who lima talk 2
TRANSCRIPT
Managing Health and Safety
The Role of Local Authorities
Dr E. van Deventer
Team Leader, Radiation Programme
Department of Public Health, Social and Environmental Determinants of Health
International WorkshopTELECOMMUNICATIONS, ANTENNAS, DEVELOPMENT, INCLUSION AND HUMAN HEALTH
Lima, Peru,10 -11July 2014
UNMSM-MTC International workshop, 11 July 2014, Lima, Peru2 |
National management approaches
Relevant authorities
– National level
– Provincial level
– Local level
• Dispense building and planning permits
• Direct contact with public and operators
• May introduce further conservative measures based on politics rather
than science
UNMSM-MTC International workshop, 11 July 2014, Lima, Peru3 |
UNMSM-MTC International workshop, 11 July 2014, Lima, Peru4 |
OUTLINE
What you should know about ….
– The situation in your country regarding wireless networks
– Your role as local authorities
– How wireless networks operate
– The health effects from wireless networks
– The national and local rules and regulations
– How to communicate effectively with stakeholders
Examples of some situations around the world
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What is the situation in your country for
wireless networks?
Are there national rules or guidelines that apply to the
development of wireless network infrastructure?
– Network operators’ obligations to provide coverage
– Limits for exposures to RF fields
– Requirements to demonstrate compliance with RF exposure
limits and other obligations
– Building permits
– Constraints on mast / antenna siting and requirements to share
sites
– Visual impacts/aesthetics
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What is the landscape in your country for
wireless networks? (cont'd)
What local procedures apply? Are they compatible with
any national rules? Are new rules / procedures needed?
What kinds of national support are available to assist at
the local authority level?
What information is available to interested local
communities / residents about the health and safety of
wireless networks and how can they get it?
What consultation processes are in place if sites are
controversial?
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What is your role?
Role Possible responsibilities
Planning authority or
regulator
• Authorise siting of wireless networks
• Set planning rules for wireless networks
• Approve land use near wireless networks
• Protect public health
Source of information • Respond to questions about wireless networks from local
residents, elected representatives
Landowner of site housing a
wireless network
• Decide whether to lease site
• Act as a good neighbour
• Use position as landowner to encourage or promote local
priorities
Network operator • Provide a public WiFi service
• Operate radio telemetry network to monitor status of
local infrastructure
• Operate mobile radio network to communicate with staff
Employer • Meeting occupational health and safety responsibilities
for staff working near wireless network transmitters
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What should you know about how wireless
networks operate?
Radiofrequency fields used in wireless networks are
non-ionizing radiation
Different types of RF sources/antennas
– Emitters vs. transmitters
– Frequency (TV, AM, FM, 900 MHz, 1800 MHz, …)
– Power (strength, steady vs. traffic, intermittent)
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Network
type/purpose
Comments Power
(maximum)
Frequency Exposures to public† Typical
antenna size
Typical
coverage*
Mobile phone
network – macro
site
Normally on high poles, masts or
buildings to cover large areas
10 – 200 watt 700 – 2700
MHz
Maximum typically ~ 0.05
W/m2 (~1%), generally
much lower
1 – 2 metres 1 - 30 km
Mobile phone
network – micro site
Often used to provide capacity ~10 watt 700 – 2700
MHz
Maximum ~ 0.05 W/m2
(~1%), generally much
lower
1 – 2 metres < 1 km
Mobile phone
network – pico/
femto (small cell)
site
Often mounted indoors (e.g.,
shopping malls, offices) to provide
capacity or improve coverage.
~1 watt 700 – 2700
MHz
Maximum ~ 0.005 W/m2
(~0.1%)
0.5 metres ~ 100 m
Mobile radio –
traditional (e.g., for
taxis, trucks)
Sited on hills in open areas, or on
buildings used by network operator
25 watt: several
transmitters may
be used together
at the same site
150 – 450
MHz
Maximum ~ 0.05 W/m2
(~2%)
1 metre ~ 35 km
Mobile radio –
TETRA (terrestrial
trunked radio)
Provides greater security and
capacity than traditional mobile
radio, often used for emergency
services; Sited on hills in open
areas, or buildings used by
network operator
25 watt: several
transmitters may
be used together
at the same site
400 MHz ~ 0.002 W/m2 (~0.1%) 1 metre ~ 8 km
WLAN (Wi-Fi)
wireless internet
Short-range data communication
between an access point and one
or several users
0.1 - 1 watt 2450 - 6000
MHz
Maximum ~ 0.001 W/m2
(~0.01%)
30 cm ~ 200 m
WiMAX fixed or
mobile internet
Delivery of last mile broadband
wireless access as an alternative
to cable
3 watt 2450 – 5000
MHz
Maximum ~ 0.0002 W/m2
(~0.002%)
30 cm ~ 35 km
Base station smart
meters (not home
units)
Some smart metering systems
communicate via mobile phone
networks or WiMAX
2 watt 900 MHz < 0.0001 W/m2 (<0.002%) 1 metre 1 km
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http://www.celtnet.org.uk/mobile-phone/img/cell-coverage.gif
There is no wireless network
without the base stations!!!
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What should you know about health
effects from wireless networks?
(near field) (far field)
mobile phone
cordless phone
broadcast transmitter
mobile phone base station
other people’s mobile and cordless phones
close to body environmental
Source: M. Röösli, 2014
RF-EMF: Two types of exposure
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What should you know about health
effects from wireless networks?
Where to find reliable information (from national
authorities, international organizations)
Different types of studies
– laboratory studies vs. epidemiological studies
Different health outcomes
– Cancer and other health effects
Different populations
– Children, pregnant women, EHS, people with pacemakers, …
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What should you know about regulations
Exposure limits in your country
– International limits
– Basis for differences between countries
Your role regarding compliance and enforcement of
limits, urban planning, siting, site sharing, administrative
processes and timelines
– Number of licences
– Construction permits
– Location of base stations
– Site sharing/co-location
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Management OptionsPlanning measures
Access around fixed installations
Provisions to prevent public access around fixed installations
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How to communicate effectively with
stakeholders
Understanding basic risk perception concepts
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Risk Perception
New technologies alarm
people
– Affecting children
– influencing future
generations
– Potentially disastrous
consequences
– Cannot be seen or smelt
– Unfamiliar
– Cannot be controlled
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How to communicate effectively with
stakeholders
Understanding basic risk perception concepts
Who are your stakeholders?
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With Whom to Communicate?
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How to communicate effectively with
stakeholders
Understanding basic risk perception concepts
Who are your stakeholders?
– Local politicians, citizens, operators, national authorities, ….
– Local media, social media
Information to stakeholders (local residents, users of
public spaces) … prior to installing base stations
Dialogue with stakeholders on the health, social and
environmental issues related to base station antennas
– through forums, community outreach events (malls,…)
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Management OptionsDialogue
Dialogue
– public debates, mediation, focus groups, round
tables
www.who.int/emf
Requirements for informing /consulting stakeholders in the planning process for fixed installations
82% public announcements or
inquiries
38 % meetings or information
sessions
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What to Communicate?
Communicating the
science– Use trustworthy sources
Explaining national and
local policy measures
Putting the risk in
perspective
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Radiation
Public Health
Radon
UV
EMF
X-rays
Public Concern
Radon
UV
EMF
X-rays
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Examples of some situations
around the world
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Examples of restrictive local regulations
Some municipalities enact local restrictive rules on
cellular antenna siting
Consequences for the deployment of modern
services (e.g. 4G/LTE)
Consequences for the customers / subscribers
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Salzburg, Austria
UMTS expansion was delayed
until agreement between the
city and the operators in 2004
Exposure limits mandatory in Austria based on 1999
EU Council Recommendation
Salzburg "milliwatt" limit (0.001 W/m2) was brought to
parliament but rejected by majority in 2002
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Brussels, Belgium
Presented at the International Advisory Committee
of the WHO International EMF Project, Paris, June 2013
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Reducing Exposure Limits Impacts on Network Coverage
Additional Base Stations needed
Existing outdoor coverage areas (marked in red) (left) and post-3 V/m estimation
along with the number of additional base stations required for just one operator to
restore coverage to existing levels (right) after required power reductions to obtain
manageable compliance boundaries. About 40% more base stations required.
(Example for Brussels).
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Case study of France(2009-13)
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Case study of France(2009-13)
Multi-stakeholder operational committee (COMOP/COPIC)
Study the feasibility of lowering exposure to RF emitted by
mobile phone masts while maintaining service coverage and
quality
16 communities over 1 year (ultimately 4 years)
Conclusions
– Reducing exposure to 0.6 V/m would be accompanied by
“a sharp deterioration in network coverage, particularly
indoors.” To compensate for this loss of coverage, about
three times as many antennas would need to be installed
– increasing opportunities for public information and
dialogue and decreasing the possibility for localities to
adopt heterogeneous policies and practices
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Martin Röösli 31
Distan
z
Source: M. Röösli, 2014
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The International EMF Project
Radiation and Environmental Health
Public Health and Environment
World Health Organization
21 Avenue Appia
CH-1211 Geneva 27
Switzerland
email: [email protected]
website: www.who.int/emf