Which country was the 1st to industrialize? Great Britain! Why?

Natural Resources Gov’t Support Lots of Labor

Agric Rev’n Capital ($$$$$)

Via trade Transportation

Effects of Industrialization Urbanization -> Growth of Cities Living Conditions:

Initially – Bad Later after reforms – Improved

standard of living Working Conditions:

Dangerous, dirty, unsanitary Later after reforms – Incr Wages, less

hrs, better conditions

Social classes Rise of the middle classResentment from upper and lower classes

Better transportation Steam -> Railroads! Ships

Widened the gap between industrialized & non-industrialized nations

Technological Advances Kay’s Flying shuttle helped speed up weaving

Arkwright’s water frame enabled more efficient weaving & created the need for factories

Cotton gin Steam Engine for factories

Emergence of Capitalism What famous economist?

Adam Smith! Self-Interest & Competition leads to Best Goods at the Lowest Prices

Gov’t shouldn’t interfere w/ economy Laissez Faire

MarxismKarlProblem: Workers are exploited

Class struggle is inevitable

Leads to socialism/communism

What is Imperialism?

Foreign control of a people or territory EconomicallyCulturallyPolitically

Old ImperialismAge of Exploration (Think Columbus 1492)

Spain -> South AmericaFrance & GB -> North America

Slavery

Forms Colony

An imperial power OPENLY controlling another territory/ppl

Protectorate Puppet Gov’t

Sphere of Influence Exclusive Trading Benefits for imperial

power Econ Imperialism

Politically independent country controlled by private foreign companies

Why? $

IR Prestige (Improve Nat’l Social

Status) Religion

Missionaries/Christianity Cultural

“Civilize” them Justification:

Social DarwinismThe strongest should survive

New Imperialism 1850-1914 Africa Asia Causes

Nationalism -> Competition, Prestige

$ - IR -> Need Resources Missionary Spirit, Religion

Resistance to ImperialismAfrica

Armed resistance, most often failed.

Berlin Conference – European countries “Carved” up Africa w/o African representation

By 1914 only Liberia & Ethiopia were independent

India “Crown Jewel” colony of GB Armed resistance (Sepoy Rebellion)

China Resistance: Sun Yat-Sen Armed ResistanceOpium Wars

Japan Industrialized

Causes

MANIA

MilitarismAlliances (Entangling)

NationalismImperialismAssassination

Entangling AlliancesInitial Dispute: Serbia & A-HRussia supports SerbiaGermany supports A-HFrance supports RussiaGermany’s Schlieffen Plan violates Belgium which pulls in GB

Triple Alliance Italy Germany Austria-Hungary

Will become the

Central Powers

Triple EntenteFranceGreat Britain

RussiaWill become the

Allies

Total War Gov’t took control of economies (factories)

Rationing Women joined the work force

Higher Employment Propaganda

Both: Massive Casualties & Destruction

Western Front Eastern Front Trench Warfare Small land gains Germany, GB &

France Stalemate

No Trenches Large land gains Germany, A-H,

Turks vs Russia & Serbs

3 Major Events Armenian Genocide

Ottoman Turks systematically try to eliminate Armenians

US Joins the Allies 1917 German Submarine Warfare sings the

Lusitania Zimmerman Telegram

Russian Rev’n 1918 – Promising Peace, Bread & Land Lenin

signs the Treat y of Brest-Litovsk w/ Germany which gives up land to Germany & gets Russia out of the war

Wilson’s 14 Points Proposed Peace Plan End secret treaties Freedom of the seas Free trade Reduce military Be fair to colonial ppl Suggestions for creating new nations

w/ self-determination Nations need to come together to

protect each other (would become the League of Nations)

Treaty of Versailles Signed Agreement League of Nations

No Germany or Russia Germany loses A-L & all of its

overseas colonies Germany must decrease military War Guilt clause

Sole responsibility for WWI Reparation payments $33 Billion over

30 yrs

Effects of WWI Generation of Europeans killed or

wounded Dynasties fall

A-H, Germany (Hohezollern family), Russia (Romanovs)

New Countries Created League of Nations created to

promote Peace Long-Term Effects

Some nations feel betrayed & resentful w/ outcome

Nationalism & Competition remain

Effect on Art/Lit “Lost Generation”

Generation of people born between 1883 and 1900

Disillusioned by WWI. Pioneered new styles of artistic expression through writing.

Spent considerable amounts of time outside the US

Gertrude SteinErnest Hemingway Thomas Eliot