white- lecture 01-structure of ps

8/8/2019 White- Lecture 01-Structure of PS

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Structureof PowerStructureof PowerSystemSystem

by

L.RameshL.RameshB.E., M.Tech., M.B.A., (PhD), MISTE,MIET,AMIE

Center for Power Distribution Researchenter for Power Distribution ResearchIETMGR Research CenterETMGR Research CenterAssist Professsor,Dr.M.G.R Universityssist Professsor,Dr.M.G.R UniversityChairman, The IEThairman, The IET-UKKYoung Professionals Section Chennaioung Professionals Section Chennai

Contact at: [email protected] at: [email protected]


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EnergyHistory MilestonesEnergyHistory Milestones

Before 1700 A Renewable Energy World: Biomass, Wind, Hydro

1698 - Thomas Savery - St eam-driven pump

1711 - Thomas Newcomen - Atmospheric piston-driven steam engine

for a pump

1785 - James Watt --More efficient, higher pressure, separated steamengine First to produce sufficient power for broad-scale use

1862 Beau de Rochas --Four-stroke reciprocating piston, spark-ignitedinternal combustion engine

1876 Baron Otto --Improved four-stroke reciprocating piston, spark-ignited internal combustion engine

1881 Brush Electric Light Co., First electric power plant Philadelphia


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1892 Rudolph Diesel Diesel engine

1896 Henri Becquarel Discovery of natural radioactivity

1903 Fisk St . Sta., Commonwealth First st eam turbine-drivenelectric power plant ,Edison Co., Chicago

1932 James Chadwick Discovery of the neutron

1933 Irene and Frederic Jolio t-Currie Discovery of artificialradioactivity

1938 Otto Hahn, Lise Meitner and Fritz Strassemann -- Discovery ofneutron-induced fission


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1942 Enrico Fermi First man-made critic al nuclear reactor

1951 Howard Zinn First nuclear electricity produced, by EBR-1

1954 Hynan Rickove r First nuclear submarine, USS Nautilus

1958 Atomic Energy Commission First commercial nuclear

electric power plant, Shipping port


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Structure ofPS


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PowerGeneration

Heat (thermal) energy generatedfrom:(fossil fuels; coal ,petroleum,natural gas)

solar thermal energy

geothermal energy

nuclear energyPotential energy from fallingwater in a hydroelectric facility

Wind energy

Solar electric from solar(photovoltaic) cellsChemical energy from: fuel cells,batteries


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Transmission Line

Overhead Trans. Lines(69KV-765KV)

Subtrans. Lines

(34.5-69KV)

UG Transm. Lines


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OverheadTrans. Lines

345 kv transmission lines

Transmission lines crossing theSan Fernando Valley Transmission lines above sub transmission below

DC voltage transmission lines

Double set of transmission lines


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Sub-Transmission Lines

Sub transmission lines above anddistribution lines below

Sub transmission lines with distributionprimaries and secondary Sub transmission lines withdistribution under build


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UGTransmission Line

Cross section of undergroundtransmission line

Underground transmission line tunnelable snaking through undergroundtransmission tunnel

Transmission lines -installed -tunnel, a tunnel cooling system


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SUB_STATION

To switch GeneratorsAC Volt one level to Other

AC to DC

DC to AC

1. Step-up TransmissionSubstation

2. Step-down TransmissionSubstation

3. Distribution Substation

4. Underground DistributionSubstation


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Changevoltage fromone levelto anotherRegulate voltage to compensate for system voltage changesSwitch transmission and distribution circuits into and out ofthe grid systemMeasure electric power qualities flowing in the circuitsConnect communication signals to the circuitsEliminate lightning and other electrical surges from the systemConnect electric generation plants to the systemMake interconnections between the electric systems of more thanone utilityControl reactive kilovolt-amperes supplied to and the flow ofreactive kilovolt-amperes in the circuits

SS FUNCTIONS


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Step-UpTransmission SS

Step-up AC transmission substation

Step-up transmission substation toAC transmission lines

250 kV, 400 kV,

500 kV

Direct-current high

voltage (dc HV):

1100 kV, 1500 kVUltra-high voltage

(UHV) ac:

345 kV, 500 kV, 765

kV

Extra-high voltage

(EHV) ac:

69 kV, 115 kV, 138kV, 161 kV, 230 kV

High voltage (HV)ac:


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Step-DonTransmission SS

DistributionSS

usually 69 kV.

Step-down transmission substationtep-down power transformerdistribution voltages vary from 34,500Y/19,920 volts to 4,160Y/2400 volts.

Distribution substation


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UndergroundSS voltages vary from 34,500Y/19,920 volts to 4,160Y/2400 volts.Conduits

Duct Runs

Manholes

High-Voltage Underground Cables

Transformer Vault

Riser

Transformers


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SSEquipments

Potential TransformersDisconnect Switches

Vacuum Circuit BreakersOil Circuit BreakersCurrent Transformers

Transmission BusMicrowaveCoupling CapacitorsSynchronous CondensersMetersConverter Stations

Suspension InsulatorsMetal-clad SwitchgearControl Wires

Supervisory ControlManholesControl Panels

Steel SuperstructuresLightning ArrestersControl House

Shunt ReactorsHigh-Voltage FusesConduits

SF6 Circuit Breakers

High-Voltage Underground

CablesConcrete Foundation

RelaysGrounding TransformersCircuit Switchers

RectifiersGrounding ResistorsCapacitor Bank

Power TransformersFrequency ChangersBus Support Insulators

Power-line CarrierDuct RunsBatteriesPotheadsDistribution BusAir Circuit Breaker


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Distribution System

Industrial CustomerCommercial CustomerResidential CustomerTransportation Customer

A typical distribution system can consist of:

SubstationsDistribution Feeder Circuits

SwitchesProtective Equipment

Primary CircuitsDistribution Transformers

And Services


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deliver voltages as high as 34,000 volts (34 kV) and as low as 120 volts.

Typical residential service drop

Distribution under buildistribution primaries and secondaryon sub transmission pole


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Public transit train powered by overhead electric lines

Residential distribution transformerand service drop

Industrial facility distribution transformer

Distribution transformer to3-phase service - commercial facility


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SWITCHESCircuit-breaker switches

Single-pole disconnect switchesThree-pole group-operated switchesPad-mounted switchgear

Air circuit-breaker switches

Single-pole disconnect switch combinedwith a fuse is called a fused cutout

Pad mounted switchgear


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Protection Equipment

Load-break fuse

Pole mounted type - lightning arrester


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Referencewww.osha.govGuide to Electrical Power Distribution Systems Sixth EditionAnthony J. Pansini, EE, PE

ThankYou forKind Attention

white- lecture 01-structure of ps

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