whi. 6. the frame routine key topic is about… so what? (what’s important to understand about...
TRANSCRIPT
ANCIENT ROMEWHI. 6
The FRAME RoutineKey Topic
is about…
So What? (What’s important to understand about this?)
Essential details
Roman Geography
•
• •
• 1)
2)
The FRAME RoutineKey Topic
is about…
So What? (What’s important to understand about this?)
Essential details
Roman Geography
•
• •
• 1)
2)
How geography influenced the development of Roman culture and civilization
Map of Rome
Geography of Rome
Rome was centrally located in the Mediterranean Basin and distant from other eastern powers
Geography of Rome
Located on the Italian Peninsula
Created a crossroads for trade along the Mediterranean Sea—known as seaborne commerce
Geography of Rome
Rome was protected by:1) The Alps
2) Seas (ex. Mediterranean, Adriatic, etc.
The FRAME RoutineKey Topic
is about…
So What? (What’s important to understand about this?)
Essential details
Roman Geography
• Rome was centrally located in the Mediterranean Basin and distant from eastern powers
• Located on the Italian Peninsula • Created a crossroads for trade along the Mediterranean Sea—known
as sea-borne commerce
• Rome was protected by:1) The Alps2) Seas (Mediterranean and Adriatic)
• Due to Rome's central location, they were able to influence those around the Mediterranean Basin
Italian Peninsula
Mediterranean Sea
Greece Black Sea
Rome
Mediterranean Basin
Adriatic Sea
The Alps
Map of Rome
Roman Mythology
Roman Gods/Goddesses
Married
Jupiter: Juno:
VenusDiana
Neptune
Apollo Minerva
Mars
Roman Mythology
Based on Greek polytheistic religion Offered explanations of natural
phenomena, human qualities, and life events
Mythology was a part of Rome’s culture, politics, and art
Roman gods/goddesses
Jupiter (Greek: Zeus)
King of the gods
Roman gods/goddesses
Juno (Greek: Hera)
Queen of the godsWife of Jupiter
Roman gods/goddesses
Neptune (Greek: Poseidon)
God of the seas
Roman gods/goddesses
Apollo (Greek: Apollo)
God of the sun
Roman gods/goddesses
Mars (Greek: Ares)
God of War
Roman gods/goddesses
Venus (Greek: Aphrodite)
Goddess of Love
Roman gods/goddesses
Mercury (Greek: Hermes)
Messenger of gods
Roman gods/goddesses
Minerva (Greek: Athena)
Goddesses of wisdom
Roman gods/goddesses Diana (Greek:
Artemis) Goddess of
hunt/protector of children
Roman Mythology
Romans also deified some emperors during the Age of EmpiresGave “god-like” status to
emperors
Social Structure of Rome
The Roman Republic contained 3 classes:
Patricians
Plebeians
Slaves
Social Structure of Rome
Patricians- nobility/rich (few in number) Plebeians- majority of the population
Consisting of landowners, townspeople, merchants, and farmers
Slaves- people forced into servant classes by conquest (not based on race)
Social Structure of Ancient Rome
Citizenship- was held by all patricians and plebeians and extended to a few aliens, as a privilege
Citizens had rights not extended to slaves and non-Romans
All citizens could vote but had the responsibility to pay taxes and serve in the military
Roman Republican Government—509 BCE
Consults—at the top of government (two people elected by the Assembly each year)
Served one year terms Could veto decisions of
the Assembly Ran the government
Roman Republican Government—509 BCE
Representation:Two bodies made up the
representative branch of government (The Assembly and the Senate)
Senate—made up of patricians and controlled the finances and foreign affairs of Rome
Assembly—made laws for Rome
Roman Republican Government—509 BCE Tribunes—part of the Assembly that
were made up of the Plebeians that represented tribes (localities) of RomeCould address the Senate and AssemblyCould veto actions of Senate and ConsulsLater gained the right to make laws
Roman Republican Government—509 BCE
The Republic became increasingly more and more democratic as plebeians gained rights and power
Twelve Tables—first written set of Roman laws (451 BCE)
Punic Wars
Rome fought Carthage in 3 wars that lasted over 100 years, to determine the supremacy of the Mediterranean world (competition over trade)
1st Punic War
Carthaginians had taken control of Sicily, Corsica, and Sardinia
Romans marched south to defeat the Carthaginians
Romans won and gained the three islands
2nd Punic War Hannibal commanded a mixed army
of North Africans and Europeans against Rome
281 BCE—led his troops with elephants across the Pyrenees Mountains of Spain through France (Gaul) and over the Alps of ItalyTrek took 15 years—arrived with
most of his men and all of the elephants
Roman army had expected a southern invasion
2nd Punic War Hannibal got to Rome but
never defeated the city of Rome
Rome counter-attacked the city of CarthageHannibal left Italy to defend
Carthage and was defeated Carthage gave up all land
except the city of CarthageRome now ruled most of
the Mediterranean
2nd Punic War
Hannibal was later tracked own and committed suicide
3rd Punic War
Rome was angry from the 2nd Punic War and attacked Carthage, completely destroyed the city, and annexed it
Results of Punic Wars
Romans destroyed its major political and economic competitor
Roman culture would now follow Roman conquest
Now Rome dominated the Mediterranean basin (Africa, Asia, Europe, including the Hellenistic world of the Eastern Mediterranean)
Results of Punic Wars
Rome developed its navy Romans would remain
unchallenged and conquered Western Europe (Gaul and British Isles)
Julius Caesar (59-44 BCE)
Julius Caesar began as a leader of the Roman ArmyPopular for his military conquests
Julius Caesar (59-44 BCE)
60 BCE Caesar joined with military heroes Pompey and Crassius, the richest men in Rome to form the First Triumvirate (Latin: “of three men”) Together they ruled Rome,
but jealousies soon turned them against each other
Julius Caesar (59-44 BCE)
Caesar turned his armies towards Rome and crushed Pompey and the SenateVenni, Viddi, Vicci
Caesar made himself dictator for life
Causes of the fall of the Roman Republic Spread of slavery in the agricultural
system Unemployment of small farmers going
into cities Civil War with Caesar gaining power Devaluation of Roman currency
(inflation)
Ides of March Senate was fearful of
Caesar March 15, 44 BCE—
“Beware of the Ides of March!”
Rome broke out in new civil war
Marc Anthony (Caesar’s general) and Octavian (Caesar’s nephew hunted down the murderers
Ides of March
Soon Anthony and Octavian fought for power
Anthony made allies with Egypt
31 BCE, Octavian defeated Marc Anthony and his ally Cleopatra
Ides of March
Senate renamed him Augustus— “Exalted One” or “Sacred Majesty”
Rome became an empire and Augustus was the emperor
Reasons for Imperial Rome (31 BCE-180 BCE) Civil war giving rise to
Octavian (Augustus) Caesar Failure to have succession of
emperor Now have unified and enlarged
empire that uses imperial power and the military
Under Octavian “Caesar” Augustus
Left Senate in tact (mainly as advisors)
Civil service started to enforce laws
Gave self-government to enforce laws
Tax system was revised to put responsibility on wealthy
Economic life grew prosperous
Under Octavian “Caesar” Augustus
Under Augustus the Pax Romana began— “Roman Peace”
Jesus of Judea was born under his reign
Bragged he turned Rome from a city of brick into a city of marble
Pax Romana
200 years of peace throughout the Roman Empire
Expansion and solidification of the empire; especially in the Near East
Economic Impact
Augustus established a uniform system of money, which helped expand trade
Guaranteed safe travel and trade on Roman roads
Promoted prosperity and stability
Social Impact
Stability returned to social classes—end of civil wars
Increased focus on the family
Political Impact
Created a civil service to make international improvements to Rome
Developed a uniform rule of law for all of Roman EmpireToday Roman law is the foundation of law
that developed in western Europe and the U.S.
Roman Culture
Rome embraced and adopted the culture of the Ancient Greeks
Conquest spread Roman culture and technology throughout Europe
Art and Architecture
Pantheon
Dome structure with 7 recesses to honor the gods of the planets
Has open “eye” in center to let in sunlight (skylight)
Pantheon
Today is a church in Rome
Mixed concrete with various kinds of stone
Coliseum
Held 50,000 people Took a decade to construct
Coliseum
Center for entertainment (gladiators, Christian sacrifices, mazes, naval battles)
Stone amphitheater
Nirvana
“Smells Like Teen Spirit”—Nevermind (1991)
“Smells Like Teen Spirit”
Chorus:“With the lights out, it’s less dangerous
Here we are now, entertain us
I feel stupid and contagious
Here we are now, entertain us”
Forum
Public place for political debate
Contained a number of separate buildings
Circus Maximus
Rome’s race track—Chariot Races
250,000 spectators
Technology
Aqueducts:Artificial channels for
carrying waterCarry water from
mountains and springs to cities using gravity from as far away as 57 miles
Technology
Roads:“All roads led to
Rome.”Built of stone,
extended throughout Rome for 180,000 miles
Technology Roman Arches—in Coliseum and other
architecture Medicine—emphasis on public health
system (public baths, public water system, medical schools, etc.)
Daytona 500
Answer:Circus
Maximus
WWE Wrestling Match
Answer:Coliseum
St. Paul’s Cathedral
Answer:Pantheon
Political Forum
Water Pipeline
Answer:Aqueducts
Gillette Stadium—Boston, MA Answer:
Coliseum
Michelle Obama—2008 Democratic National Convention
Answer:Forum
Kentucky Derby
Answer:Circus
Maximus
Roman Contributions
Western Civilization was influenced by the cultural achievements of Rome
Science—Romans tended to leave scientific research to other people
Ptolemy
Ptolemy—mathematician/astronomerProposed theory that
the Earth was at the center of the universe
Ptolemy
This was believed for 1500 years
His work allowed later astronomers to predict the motion of the planets
Literature
Romans stole the Greek style of epic poems
Virgil wrote the Aeneid—tied to Homer’s IliadDescribed how Rome
was establishedWon favor with Augustus
by stressing Rome’s patriotism
Religion
Roman mythology still present today Names of planets still today named after
Roman gods Some Romans turning to Greek schools
of philosophy Later Christianity emerged within the
Roman Empire
Law
The Twelve Tables (principle of “innocent until proven guilty”)
Commission of 10 men appointed to create the first written Roman code of law
Law
Legal and social protection between patricians and plebeians
Originals inscribed on bronze Destroyed by Gaul in 387 BCE
Language
Latin became the basis of Romantic languages
Today many of our words come from Latin words
Latin to English Game:
Animosity
Animus= Anger
Bovine
Bos= Cow
Deity
Deus= God
Equestrian
Equus= Horse
Foliage
Folium= Leaves
Maternal
Mater= Mother
Regal
Rex= King/Royalty
Christianity
Christian beliefs are centered around Jesus
Jesus—Jew born around 4 BCE in Bethlehem
Christianity
Christianity is deeply rooted in the Jewish faithOne God (monotheism)10 CommandmentsAll people are equal
before God Jesus called himself the
Son of God or the Messiah
Christianity
Jesus also preached new beliefsHis mission was to
bring spiritual Salvation and eternal life (life after death) to all that believed in him
He preached forgiveness rather than “Eye for an Eye”
Christianity
Jesus died on the cross because he was viewed as a revolutionary who might lead Jews against Rome
According to his disciples, Jesus arose from the dead (resurrection) and commanded them to spread his teachings
Christianity
His followers were called Christians
Most of what we know about Jesus comes from the Gospels (Matthew, Mark, Luke, John)
Christian Holy Texts—Bible (Old and New Testaments)
Spread of Christianity
Christianity began as a small group within Judaism that was in conflict with Roman polytheismRomans killed Jesus by crucifying
The message of Jesus and Christianity was spread after his death (became more popular)
Apostles (travel around to spread beliefs) and martyrs die for what they believe in
Spread of Christianity
Paul along with the apostles, is credited with spreading Christianity
Paul came from Asia MinorNever met JesusConverted to Christianity
after he had a vision
Spread of Christianity
Paul decided to spread Christianity out of Jewish Communities to Gentiles (non-Jews)Set up churches from Mesopotamia to
RomePromised eternal life for all believers
Today it is the religion of Europe, Russia, North and South America
Persecution of Christians
During Roman Empire, many Christians were persecuted because of disloyalty to RomeEmperor Nero was the worst—sacrificed
Christians in games at the ColiseumPersecution only strengthened Christianity—
Paul and Peter were both martyrs
Persecution of Christians
Eventually Constantine converted the Roman Empire to Christianity in 313 AD and made it legal (Edict of Milan)
Christianity the official religion of Rome in 395 AD under Emperor Theodosius (banned all old Hellenistic and Roman religions)
Roman Catholic Church
The Roman Catholic Church became the keeper of the Christian faith and grew more important than the Empire as the Empire crumbled
Roman Catholic Church
Pope is the leader of the Catholic Church
Bishops directed churches in religious districts
Priests served in parishes (churches)
Protestant religions grew out of the Catholic Church because of conflict
Impact of the Church of Rome Church became an example of moral
authority Loyalty to the church became more
important than loyalty to the Emperor Church became main unifying force of
Western Europe
Study Guide Questions:
4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 11, 14, 16, 17, 18, 19
Who Said That????
“All who draw the sword will die by the sword.”
“The strength of a nation derives from the integrity of the home.”
Confucius
“Neither fire nor wind, birth nor death can erase our good deeds.”
“Manifest plainness, embrace simplicity, reduce selfishness, have few desires.”
Lao-Tzu
“Because of the increase of wickedness, the love of most will grow cold, but he who stands firm to the end will be saved.”
“Boom, crush. Night, losers. Winning, duh.”
“Do not conform any longer to the pattern of this world, but be transformed by the renewing of your mind.”
“The essence of all religions is one. Only their approaches are different.”
“Let my people go.”
“Teaching just came natural. What can I say, I have a gift.”
Causes for the decline of Western Roman Empire: Marcus Aurelius (161-180 AD)—last
great emperorPax Romana came to an end after 192—
Army began choosing emperors Geographic Size:
Difficulty of defense and administration Economic:
Cost of defending Rome’s bordersInflation of Roman currency
Causes for the decline of the Western Roman Empire: Military:
Army membership started to include invaders
Decline in military loyalty and budget Political:
Civil conflict and weak government Moral Decay:
People’s loss of faith in Rome and the family Invasion:
Attack on borders
Attempts to save Rome: 284-305 AD—
DiocletianTried to save Rome by
dividing it into an Eastern and Western Empire
Constantine
312-337 AD—ConstantineSought to reform the empireBuilt a great capital at
Byzantium and renamed it Constantinople (modern day Turkey)
Constantine
Last to persecute ChristiansGave tolerance to
ChristiansEdict of Milan (document
that allowed toleration)
Division of Roman Empire: Move of the capital by Constantine from
Rome to Byzantium, renaming it Constantinople
Survival of the Western Roman Empire until 476 CE, when it ceased to have a Roman Emperor
Eastern Empire (Byzantine Empire) governed until 1453 CE