Where will we live when we have completely exploited Earth’s resources

Terraforming Mars

• Making Mars capable of sustaining life.

• What do you need to sustain life on Mars

OxygenWater

Warmer ClimateAvoid high levels of Solar

Radiation.

Step #1 – Global Warming

• Mars is cold• Mars’ thin atmosphere

doesn’t keep heat in• Increase temperatures

by Greenhouse Effect on Mars

• Global Warming = traps heat from the Sun

• How? CFCs?

Step #2 - Water

• Using greenhouse effect and trapping in heat through global warming on Mars

• Mars has polar ice caps• Ice caps melt• Liquid water begins to

flow

Step #3 - Oxygen

• Once water and temperatures are sustained you can begin oxygen creation

• Plant trees that thrive in CO2 and can produce O2

• Headlines:Increasing exposure to carbon dioxide

appears to boost crop yieldsOutput increased by about 10 percent

for barley, beets and wheat" when the plants were subjected to higher levels of carbon dioxide

Step #4 – Too much Solar Radiation• Must shield ourselves

from cosmic rays• Place habitation

modules in Lava tubes or under igloo structures from sintered regolith bricks (Ceramics)

Problems about Terraforming Mars• How are we going to

land heavy crewed spaceships w/ thrusters only

• Thin atmosphere – no aerodynamics…aka no effects for braking or landing

Problems about Terraforming Mars

• No economic return• How are we going to

make money on Mars?

Stars

Chapter 2 Section 1

Color of StarsWhich is Hotter, Rigel or Betelgeuse?

Composition of Stars

• Made up of different elements in form of gases

• Inner layers dense and hot• Outer layers cool gases• Elements in star’s atmosphere

absorb some of the light from star

• Different elements absorb different wavelengths of light

• Astronomers can tell what elements a star is made of from light they observe from the star.

Colors of Light

• Spectrum - Rainbow of colors

• Millions of colors • Spectrograph breaks a

star’s light into a spectrum

• Spectrum tells information about composition and temperature of star

Making an ID

• Many stores/restaurants use neon signs to attract customers

• Gas in a neon sign glows when an electric current flows through the gas

• Spectrograph reads this as emission lines

Emission Lines• Lines that are made when

certain wavelengths of light or colors are given off by hot gases.

• When an element emits light, only some colors of the spectrum show up, some are missing

• Each element has unique set of emission lines

• Emission lines = fingerprints of elements

Classifying Stars

• Stars are classified by how hot they are

• Different temperature = different colors

Types of Stars• Main-sequence stars• Giants• Supergiants• White dwarf stars

Mapping the Stars

Chapter 1 Section 3

Patterns in the Sky

• Ancient cultures connected stars in patterns

• Patterns called Constellations

• Sections of sky that contain recognizable star patterns

• They helped people navigate and keep track of time.

Patterns in the sky cont…• Different civilizations

had different names for same constellation

• Constellation OrionGreeks saw hunter

Japanese saw a drum

Organization

• Constellations help organize the sky

• Each constellation is a region of the sky

• Each constellation shares a border w/ other constellations

Seasonal Changes• Constellations change

from season to season• Different constellations

are visible in the southern hemisphere

• Sky maps are used to tell which constellations will appear during which season.

Finding Stars in Night Sky

• Ever try pointing to an object and not sure if the person was really looking at what you were?

• Astronomers use an instrument called an Astrolabe

• Uses 3 points of reference• Zenith, Altitude, and

Horizon

Measuring Distance of Stars

Cassiopeia• In the

northern sky• Represents

the queen Cassiopeia, who boasted about her unrivaled beauty.

• Shaped like a “W”

In the fall Cassiopeia is in the shape of a W, and in the Spring she is in the shape of a M.

Orion• In the Northern

sky• Resembles a

hunter• Orion is

standing next to the river Eridanus with his two hunting dogs, fighting Taurus the bull.

If Betelgeuse were our sun, it would be so large that its diameter would be somewhere between Mars and Jupiter!

Scorpius• In the Northern

sky• Resembles a

scorpion's tail, and a vague body.

• This scorpion which was sent by the goddess Hera to kill the hunter Orion

Visible between June and August

Cygnus• In the Northern sky• Resembles a wide

winged, long necked bird, in graceful flight

• Represents several different legendary swans. – Zeus disguised himself

as a swan to seduce Leda, who gave birth to the Gemini, Helen of Troy, and Clytemnestra

Visible during the late summer and autumn

Ursa Major• In the

Northern sky• Ursa Major =

Great Bear• Resembles a

Bear… • The Big

Dipper makes up the bear’s tail

The Big Dipper… visible throughout most of the year

Gemini

• Its name is Latin for "twins," and it is associated with the twins Castor and Pollux in Greek mythology

• Gemini is dominated by Castor and Pollux , two bright stars that appear relatively close together