who is to be master of the world

7/30/2019 Who is to Be Master of the World

1/241Publ

icDomainintheUnitedStates,Google-digitized

/http://www.hathitrust.org/access_us

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Who is to be master of the world! An introduction to the philosophy

of Friedrich Nietzsche, by Anthony M. Ludovici, with introduction

by Dr. Oscar Levy ..

Ludovici, Anthony Mario, 1882-Edinburgh and London, T.N. Foulis, 1914.

http://hdl.handle.net/2027/inu.30000011877317

Public Domain in the United States,

Google-digitizedh t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s _ u s e # p d - u s - g o o g l e

This work is deemed to be in the public domain

in the United States of America. It may not bein the public domain in other countries. Copies

are provided as a preservation service. Particularly

outside of the United States, persons receiving

copies should make app ropriate efforts to determine

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nintroductiontoyourlec-

haveone youmayhaveonein

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nthe bestIhavereadin

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ttoremainesoteric

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donly upheldbythefeeble

umbus,afterall,musthave

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ngcoast-linethere,uponthe

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E R

MORA LIST

uofFriedrichNietzsche the

moredifficulttounder-

richesforthosewhodo

ehardto find.

ak toyouofNietzsche The

roundhis nameandphil-

us.Ifyouhavereada thirdof

dconcerninghim.

arsago,and heisnowone

of modernEuropeanphil-

pestregret,however,thatthe

orks,graduallyrealiseshow

ciously,hehasbeenmisin-

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thoselearnedprofessorswho

positionofhisw ork sby the

tion,butevenbyhis bestand

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ktoyou ofFriedrich

beenmisrepresented,andit

himasheis indeed, it is

oushould knowhimas

rownstrongandhavedis-

ching, hesays, sothatmy

hamedofthe giftsIgave

nedayblow amidstthem

withmy spirit thusmy

isZ arathustra fora ll low

andeverythingthatspitteth

thwithsuchadvice:B eware

d f

ption,suchas theone

witha word-portraitofthe

hortbiography.Now,the

culties,it mighthavebeen

not beenseriousreasonsfor

istingwritersonthesub-

owever,theshortbiography,seemed

evenless thanthefirst,and

thesubjectIhavetotreat

forehavebeennecessaryto

toacompassso small,thatit

ththeLook ing-glass.

oreNietzsche sfcctHomohadap-



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rethana wearisomechain

sinterruptionI wished,if

ons,I venturedtodepart

ndtoproceedat oncewith

theme.

elvesjustifiedinformingan

is works.H oweverdeep-

whicha moment spersonal

manquicklyprovesto be

che scase,itis completely

withmostotherauthors,we

betweenthemanandthe

peopleagainsttheerror of

hehimselfw asthe liv ingrefuta-

inallsecurity,atthe

edgeofhim,is thathewasa

aresuscitatedH eraclitus, w ho

yearsofthenineteenth

s close.Nietzschehimself

setothis comparison hecon-

sof thenobleEphesian,f

notinsignificantnumberof

he smusesw ere So litude

; l ik eH eraclitus, hew asa

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dself-confidencewhosatat

ndlikehim, too, hew asapoet-

htsurname theObscure.

hatadvantagedoesaphilosopher

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enabouthimevidence

nay , theposit ivedanger of

eekPhilosophers,saysof

w emaygosofarastoadmit

massofmankindmadehim

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ay : " Iw il lhaverail ings

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s andholyboundaries.

everhighermountains. f

cewiththe massofman-

m an y " d i e vi e l- z u- v ie l en

utitmust notbesupposed,

hatthesewordse pressany-

e.W econstantlycomeacross

reinhemost clearlyempha-

rthemediocre,andforthe

and,intheAntichrist,he actu-

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ta lltomediocrityasmedio -

ation, hesays, isapy ramid,

roadbasis ithasfora f irst

dsoundlyconsolidated

so many-sidedasNietz-

recision totheveryrootof

hisattentionto,the very

theselectures,is torouse

rks,orinciteyoutoa deeper

hallendeavour,where

youinhisownwords,that

efromthe colouringanin-

everunwill ingly mightlendthem

ento histhoughts,e pressed

nalfireandbeauty,asit was

retain.

moreparticularlybyhis

thatNietzsche istoodogmatic

easons forhisopinions,and

rebearsadictatorial and

s,onetakenfromTheTwi-

therfromThusSpakeZ ara-

etzsche wasnotonlyaware

hisworks,but,also,had

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eek tasteveersroundinfavourof

ppensthen Inthefirst place,

d,themobgets theupper

PrevioustoSocrates,dia-

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rmanners,theycompromised

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n.Thatwhichrequirestobe

heworldover,where

odusage,whereone com-

nstrates, thedia lecticianisasorto f

e isnottakenseriously.

swhenwehavenoothermeans.

wipedawaythantheeffect

rovedby thee perienceof

eechesaremade.Itcanonly

ndsofsuchas havenoother

y tohavetoe tortone s

ak esnouseofdialectics. *

trawemeetwithanother

hasjustaskedhimwhyhe

ch.

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retobeaverybarre lo fmemory

reasonswithme

eopinionsistoomuchforme

ay. *

ed,thattoproveisto plead,

the,atall events,didnot

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eZ arathustra,thisbookwas

whenitsearlierpartsap-

resolvedpartlytoabandon

sitionforthesemi-dialectic

orks.

shpeopleshould we

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ginningtoread andlearn

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ughtitincumbentuponthem

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ion

herthesereasonsare

rntohim.

Myphilosophy revealsthetrium-

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chregarditas thegreatest

le . *

herea lisesthatthe-con-

nstitutesthe philosophyofa

ountry sdestinies andhe

ewteachinghe offersus,

ask,whetherthisis pre-

philosophy,giventotheworld

warning,oughtto be

edunheard

sforyearsadmiredforhis

takehim seriously.They

egreat Epigrammatist or

venturedtomak eaninquirycon-

ologyorhisMetaphysics,

alwaysdelicately forhis

ainfrom pruning,what

edit iousparado es, o fa ll

norderto carrytheirpoint.

w ereadNietzsche, the

readhim forotherthan

ryearsthey refusedto listento

Tw ilighto f the Idols: " My

ntenceswhateveryoneelse

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eart theyarebeginning

tylewasbuta formnecessary

es attendantonthedistribu-

iches itw asthecheque-

hocannotsparethe timeto

utitwasonly aform,and,

ubtedlyis,theideas towhich

wereultimatelyrecognised

end.

Nietzsche,and,ifweare to

rningseriously,is itnothigh

sobegan readingand

He took hisca ll ingvery

s,hepartedwithhisrelatives

alone,that hemightcon-

oughts upontheone

ghtroad Isourmorality

aluationswhichis gradually

withanidealworthyofman s

Ilovemen, sa idhissecond

ta , I a m b ri n gi n g gi f ts u n to m en . *

moment,toknowthat

thingquitenew something

portancewhichisquite new,

ing.

asheaphilosopher The

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manNietzsche.Norcan we

sfellow-countrymenwith

.

otonlyassumesthe

er,butagainandagain,in his

elfasone,it wouldbewell

he term philosopher

ssion, hesays, istocreate

ogivemank indnew principles, new

ngandclassifyingof many

usefulandmeritoriouswork,

rkwhichpreparestheway

r theeducationofthereal

lfshouldhaveoncestood

which hisservant,the

phy,remainsstandingand

himselfmustperhapshave

d dogmatist,andhistorian,

er,riddle-reader,moralist,

s... .B utalltheseare only

hismission thismission

tocommandandtogive

terminethe Whither andthe

eysnatchw ithcreativehandsat

thatisor hasbeen,serves

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e found Nietzscheasks.

soneof them.

bywayoffurtherestablish-

stingtoreadhowProfessor

kers,speaksofH eraclitus

, hesays, w asnotcastforthe

ator,hispassionsweretoo

esobernessandhe wastoo

debauchofmetaphors but

be theheraldofthenew

rdse pressa lla fa ircrit ic

abusivelanguagethat

at hisphilosophy,nofact,I

ghtenmentwithitthanthis

placedhimself B eyondGoodand

rstandeventhe motive

ke upthisattitude,what

morenatura l moreobv iously

thantoduballhisw orks, danger-

itsw orstmodernsense, and

asifhehadw rittentore leasethe

ortocl oythelibidinous

hedestroyerofmoralityI am

ejust, my ta le isimmoral. f

Thinkers,byProfessorTh.Gomperz,

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yaroundhim,andane -

him toaskusthe admittedly

chwe haveforcenturies

y goodandevil

these twotermshave

mora lity , itsraisond etreand

endedatall Nietzsche

withsuchoriginalityand

s wemaybetogivehim a

oshockedbythe strangeness

ciousofanythingatall,

pleasure. H ew illstrik eatthe

w eprotestindignantly . B ut

y there w herehew antsto

ondourGoodandEv il.

s:goodand evil,arebut

llinorder toacquirepower.

Pow ertouniversa lisethe irk indor

pow ertoenablethe irspecies,

preponderateor besupreme

cticalphilosophy, hesays,

stero f thew orld f

Themoralitywhichpre-

dadherentsalong tovictory

erNietzsche squestion:

o f theworld w emustask our-

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hecivilised worldto-

rinciplesseemtobe

nofadesirabletype Isa

endingto prevailbymeansof

hereverse

showthat ourwayisthe

erceus, hedoesnotover-

y s: Iamalaw only forthose

law fora ll. Thisismyw ay

same, sa idHeraclitus.

mmora l asany thinge lseon

morality itse lf isa formof

you: goodandev ilw hichw ould

ist.

B eyondGoodandEv il ;

w values hewishestopurge

doesnotmerelydestroy,and

ess herefillsouremptied

a listf irst only , how ever, thathe

rds.Andonemore severe,or

oosenessand laisser-aller,

ess.

ask,whatthefigureof

ie tzsche sopusmagnum, the

S p pe r . f Z . , O f t he S p ir i t of G r av i ty , H a

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worksservebutasa com-

hyshouldthisancientlaw -

ebest suitedtobehis

s w er s t hu s : " Z a r a t hu s tr a w as

mora lity ; consequently , he

eivethaterror.Z arathustra

otherthinker beforeor

galone,do wemeetwithtruth-

stvirtue,moreoverhe was

rstakentogether.To speak

ht,thatisthe firstPersian

moralitythroughtruthful-

hemora listbyhisopposite

hatthenameZ arathustrameansin

oughlyandconscienti-

k,itwillbe necessarytolook

howhecontemplatedthe

Nietzschepreachestous,it

ce ll buthe isstandingonthe

strengthhehas enlistedin

l,Schopenhauer,Darwin,

hisf ingers ends, andbehind

osewisdomheisdeeply

owhebecamewhathe

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softhespiritI declareunto

methacamel,the camelalion,

thingsheavy forthespirit , the

tobeartheload andin

:itsstrengthlongethforthe

eav iest.

k sthespiritw hichisableto

ppinglikea camelonitsknees,

thespiritisladen with

haveprecededit how it

eofthepastand,underthis

voyageofdiscoveryinthe

w ilderness, Nietzschecon-

ondmetamorphosis:there

Freedomitwilltakeasits

wilderness.

stlo rd tohimanditslast

oe . . .

hedragon Thou

yearso ldareshiningonits

mightiestofalldragons:

ngsisshiningonme.

sthereneedof the lioninthe

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or itselfforfreshcreations,

rone sse lf andaho lyNay

his,mybrethren,thereis need

tonce loved Thousha lt,

ndarbitrarinesseveninthe

foritselffreedomfromits

thiscapture.

hren, w hatcanthechilddow hich

Whyhaththepreyinglion

nd oblivion,anewbegin-

g byitself,aprimemotor,a

tolife.

eating,mybrethren,a

a isnecessary it isitsow n

ishisownworldthe out-

softhemindI declaredunto

meacamel,the camelalion,

stra. *

uldgiveusnew values,he

dingenuousness totheart-

o thathemusthavethef reedom

mindcouldgainthefreedomof

den,ithadfirst tobearthe

Metamorphoses.



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of Day,hetellsussome-

omwhichheacquired,and

omatall.

haspromotedourgenera l

orethanlove forfeartriesto

whathe knows,whathe

angerousanddetrimenta ltodece ive

. * Inordertoguardaga inst

mustknowits nature ifwe

ehopeofovercominghim,

s.W isdom,likemorality,

power,itstrengthensthespecies.

mebookdrawsan inevit-

dea: Eventhesenseof

enseforsecurity,manhasin

:wewill notallowourselves

w ew illnota llow ourse lvestobemis-

welistenwithsuspicionto the

s wecontrolourselvesand

ourselves allthesethings

thoroughlyasmenunder-

alalso,self-controldevelops

fortheunmistak able , f

erefore,isbutthe out-

securityanditsconcomitant

erything,thatwemaybe

.Truththerefore,orour

d morality,isaweaponof

kindmoreformidable.

p. 22.



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eagernessforthetruth

Where isyourw ay Whois

rth It isouto fa fee lingof

u tu r e t h at h e t el l s us : N o o ne

andw hatisevil. *

lytowardsa pointwhich

rswe fly,thestandardsof

refollowedbya people

wer.B utthesestandards

earesoused tothem,and

blurredthroughwearand

knowoutofwhichportwe

ustra , apostrophisingthesunat

teaching, Iamw earyofmy

athgatheredtoo much

etchedtotakeit.

anddistribute.

Idescendintothedeep, as

whensinkingbehindthesea,

therworld,thouglorious

odow n, asmensay , tow homI

nquil eye,thatcanst

nesswithoutenvy.

ttobeemptyagain, andZ ara-

omea man.

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eisapoet aswellasa phil-

ninglinesof ThusSpake

eytousin whatmood,with

ebeganhis teaching.

t,thatwemay beina

magnitude,andgreat im-

e sachievement,letusrecall,

aceinEuropeanthought

ultureofthe ancient

rnedtoadmireitscharacter of

alfreedom,thelikeofwhich

eeagainforcenturies,andwe

eroffoolishaccidents,it was

e lyburieda live byamoreyouthful

cableriva l thecultureof

Tacitus,inordertolearn

ntworldofthought,tosee

ncomingphilosophy.Pagan-

ristianityroseinits stead.

Fathers,duringwhich

farandwide,wasfollowed

sophyknownbythenameof

se labourstheestablishmentof the

isintheheart oftheold

men whoseworkconstituted

erechieflyengagedeitherin

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armless,insofaras opposi-

orporatingitin theteaching

ndphilosophywaspursued

dertheauthorityoftheology.

iationofChristiandogmain

reason.

yputthecoping-stoneon

ofitcouldonly leadtoits

sonandfaithhadeachbeen

d sphereofaction,andreason

auseoffaith,tosupportand

coulddoso theaimofthe.

beenachieved,andtheir

obe superseded.

casioneditsbreak-up,were

he re-awakeningofthe

ch,resulting asitdid ina

hematicsandphysics,ulti-

fman sattitudetowards

ourteenthcentury,dates

olasticismandtheprepar-

enaissanceandtherevivalof

larger scale,ofallthe lofty

ntsinwhichthepeopleof

whichhadlent their

ypractical character.

ncemay,ofcourse,be



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l ierthantheonegiven w e

tionalismoftheAverroists,

RogerB acon,andin

thefirsthalfofthe four-

dthenewlearningcanthe

aidtohavebeenreallyunder

thoughtwasawakened,curi-

dlibertyofactionand con-

blished.

trongholdsofscholastic

heChurchofRome w orking

oatthepublicationofMSS. he

ratoroftheRenaissancein

duringthe wholeofhislife-

motethatinterestin classic

eso muchtoawaken.The

nfollowed.Italybecamea

e know,incourseoftime,

ndRomewereso completely

ceagainhandledbothtongues

erestingforourpurposeto

lent itsinfluencetothe

cho lasV . andLeoX . are

thcentury,theknowledge

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fmediaevalmodesofthink-

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wasamazing withalmost

northwardfromItalyto

etherlands,Spain,France

nggeniuseswhereveritmadeits

ngawaytheintellectualcob-

to decidehowfaritled

many letusratherhear

oncerningthisstage of

usedEuropethelossof the

tionthat wastobegarnered

ena issance. Doweunderstand do

attheRenaissancewas The

nvalues,theattempt,under-

all instincts,withallgenius,

oftheoppositevalues,the

ennogreaterwar,there has

stionthanthe Renaissance,

thequestionputby theRenaissance:

na formofattackmore

,morestrenuouslydelivered

centreoftheenemy To

place,at theseatofChristi-

tthenoblevaluesuponthe

emintothe mostradical

ere....I seebeforemea

pernaturalenchantmentand

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ydivine,thatonemight

nfor aseconde ampleof

aspectacle soingenious,so

atthesame time,thatall

dhavehadanoccasion for

C aesarB orgiaasPopeA mI

twouldhavebeenthetriumph

ngatpresent C hrist ianity

doneawaywith Whathap-

k,Luther,cametoRome.This

einstincts ofanabortive

efurious againsttheRe-

dof,withtheprofoundest

theprodigythathadtaken

gofChrist ianityatitsseat,

o drawitsnourishment

ousperson thinksonlyof

pravityofPopery,whilethe

:theolddepravity,the

tianity,nolongersatonthe

utlif e Thetriumphof lif e The

h,beautifulanddaring And

oncemore:he attackedit.

meaneventwithoutmeaning

A hthoseGermans, w hathavethey

n thathaseverbeenthew ork

TheR eformation Le ibnitz ant

osophy thew arsof Libera-

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s,Iconfessit, theseGermans:

eeverykindofuncleanliness

,everykindofcowardicein

forwardayandnay.They

dforathousandyears almost,

gerson,theyhave ontheir

asures,allthethree-eighth

opeissick, theyhavea lso

estkind ofChristianity,the

rrefutablethate ists,

seean endtoChristianity,

meforit . *

ent,towhich,as wesee,

mportance,wastobe reaped

ncountriesofEurope,and

reatermenc amebuta

heir wisdomcan,withouta

naissance.Inthisrespectwe

onofV erulam, Galileo ,

tes,Spinoza, ohnLocke,etc.

progressofEurope smind

ebirth ofChristtotheRe-

estavailableintellectwas for

eonetheme theprovingof

andthe attempttoreconcile

son.Thiswastheworkof

hyandofScholasticism.

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-



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nitz,whowishedtoevade

dwithhis Monadology.Itis

cessarytodescribethistheory

rforesuf f icetosay thatitw asthe

ale,philosophicallytouphold

tes,SpinozaandLeibnitz

physicalresearch,whilethey

beginningand endofthings,

,H obbesandLocke,more

recalculatingthanspecula-

Englishthancontinenta l w ere

s nowcalledEmpiricism,

e perience, e periment, induc-

wastoinfluenceV oltaire,

FrenchandGermanwriters,

tomakeNietzschee cla im:

,theplebeianismofmodern

k andinvention. *

escartes,Spinoza,Leib-

Lock e, andlaterHume, a lthough

ertruthin twototally

dnodecisiveblowatChristian

pitethefactthat H obbes

ndthatH umewasopenly

itestepinthisdirectionwas

dchief lybyHume sscepticism,

osophy.

fmeritasaphilosopherliesin



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orthofour knowledgeandthe

ring it,theagnosticelement

rntomodernthought,which

humanintellectsosuccess-

as,that,in thelightof

lation.itmightwellbegiven

ilosophywhichtranscendsthe

thouthavingpreviouslyjusti-

m inationof thefacultyofk now-

matism. H esaysit isimpossible

d.Allproofshitherto ad-

deassumedtowardsreligion

dHerbertSpencerw asthusfore-

,asweknow,inthe end,dealta

etaphysics.Inhisheart of

dinGodand theimmortality

ortancetoustoobserve,that

crednessforhim which

isreasonpartlygetsthe

r,inhis writings and,

ydoubtupon Christian

ighesthopesandthe cruellest

on.Like Spencer, anthad

stChristianity,hesimply

sarepointless impossible

owsecured. anthad

fphilosophyasuntenable

en,appearedcreatorsofnew

ewithhissystemofAbsolute



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misthescience oftheab-

losophyuponmankind upon

owedwithadoctrinewhich

transit ionalformf romthe

evalentrealismof thepresent

egelinreputationandinthe

etodiscusshis viewoflife

letitsuf ficetorecordherethat

racticallyunaffected.This

rticularlyasmoralitywas a

onsiderableattention.

philosophy,Christianmeta-

idto havereceiveditscoup

stasin theMiddleAges

dnotbeentreatedasa prob-

omplishedfactwhichneeded

, justas, immediate lyprev i-

rshadbegunenergeticallyto

ysics,althoughalwayshoping

s tosayinthe firsthalfof

hristianmoralityhadnotyet

whattheterm Christian

meofusmayprotestthatw eare

hristianmorality,inNietz-

nsthatmoralitywhichreignsas

mostcivilisedpartsof the

isthemoralphilosophywe

rownwithoutaquestion,



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aybeagnostics,oratheists,

oanyformofbelief ordis-

va lues good and

oughbeencalledupontoansw er

ihoodofits havinghada

venotrefrainedfromassign-

eorless plausible.Andthe

gthishas beenenormous.Pre-

hristianmetaphysicsalso

rality.Thequestionwas:

blewithreason Could

ththe oldFaith,still,by

toabide byChristian

Christiannotionsof good

usions,thesemen,manyof

hemostrampantunbelievers,

ntrying toestablishupon

iplesthemoral values

eyhadrejected

moralitywassoughtby

e, byothersinthefeelingsof

byyetothersin law,orin

pediency , andbyoneina

tohaltatthe terms

themselves, inordertoask him-

ant: seenthroughthe



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ptakenby thesemoral-

firstof alongseriesofsteps,

pressingandfundamental

s,aretheconceptsof good

presentdaytobe adheredto

respectivesourcesorauthorities

ofgoodandevil tohuman

orarethee istingva lua-

thefactthattheyhave

estrialwarrant

he Renaissancehadleft

gionpracticallywhereitwas

en, hadsoughtto f i itw here it

atistosay, hadtriedtorebuildit

ofmakingitmorecompatible

hatwasincliningevermore

ardsascientificgraspof

verydiscourseupon

beforehistime,the problem

acking,the suspicionthat

roblematic,atall,appeared

ds,philosophershadbeen

Thebusinessofamora lphil-

ndjustifyourmoralsenti-

o showhowwecametohave

supplyuswithareasonfor



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Inshort, tak ingourconcepts

forvgranted, thequestionw hich

s,howcouldthesebestbe

blewithreason.

nderstandhowit was,that

ghast,whenamanappeared,

yabovethesemoralcompro-

s,as anthadtoweredabove

recededhim.

isew iththe start Europe

n,abovethemuddledmur-

ngvoicesuddenlyannoun-

ofepigrams: Noone

ndevil

hy , amomentagow eall

cryof theEuropethatw as

of theEuropethatw asconv inced

ngmad

yourgiving abasisto

askedofthemoralistsat his

twehavethelearnede pres-

hatmoralitywhichhappens

arteroftheglobeat the

ou,speakinginyourown

elfissomethingessentially

MoralsfromAugustusto Charlemagne.

(GermanEdit ion), p. 10.



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havesasif itskindalone

paramountuponearth,and

vethis endbyopenaggres-

tion,themotiveinboth

hingsvaluedhigherthan

theWilltoLive , therefore ,

oa stillhigherW ill.W hat,

towhichthewillto live

t WehaveheardwhatNietz-

theWilltoPow er.

oot ofthematter,byap-

and themoralityofman.

yor accountforourmodern

certainthatthevalues

w h ic h i t gi v es u s a re t o b e up h el d

w eclearastow hattheymean

ar astowhatmorality

ppear seenthroughtheglasses

deveryspeciesoforganic

gandpractisingthoseacts

prevalenceor supremacy

verthatconductwhichwill

herbyaggressionorbydis-

cesare,thatit willbee ter-

ealreadydoomedtobecome

tthat orderofconductwhich

ethemovercome,either

coming.



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,orbysheerphysicalstrength,

pecies.B ut,oncethatorder

efficientand established,it

tyofthespecies thatadopts

victorywithit.Thatis all

re,isthesceneof anunin-

thew arofmodesofconduct. If ade-

adoptedthesystemofvaluing,

ciesdevoured,itwouldthereby

ion, andviceversa . The lion s

oodforhim. Itmaybetheante-

l, infactitgenerally is, andif

of good w ereeveradoptedby

ceasetheir slaughteramong

nceaffordedby biology,

reswhetheritissufficiently

thatconceptsofgoodandevil areoriginally

thattheyareonly thee pedi-

epower pow ertobecome

nductswhichnowespeci-

arriedonamongmen,does

stprinciples ofthequestion.

o od o r e v il u s ed t o d es i gn a te

duct,we maybesurethat

anis thereattemptingto

erthecoverof thesevalues.

emerelytakesupthe



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hregard tomorality.Good

vevalues.Theyare a

bsolutegoodand absolute

eenbyZ arathustra , andmany

dthegoodand evilofmany

ronearthwasfoundby Z ara-

ethatdidnotinthef irstplace

nitself,however,it mustnot

.

calledgood,wasregarded

yanother:thus Ifoundit.

re, andtheredeckedwith

nethovereachpeople . Lo It

hs,beholditis thevoiceof

peopletodominateandcon-

orandenvyofits neighbour,

h,thefirst,thestandard,the

emadeforthemselvesa llthe irgood

nottakeit, theydidnotfind

avoice fromheaven.

yassigneduntothingsbymanin

he itw asw hogavesignif i-

gnificance.Thereforehe

evaluingone. *

u sa n d an d O ne G o al s .



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odandevil, having

emodern,civilised man s

rd themevenasthemoral

atisto say,asfactswhich

dfor and,althoughtheevi-

sflourishedandprotected

drathera stumper tohim

articularnotionofgood

universalandthusclearup

s thatofNietzsche swas,

adayorof ayearofdays.

duponastheresulto fhislife s

searlyashis thirteenthyear

him. A litt lehistorica land

hecontinues, togetherw ith

seregardingpsychological

obleminaveryshort time

what circumstancesandcon-

valuationsgoodand evil

cificva lue J

o f18 4, how ever, w henhe

hat hebegantoapproacha

andinthefo llow ingmanner:

osomework duringhisho lidays,

paper.

ationofthis statementseeSidgwick s

4. H ere,althoughnotspeakingasa

ye pressesthehopethata ll methods



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tin thesisuponsome

seTheognis,and,itwas while

rks,thathewasstruck withthe

r ds g o od a n d b a d a s s yn -

lebeian.

puthimon therighttrack.

everconvincedthatthere

niversa lGoodandB ad that

conductmustbejust asin-

heredtobydifferentclasses

edandadheredtobydifferent

nTheognis,inthe si th

hedemocratsas bad, andof

atatimew henthefa llo fThea-

adbroughtabouta struggle

thedemocracy,thefact

dfromtheparticularuseof

etzsche sopinion,that

shingtomaintaintheir

orcewhich threatenedto

esireasbad, " bad in

lytotheirparticularmodeof

etzschebegantoregard

od and ev il w ithever- in-

rallydidnot restuntilhe

e poundedinhislatter

ralists,orpreferablyim-

enanFriedrichNietzsche,p.II.



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feringasubstitute,hadat-

s.Frenchbookshadbeen

derntimeshad presentedus

dvery deepworkonthe

ly favourablecommentw ef ind

hoolofethics,in Nietzsche s

tSpencer.ThepositionSpencer

nctionedbyNietzsche,is

be psycho logica lly tenable. f

Christianityinruinsbehind

etzschetookastep asbold

t s, andasnecessary but

ristianitywhichhisgreat

do worldperhapscherished

he metaphysics.

anmorals.H edeclared

morals,merelyane pedient

versalising,a certaintypeof

precedented,hiswickedness,

e

obebut codesadoptedby

perpetuatetheir kindor

wehaveseenthathe hadto

llarythatall kindsofmen,

mustatsometimeorother

Conflictingmoralcodeswere,

conflictingweaponsofdiffer-

he importantquestiontobe

h,whatclassof mannowbe-

gentum.f G.M.,p.20.



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choiceof moralvaluations,

gardtoman w edivulgeour

eciesofmanwewouldsee

well,thattobreakall

thentoconstructa new

ealof man,meantabandon-

ist hencehisemphaticac-

thatthereareother ways

sdefiniteutteranceconcerning

lity inthesew ords: f

butmytaste, forw hichIhave

lment. ' !

sus, however,onthenew

are inaw orlda lreadypossessedof

istingvaluestobewhollydis-

eselectf romamongtheva lueso l

dtobecompatiblewithour

lew iththemanw hosekindw ew ould

ue buta longw ithit, curi-

partofhis moralphilosophy

ythree-quartersofhis

nvestigatedthef inerandcoarser

ertoprevailedorstill prevail

asfoundcertaintraits recur-

Gr a vi t y, T 2 .

i l le sV onDarwinbisNietzsche,

Gr a vi t y, I T 2 . G . E ., p . 2 27 e t s eq .



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wnpeculiarperspective and

atwhich,standingbelow

btainingaperspectivequite

orality,itistheeaglewhich,

ofrock uponabrowsing

atinglambisgood. Inthe

y,itisthelambwhich,look-

espyingtheeagle,bleats

mbisev il.

classese isteveryw hereon

veofracialdistinctions,does

ssesalreadydescribed.We

oadmitthatbothclasses

ralise,inorder tomeetthat

quirepowerfortheirspecies

wledgedthiswehavedoneall

s fo rit isthek ey tothe

o-day it isthecluetothe

auntingquestion: Whoisto

nB eyondGoodandEvil,in

lisations,attemptshavenow

two moralities atpresent,

taposedinsharpcontrast.

confusedandmingledin one

yea,ofteninonesoul.

nd knowhowtodistinguish,

them,wehaveonlyto think

4, 241.



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ewhentheruling casteand

ralising.

,it isclearthattheymust

nde a ltedstatesof thesoulas

thatisstrength, pow er, hea lth, well-

ssandawfulness theanti-

B a d t o t hi s f ir s t cl a ss m e an t t he

d despicable. Evenourw ord

rigina llye pressiveofsocia l

applyit tocharacter,who

irstappropriatedit asa

ser-mora lity , musthavebeenap-

over-an iousandniggling

heeyetothemainchance, as

withthestealthyglances,the

ikekindofmanwhosubmits

emendicantflatterer,and

fundamentalbeliefinall

thatthemobconsistsof

nes, thusspak ethenobleGreek s

uals.

eslave-morality,thecaseis

hasthecommunityisanop-

ancipated,andwearyone,all

dwhichalleviatesthe stateof

ghand,thewarmheart,

tyandasneakingfriendliness

encer sSocio logy (1stEdit. ), V o l. I.



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eive,thattheslateisclean,

nedconcerningthe bloodof

chmay craveaplaceupon

dments.

we arelefttosolvefor

ceforth,determineourgood

ofpastpeoples,racesand

condemned,ithas merely

rity.

nsarepointlessunless

unlesstheyarethee pedient

rtain speciesofman,itis

decidewhatthisspecies of

entodetermineour goodand

uponusis enormous we

e ourtastebecomesour

rayourtasteto theworld,

deal,our goodandbad,is

enwedeclarew homwew ouldmak e

wdeeplyNietzschewascon-

hethrew upondurshoulders

nsiderourposition.The

athustraareevidenceenoughof

themIshallconclude:

badeyoubreakthegood

o l. I. p. 33, P rinciplesofEthics: . . .

ethenotion ofgoodness,canbeframed

tzsche(byDr A.Tille),pp.19,2z.



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verwhelmedbythecolossal

tlies beforethem.

as,onlyasingleindividual

espairingly , andthisgreat

oferrors,ofprejudicesandof

advantage-seekingprinciples

ants,scouts,tohelpmein

geandsagacityarerequisitefor

andallmenwhocould assist

owadays.W herethegreat

" it isprecise ly thenthatthey

ose. f

heherd thatisw hy Ihave

angrywithme:arobber

ecalledby herdsmen.

hem, buttheycallthemselvesthe

smenIcallthem,but theycall

herightbelief.

Whomdotheyhatemost

ecesthe irtableofva lues, the

: buthe isthecreator. !

undredsofyears,Christi-

phicalbirthright,so to

dofall peoplelikethem:we

earestminds,owingto their

ere ledtoregardit pretty

dregardsthe pavementin

bid. , p. 4.

eech, IT9.



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heknowsitskernelimmedi-

ernel,Schopenhauerasks,

lyperceiveinhimself Isit

ndorspirit thatembodi-

nandIntellect,whichsomecall

alattributesofmind which

andIntellect,havewenot

sintothepresenceofthe

ourk erne l, ourotheras-

weare

llect,however,arenotthe

urinnernature.Thereis an

rdingto Schopenhauer,

ute.Let use amineFeeling,

derhisguidance.

emfallinto twodistinct

ndV olitionareone,and

Understanding,Reasoning

allotIntellectthefirst

ourmentalphenomena but

rimitiveimportance.Again

the intellect, lik etheclaw sand

weaponintheserviceof

n te r n of t h e wi l l, o r a n

ure,Schopenhauerseesa

ndIdea, translatedbyR . B . H a ldane

. pp . 1 29 , 1 30 . t I bi d ., V o l . II I . p. 1 6 .



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ter,Schopenhauer sinter-

uietismhadgraduallybegun

tropica llu uriance ; the

sche stune,musteredin

enhauer sbanner,andthe

eseemedtobeavictim ofthe

seek ingease smugease, at

allhigherandworthier

erylargeclass ofEuro-

rtheyknewofPessimismor

edupby Schopenhauerina

tyandsufferingsofLife.H ere

hateveronemaysay , thehappiest

isthe momentofhisfalling

tmomentoftheunhappy

oltedNietzsche.Inspite of

haveseen,herecognisedan

H esawnoblegoalswhich

trainingafterthe debatable

orld,andwithoutcompeting

ethereforeturnedround

he owedmost becausehe

aterandnoblertoteach than

ow usthatlif ehadsense, signif i-

o rldasWillandIdea, Ha ldaneand



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cs hispuzzlingattackon

edonism. fandSpencer sequa lly

you,Isay,who havedonethis,

airedofevercomingto a

uestion.

an idealikethatof

roughlyappropriatedbyoneor

stcertainto getburiedand

eviewofthelay-e cursionist

themountainofwordswith

sedtoelucidateit, system-

withtheingenuousness

d,happenstoinquire,

o r W h e re i s H e d o ni s m w i ll

MessrsSo-and-SothePhil-

srsThingumbobtheLogicians, as

lythe mountainconcealing

egentlemen.

emayw ellask : Why isNietz-

andw hydoeshespeak so

rningtoanordinarydictionary

terhavinglaid philosophical

arelieftofind itdescribedin

ine,inethics,thathappinessis

stingcriticismof thisw ork seeA lf redF ouil lee s

oraleContentforains,pp.3 -38.

interestingattack uponSpencerinreference

iologischeProbleme(Edit.1884),pp.50,51.

119, 170.



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m * isNietzsche squestionto

lystateshisobjectionto the

tationtoourpresentenviron-

ouldundoubtedly,Isuppose,

thastobe decidedfirst,though,

eanenvironmentwhich

ghestpossibilitieswe are

vironmentisadesirableone,

o.

w ardspa inisnow , ina

ptationwhichis faulty,

ng.H econjuresus,therefore,

fpa inanymore norto lose

or, ifw eshoulddothesethings

ecatastrophehemostwishes

w emightbecomeadapted.

edinall hisbooksisnow

islife,too,appearsmore

ead thisnewmeaninginto

sunderstood,ishis doctrine

dw iththisw ord, w ecometothe

isphilosophy.

his doctrineispurely

spurpose Itspurpose isto

etowhich wemightattain,

betooearly topreachHedonism " is

forthereisno reasontobelievethathis

mto betheveryultimatedevelopment:

ptation,ifitwerepossible,underSuper-

harmonywithNietzscheanphilosophy.



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ydescribenolimit tothe

erepossibleforhimtostruggle

lmore remotelyfromthe

sNietzsche,hisideal,his

assmanhimself andreach

higherlevelis Nietzsche s

timismishis philosophy.

ecries, now w ew illthat

ourthoughtsf romaB ack -

epo intstoatask onearth, our

ef , w emustaspiretothee -

hren,remainfaithfulto

ose whospeaktoyouof

Poisonersarethey,whether

ey,decayingandthemselves

sweary,begonewiththem

nstGodwasthegreatest

sothatthis kindofblas-

mostterribleof thingsisto

orate theimportanceofthe

hesignificanceoftheearth. f

wwill, awillforthe im-

ithertotheidealofmost phil-

ppinessofthe greatest

ukesthoseofhispredecessors

vi n g V i r t ue , H 3 . f Z . , I nt r od u ct o ry S p ee c h, I T 3 .



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uwasamongthem),whohave

of theEvolutionH ypothe-

thatthesurvivalof the

valofthe betterand

wouldbe aswelltomakethe

eringtoHerbertSpencer s

aw o rd s .

ol.I.p.379 ofhisCollected

gto anattackmadebyDr

thesisofGeneralEvolution:

urv ivalo f the better or

givetothosew ordsany thinglike

sthe survivalofthosewhich

tothriveunderthe condi-

ced andveryoftenthat

,isinferiority,causesthesur-

rinsize,strength,activityor

ual,at thecostofdiminished

feled byaspeciesdoesnot

butes,thespeciesprofit^ by

ompanyingincreaseoffer-

hythereoccursomanycases

osis thisisthereasonw hy

ternal,aresocommonlyde-

es.Survivalofthe better

,thoughsurvivalof the

d, asIamresponsible forthephrase,

ttosay thew ord f ittest

W henitis rememberedthat

lo thers itw il lbeseenthat



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v ivorshipof thebetter isw ho lly

ssorHu ley sR omanes

ds: thereisanotherfal-

o pervadetheso-called

It isthenotionthatbecause, on

ntshaveadvancedinper-

meansofthe strugglefore ist-

t surv iva lo f thef ittest, there-

s ethicalbeings,mustlookto

themtowardsperfection.Isus-

risenoutofthe unfortunate

surv iva lo f thef ittest. *

mmonto thethree

dfromNietzsche,Spencer

e ly Nietzschesays:

ns,byanynecessity,elevat-

ening. Spencersays, the

the conditionsinwhich

y anymeansnecessarily

thestrongerwillsurvive,

e look inva intothestruggle for

equentsurvivalofthefittest,to

.

esethreestatementsthat

erminingfactor Iftheen-

ean,emasculated,punyand

atthosemen willbethe

sLecture, Evo lutionandEthics, byT . H .

32.



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ean,emasculated,puny

athsomeness,wearetold,

ivalofthe fittest,butwerenot

er,fromwhichtheywere

emwereovercomeinthe

Isthispo intquiteclear Isit

maybethe f ittest and

dedourenvironmentbesuch

gsmaysurviveinit

ora line orably . He shows

not conducingtoaneleva-

trary,themanwhosurvives

veragemanwhoishappy

y,musthavequalitieswhich

tureofhisrace, e ceptits

nman,Nietzscheseesasort

M r R ud y ar d i p li n g s f a mo u s cr e a-

- ro o m B a l la d s : a n d, w r it i ng i n

tasthatinw hich thesub-

thethird centuryA.D.,and

s atatkne,too,when

ingthesamesymptomsof

tGreekpredecessorsawin

RomanEmpire,Nietzsche

thepigmies w ithw hom,

ontemporaneous ; hecannot

ngglory ofEvolution,and,

rmannputintoNature s

vesungtoman:



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ndyehavehearkenedtoomuch

ho callthestultificationof

outheavilyandcreaking

esdownhill,talkmuchof

the irskidtheycallv irtue.

ho arewounduplikeevery-

ntickingand wishthatticking

mineenterta inments. WhereverI

windthemupwithmymock-

nclick atthat.

reotherswhosit inthe irmud-

ndthusspeak outof the irbul-

thatmeanethtositst i l l inthemud-

dgooutof thew ayofhimwho

llthings wehavetheopinions

stallbelievetheysharein

dywould havehimselftobe

od a n d ev i l.

notcometosayuntoallthese

k now yeofv irtue Whatcould

riends, maybecomew earyof the

ardfrom foolsandliars. *

s gregariousanimal,

tu o us .



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tweenanimalandSuperman,

abyss.

adangeroushalf-way

ngbackward,adangerous

nisthathe isabridgeandnot

nmanisthat heisatransi-

mark outhisgoa l. It ist ime

ofhishighesthope.

noughforthatpurpose. B ut

poverishedandtame,no

eabletogrow f romit. f

areoftheimpossibilityof

ha doctrinesuchasthis.

not, hesays, Iamnotthe

edonismisfarmoretothe ir

andaboveall,muchmore

advantages.

pealtothosedeepones,

oughtohear ajarringnotein

odernprogress tothosewho

uessat thehumbugunder-

dernideas ; inshorthewould

nd refinedones,whocon-

ect,andwhoalreadyknow,

hatall isnotabove-board

eare whichhaveneveryet

c h, I T 4 . t Ib i d. , t 4 , 5.



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ONOFALLV ALUES

es,I attemptedtodealwith

hisorigina lity , f irst inregardto

ropeanmorality,secondlyin

Muchthatyouheardmust

tooutlandishness evento

ou. Now , how ever, Iamapproaching

he Transvaluationofall

omises, a lreadyby itsvery tit le , to

inginnoveltyandoriginality.

eatdiffidencethatonecan

bjectatallin alecture.The

youwill,atfirst,seemtopsy-

ed,eventonewandstrange

e thoughtsprobablysub-

rishedbeliefs,thattohear

ymeantobeshocked,tobe

unded,andtherewhereyou

ardwhatNietzschesaidof

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reofconqueringmight,

,friendZ arathustra

is theveilofnight

rknessandfor light. ...

esistibly poignant After

earin,year out,Z arathustra

o, istheonlyguesthecanto lerateat

stoe plainthenatureof

perhapsmoreclearly still,

sonlytoo probable.

romman.

renough hedeclares, apos-

men. F oryesuf ferf romyour-

eredfromman. ewouldlie,

oneofyousufferethfromwhat

veryil l-adaptednesswhich

lyin thepositionofaspec-

anasa looker-onseesall

wmostofthe game.

owadaystothink ofman

eimaginaryspiritof our

enwe flingsomeofour

good-for-nothingsandthe

eighbourhood butmankind

a n as a s p ec i es W h o h a s ti m e to t h in k

asevenaw ishtothink of this

. f Z . , O f H i gh er M an , I f .



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A L U AT I O N

sleandhurry ourgreed

ertobe onthesafeside,

ningfigureof destinyand

istwithaverydistinct taste

tso muchtoimposehistaste

ee lsurethatw earee ercising

btastowhatw eare givesus

twemightbe, ande hortsus

eanotherofourown.

sishecries: the Earth

hathdiseases.Oneofthese

sca lled man. *

mphasis,Nietzschehas

dernEurope,havegivenup

ourarguments,thehyper-

peace andsmugease,

accounttobepersonal.In-

ebecomeofhim whoseheart

deas,andwho therefore

hatwehavegrownmilder,

aninhistory theF ounderof

lysaid: Whosoevershall

eek,turntohimthe other

esenceof hismostrancorous

frainfromventinghis

attackonthemoney-changers.

vehementinhisappealto

ll,therefore,weare inclined

nt s .



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T ION

soninthevan,immedi-

n heisnewmusic tothem,

theyareatsea Andthesepeople

booksanddry ideas,insist

redwhenreadingphilosophy,

tingelementintheirstudies,

the latter sdepth, isfe lttobe

sNietzsche, thehigherw e

rto thosewhocannotfly. *

rthesakeofan aphorism,it

thee perienceofhisw hole lif e.

yuponhisfe llow s mankind

blusheseven, w henreading

calgazeis sometimestoo

ce, perhaps, thehatredhehasroused

rovoked.

ggle,mineownway Igo,I

esitateanddelay.Letmy

' f

e thestream w hoeverisable

e. ourcrutchhow everIam

veall. EvenProfessor

alukewarmfashionin this

slookaround.H ecriticises

e,andthe keynoteofhisin-

ldecadent.We haveseen

I n t. S p ee c h, I T 9 .

mina l.



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UA TION

stra. *

motherevertopeepinto

adydiedwithouthavingread

osophica lw rit ings. fWashego ing

ardatime ofitashe had

s motherwithherillusions

filledher taskonearth her

plishedonewhenhe beganto

sturbherca lmserenity Why

orldseeingthat shehadbut

tothosewhoselife-taskis

wellrealisesthatfewmen have

ad theconviction,toturn

recant alltheyhavesaidand

ctito f them moreparticularly

natelyregardsanyrevulsion

nionasasignof weakness.

oung tothosewhohave

isspeechonmarriagein Thus

hapsthefinestthing onthe

ew orld sliterature . Heele-

ly,butactually,tothemost

ninstitutions.H eregardsthe

forthe futureofhumanity.

tu o us .

ne FreundeundFeinde,byE.

eProfessorSa intsbury sconcludingw ordsin

e, p. 58 , V o l. III., H istoryofC rit icism.



e#pd-us-google


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137/241

T ION

wordsbefoundcon-

matrimony

oungandtells themthe

ce.H epointstoit every-

hopestoovercomeit.H e

eput, isnotw hatistoreplace

eings(manisanend),but

ocultivate,wearetowill, as

rthyoflife,the morecertain

typehasof tenenoughe isted

paccident, asane ception,

erjustbeenthemost feared,

the terror,thereversehas

tained thedomesticanimal,

ck lyanimalman the

ife, theascendingandthe

entiousinvestigationoflife

rrivesattheinevitablecon-

glineis almosttherule,and

ealmentconcerninghis belief

atworkeffectingthis state

oftheweak,theill-consti-

iningascendencyoverother

nedbyour values,Nietz-



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assuresusthat ourvaluesare

er.If manistobe abeing

imetocome,if heisnotto

mal,gruntingandsweating

r adisease,thenwemust

lhaveanotherkind ofman,if

ealth,whois happinessand

ctwillnotmakeus entertain

bleworthoflife thenthis

fthedecadentcurrentof

( inNietzsche ssense), isonly to

uationofall values:bya

rnvalues.

topsyturvification, asPro-

resupposesatleast acertain

values,andthisleadsus tothe

e,whichNietzscheansweredwith

andmostcourage.W hatareour

plyis:theyareChristianvalues.

yrepudiateanyactivepar-

sandpieties,howevercon-

imallallegianceto the

tneverthelessremains,thatin

ationoflife, theprinciples

ciples.

to -day , isnottheconceptof

ourway fromthebeast,it

hascometous fromsome

givers,desiredtocreatea



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A TION

o facts,mightberegarded

stheverynoseof thefaith

yondincontradistinction

t hi s ea rt h t o li fe T he d en ia l, t he

gofthis worldtogether

promisesof,and thecondi-

orld tocome,everyfair

theleitmotifoftheGospels

Testament.

therthe thingsthatarein

theworld,theloveofthe

cannotbesa idthatthesenti-

ceptiona lintheNew Testament.

ovethlif e, sha ll lose it: andhe

dshallkeepit untolifeeter-

e,willdenythatthisthought is

ity.

sethisloathingofthe

ew etoe pla init

ekittenplays delightfully.

child orakittenat play,and

uldhate lifeinthisworld

mostheartily

gsarepure . . . . B ut, Ite ll

untothesw ine, a llthingsare

astsandhypocrites,whose

preach: Theworlditselfis



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144/241

educedtothemellifluouslower-

tPauldescribesin thefollow-

usthavehappenedtohim

sansw eris, thatatypeofmen

nedhim,who,beingina low

erforcegave himthose

honourandevento canonise

hians:

defoo lishthew isdomof this

ewisdomofGodthew orldby

edGodbythe foolishnessof

atbelieve.

aftertheflesh, notmany

recalled:

senthefoo lishthingsof thew orld

andGodhathchosentheweak

oundthethingswhichare

f thew orld, andthingsw hich

sen,yeaandthings which

tthingsthatare.

tetoinquiretowhatclass

led,andwhatpart ofthe

posedtoendowwithpower

onverypertinent,andhe

ssed,theweak,theill-con-

y communitycouldhave

ns-thelow-bornthings.



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LUA TION

s.ThesesentimentsofSt

hemoralityoftwo thousand

uesarethey A rethey the

dant,a healthymorality,or

nt,anunhealthymorality

powerfulclassinvented

uldhavehadanyuseforthem.

reburning withresentment,

crippled,diseased,orin any

ed,andwhoaretiredand

hty,thehappy,thewell-

tosay, o fa llthoseonw homthe

depends.

h,wrestlingwiththeir

yfully,aswithafriend,were

tyis, withthethirstfor

ouniversalisetheirkind.In

of thenoble,strongandwell

heymaketheirconceptof

Thatwastheirproblem,and

eattainmentto powerofthe

natura lfunctionof thestrongistodischarge

inactivity,butaggressive

ves: TheancientC hrist iansw ereforthe

f lowstation thewholehistoryofthe

s inrealityaprogressivevictoryof the

thelowlyoverthe lofty,untilthe

hiscrownbeforethe crossofChrist.

rd,D.D.,onetimeDeanofCanterbury.

ol.II.p.481.)



e#pd-us-google


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thatit shouldnotmanifest

houldnotbeawill toover-

memasterof,thatit should

s,resistance,andtriumphs,is

fweaknessthatitshould

h. *

heill-constituted,andthe

gardthematter Tothem

engthon thepartoftheir

was anintolerablepersecu-

opardisetheuniversalisa-

thepartofa weakman,

itis aneffortuponwhichhe

eofhis attention,and,even

succeedin showingstrength.

verynaturalconclusionofthe

ar,afterindulginginintrospec-

d allmanifestationsof

sary , butvo luntary Even

Musthenothavethought

rtytobehaveliketheweakif

y donot,sincethedifference

ustbetheir deliberate

t h ei r g ui l t f

thestrongthisMachiavel-

onof theweakwouldbe-

oshowus thattheweak,

p . 45 , 4 .



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A TION

be weak,iftheychose,not

me tothemforthe irstrength,

regardweaknessasvolun-

medtothem,atlast,a per-

bleoutcomeoftheirconstitu-

anddiscernment,forwhich

wereresponsible,andthe

sandvirtuewasthusspanned

to mingleactivelywith

ontactwith evil,tobeim-

therebybecameathingself-

,adesert.

uouschoice ofweakness,

heirgreatasset pity , theyw ere

nfoundthethingswhichwere

w asthenecessarybe liefand

weaklings,asitwas the

ersof theanimal man.

w beginningtoperceive,

mentofallslavevalues.In

rotection,shelters,meansto

esicklyandthe oppressed.

ristianityas areligion

Nietzscheoncemoreopens

on,whichGibbonrefersto

cationinthefamousfifteenth

dFa ll thequestionwhether

eanandignorant.For,if it

re,then Nietzsche sconten-



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yalthoughitdoesnot rely

y,atleast,be saidtobe

on,deeplyinteresting

volvesadiscussionof so

hattotreatit evenwithscant

tit morespacethanishere

ese fourlectures,taken

rnein mind,andwhenwealso

nofthequestione actsa

wledgeofthefirsttwocenturies

venthen, acerta in cloud o f

undto hang overthefirst

ngthose factswhichareof

to thepo intatissue itw il l

heinvestigator,isnotonly

one,butalsothatit is

vitabledisappointments,

whichthe variousauthori-

neanotherin thecourseof

icularbeliefs.NowImake

atedthis matterade-

dto possessthatknowledge

ouldjustifymein deciding

forNietzsche scontention

selfentirelyin thehandsof

dFrenchauthoritieswho

ea conscientiousinquiryinto

ue.

modestresearches,my



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A TION

otso muchtoestablish

, astoshow you, thatifhe is

heisat leastsinninginvery

tit besaidatonce,that

onthatChristianvaluesare

orresentment-morality,

quartersise ceedingly

made heretopresentthe

rongly aspossible,because

dtoattachsuchwonderfulim-

sonswhichwillbegivenlater.

itudeof somewell-known

resting,andtotheseit will

rn.

flettersandofhigh society

tury,either didnotknow

ceedinglybadly,and,there-

us,Suetonius, uvenal,the

cian,H adrianandMarcus

scomparativelyscantyon

sebutforthe famousletter

ryimportant ifweturnto

arch,weshall findmany

ngwithourproblem.

any,whohavereadhis

clineand Fall,havefound

is attitudereallywasregard-

eathhisironyw edoindeedread



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ermakeus haltwithsurprise,

hthev iew ofmaking a

y . B utsettingasidethe

tonewhich,asMrB ury

nalteredbyforce ofcircum-

ngin ourowntime,inwhich

btrusivescepticismamong

s torenderoffensivewarfare

nyonesupposethathisattitude

nofthe allegedlowstatusof

ealtered We shallseethat

,andeven,ofMrB uryhimself,

this. Allowing,therefore,

peculiarinfluencesandde-

hichhewrote,westillcannot

torianlikeGibbon,the value

on,ofsuchpassagesasthose,in

humbleandobscurefollowers

pusillanimoussentimentsof the

chhee pla insthereadinessof

na beyondoraback-world,

ietzsche s.

tainlymeetwitha valiant

usofprimitiveChristians

oforthem,is toraisethem

n sDeclineandF a ll(Methuen& C o. ,

omanEmpire^ Methuen& C o. 189 ),

eea lsoMilman, TheHistoryofChrist i-

dV o l. II. p. 15 .

W . , pp . 2 3, 5 , 8 .



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A TION

middleclass, * o fw hichhe

escription.

garetrospectofthe years

sNietzsche scontentioncon-

ystheproofsupon whichthe

rsof thehigherandmore

nSocietylentan earto

eedinglyunreliable,andeven

womenattachedtothe

dto beaslittleproved,as a

asChristians,throughDomi-

oved. Sti l l , hecontinues,

onstrated,beyondadoubt,

rclasses didbelongtothe

dnotbe ofgreatvalue,since

dinregardtoveryisolated

f

ntootherevidence,forwhich

whichisall inperfecthar-

v iew s.

ngfactsinsupportof

peak sof theMosa icGod the

sterofaprivilegedrace,

ntotheuniversa lGodof the

: H ea lsodescribestheearly

convertsmadeamongthe

l i vi n g in h o ve l s, | h e s pe a ks o f t he i r

mansundertheEmpire .

hen a iserze it. ErsterB and, 2Te il.

iedet omaiits, V o l. III. p. 559

04 . | I b id .



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nlyof rags of the irsect, as

oretreatedmostlywithin-

sses,f ofChristianityas

his inaccessibletophilo-

spreceding180A.D.he

theF aithhadspreadonly

ofthepopulation,whereit

thewretchedness,andthat

hichC hristandStPaulhadtaught

edriches,whichseemedto

oraninheritanceof injustice ,

ertyandsuffering,whichit

edeemingterrestriallife....

ritedmustthe gospelof

eemed,ortheredemptionof

hohadbeeninsulted,scoffed

ucifiedlikea slave.Christ s

merelyapageout oftheir

Tidingsseemedto have

ularlyatthe smallandthe

esin Duruy,whichmight

portingNietzsche butthere

dweshall beobligedtore-

erelationof womento

storyof theR omanEmpire ,

s, V o l. V . p. 223.

. Itbid. , p. 512.

p p . 77 8 , 77 9 -



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A TION

me termsasSchillerand

ury , Stewart onesandPro-

ayinterestingthingsinmore

withthosealreadymentioned

ontoquotethemin the

agree withregardto

othepointat issue,and

mentotheearlyChurch.In-

omenseemtohaveshown

stianity,andtheimportance

verrated.As MrB uryob-

erishedtheamiableaffections,

uitedtobe understoodandem-

dren,who,accordingto

passion,asopposedto men

by reason, f

Duruy , hasa lwaysbeenpar-

towardswomen.Andthisis

re stillitsmostpowerfulad-

nation,theirdelicatenature,

seandthemother,were

hcommandedcharityand

vousconstitutions,women

tedstatesofmind manyyie lded

onsor propheticlapses. J

arlanguage,andLecky

bmischen fa iserre iches. ErstesB uch. , pp. 454,

manEmpire. . B . B ury , M.A . , V o l. I.

omains, V o l. V I. p. 119.



e#pd-us-google


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cherwasearlynotedfor his

nthe chordsofawoman s

f Earpick erofLadies, w hich

ntiffof asomewhatlater

ppliedtomanyin thedaysof

anity,in itsinfluenceupon

verlooked.AsH ertzberg

tedthemsocially,andthere-

meetwithparticularsupport

discussionuponthissub-

ylittleto thepurpose.W hat

en ifoverwhelmingevidence

ther side,provingtothe

enof cultureconstitutedat

onoftheprimitivechurch,

hilosophy,which,evenbe-

beenintroducedintoItalyby

paredthetransitionthatwas

mthe tempestuousliberty

itudeoftheempire,f

smweregainingtheircon-

oftheManwhowasulti-

usretort: Whatistruth

his retortitself,weare

Mora ls, V o l. I. p. 418.

estrois premierssieclesde



e#pd-us-google


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LUA TION

thecynicismoftheaverage

mewhen esusofNazareth

l.

theRomanlliteoftheearly

triouspatriciansfromwhich

dmittingthataristocratsofthe

yDuruyandMilman,in their

hecourtofConstantino,were

hat,afterall,does sucha

d,fora moment,thatitele-

ristianvalues

adgrow ngrey independently

dnotgrowngrey,Christi-

eenpossible w ouldnot

itmettheneedof thew orld

w ek now that itaspiredtoatype

actuatedbyhopesandmotives

atproudmartialardour

omehad beenwon,

pendingruin couldbe

nneun-Romansideofman s

allylovespleasureand

abovea ll f ee lsquick sympathy

cureanside. f

t wasdecadent(inthe

d)andappealedto adecad-

manEmpire, V o l. I. p. 4.

ra ls, V o l. I. p. 413.

omanEmpire, V o l. I. p. 8.



e#pd-us-google


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riansare unanimousin

oftheRomanworld,partly

know,orwehaveunderstood

,inthis paper,thatNietzsche

eentheslaveandthe de-

eofverylittlemomentwhat

of,whetherof slavesorof

hefactthat,owing totheinflu

rriageoffreedmenwiththeir

uentmi ingoftheraces,the

e ceedinglycorrupt w e

lsandhopes,evenof the

growingevermoreandmore

ondandthirdcenturies ofthe

ngsociety,Christianity

henoblevaluessuccumbed,

gnumbersofthosewho

rkind.It wasthetriumphof

eWilltoPow erof thede-

generallyimpossible.

aggeration,calumny,and

weaccountforthefact,that

ts ofChristianityinthe

w asthepromulgationof law sensuring

eandthehelpless * How

umstancethat, thecondit ion

melioratedbythe newspirit

yinthe EncyclopediaB ritannica.

(NinthEdit ion), p. 97.



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A TION

wasthenw ork inginsociety ; f

utionwhichChristianity

sto betraced...aboveall,

dingsfor thereceptionof

rthepoor,hospitalsand

andtheforsaken J

power,theywouldpropa-

veas wellasthehigh,the

how couldtheydoso H ow

l,thebelieversin healthy

oallowthemtodo so

em.EventhelawofNature

uld perish.What didthey

ng. Wehaveseenw hatthey

stattemptthatwas ever

psy-turvy.Theirswasthe

alues.IfwithProfessor

ospeakof topsyturvifica-

psyturvification.But we

se pression: Inversionof

wiseto ignorethepassage

dscauseto makeuseofthis

entofNietzsche sow nphrase:

wn. Itthrowslightuponour

eover,hownearevenSpencer

veryof tw omora lit ies, ofa

ity,althoughatthetime

to iredestro ispremierssiecles, V o l. II. pp.

diaB ritannica. Ibid.



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A TION

ndemnedas unprincipled !

asno rightthustotakead-

wersandhis greaterenergy

dto dothisbythe responsi-

s,and byadesireto bring

socomplete lyhavethe advanced

deas ofdutyandmerit.

haveseen, wehaveane -

rof thelesscapable,becom-

ecapable,througha valua-

uation Why , thattothe less

capable is ev il ; therefore

man unprincipled Ifhe

everyoften must,owingto

eatercapabilitiesarevan-

fromamongthefactors that

artherforward. Inversion

thatisw hatinferior-or

mplishbeforeitcanbevic-

ediento f the incapable, the im-

rit,whentheywishtomake

e,everystrategy,that

agination,theyusedto

purpose.Notonlymustthe

ful,blushwithshamefor

utthehappyamongthemmust

salmosta sin.Theymustbe

essisaselectionand distinc-

gswhicharelikedmostare



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ftheweak,theoppressed

hapsalsobea preparation,a

sevenmore something

me,willberequitedandpaid

stingo ld, no inhappiness.

eth, H echasteneth, says

otheHebrews. A smanyasI

isasentimenttobefound

rn theinevitable

dition,andwishtowield

.Theselistlessonessuffer-

shingburden w hatdothey

,wheretheir speciesalonewill

sandthelike wherethe

wherethepoorwillbe lying

mugease,whiletheir

rithingin eternalagony.

e ltogothroughtheeyeofa

ntoenterthekingdomof

rhouseholdsentiments.

entedhell,thattheymighthave

whoinventedtheconcept

ttheymightatleastpossess

erebelow J andw ithathirst

tenceonlyaggravated,

tevenat theattemptto

TheC onva lescentOne.

.



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allitslegendsandmetaphysical

dtimesmore incrediblethan

enoughttosay. B utit isthe

oralicacid underly ingita ll, w hichI

er

who is to be master of the world

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