who air quality guidelines for europe - university of...
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WHO European Centre for Environment and HealthWHO European Centre for Environment and HealthWHO European Centre for Environment and HealthWHO European Centre for Environment and Health
WHO Air Quality Guidelinesfor Europe
Michal KrzyzanowskiWHO ECEH Bonn Office
http://www.euro.who.int/air
NERAM Colloquium IV
WHO European Centre for Environment and HealthWHO European Centre for Environment and HealthWHO European Centre for Environment and HealthWHO European Centre for Environment and Health
European Union Clean Air Policy
Objective: to reduce air pollution to a level where it does not impose a significant risk to human health and the environment as a whole
NERAM Colloquium IV
Policies related to AQ in European Region of WHOPolicies related to AQ in European Region of WHO
Environmental Strategy for countries of Eastern Europe, Caucasus and Central Asia (EECCA)
Objective: The reduction of risk to health through reduction of urban air pollutionKey action: The optimisation of standards, accounting for health impacts (based on WHO criteria)
WHO European Centre for Environment and HealthWHO European Centre for Environment and HealthWHO European Centre for Environment and HealthWHO European Centre for Environment and Health
WHO Role•To provide science-based advice to achieve the objective of clean air policy; •Act as science – policy interface
NERAM Colloquium IV
WHO AQ programme 2002-5• „Systematic review of health aspects of air quality in Europe“
• Global update of WHO Air Quality Guidelines
WHO European Centre for Environment and HealthWHO European Centre for Environment and HealthWHO European Centre for Environment and HealthWHO European Centre for Environment and Health
WHO Systematic Review of Health Aspects of Air Quality in Europe, 2001-2004
Scientific Advisory CommitteeRoss Anderson, Tom Bellander, Joseph Brain, Bert Brunekreef, Erik Dybing,
Stephen Holgate, Klea Katsouyanni, Robert Maynard, Jon Samet and Bernd Seifert
WHO Experts / ReviewersU. Ackermann-Liebrich, B. Armstrong, R. Atkinson, JG. Ayres, A. Bernard, M. Bobak,
P. Borm, R. Burnett, F. Cassee, A. Chatterjee, A. Chauhan, D. Coggon, A..Cohen, D. Dockery, K..Donaldson, M. Everard, T. Fletcher, F. Forastiere, B. Forsberg,
M. Frampton, J. Gamble, L. Gephart, RM. Harrison, J. Heinrich, U. Heinrich, F. Hurley, D. Jarvis, SL. Johnston, FJ Kelly, J. Kielhorn, K. Konstantinou, P. Koutrakis, N. Künzli,
J. Lambrozo, D. Laxen, B. Leaderer, M. Lippmann, F. Martinez, L. Martson, J. Mauderly, B. Miller, H. Muhle, M. Neuberger, B. Ostro, J. Peacock, J. Pekkanen, A. Peters, J. Peters,
O. Raaschou-Nielsen, R. Rapp, N. Ribas-Fito, RJ. Richards, I. Romieu, RO. Salonen, T. Sandstrom, R. Schlesinger, P. Schwarze, RJ. Sram, J. Stedman, J. Sunyer, I. Tager,
L. van Bree, P. van den Hazel, J. Vandenberg, D. Walters, H. Walton, U. Wass, S. Weiland, E. Wichmann, G. Winneke
NERAM Colloquium IV
WHO European Centre for Environment and HealthWHO European Centre for Environment and HealthWHO European Centre for Environment and HealthWHO European Centre for Environment and Health
««Systematic Review of health aspects of air quality in Systematic Review of health aspects of air quality in EuropeEurope»», 2002/4 , 2002/4 –– Summary ReportSummary Report
http://www.euro.who.int/document/E83080.pdf
WHO European Centre for Environment and HealthWHO European Centre for Environment and Health
Systematic Review: selected resultsSystematic Review: selected resultsPM
Which of the physical and chemical characteristics of particulate air pollution are responsible for health effects?
- Fine PM is more hazardous than larger particles
- Metal content
- Organic components such as PAH
- Endotoxins
- Extremely small particles (< 100 nm)
WHO European Centre for Environment and HealthWHO European Centre for Environment and Health
Ozone
Is there a threshold below which no effects on health are expected to occur?
Epidemiology: no evidence for threshold from short-term studies; confidence in the existence of associations of O3 with health decreases as concentrations decrease
Chamber studies: may show thresholds in the studied group but this is not sufficient to indicate a threshold of effects for ALL people
Systematic Review: selected results Systematic Review: selected results
WHO European Centre for Environment and HealthWHO European Centre for Environment and Health
NO2
What is the basis for maintaining the WHO NO2annual specific guideline value of 40 µg/m3?
Toxicology: adverse effects of long-term exposure to NO2 at higher concentrations.
Epidemiology: adverse health effects associated with NO2 at the annual average concentration ca. 40 µg/m3 … WHO annual specific guideline value of 40 µg/m3 should be retained or lowered.
Systematic Review: selected results Systematic Review: selected results
WHO European Centre for Environment and HealthWHO European Centre for Environment and Health
The effects of air pollution on The effects of air pollution on children's health and developmentchildren's health and development
Conclusions on causal associations:
PM and respiratory deaths in post-neonatal periodAmbient air poll & lung function development (pre & post natal)PM and O3 exposure and asthma aggravationPb and neurobehavioural development
Several suggestions for causal associations in available data
WHO European Centre for Environment and HealthWHO European Centre for Environment and Health
Is there a threshold below which no effects on healthare expected to occur in all people?
For PM, O3 and NO2: No
⇒ Replace the threshold concept with exposure-risk functions
Systematic Review
resp
onse
exposure
WHO European Centre for Environment and Health
Sources: Pope et al, JAMA 2002; Circulation 2004
Long term exposure to PM and risk of mortalityin ACS cohort
TFH 2003: “..apply the relative risk for all cause mortality… in the extended American Cancer Society (ACS) cohort study Pope et al. (2002).”
1.08 – 1.151.12All CVD & diabetes0.86 – 0.920.92Dis. of respir.syst.
1.04 – 1.231.14Lung cancer
0.95 – 1.061.01All other causes
1.03 – 1.161.09Cardiopulmonary
1.02 – 1.111.06All causes
95% CIRR per 10 ug/m3 PM2.5*)Cause of mortality
*)Average PM2.5 estimate
WHO European Centre for Environment and HealthWHO European Centre for Environment and Health
Loss in average statistical life expectancy due to identified anthropogenic PM2.5
(months)
2000 2010 2020Average of calculations for 1997, 1999, 2000 & 2003 meteorologies
Source: IIASA
WHO European Centre for Environment and HealthWHO European Centre for Environment and Health
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
daily
max
8-h
r mea
n
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37
Premature mortality attributable to daily max. 8 hour means ozone > 35 ppb (SOMO35)
Applied relative risk factor: 1.003 / 10 µg/m3 increase in daily max 8 h mean
WHO European Centre for Environment and HealthWHO European Centre for Environment and Health
Premature mortality attributable to daily max. 8 hour means ozone > 35 ppb (SOMO35)
(cases/year)
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000Au
stria
Belg
ium
Den
mar
k
Finl
and
Fran
ce
Ger
man
y
Gre
ece
Irela
nd
Italy
Luxe
mbo
urg
Net
herla
nds
Por
tuga
l
Spa
in
Sw
eden UK
Cze
ch R
ep.
Est
onia
Hun
gary
Latv
ia
Lith
uani
a
Pol
and
Slo
vaki
a
Slo
veni
a
2000 2010 2020
Source: IIASA
WHO European Centre for Environment and HealthWHO European Centre for Environment and Health
WHO AQG WHO AQG –– Global UpdateGlobal Update
• Ross H Anderson, UK• Bert Brunekreef, Netherlands• Binheng Chen, China• Aaron Cohen, USA• Robert L Maynard, UK• Isabelle Romieu, Mexico• Supat Wangwongwatana, Thailand• Kirk Smith, USA
NERAM Colloquium IV
Steering Group:
WHO European Centre for Environment and HealthWHO European Centre for Environment and Health
WHO AQG WHO AQG –– Global UpdateGlobal UpdatePlanning Meeting: London, 11 January 2005
Pollutants to be considered in 2005: PM, O3, NO2, SO2
Structure:Policy oriented Executive SummaryPart 1: Application of Guidelines in AQ policy and managementPart 2: Hazard assessment of PM, O3, NO2, SO2Part 3: Derivation of Guidelines
Draft ready for external review: Summer 2005WHO WG Meeting: week 17-21 October 2005
NERAM Colloquium IV
WHO European Centre for Environment and HealthWHO European Centre for Environment and HealthWHO European Centre for Environment and HealthWHO European Centre for Environment and Health
Thank youThank you
http://www.euro.who.int/air
NERAM Colloquium IV
WHO European Centre for Environment and HealthWHO European Centre for Environment and HealthWHO European Centre for Environment and HealthWHO European Centre for Environment and Health
Products of the Products of the ««Systematic Review of health aspects Systematic Review of health aspects of air quality in Europeof air quality in Europe»», 2002/4, 2002/4
Health aspects of air pollution with particulate matter, ozone and nitrogen dioxide http://www.euro.who.int/document/e79097.pdf
Meta-analysis of time-series studies and panel studies of particulate matter (PM) and ozone (O3) http://www.euro.who.int/document/e82792.pdf
Health aspects of air pollution – answers to follow-up questions from CAFE http://www.euro.who.int/document/E82790.pdf
The effects of air pollution on children's health and development: a review of the evidence http://www.euro.who.int/document/EEHC/execsum.pdf(full report: 2005)
Health aspects of air pollution http://www.euro.who.int/document/E83080.pdf