white paper on photovoltaic[1]

8/8/2019 White Paper on Photovoltaic[1]

1/18

White Paper

in

Photovoltaic


2/18

2

Table of Contents

Market Dynamics.....3

The Effect of Global Recession in expansion of Photovoltaic Sector....4

Initiatives in solar Photovoltaic Sector.............5

Importance of renewable source of energy...6

Fundamentals of Photovoltaic..........................................................................................7

Science behind the concept...8

General Cost per kW.9

Types of Photovoltaic Technology...10

Cutting edge products..11

Next Generation Products....12

Synergy with metal roofing...14

Some of the major examples of Photovoltaic installation.15

Trends16

Conclusion.17


3/18

3

Photovoltaic is a technology which is usedto produce electricity using direct sunlight.

Photovoltaic systems uses Selenium based

solar electric cells to produce. This

technology produces electricity withoutconsuming any material or fossil fuel.

Photovoltaic systems produce clean energy.

These systems have an advantage of low

maintenance cost and no fuel cost, with

negligible pollution. Photovoltaic systems

are commonly used in solar watches, solar

pumps etc.

Market Dynamics:

The worldwide power generation capacity of

Photovoltaic systems has grown from1.3

GW in the year 2001 to 15.2 GW by

2008.The Photovoltaic (grid-connected) is

the fastest growing power generation

technology with a 70 percent growth in the

year 2008. The growth of the Photovoltaic

power generation capacity worldwide has

accelerated a lot in the last two years and the

annual Solar Photovoltaic production of thetop five countries have grown from 2.5GW

to 6.9GW.The top five countries with the

highest Photovoltaic capacity are Germany,

Spain, Japan, United States, South Korea.

This growth will continue in the coming

years as many countries like Austria, China,

Japan, Luxembourg, Netherlands and United

States are adopting solar Photovoltaic

subsidy programs. New laws and policieswhich will favor the growth of Photovoltaic

capacity are formed in developing countries

like Brazil, Chile, Egypt, Mexico,

Philippines and South Africa.

The result of the initiatives taken in the

many countries is already visible as the year

2007 witnessed around 40% growth in the

Photovoltaic capacity. One of the prominent

examples of new policies favoring the

increase of Photovoltaic capacity is Japans

new policy of increase in National Solar

Photovoltaic subsidies for Schools,

Hospitals, and Railway Stations from 33%

to 50%. The total Photovoltaic capacity

worldwide has increased to 16GW. The

three major trends that can be seen recently

are the growth of Building integrated

Photovoltaic (BIPV), Thin- film solar

Photovoltaic and utility scale solar

Photovoltaic. The year 2007-08 is expectedto witness the addition of 800 more power

generation plants using utility scale solar

photovoltaic technology.

(Source: www.iea.org)


4/18

4

China became the number one country in the

world in Photovoltaic cell production with a

capacity of 1.8GW, Germany in the second

place with a capacity of 1.3GW followed by

Japan with a capacity of 1.2GW.Q-cell, a

German based company is the world leader

in solar Photovoltaic cell production. Its

production for the year 2008 was 570 MW

of cells with a production facility in

Germany and Malaysia. Suntech of China

and First solar are the other two companies

sharing the second spot with Sharp of Japan

in the fourth place. With huge investments

in R&D and new production capacities, the

production figures are expected to increase.

Photovoltaic Sector also creates lots of jobs.

The Sector directly employees 20,000

people and also support over 200,000 jobs

indirectly in the areas of Glass, Steel

manufacturing, Electrical Wires and

equipments, etc.

The Effect of Global Recession in

expansion of Photovoltaic Sector

As any other sector, the solar energy sector

will also feel the heat of the Global financial

meltdown. As most of the countries is going

through financial liquidity crunch, the

finance going to this sector is also going to

decrease. The solar Photovoltaic market is

expected to contract by 17% by the end of

2009, mostly due to exit of some small

players from the market. Many

consolidation can be witnessed in this

market as the big companies might take over

the smaller one with weak cash flow. This

might give rise to bigger solar giants

controlling the complete market, with a

higher monopoly power. Few examples of

such acquisitions that can be seen are theacquisition of Business Institute solar

strategy by SunEdison. A total of 61 such

M&A has taken place from june 2008 till

date in the solar sector.

(Source: www.iea-pvps.org)


5/18

5

Initiatives in solar Photovoltaic

Sector:

The Photovoltaic systems are mainly four

types:

A) Off-Grid Domestic systems which are

used for household and other low

electric consumption

units.

These systems are mainly used in

villages which are not connected by the

electric supply networks. These systems

are generally 1KW in size and are cost

effective alternatives to the extension of

the national electricity networks.

B) Off-Grid Non Domestic systems are

similar to the above mentioned Off-Grid

domestic systems.

The electricity generated in this system

is used for Commercial purpose like

telecommunication, water pumping,

refrigeration, etc.

C) Grid connected distributed

Photovoltaic systems are used so

supply electricity to the customers who

are already in a electric supply network.

These are used for domestic as well as

commercial systems.

D) Grid connected centralized systems

generate huge amount of electricity

from a centralized power station. The

power is then distributed for domestic

and commercial usage through electric

distribution network.

Germany and Spain witnessed 73% of

the total installations witnessed in 2007.

Growth of different solar energy

initiatives is evident in many countries.

The Spanish Photovoltaic market grew

five times and the French market grew


6/18

6

three times. The Portugal market grew a

record 14.5 MW in 2007.

Germany is the world leader in Photovoltaic

systems both in terms of capacity which is

3862MW and installed capacity per capitawhich is 46.8 W per capita. With the

increase in electrification of villages, the

proportion increase in Off-Grid systems are

less than Photovoltaic Grid

systems

Most of the initiatives taken in 2007 in Solar

energy sector is in Grid connected

centralized systems. These systems have

increased three times in the year 2006-07.

This shows the growth of investor owned

large scale PV power systems being

developed and the sector getting more and

more organized.

Importance of renewable source of

energy:

More than 80% of the worlds energy needs

are fulfilled by fossil fuels. Coal, Petroleum,

Natural Gas is the major fossil fuels

consumed worldwide for energy

requirements. This huge dependence on

fossil fuels is very risky because the fossil

fuels are limited and running out at fast

pace. The fossil fuels that has been used in

few thousand years, will take millions of

years to form again, So it is called non-

renewable source of energy.

The only solution of the above mentioned

problem is to develop the renewable source

of energy. This is a source that does not get

used up once used. The most commonlyused renewable source of energy are solar

power, wind, running water and geothermal

energy. The solar energy from the sunlight,

kinetic energy from the wind and the

running water and the heat energy from the

geothermal sources can all be converted into

electricity using different technologies.

Renewable source of energy also helps to

reduce the carbon emissions and other typesof polluting gases which is emitted during

the usage of non renewable source of

energy. So the usage to renewable source of

energy helps to reduce Global warming

which is one of the most alarming danger on



Energy usage worldwide


7/18

7

our planet. It also offers countries to achieve

better energy security and development of

their economy.

Fundamentals of Photovoltaic

Photovoltaic as the name suggests is the

technology of converting energy from light

carried in form of energized photons to

electrical energy by utilizing the inherent

properties of semiconductors like silicon

which conduct electricity in presence of

light. This is largely used to harvest solarenergy which is the most abundant source of

light in our environment.

Solar energy is a renewable resource that is

environmentally friendly. Unlike fast

depleting fossil fuels, solar energy is

available about everywhere on earth. And

this source of energy is free, constant and

does not fluctuate in price like conventionalenergy sources like coal and oil. Solar

energy can be used to provide heat, lighting,

mechanical power and electricity.

Photovoltaic effect was observed as early as

1839 by French scientist Edmund Becquerel

but its first commercial use was in powering

US orbital satellites in the 1950s.

While most Photovoltaic (PV) cells weremade of silicon since the beginning of

research, many other semiconductor PV

cells have been found to surpass silicon PV

cell in performance and cost. There have

been pathbreaking developments in the field

of PV research

(Source: International energy association)


8/18

8

Science behind the concept

When light hits the PV cell, the photons

from the light knocks off the electrons in the

semiconductor from the atoms of the

molecules .If the electron is sufficientlyenergized, it is able to jump from the

valence band to the conduction band where

it is free to move within the semiconductor

or in other words the semiconductor is in the

state of conduction. When the PV is

connected along a circuit, the free electrons

then move through the cell, creating and

filling holes. This movement of electrons

and holes generate electricity. This energy

can be stored in specially designed batteries

for subsequent use.

If we are to model an equivalent circuit of a

solar cell with a diode in parallel and shunt

resistance and series resistance it would look

like the diagram below.

A schematic symbol of solar cell would be

One single PV cell can produce upto 2 watts

of power which is insignificant even for use

in power calculators and wrist watches. To

create more power output many PV cells are

connected together to form modules whichare further connected together to form larger

generating units called arrays. The extent of

the arrays formed largely dictates the

quantity of power produced.

A complete PV system consists of the PVmodules and the balance of system or

BOS-the support structures, wiring, storage,

conversion device etc. as shown in the figure

below.


9/18

9

Typical Power Output of PV cells

Independent of size, a typical silicon PV cell

produces about 0.5 0.6 volt DC underopen-circuit, no-load conditions. The current

(and power) output of a PV cell depends on

its efficiency and size (surface area), and is

proportional the intensity of sunlight striking

the surface of the cell. For example, under

peak sunlight conditions, a typical

commercial PV cell with a surface area of

160 cm2 (25 in2) will produce about 2 watts

peak power. If we consider sunlight

intensity were 40 percent of peak, this cell

would produce about 0.8 watts.

A solar cells power output depends on a

number of factors which include the suns

incidence angle for the given region, solar

irradiance, air mass and temperature.

For comparison of power output of different

kinds of PV cells, the measure of watts peak

is used. The standard test conditions(STC)imply and solar irradiance of 1000 W/m

2, a

solar reference spectrum AM (air mass) of

1.5 and a cell temperature 25C.

Ideally a 1 kWp system will produce 1 kW

under STC. Specifically, watt-peak of a cell

is the DC power output in watts as measured

under an industry standardized light test

before the solar module leaves the

manufacturer's facility. The standard light

test tests the output power when illuminated

under standard conditions of 1000 watts of

light intensity per square meter, 25 C

ambient temperature and a spectrum similar

to sunlight that has passed through the

atmosphere (airmass 1.5).

General Cost per kW

The solar energy industry typically usesprice perWatt Peak (Wp) as its primary unit

of measurement. The solar module

represents nearly 40-50% of the total

installed cost of a "solar system". This

percentage will vary according to the nature

of the application. A complete solar system

includes all the other components required

to create a functioning system, whether it be

to feed energy in to the grid or to be used in

standalone off-grid applications.

To convert, kWp (a standardized measure

excluding solar conditions) to kWh (a

measure which takes account of solar

conditions), an adjustment for the actual

location of the solar panel is necessary in

order to take into account how much

sunlight would be expected in that location

due to the varied distribution of sunlight

across latitudes over the period of a year.

Some simple examples are that a 1kWp

System will produce approximately:

1800 kWh/year in Southern California


10/18

10

850 kWh/year in Northern Germany

1600-2000 kWh in India and Australia.

Solar Electricity Prices are today, around 30

cents/kWh, which is 2-5 times average

Residential electricity tariffs.

Residential electricity tariffs 1999

Country Cents/kWh

Argentina 14.1

Australia 8*

Austria 16.8*

Belgium 16.5**Brazil 12.8**

Denmark 20.7

France 12.9**

Germany 15.2

India 3.4*

Indonesia 2.5

Japan 21.2

Mexico 5.9

Netherlands 13.2

Portugal 14.1

Spain 14.3

Switzerland 13.1

United Kingdom 11.7

United States 8.1

(Source:Energy Information Administration)

Types of Photovoltaic Technology

All PV cells require a light absorbing

material contained within the cell structure

to absorb photons and generate electrons via

the photovoltaic effect. The materials usedin solar cells have the property to absorb

solar light that reach the earths surface;

however, some solar cells are capable of

absorbing light beyond Earths atmosphere.

Existing Products

Crystalline silicon

Crystalline silicon (c-Si) is the benchmark

technology for PV cells. Crystalline

technology was first launched in 1962. It

occupies about 90% of the PV market. The

best commercial c-Si module conversion

efficiency is 18% for mono-crystalline, and

15% for poly-crystalline. Silicon is

classified into multiple categories according

to crystallinity and crystal size in the

resulting ingot, ribbon, or

wafer.

Basic structure of a silicon based solar cell

and its working mechanism


11/18

11

Monocrystalline Silicon (c-Si)

Single crystal wafer are more expensive and

because they are cut from cylindrical ingots,

they do not cover a square PV module

without a substantial waste of refinedsilicon. Hence, most c-Si panels have

uncovered gaps at the four corners of the

cells.

Ribbon silicon is a type of monocrystalline

silicon formed by drawing flat thin films

from molten silicon and having a

multicrystalline structure. These cells have

lower efficiencies than poly-Si but save on

production costs considerably.

Poly- or multi-crystalline are made from

cast square ingots-large blocks of molten

silicon carefully cooled and solidified. It is

less expensive to produce than single crystal

silicon cells but are less expensive

Thin films

The various thin-film technologies currently

being developed reduce the amount of lightabsorbing material required in creating a

solar cell. This can lead to reduced

processing costs from that of bulk materials

(in the case of silicon thin films) but also

tends to reduce energy conversion

efficiency(average 7 to 10% efficiency),

although newly developed multi-layer thin

films have efficiency better than bulk silicon

wafers.

Amorphous silicon (a-Si) was the first thinfilm material to yield a commercial product.

Initially, a-Si was mostly used in consumer

items such as calculators. Amorphous

silicon is under constant development with

increasing efficiencies, economic

manufacturability, and innovative products

(for example, modules that double as roof

shingles, or semitransparent modules for

building-integrated uses).

Thin films have become popular compared

to wafer silicon due to lower costs andadvantages including flexibility, lighter

weights, and ease of integration.

Cutting edge products

CIGS

CIGS (Copper Indium Gallium diSelenide)

is mainly used in photovoltaic cells (CIGS

cells often abbreviated by the chemical

formula CuInxGa(1-x)Se2), in the form of

polycrystalline thin films. Silicon cells are

based on a homojunction p-n junction, the

structure of CIGS solar cells lack in

efficiency when compared to crystalline

silicon solar cells, for which the record

efficiency lies at 24.7%, but they are

substantially cheaper.

CIGS can be deposited onto molybdenum

coated glass sheets in a polycrystalline from,

saving the expensive step of growing large

crystals as in the case of crystalline silicon.

The later are made of slices of solid silicon

and therefore require more expensive

material.

Inkjet Circuitry

Third-generation solar panels are being

produced with specialized printers applyingnano-size particles onto rolls of thin flexible

material in a way similar to inkjet printing.

These panels are at a fraction of the cost (as

little as $1/watt compared to $4.50/watt for

traditional solar cells) of second generation


12/18

12

PV panels which use a vacuum-based glass

etching technology.

Flexible PV

Flexible thin film cells and modules arecreated on the same production line by

depositing the photoactive layer and other

necessary layers on a flexible substrate.

If the substrate is an insulator (e.g. polyester

or polyimide film) then monolithic

integration is used. If it is a conductor then

another technique for electrical connection

must be used. The cells are assembled into

modules by laminating them to a transparentcolourless fluoropolymer on the front side

and a polymer suitable for bonding to the

final substrate on the other side. The only

commercially available (in MW quantities)

flexible module uses amorphous silicon

triple junction. Inverted metamorphic

(IMM) multijunction solar cells made on

compound-semiconductor technology have

became commercialized in July 2008

Next Generation Products

Copper based products

Photovoltaic applications based on CuInSe2

include several elements from groups I, III

and VI in the periodic table. These

semiconductors are especially ideal for thin

film solar cell application because of their

high optical absorption coefficients and

versatile optical and electrical characteristics

which can in principle be manipulated and

tuned for a specific need in a given device.

CIS is an abbreviation for general

chalcopyrite films of copper indium selenide

(CuInSe2). CIS films (no Ga) achieved

greater than 14% efficiency. However,

manufacturing costs of CIS solar cells at

present are high when compared with

amorphous silicon solar cells but continuing

research is leading to more cost-effective

production processes. Manufacturing

techniques vary and include the use of

Ultrasonic Nozzles for material deposition.

Sometimes gallium is substituted for some

of the indium in CIS, the material is referred

to as CIGS, or copper indium/gallium

diselenide, a solid mixture of the

semiconductors CuInSe2 and CuGaSe2. The

best efficiency of a thin-film solar cell as of

March 2008 was 19.9% with CIGS absorberlayer. Higher efficiencies (around 30%) can

be obtained by using optics to concentrate

the incident light or by using multi-junction

tandem solar cells.

Nanotechnology

Nanocrystalline solar cells make use of

some of the same thin-film light absorbing

materials but are laid as an extremely thin

absorber on a supporting matrix of

conductive polymer or mesoporous metal

oxide having a very high surface area to

increase internal reflections (and hence

increase the probability of light absorption).

Using nanocrystals allows one to design

architectures on the length scale of

nanometers, the typical exciton diffusion

length. In particular single nanocrystal

devices, an array of single p-n junctionsbetween the electrodes and separated by a

period of about a diffusion length, represent

internal structure of solar cells with

potentially higher efficiencies.


13/18

13

Comparison of pros and cons of each major PV technologies

A-SI CIS / CIGS CdTe Standard

Full name Amorphous silicon Copper

Indium(Gallium)

Diselenide

Cadmium Telluride Crystalline silicon

Example of application

Module efficiency 5-8%; triple juncyion

up to 10%

9-12% 7-10% 13-18%

Capital

costs(US$/Watt)

US$ 2-3 US$ 2-3 US$ 1.5 US$ 0.80

Manufacturing

cost(US&/Watt)

US$ 1.5-2 US$ 1.5-2 US$ 1.3-2 US$ 2.5-3

Share of solar

market(06)

4.7% 0.2% 2.7% 92.4%

Pros More mature, similar

process to familiar

TFT-LCD panels,

uses 1/100 silicon of

crystalline solar cells

Thin and flexible, more

efficient than A-SI

Low manufacturing

costs, relatively high

efficiency in non-peak

conditions

Very mature

technology, with well-

established supply

chains and

technologies

Cons Low efficiency,

durability

Potential indium

shortage

Cadmium is toxic,

potential tellurium

shortage

Raw material shortage

has prevented natural

price declines

Representative

companies

Energy Conversion

Devices, Sharp,

Kanaka, China Solar

Nanosolar, DayStar,

Miasole, Honda, Shell

First solar, Antec Motech, E-Ton, Trina

Solar, Suntech, Sharp,

Q-Cells

Source: International Energy Agency (IEA); photon International; CLSA Asia-Pacific Markets


14/18

14

Synergy with metal roofing

Building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) are

photovoltaic materials that are used to

replace conventional building materials in

parts of the building envelope such as theroof, skylights, or facades. They are

increasingly being incorporated into the

construction of new buildings as a principal

or ancillary source of electrical power,

although existing buildings may be

retrofitted with BIPV modules as well.

Fastening techniques

Improvements are being constantly made totry and lower the installed cost and boost the

efficiencies. Crystalline silicon solar arrays

and thin-film amorphous silicon systems are

the two common types of BIPV. Todays

mounting techniques allow PV systems to be

fastened to metal roofing panels directly

without penetrating the roof. Thin-film

silicon PV modules can be laminated

directly to the flat pan surface of a standing

seam metal roof.

Longevity

The endurance of PV modules is a crucial

factor for economic competitiveness of solar

installations. The systems that are used with

metal roofing are often warranted for more

than 25 years, but all BIPV systems have a

slow degradation due to the exposure of the

modules to constant sunlight. This causesthem to lose a small percentage of their

output every year. This performance

degradation is the result of two main

reasonsthe slow breakdown of a modules

encapsulant (typically ethylene vinyl

acetate; EVA) and back sheet (typically

polyvinyl fluoride films), as well as thegradual obscuration of the EVA layer

between the modules front glass and the

cells themselves. However it is significantly

less than expected and most PVs warranted

for 20 years have high probability of

working well over 30 years.

Sustainability

There are numerous benefits to having metal

roof combined with Solar PV. Metal roofing

has the greatest ability to perform over a

long period of time in a wide range of

weather conditions. Its proven longevity

virtually eliminates the need to use future

raw materials to produce roofing.Dependingon the type of metal roof product and the

gauge, metal roofing can be 1/8 the weight

of conventional roofing shingles even with

solar arrays. As a result, metal roofing puts

fewer loads on the structure and foundation

design and extends the life of a building.

The inherent strength of metal, combined

with the light weight, provides building

owners with the option of installing metal

roofing directly over old roofing materials.

Needless to say rising environmental

concerns have resulted in lowering of usageof fossil fuels in most developed nations and

now the world is turning towards greener

sustainable options like Solar Energy.


15/18

15

Some of the major examples of

Photovoltaic installation:

Australia witnessed 12.2 MW of PV installationin the year 2007. In this 50% was grid connected

systems. Australia ratified Kyoto Protocol in

November 2007 and has set targets for

9500GWh by 2010. The largest PV installation

in Australia is off grid which is used for

industrial and agricultural purpose. The PV

market here is supported by Government grants

through Renewable Remote Power Generation

Program. It provides 50% of the system cost

with its aim to reduce diesel usage in the

country. There has been a noticeable increase in

PV systems in public and commercial buildings

as a part of government greenhouse reduction

program.

Austria witnessed 2.1 MW of PV installation in

2007 which is way lower than 2006 when it

witnessed the installation of 6.5MW of PV

installation. Out of the

total PV installation of 24.5MW 88% accounts

to Grid connected systems. Austrias largest PV

plant was inaugurated at the new Fronius

production and logistics center in the year 2007.

Canada had a PV installation of 5.3 MW in the

year 2007. 53% of the market is represented by

Off-grid non-domestic PV market. Even the grid

connected PV market is expected to rise because

of the policy support. Renewable Energy

Standard Offer Program(RESOP) implemented

in the province of Ontario is a major step in

development of the Canadian solar industry.

Germany has the highest PV installationworldwide with 1100 MW in 2007. This

expansion is mainly fueled by the promotion

programs of grid connected rooftop systems and

large PV power plants.

The PV panels

are now days

integrated with

into thebuilding

rooftops and

walls during

construction.

The cost of installation is reduced and the

system has an advantage of low demand of perk

electricity, reduced transmission losses and

ability of power backup. This setup is called

Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) and is

one of the fastest growing segments of PV

industry.

Solar PV panel are installed in Vehicles, ATMs,

Telephone booths, rural electrification, highway

electrification and even spacecraft. The budget

for R&D in many countries have increased a lot

in 2007. The total expenditure for the IEA PVPS

countries have been around 300 USD.


16/18

16

Trends:

The PV industry in maturing at a fast pace

and measures like integration along the

whole supply chain, mergers and

acquisitions, joint ventures can be seen. Theexample for this could be Norways

Renewable Energy

Corporation which is present in the entire

PV supply chain. It is the largest producers

of silicon and wafers for PV applications

and also producing PV cells and modules. It

has long term supply agreement with

countries like Taiwan. The specialized

equipments for PV manufacturing industryis becoming a industry in itself. These

industries

include chemical and gas industry, abrasive

and equipment for cutting wafers, pastes and

inks for the cells, encapsulation material for

the module and specialized measurement

equipment for the use in production

processes.

The total PV cell production volume for

2007 was 2400 MW in the IEA PVPScountries. Japan was the highest producers

of PV cells, producing 923MW of PV cells

during 2007. The leading manufacturers for

the PV cells in Japan are Mitsubishi heavy

industries (MHI), Hitachi, Fuji Electric

systems, Honda motors, Showa Shell

Sekiyu, Mitsubishi Electric, Sharp, Kyocera.

Germany witnessed a steady growth and the

leading producers of PV cells were Deutsche

Cell, Ersol Solar Energy, Q-cells, EverQ,

Scheuten Solar, Schott Solar, Solland Solar

Cells and Sunways.

Tailor made and specially designed modules

can be found in Italy. Lots of module

manufacturing industries can be found in

Sweden.

PV cell productionSource: www.iea-pvps.org

Source: www.iea-pvps.org


17/18

17

The production of thin film increased

rapidly. The shortage of PV grade silicon

feedstock continued to haunt the US market

in 2007. As the US market witnessed high

price of PV grade silicon feed stock, the thin

film producers used this as their own

advantage and increased their production.

Wafer based crystalline silicon technology

continued to be the dominent technology.It

accounted for around 87% of the market for

the PV modules in the IEA PVPS countries.

The dominance of Wafer based crystalline

technology is slipping year after year

because of the incresing populariy of the

thin film technology which is eating themarket pie more and more.

Some of the trends that can be seen lately

are the difficulty faced by the module

producers because of the shortage of the PV

cell supply in the market. The foreign price

and products continue to dominate the

domestic market dynamics.

Feed in trafic approach became became the

prime mechanism for promoting grid

connected PV.

Tax credit and direct capital subsidy in

different countries has a major effect on the

market.

Conclusion:

Renewable source of energy is the need of the

hour and the PV solar technology can be one of

the major source of energy. The developing

countries have more than 40% of existing

renewable capacity and these countries are the

market with great potential to grow.

The sector contributed significantly to economy

and employment worldwide and will continue to

do so. More efforts should be done in research

and development. Price of the PV should fall by

increasing volume and decreasingmanufacturing cost. Strong demand within

sustainable market will be lead by Grid Parity

without government support.

Solar PV technology can be the best alternative

for grid connected electric supply or fuel

generated electric. Solar PV can be the best

alternative where these options of power

generation are difficult like satellites, islands and

remote locations. As the PV solar cells can be

used locally, it has the advantage of very low

transmission loss and low operating cost.

Although with some of the disadvantages like

high setup cost, need for large area of land and

completely dependent on the climatic

conditions, the above mentioned advantages

makes it one of the best renewable source of

energy.


18/18

18

Reference

http://userwww.sfsu.edu/~ciotola/solar/pv.pdf

http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/education/lessonplans/pdfs/solar_1photovoltaicpvpoweroutput.pdf

http://www.newenergysolutions.co.uk/pdfs/PV_Panels.pdf

http://www.solarbuzz.com/StatsCosts.htm

http://www.epa.gov/sustainability/

http://www.epa.gov/greenbuilding/pubs/greenbuilding_strategy_nov08.pdf

http://www.iea-pvps.org/countries/download/nsr06/06usansr.pdf

www.greenscreen.org/articles_sr/Energy/Renewable%20Energy/Renewable%20Energy%20-

%20Sr.pdf

http://www.hi-energy.org.uk/why-important.htm

http://www.hi-energy.org.uk/whyrenewableenergy.html

http://www.terrasolar.com/bipv.html

http://www.iea-pvps.org/products/rep1_17.htm----trends

www.iea.org/files/Renewables_Global_%20Status_report.pdf

http://www1.eere.energy.gov/solar/pdfs/set_myp_2007-2011_proof_1.pdf

http://www.prlog.org/10198293-global-solar-photovoltaic-market-analysis-and-forecasts-to-2020.html

Bibliography

Photovoltaics: design and installation manual: renewable energy education for a sustainable

future

Energy at the crossroads: global perspectives and uncertainties

white paper on photovoltaic[1]

Documents