where it starts: photosynthesis
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Where It Starts: Photosynthesis. Chapter 5. Sunlight and Survival. Autotrophs use nonliving sources to build their own food Heterotrophs feed on living organisms or their remains. Sunlight and Survival. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Where It Starts: Photosynthesis
Chapter 5
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Sunlight and Survival
• Autotrophs use nonliving sources to build their own food
• Heterotrophs feed on living organisms or their remains
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Sunlight and Survival
• Photoautotrophs use sunlight and CO2 to produce sugar in the process of photosynthesis
• plants, algae and photosynthetic bacteria
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Visible Light
• Wavelengths humans perceive as different colors
• Violet (380 nm) to red (750 nm)
• Longer wavelengths, lower energy
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Pigments
• Color you see is the wavelengths not absorbed
So, Why do we see plants as green?
Why do we see plants as other colors in fall and winter?
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Variety of Pigments
Chlorophylls
Carotenoids
Anthocyanins
Phycobilins
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Fig. 5-2, p.74
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Photosynthesis Equation
12H2O + 6CO2 6O2 + C6H12O6 + 6H2O
water carbon dioxide
oxygen glucose water
LIGHT ENERGY
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Two-Step Process
Light-dependent reactions
• formation of ATP
Light-independent reactions
• Synthesis part of photosynthesis (synthesis of glucose)
• Can proceed in the dark using energy stored in the light reactions
• Calvin-Benson cycle
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sunlightenergy
H2O(water)
ATP
O2 H2O (metabolic water)
light-dependentreactions
light-independent
reactions
glucose
ADP + Pi
CO2
(carbon dioxide)
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Chloroplast
two outer membranes
inner membrane system(thylakoids connectedby channels)
stroma
Organelle of photosynthesis in plants and algae
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Summary of Photosynthesis
12H2O
sunlight
Calvin-Benson
cycle
6O2
LightDependentReactions
LightIndependent
Reactions
NADP+ADP + Pi
6 RuBP 12 PGAL
P
end products (e.g., sucrose, starch, cellulose)
phosphorylated glucose
6H2O
6CO2
ATP NADPH
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• Photoautotrophs
– Carbon source is carbon dioxide
– Energy source is sunlight
• Heterotrophs
– Get carbon and energy by eating
autotrophs or one another
Carbon and Energy Sources
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How Cells Release Chemical Energy
Chapter 6
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• Photosynthesizers get energy fromthe sun
• Animals get energy second- or third-hand from plants or other organisms
• Regardless, the energy is converted to the chemical bond energy of ATP
ATP Is Universal Energy Source
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Making ATP
• Plants make ATP during photosynthesis
• Cells of all organisms make ATP by
breaking down carbohydrates, fats, and
protein
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Main Types of Energy-Releasing Pathways
Aerobic pathways
• Require oxygen
Anaerobic pathways
• No Oxygen required
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Summary Equation for Aerobic Cellular Respiration
C6H1206 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H20 + ATP
glucose oxygen carbon water dioxide
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• A monosaccharide or simple sugar
(C6H12O6)
• Why is Glucose so important in the blood of animals?
Glucose
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Overview of Aerobic Respiration
CYTOPLASM
Glycolysis
Electron Transfer
Phosphorylation
Krebs Cycle ATP
ATP
2 CO2
4 CO2
2
32
water
2 NADH
8 NADH
2 FADH2
2 NADH 2 pyruvate
e- + H+
e- + oxygen
(2 ATP net)
glucose
Typical Energy Yield: 36 ATP
e-
e- + H+
e- + H+
ATP
H+
e- + H+
ATP2 4
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Fermentation Pathways
• Begin with glycolysis
• Are anaerobic: don’t require oxygen
• Yield only the 2 ATP from glycolysis
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Lactate Fermentation
C6H12O6
ATP
ATPNADH
2 lactate
electrons, hydrogen from NADH
2 NAD+
2
2 ADP
2 pyruvate
2
4
energy output
energy input
GLYCOLYSIS
LACTATE FORMATION
2 ATP net
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Alcoholic Fermentation
C6H12O6
ATP
ATPNADH
2 acetaldehyde
electrons, hydrogen from NADH
2 NAD+
2
2 ADP
2 pyruvate
2
4
energy output
energy input
GLYCOLYSIS
ETHANOL FORMATION
2 ATP net
2 ethanol
2 H2O
2 CO2
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Linked Processes
Photosynthesis
• Energy-storing pathway
• Releases oxygen
• Requires carbon dioxide
Aerobic Respiration
• Energy-releasing pathway
• Requires oxygen
• Releases carbon dioxide