Bikita East/West ZPFMashanda, Crispen Bikita East ZPFMashanda, Mambunya Bikita East ZPFMashanda, Saliwe Bikita East/West ZPFMashazhu, T (2) Shurugwi ZPFMasiyaneya, Godfrey Chipinge North ZPFMasiyaneya, Pardon Chipinge North ZPFMasonda, P Mberengwa East ZPFMasunda Mberengwa East ZPFMasvusvu, James Gokwe Central ZPFMasvusvu, Ramios Gokwe Central ZPFMataka, Sikhangezile (4) Mberengwa East ZPFMataka, Sithabile (3) Mberengwa East ZPFMatangira, Remgio Bindura ZPFMatangira, Tawanda Bindura ZPFMatapa, K (2) Hurungwe East ZPFMatavire Mazowe west ZPFMatavire, Mai Mberengwa East ZPFMatiirira, Address (2) Marondera West ZPFMativenga, Tauya (5) Zhombe ZPFMatonhodze, Kudzai (2) Bikita East/West ZPFMauchezani, Danmore (2) Chipinge North ZPFMaumburudze (5) Hatfield ZPFMavingwa, Collin (5) Zhombe ZPFMazhara, Godfrey (3) Gokwe Central ZPFMazhindu, Charles (2) Buhera North ZPFMazungura, Bornface(2) Mudzi ZPFMhaka (2) Mount Darwin South, Bindura ZPFMhiripiri, Mr Makoni East ZPFMhiripiri, Punish (3) Makoni West ZPFMhonyera, Felix Murehwa South ZPFMhonyera, M Murehwa North + South ZPFMishamiviri, Mrs (2) Bindura + Shamva ZPFMoyo (2) Hurungwe East ZPF


19

Moyo, H (2) Mberengwa West ZPFMoyo, Lovemore Unknown ZPFMoyo, Manjanje Mberengwa East ZPFMoyo, Manjanje Guruve South ZPFMoyo, Peter Unknown ZPFMoyo, Peter Danida (3) Shurugwi ZPFMoyo, Thando (3) Matobo ZPFMpandawana, Farai (2) Gutu North ZPFMpandawana, Steven (2) Gutu North ZPFMpofu, George (2) Zhombe ZPFMpofu, J Gokwe East ZPFMpofu, S Gokwe East ZPFMuchimbu, Mfundisi Siako (2) Gokwe North ZPFMuchingami, Adam (2) Mutare West ZPFMuchingami, Nyasha Mutare West ZPFMuchingami, Samuel Mutare West ZPFMudimu, Brian (2) Hwedza ZPFMudiwakure, Bornface Mudzi ZPFMudiwakure, M Mudzi ZPFMudiwakure, T Mudzi ZPFMudiwakure, W Mudzi ZPFMudziwepasi, Edward Chimanimani ZPFMudzongachiso, Bibi (2) Guruve North ZPFMufari, Nelson (5) Zhombe ZPFMufundisi, Dzingai (2) Makoni North ZPFMugabe, J (3) Zvishavane ZPFMuguriri (2) Gokwe North ZPFMujuru (8) Mudzi ZPFMujuru, Mr Murehwa South ZPFMujuru, Mr Hatfield ZPFMujuru, Solomon Marondera East/West ZPFMukarambira (2) Hwedza ZPFMukoka, James Rushinga ZPFMukoka, Tapiwa Rushinga ZPFMukono, Pedzayi (2) Chimanimani ZPFMungenge, Chamunorwa (2) Marondera East/West ZPFMunhedu, G (2) Kariba ZPFMunjoma, Getrude (2) Makoni West ZPFMunotengwa, Mabasa (4) Gokwe North ZPFMunotengwa, Mabasa (4) Gokwe North & Zhombe ZPFMunyoma, Eriya Chikomba ZPFMunyoro, Dombo Chikomba ZPFMupukuta, Lovemore Gokwe Central ZPFMupundu, Loverage Buhera North ZPFMuramba, Alfred (2) Marondera West ZPFMurefu (2) Murehwa South/North ZPFMurosa, Big Murehwa North/South ZPFMuroza Murehwa North/South ZPFMusamba, Evans(2) Chinhoyi ZPFMusauki, Joseph (6) Guruve North ZPFMusauki, Nyande (3) Guruve North ZPFMusauki, Peace Murehwa North/South ZPFMusauki, Pius (3) Guruve North ZPFMusekiwa (2) Gokwe Central ZPF


20

Musengezi, Takawira (3) Mberengwa East ZPFMuserkua, Itai Guruve North ZPFMuseruka, Public Guruve North ZPFMushangwe (2) Murehwa North/South ZPFMushonga, (2) Murehwa North ZPFMushonga, Joseph Marondera East/West ZPFMuskwe, (Mrs) Mission Hwedza ZPFMuskwe, Aaron Hwedza ZPFMuskwe, Claus Hwedza ZPFMuskwe, Tanyanyiwa Hwedza ZPFMutata, Clara (2) Chikomba ZPFMutati, Ezekiel (2) Mberengwa East ZPFMutema (3) Chinhoyi ZPFMutema, Tompson (3) Gokwe North ZPFMutsetwa, K (2) Shurugwi ZPFMutsungi, Z (3) Mberengwa East ZPFMuzama, Lucky (2) Mutare West ZPFMuzenda (2) Hwedza ZPFMuzhizhi, Andrew (3) Makoni North ZPFMwanakatsomwa, E (2) Hurungwe West ZPFNavhaya, Alec Mudzi ZPFNavhaya, Alec Mudzi ZPFNcube Hurungwe East ZPFNcube, Christina Mberengwa East ZPFNcube, N (2) Mberengwa West ZPFNcube, M Hurungwe East ZPFNcube, S Mberengwa East ZPFNcube, V Mberengwa East ZPFNdlovu Budiriro ZPFNdlovu (4) Hatfield ZPFNdlovu, Leonard (3) Bulilimamangwe North/South ZPFNdlovu, Mrs (3) Hatfield ZPFNndlovu, p(2) Hurungwe East ZPFNdongwe (3) Makoni East ZPFNenge, David (2) Makoni East ZPFNgezenyu, V (2) Mberengwa East ZPFNgezvenyu Mberengwa East ZPFNguwoyembudzi, Dick (2) Guruve North ZPFNgwenya Hurungwe East ZPFNgwenya, T Mberengwa East ZPFNhaudzawanda, Wilbert Gokwe West ZPFNhaudzawanda, William Gokwe Central ZPFNhemura, F (3) Hurungwe East ZPFNherera, R (2) Murehwa South ZPFNherera, R (2) Murehwa South ZPFNhokwara, Mark (2) Marondera West ZPFNkomo, Jezeni Mberengwa East ZPFNkomo, Lesson Mberengwa East ZPFNyakarare (2) Hwedza ZPFNyamombe, Revai(2) Makoni East ZPFNyamweda, Prayer (3) Mbare East/West ZPFNyauna, S Bindura ZPFNyauye, l (3) Hurungwe East ZPFNyoka, Frian(5) Murehwa North + South ZPF


21

Paradzai Hurungwe East ZPFPasi (2) Kwekwe ZPFRex Jesus (3) Hurungwe East ZPFRingiro, Edmond (2) Gokwe Central/ West ZPFRuparangana, Emma (2) Chimanimani ZPFRwodzi, Knowledge Bindura ZPFSakahowa, Lovemore (Gunpowder (5) Shurugwi ZPFSalim, Abraham (6) UMP ZPFShiri, Elias Masendu (2) Mberengwa East ZPFShiri, M Mberengwa East ZPFShirir, Fi Mberengwa East ZPFShiri, Fi Mberengwa East ZPFShoko, E (2) Mberengwa East ZPFShoko, Gilbert (2) Makoni West ZPFShoko, Lock Mberengwa East ZPFShoko, Shepherd (3) Buhera North / South ZPFShonhiwa, Mashumba (3) Chegutu ZPFShumba, K Mberengwa West ZPFShumba, Lifa Mberengwa East ZPFSibanda, E+A589 (3) Zvishavane ZPFSibanda, Godwell(3) Hwedza ZPFSibanda, Percy (2) Chegutu ZPFSithole (2) Mutoko South ZPFSiziba, B (3) Gokwe Central ZPFSiziba, Bernard (4) Gokwe Central ZPFSiziba, Chinyama Gokwe North ZPFStulo (2) Bulilimamangwe North ZPFTanyanyiwa Mutoko South ZPFTanyanyiwa, Boster Goromonzi ZPFTanyara, Piniel Bikita East/West ZPFTapfumaneyi, McLean Mazowe East ZPFTapfumeneyi, Henicha Mazowe East ZPFTindike, C Guruve North ZPFTindike, Justice Guruve North ZPFTsavanhu, Collen (3) Chinhoyi ZPFTsavanhu, Thomas (3) Chinhoyi ZPFTsvuura, George(3) Mbare East ZPFTunha, Mrs (2) Hatfield ZPFWevhu, Sigauke (3) Buhera North ZPFZanga, Ten (2) Goromonzi ZPFZaranyika, Jesika Hatfield ZPFZaranyika, Mr Hatfield ZPFZengeza, Biggie (2) Hurungwe West ZPFZhanda, Paddington + ZPFZhanda, Paddington (2) Murehwa South + Goromonzi ZPFZharima, Edward(3) Murehwa North + South ZPFZhou, B Mberengwa East ZPFZhou, Canaan Mberengwa East ZPFZhou, Fana Mberengwa East ZPFZhou, K Mberengwa West ZPFZimunya, Kainos(3) Buhera North ZPFZvakamwe, M Chikomba ZPFZvakamwe, M Chikomba ZPFGumpo, J (2) Kariba ZPF OFFICIAL


22

Mudyiwa, Thomas Mazoe west ZPF OFFICIALVhera, Mr Mutoko North + South ZPF OFFICIALDziya, Milcoat Mberengwa East ZPF OFFICIALMunotengwa Max (4) Gokwe north ZPF YOUTHJanga the youth Commander Mount Darwin South ZPF YOUTHBernard (youth leader) Hurungwe East ZPF YOUTHChinhere, Njodzi (3) Gokwe North ZPF YOUTHTavaruya Tawanda (2) Gokwe North ZPF YOUTHTavaruya, Tarisai (2) Gokwe North ZPF YOUTHDube, Lot (2) Umizigwane ZPSMajora, Asst. Insp (2) Chikomba ZRPDowa, Ass. Insp Harare North/central ZRPChinyoka, Chief Inspector Chipinge South ZRPJambwa, Detective (2) Buhera North/ South ZRPJongwe (Inspector) Hurungwe East ZRPMabvuku Police, Member in Charge Mabvuku ZRPChidyamakono, Sgt. Shurugwi ZRPChimedza Gokwe North/East/West ZRPChineka, Constable Buhera North ZRPChinembiri, Constable Chimanimani ZRPChipinda, Ernest (2) Kwekwe ZRPChirere, Constable Chimanimani ZRPDesmore Chikomba ZRPDhakiwa, Dauti UMP ZRPDhliwayo, Mr Harare Central ZRPDube, E Mberengwa East ZRPDube, Seargeant Bulawayo South ZRPDzimbanhete (2) Mt Darwin/Bindura/Rushinga ZRPDzvairo, Constable UMP ZRPGumbo, Constable Chimanimani ZRPMahuwa, Constable (2) Buhera North ZRPMakiyi Mudzi ZRPMakore, Cst. (2) Shurugwi ZRPMandeya(2) Mt Darwin Sth,Bindura, Rushinga ZRPManzunzu, Constable (3) Buhera North ZRPMapfumo, Cuthbert(2) Chikomba ZRPMazmabani Murehwa South ZRPMhaka Harare North ZRPMnangagwa Harare South / Murehwa North ZRPMukwena, Chrispen (2) Kwekwe ZRPMukwena, Tichaona (2) Kwekwe ZRPMunandi, John (2) Kwekwe ZRPMungofa, Ngonidzashe (2) Bindura ZRPMunyandiani, Silas Mutare West ZRPMurada, Munyaradzi (2) Kwekwe ZRPMushamba, Sherperd Murehwa North/South ZRPMushowe, Jefta (2) Kwekwe ZRPMusoni(2) Mount Darwin South, Bindura ZRPMutandavari (2) Kwekwe ZRPMuziwi, Pindukai Mutare West ZRPNyanyire, Officers Buhera North ZRPNzuma, Saul Buhera North ZRPUsayi Mazowe East ZRPZishiri(2) Mount Darwin South, Bindura ZRP


23

Mapete, Constable Chimanimani ZRPMachivenyika (Constable) Hurungwe East ZRPMachona, Constable (4) Buhera North ZRPMazinyari, Cst. Shurugwi ZRPDzambwa, Detective (3) Buhera North/ South ZRPMuyambo, Inspector Buhera North ZRPMabunda, Inspector (2) Hurungwe East ZRPMudziwapasi (Member In Charge ZRPMazinyani, Sgt. (3) Shurugwi ZRPShumba, Sergeant Buhera North ZRPChikono, Godfrey(3) UMP ZRPNechibaba, Constable Mazowe West ZRP


24

Appendix 4.

Organised violence and torture per Constituency: 2000 Parliamentary and 2002Presidential Elections.

CONSTITUENCY 2000 2002 TOTALBIKITA 0 32 32BINDURA 22 68 90BUHERA 9 65 74BYO SOUTH 0 1 1BULILIMANGWE 0 11 11CHEGUTU 0 11 11CHIKOMBA 28 26 54CHIMANIMANI 0 29 29CHINOYI 3 16 19CHIPINGE 0 26 26CHIREDZI 12 0 12HARARE 12 73 107BUDIRIRO 20 0 20GOKWE 80 96 176GOROMONZI 19 14 33HGURUVE 0 72 72GUTU 0 11 11HURUNGWE 184 16 200HWEDZA 16 28 44KARIBA 7 0 7KWE KWE 0 18 18MAKOKOBA 0 2 2MAKONI EAST 30 15 45MAKONI NORTH 1 15 16MAKONI WEST 0 11 11MARONDERA EAST 10 14 24MARONDERA WEST 0 19 19MATOBO 6 6 12MAZOWE EAST 15 1 16MAZOWE WEST 2 14 16MBERENGWA EAST 119 23 142MBERENGWA WEST 13 0 13MHONDORO 0 3 3MT DARWIN NORTH 2 3 5MT DARWIN SOUTH 42 10 52MUDZI 72 2 74HARARE 13 0 13MUREHWA NORTH 37 38 75MUREHWA SOUTH 36 12 48MUTARE SOUTH 0 7 7MUTARE WEST 0 21 21MUTASA 0 9 9MUTOKO 45 11 56MUZARABANI 1 13 14MWENEZI 1 0 1NKAYI 0 2 2NYANGA 0 3 3PUMULA/LUVEVE 0 2 2RUSHINGA 0 5 5SEKE 1 1 2SHAMVA 2 5 7SHURUGWI 33 0 33UMZINGWANE 0 2 2UMP 15 59 74


25

UNKNOWN 16 3 19ZAKA EAST 0 5 5ZHOMBE 0 40 40ZVISHAVANE 34 2 36

958 991 1971

who should be sanctioned? - kubatanaarchive.kubatana.net/docs/hr/reeler_who_sanctioned030131.pdfwho...

Documents