Which two former presidents died on July 4, 1826, the fiftieth anniversary of the signing of the Declaration of Independence?Both Thomas Jefferson and John Adams died on July 4, 1826.

What was the cotton gin and who invented it?The cotton gin (short for cotton engine) was

a machine that cleaned the seeds from the cotton much more quickly than human beings could. It was invented by Eli Whitney. One of Whitney’s larger cotton gins could clean up to 50 pounds (lbs.) of cotton per day. A person could usually only clean the seeds from 1 pound of cotton per day. This machine made it much more profitable to grow cotton than it was before.

Slaves sang spirituals and told each other folktales about weak

animals overcoming stronger animals.

By doing this, they kept hope alive that they might one day be

free.

Who collected folktales from slaves and published them?Joel Chandler Harris collected folktales from the slaves and published them. Brer Rabbit is a famous character from slave folktales.

Some slaves lost hope that they might one day be free and rebelled against their masters. Who was a slave who led an unsuccessful rebellion against his slave master?

Nat Turner led an unsuccessful slave rebellion against his slave master.

What was necessary for a territory to become a state during the early part of the 1800s?

1. Congress made laws for the territory.2. When the territory’s population

reached 5,000 adult males, the territory’s people could elect representatives who could make many of its own laws.

3. When the territory’s population reached 60,000 people, it could ask Congress to admit it into the Union with its own state constitution.

What was the Missouri Compromise of 1820?The Missouri Compromise was one of many

attempts by congress to keep peace among free and slave states. This compromise created a compromise line along 36°30’ north latitude. States south of this line could have slaves while states north of this line had to be free states, where slavery would be illegal.

What was an abolitionist?

An abolitionist was someone who opposed slavery and wanted to end it right away.

What was the Underground Railroad and who was a famous conductor of it?The Underground Railroad was a network

of people who helped slaves escape to the north, where slavery was illegal.

Harriet Tubman, a runaway slave, was a famous conductor of the Underground Railroad.

Who was Frederick Douglass?Frederick Douglass was a runaway

slave who gave speeches about the horrors of slavery.

Douglass also published a newspaper called “The North Star” and an autobiography about his life as a slave. Both of these would be considered abolitionist literature.

Growing Apart: The North’s Economic AdvantagesThe North developed a diverse economy, which

included factories, or mills, where new machines could make fabric, shoes, pots and pans, clocks, guns, and many other goods. Manufacturing items by machine helped the North expand and diversify its economy. There were lots of different kinds of industries now and people could choose among many different kinds of jobs, or professions. Northern states were now able to trade with each other and other countries. As the railroads were built, the goods could be transported from place to place quickly. This brought great wealth to the North and northern cities grew quickly. These urban areas (the cities and towns near them) flourished economically.

The South’s Economic DisadvantagesThe South, on the other hand, was mostly

rural ( made up of farms, countryside, or agricultural areas) did not have these machines or factories and relied upon farming for its income. Many plantations grew cotton. Many smaller farms grew other agricultural products. There were not many different types of businesses and the economy was not diverse; people relied on agricultural products for their livelihoods.

A House Divided:The North and South grow farther apart.Disagreements over slavery and states’ rights to

secede increase as additional compromises are enacted by Congress, creating confusion and uncertainty among the states.

Abolitionist literature like Uncle Tom’s Cabin, by Harriet Beecher Stowe, also increase tension as more people begin to demand an immediate end to slavery. The economy of the South is dependent upon slavery because of its dependence on agriculture (farm products), but the North has many other kinds of industries.

More CompromisesThe U. S. Congress tries to avoid war and keep the North and South pacified by coming up with 2 more compromises:

The Compromise of 1850 and the Kansas Nebraska Act.

Who were free soilers?Free soilers believed that all

western territories should be free soil, where slavery would be banned.

As the western territory of California met the requirements for statehood, people in slave states grew nervous that they would be outnumbered.

The Compromise of 1850 In 1850, there were 15 slave states and 15 free states.Slave states were concerned that if the free states

outnumbered the slave states, they would change the U.S. Constitution and outlaw slavery throughout the country.

The Compromise of 1850 admitted California into the Union as a free state, but it also divided the remaining land that was won from Mexico into territories, allowing the people of the territories to become slave or free.

The Compromise of 1850 made it illegal to buy or sell slaves in Washington, DC, the nation’s capital (which pleased abolitionists)

The Compromise of 1850 also enacted the Fugitive Slave Act (which pleased slave holders)

Map of the Effects of the Compromise of 1850Missouri Compromise of 1820

The Compromise of 1850

The Fugitive Slave ActAs part of the Compromise of 1850, Congress passed the Fugitive Slave Act ( which pleased the slave states), which made it easier for slave owners to pursue and capture runaway slaves (fugitives) who escaped to the North.

The Kansas Nebraska Act of 1854The Kansas-Nebraska Act was enacted four years after the

Missouri Compromise of 1850. It was designed by Senator Stephen A. Douglas, who ran against Abraham Lincoln for the 1858 Illinois Senate and who wanted to encourage people to move to the unsettled part of the Louisiana Purchase, called the Unorganized Territory.

In the Kansas-Nebraska Act, the remaining portions of the Louisiana Purchase would be divided into two territories: Kansas and Nebraska. The Missouri Compromise would be repealed, and settlers in each territory would decide if they wanted to be free or slave areas. He thought this would make both sides content. However, it reopened the argument over slavery, angered the Northerners because it overturned the Missouri Compromise which restricted slavery to areas south of the Missouri Compromise line, and pleased Southerners who had been worried about being outnumbered by states which banned slavery.

In other words, it caused more damage to the unity of the country by redrawing the boundaries of slave and free states. Both Nebraska and Kansas are north of the 36°30’ line, allowing the possibility of slavery north of that boundary.

Two Big CompromisesThe Compromise of 1850

The Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854

The Kansas-Nebraska Act overturned the Missouri Compromise, which banned slavery north of the compromise line of 36°30’ north latitude and made it possible for settlers to introduce legalized slavery there. This increased animosity between the North and the South.

Lincoln said he was opposed to slavery. In his 1858 campaign against Stephen A. Douglas, he said the country could not remain half slave and half free.

However, when he ran for president in 1860, he promised he would not interfere with slavery

where it existed. Lincoln did not win any southern states.

Lincoln promised to enact the Fugitive Slave Act, which forced northern states to send fugitive

(runaway) slaves back to their masters. Many northern states became angry about that and

refused to cooperate with the Fugitive Slave Act. Massachusetts even passed an ordinance, declaring its

separation from the Union because of it. The southern states were also mad at Lincoln for

promising to cooperate with the Fugitive Slave Act.Lincoln said the Civil War would be carried out to

preserve the Union.

How Did Abolitionists Contribute to the War?John Brown was an abolitionist who raided an arsenal at Harpers Ferry. When he was caught and hanged, he became something of a folk hero and people sang songs about him as they tried to convince others to take up arms against the South.

Who was Dred Scott?Dred Scott was a slave who was brought to a

free state. He went to court, arguing that he was now free since he had been brought to a free state. The U.S. Supreme Court decided that slaves were property and remained property if and when their masters brought them to a free territory or state.

What caused the American Civil War?(http://americanhistory.about.com/od/civilwarmenu/a/cause_civil_war.htm?rd=1) There were 5 main causes of the Civil War:

1. Economic and social differences between the North and the South (the invention of the cotton gin made slavery more profitable for the South and the building of northern factories made the North wealthy without slave labor).

2. States versus federal rights (Did states have a right to secede, break away, or not?)

3. The fight between Slave and Non-Slave State Proponents (including the Compromise of 1850 and the Kansas-Nebraska Act).

4. Growth of the Abolition Movement (especially after some major events including: the publishing of Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin, the Dred Scott Case, John Brown's Raid, and the passage of the fugitive slave act that held individuals responsible for harboring fugitive slaves even if they were located in non-slave states).

5. The election of Abraham Lincoln.(Before Lincoln was even president, seven states had seceded from the Union: South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas).

The Dred Scott decision, John Brown’s hanging, and the Election of Abraham Lincoln were 3 events that deepened the crisis among the states and made war almost inevitable.

What was the name of the first battle of the Civil War?

The Union called it the First Battle of Bull Run because they named battles after nearby landmarks or physical features.

The South called this first battle the First Battle of Manassas because they named their battles after the closest town.

Who was declared free (emancipated) by The Emancipation Proclamation?The Emancipation Proclamation declared that

slaves in seceding states were free.

What were three advantages of the South (Confederates) at the beginning of the war?The South:had more and better trained

generals who were experienced in war,

was fighting to protect their homelands,

and knew the territory on which they were fighting.

The Confederate GeneralsGeneral Robert E. Lee was in charge of

the South’s strategies and was known as a gentleman. He believed in surprising his enemy and one way he did this was by dividing his forces and having them attack from 2 different directions.

Thomas J. Stonewall Jackson was famous for moving quickly and attacking and believed in mystifying, misleading, and surprising the enemy, and striking him hard, never letting up in the pursuit.

What were some advantages of the North (Union) that helped them win the war?The North:had a greater population (more

soldiers),more factories where they could make

equipment(guns, ammunition, railroad tracks, iron, blankets, medical supplies, clothing, tents, etc.)

and more ways to transport men and equipment (with more trains and railroads)

The Union Generals George P. McClellan was in charge of the Eastern, or Potomac, Army

until Lincoln fired him. He was a brilliant strategist and organizer, but he was overly cautious.

General Winfield Scott developed Scott’s Plan (aka the Anaconda Strategy) which divided the South and squeezed them into submission. Admiral Farragut led the blockade of the most important southern port of New Orleans, LA. as part of the military strategy of Scott’s Plan.

Ulysses S. Grant was put in charge of the Union army in March of 1864. Grant believed in fighting to wear down the enemy, knowing the North could replace its soldiers while the South could not. Grant captured the Confederate stronghold of Vicksburg, giving the North control of the Mississippi River. He would later become the country’s 18th president.

General William Tecumseh Sherman became famous for his policy of “total war,” where everyone on the opposing side would be forced to suffer regardless of whether they were young, old, rich, young, male, or female. His “March to the Sea,” where he burned everything in his 285 mile-long path, was part of how he carried out his philosophy of “total war.”

General George Meade defeated Lee’s confederate troops at Gettysburg, Pa. The Battle of Gettysburg was the turning point of the war.

Who was Jefferson Davis?Jefferson Davis was the president of the Confederate

States of America.Davis interfered with his generals’ battle tactics and

often overruled the generals, leading to delays and losses for the Confederacy.

Davis was not able to convince the southern states to cooperate with each other. The governors of the Confederate states often argued with each other about how and why they should share resources. These disagreements would lead to losses for the South. The states often used “States’ Rights” as the reason they would not cooperate.

Who was Clara Barton?Clara Barton was a famous Civil War nurse

who nicknamed “Angel of the Battlefield.”

The Gettysburg AddressAbraham Lincoln gave a two minute long

speech where he asked people to honor the fallen soldiers by rededicating themselves to the war efforts.

Who killed Abraham Lincoln?

John Wilkes Booth shot Abraham Lincoln at Ford’s Theater. As he fled, he said “Sic semper tyrannis” which means “Thus always to tyrants.”