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Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention: Strategies for Implementing Best Practices Brian D. Johnston, MD MPH Harborview Injury Prevention & Research Center University of Washington Seattle, Washington

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Page 1: Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention - ncfrp.org · Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention: Strategies for Implementing Best Practices Brian D. Johnston, MD MPH Harborview Injury Prevention

Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention:Strategies for Implementing Best Practices

Brian D. Johnston, MD MPH

Harborview Injury Prevention & Research CenterUniversity of Washington

Seattle, Washington

Page 2: Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention - ncfrp.org · Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention: Strategies for Implementing Best Practices Brian D. Johnston, MD MPH Harborview Injury Prevention

What does CDR have to do

with injury prevention?

Page 3: Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention - ncfrp.org · Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention: Strategies for Implementing Best Practices Brian D. Johnston, MD MPH Harborview Injury Prevention

we are getting good at  learning what works 

but we struggle to promote and implement best practices in real world settings

Page 4: Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention - ncfrp.org · Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention: Strategies for Implementing Best Practices Brian D. Johnston, MD MPH Harborview Injury Prevention

implementationbest practice

+local assessment

Page 5: Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention - ncfrp.org · Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention: Strategies for Implementing Best Practices Brian D. Johnston, MD MPH Harborview Injury Prevention

What are the functionsof child death review?

Page 6: Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention - ncfrp.org · Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention: Strategies for Implementing Best Practices Brian D. Johnston, MD MPH Harborview Injury Prevention

Unexpected Child Death

Sentinel Event:

Unexpected Child Death

Page 7: Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention - ncfrp.org · Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention: Strategies for Implementing Best Practices Brian D. Johnston, MD MPH Harborview Injury Prevention

Unexpected Child Death

Investigation

Investigative Function:

Can we verify the cause & manner of this death?

Page 8: Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention - ncfrp.org · Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention: Strategies for Implementing Best Practices Brian D. Johnston, MD MPH Harborview Injury Prevention

Unexpected Child Death

Investigation

Quality Assurance

QA Function:

Did community systems function as anticipated?

Page 9: Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention - ncfrp.org · Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention: Strategies for Implementing Best Practices Brian D. Johnston, MD MPH Harborview Injury Prevention

Unexpected Child Death

Unexpected Child Death

Investigation

Quality Assurance

Prevention

Prevention Function:

Can we learn from this death to prevent future deaths?

Page 10: Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention - ncfrp.org · Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention: Strategies for Implementing Best Practices Brian D. Johnston, MD MPH Harborview Injury Prevention

The CDR process is incomplete until prevention is addressed.

Page 11: Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention - ncfrp.org · Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention: Strategies for Implementing Best Practices Brian D. Johnston, MD MPH Harborview Injury Prevention

What kills children?

Page 12: Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention - ncfrp.org · Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention: Strategies for Implementing Best Practices Brian D. Johnston, MD MPH Harborview Injury Prevention

Injury kills children.

Page 13: Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention - ncfrp.org · Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention: Strategies for Implementing Best Practices Brian D. Johnston, MD MPH Harborview Injury Prevention

Unintentional injury is the major cause of mortality for children after age 1

‐ US data 2006

Page 14: Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention - ncfrp.org · Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention: Strategies for Implementing Best Practices Brian D. Johnston, MD MPH Harborview Injury Prevention

Child Deaths, by Age & CauseUnited States ‐ 2006

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

1‐4 yrs 5‐9 yrs 10‐14 yrs 15‐19 yrs

Age of Decedent

Num

ber

Unintentional Injury

Suicide

Homicide

Other

Page 15: Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention - ncfrp.org · Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention: Strategies for Implementing Best Practices Brian D. Johnston, MD MPH Harborview Injury Prevention

We know how to prevent injuries.

Page 16: Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention - ncfrp.org · Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention: Strategies for Implementing Best Practices Brian D. Johnston, MD MPH Harborview Injury Prevention

What is the role of CDR in injury prevention?

Page 17: Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention - ncfrp.org · Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention: Strategies for Implementing Best Practices Brian D. Johnston, MD MPH Harborview Injury Prevention

Public health model:

PolicyDevelopment

Assurance

Assessment

Page 18: Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention - ncfrp.org · Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention: Strategies for Implementing Best Practices Brian D. Johnston, MD MPH Harborview Injury Prevention

Epidemiologic Surveillance

Monitor rates & trendsPresume that someone responds

Page 19: Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention - ncfrp.org · Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention: Strategies for Implementing Best Practices Brian D. Johnston, MD MPH Harborview Injury Prevention

CDR is different

intensely localindividual casesdetailed assessmentsno obvious recipient 

for resultant data

Page 20: Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention - ncfrp.org · Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention: Strategies for Implementing Best Practices Brian D. Johnston, MD MPH Harborview Injury Prevention

CDR is more like the NTSB than like the CDC

Page 21: Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention - ncfrp.org · Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention: Strategies for Implementing Best Practices Brian D. Johnston, MD MPH Harborview Injury Prevention

“an independent agency charged with investigating every civil aviation accident in the US and issuing safety recommendations aimed at preventing future accidents”

Page 22: Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention - ncfrp.org · Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention: Strategies for Implementing Best Practices Brian D. Johnston, MD MPH Harborview Injury Prevention

“ … the NTSB does not regulate equipment, personnel or operations, and does not initiate enforcement action, yet more than 82 percent of its recommendations have been adopted by those in a position to effect change.”

Page 23: Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention - ncfrp.org · Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention: Strategies for Implementing Best Practices Brian D. Johnston, MD MPH Harborview Injury Prevention

Why do CDR teams have difficulty influencing injury prevention?

Page 24: Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention - ncfrp.org · Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention: Strategies for Implementing Best Practices Brian D. Johnston, MD MPH Harborview Injury Prevention

Why do CDR teams have difficulty influencing injury prevention?

InadequateData

Page 25: Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention - ncfrp.org · Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention: Strategies for Implementing Best Practices Brian D. Johnston, MD MPH Harborview Injury Prevention

Why do CDR teams have difficulty influencing injury prevention?

Narrow Team Membership

Page 26: Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention - ncfrp.org · Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention: Strategies for Implementing Best Practices Brian D. Johnston, MD MPH Harborview Injury Prevention

Why do CDR teams have difficulty influencing injury prevention?

Restrictive Forms& Protocols

Page 27: Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention - ncfrp.org · Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention: Strategies for Implementing Best Practices Brian D. Johnston, MD MPH Harborview Injury Prevention

Why do CDR teams have difficulty influencing injury prevention?

Lack of Resources

Page 28: Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention - ncfrp.org · Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention: Strategies for Implementing Best Practices Brian D. Johnston, MD MPH Harborview Injury Prevention

Why do CDR teams have difficulty influencing injury prevention?

Uncertain Accountability

Page 29: Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention - ncfrp.org · Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention: Strategies for Implementing Best Practices Brian D. Johnston, MD MPH Harborview Injury Prevention

Why do CDR teams have difficulty influencing injury prevention?

Poorly Framed Recommendations

Page 30: Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention - ncfrp.org · Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention: Strategies for Implementing Best Practices Brian D. Johnston, MD MPH Harborview Injury Prevention

Recommendations:  A Crucial Final Step

Page 31: Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention - ncfrp.org · Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention: Strategies for Implementing Best Practices Brian D. Johnston, MD MPH Harborview Injury Prevention

Synthesize data Identify opportunities for improvement

Look for evidence‐based “best practices”

Promote implementation of desired solution

Recommendations:  A Crucial Final Step

Page 32: Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention - ncfrp.org · Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention: Strategies for Implementing Best Practices Brian D. Johnston, MD MPH Harborview Injury Prevention

“Babies should be properly restrained in cars.”

Recommendations:

Page 33: Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention - ncfrp.org · Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention: Strategies for Implementing Best Practices Brian D. Johnston, MD MPH Harborview Injury Prevention

“Parents need to constantly supervise their children near swimming pools.”

Recommendations:

Page 34: Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention - ncfrp.org · Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention: Strategies for Implementing Best Practices Brian D. Johnston, MD MPH Harborview Injury Prevention

“Rearview cameras allow drivers to see small children behind the vehicle before reversing.”

Recommendations:

Page 35: Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention - ncfrp.org · Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention: Strategies for Implementing Best Practices Brian D. Johnston, MD MPH Harborview Injury Prevention

“The schools should provide free driver’s education to all teens.”

Recommendations:

Page 36: Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention - ncfrp.org · Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention: Strategies for Implementing Best Practices Brian D. Johnston, MD MPH Harborview Injury Prevention

What makes a recommendation “good?”

Page 37: Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention - ncfrp.org · Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention: Strategies for Implementing Best Practices Brian D. Johnston, MD MPH Harborview Injury Prevention

A good recommendation:

Refers to local data and contexts

Page 38: Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention - ncfrp.org · Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention: Strategies for Implementing Best Practices Brian D. Johnston, MD MPH Harborview Injury Prevention

A good recommendation:

Refers to local data and contextsApplies knowledge of best practices

Page 39: Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention - ncfrp.org · Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention: Strategies for Implementing Best Practices Brian D. Johnston, MD MPH Harborview Injury Prevention

A good recommendation:

Refers to local data and contextsApplies knowledge of best practicesIdentifies incremental next steps

Page 40: Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention - ncfrp.org · Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention: Strategies for Implementing Best Practices Brian D. Johnston, MD MPH Harborview Injury Prevention

A good recommendation:

Refers to local data and contextsApplies knowledge of best practicesIdentifies incremental next stepsIs specific and actionable

Page 41: Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention - ncfrp.org · Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention: Strategies for Implementing Best Practices Brian D. Johnston, MD MPH Harborview Injury Prevention

A good recommendation:

Refers to local data and contextsApplies knowledge of best practicesIdentifies incremental next stepsIs specific and actionableIs made with accountability and follow‐up 

Page 42: Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention - ncfrp.org · Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention: Strategies for Implementing Best Practices Brian D. Johnston, MD MPH Harborview Injury Prevention

EMSC Grant

Helping CDR teams make better injury prevention recommendations

Page 43: Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention - ncfrp.org · Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention: Strategies for Implementing Best Practices Brian D. Johnston, MD MPH Harborview Injury Prevention

EMSC GrantWe worked with 

5 Washington State CDR teams

19 non‐intervention control teams

Washington State Department of Health

Page 44: Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention - ncfrp.org · Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention: Strategies for Implementing Best Practices Brian D. Johnston, MD MPH Harborview Injury Prevention

EMSC GrantWe provided

team training

technical assistance – collaborative process improvement

access to web based expert resources

Page 45: Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention - ncfrp.org · Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention: Strategies for Implementing Best Practices Brian D. Johnston, MD MPH Harborview Injury Prevention

Process Improvement Strategies

broaden CDR team membership

Page 46: Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention - ncfrp.org · Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention: Strategies for Implementing Best Practices Brian D. Johnston, MD MPH Harborview Injury Prevention

Process Improvement Strategies

broaden CDR team membership

create a Prevention Action Team

Page 47: Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention - ncfrp.org · Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention: Strategies for Implementing Best Practices Brian D. Johnston, MD MPH Harborview Injury Prevention

Process Improvement Strategies

group discussions by death mechanism

Page 48: Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention - ncfrp.org · Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention: Strategies for Implementing Best Practices Brian D. Johnston, MD MPH Harborview Injury Prevention

Process Improvement Strategies

group your discussions by death mechanism

invite content experts to specific meetings

Page 49: Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention - ncfrp.org · Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention: Strategies for Implementing Best Practices Brian D. Johnston, MD MPH Harborview Injury Prevention

Process Improvement Strategies

monitor missing data & identify likely sources

Page 50: Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention - ncfrp.org · Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention: Strategies for Implementing Best Practices Brian D. Johnston, MD MPH Harborview Injury Prevention

Process Improvement Strategies

keep meeting minutes & “action items”

Page 51: Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention - ncfrp.org · Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention: Strategies for Implementing Best Practices Brian D. Johnston, MD MPH Harborview Injury Prevention

Process Improvement Strategies

keep meeting minutes & “action items”

… the work isn’t done when the report gets sent to the State!

Page 52: Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention - ncfrp.org · Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention: Strategies for Implementing Best Practices Brian D. Johnston, MD MPH Harborview Injury Prevention

Process Improvement Strategies

use a template to compose your prevention recommendations

Page 53: Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention - ncfrp.org · Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention: Strategies for Implementing Best Practices Brian D. Johnston, MD MPH Harborview Injury Prevention
Page 54: Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention - ncfrp.org · Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention: Strategies for Implementing Best Practices Brian D. Johnston, MD MPH Harborview Injury Prevention

Process Improvement Strategies

identify & refer to best practice resources

Page 55: Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention - ncfrp.org · Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention: Strategies for Implementing Best Practices Brian D. Johnston, MD MPH Harborview Injury Prevention

Decision Support Tool

Web‐based: (http://depts.washington.edu/cdreview)

Page 56: Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention - ncfrp.org · Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention: Strategies for Implementing Best Practices Brian D. Johnston, MD MPH Harborview Injury Prevention

Decision Support Tool

Review of prevention strategies for death due to: drowningyouth suicidemotor vehicle occupant injuryfirearmschild abuse

Page 57: Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention - ncfrp.org · Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention: Strategies for Implementing Best Practices Brian D. Johnston, MD MPH Harborview Injury Prevention

Decision Support Tool

Selection of intervention based on rating, population or strategy

Page 58: Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention - ncfrp.org · Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention: Strategies for Implementing Best Practices Brian D. Johnston, MD MPH Harborview Injury Prevention

Decision Support Tool

Replication resources for intervention identified as “recommended” or “promising”

Page 59: Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention - ncfrp.org · Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention: Strategies for Implementing Best Practices Brian D. Johnston, MD MPH Harborview Injury Prevention
Page 60: Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention - ncfrp.org · Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention: Strategies for Implementing Best Practices Brian D. Johnston, MD MPH Harborview Injury Prevention
Page 61: Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention - ncfrp.org · Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention: Strategies for Implementing Best Practices Brian D. Johnston, MD MPH Harborview Injury Prevention
Page 62: Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention - ncfrp.org · Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention: Strategies for Implementing Best Practices Brian D. Johnston, MD MPH Harborview Injury Prevention
Page 63: Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention - ncfrp.org · Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention: Strategies for Implementing Best Practices Brian D. Johnston, MD MPH Harborview Injury Prevention

OutcomesQuality of Recommendations

0

10

20

30

40

50

Comparison‐Baseline

Comparison ‐Follow‐Up

Intervention ‐Baseline

Intervention ‐Follow‐Up

% possible score

Page 64: Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention - ncfrp.org · Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention: Strategies for Implementing Best Practices Brian D. Johnston, MD MPH Harborview Injury Prevention

Next Steps

Move decision support site to multistate CDR database

Page 65: Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention - ncfrp.org · Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention: Strategies for Implementing Best Practices Brian D. Johnston, MD MPH Harborview Injury Prevention

Next Steps

Add & update topics

Page 66: Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention - ncfrp.org · Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention: Strategies for Implementing Best Practices Brian D. Johnston, MD MPH Harborview Injury Prevention

Next Steps

Share what we have learned

Page 67: Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention - ncfrp.org · Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention: Strategies for Implementing Best Practices Brian D. Johnston, MD MPH Harborview Injury Prevention

Lessons Learned

Page 68: Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention - ncfrp.org · Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention: Strategies for Implementing Best Practices Brian D. Johnston, MD MPH Harborview Injury Prevention

Lessons Learned

Successful teamsmake prevention a priority

Page 69: Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention - ncfrp.org · Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention: Strategies for Implementing Best Practices Brian D. Johnston, MD MPH Harborview Injury Prevention

Lessons Learned

CDR teams can improve the quality of their prevention recommendations

Page 70: Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention - ncfrp.org · Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention: Strategies for Implementing Best Practices Brian D. Johnston, MD MPH Harborview Injury Prevention

Lessons Learned

It is crucial to value the recommendation process

Page 71: Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention - ncfrp.org · Where CDR Meets Injury Prevention: Strategies for Implementing Best Practices Brian D. Johnston, MD MPH Harborview Injury Prevention

Thank you!

• National Center for Child Death Review • Washington State Department of Health• Child Death Review Teams from

– Benton‐Franklin Counties– Kitsap County– Seattle‐King County– Spokane County– Tacoma‐Pierce County

• Steve Wirtz, PhD• Seattle Children’s Hospital

Supported by EMS‐C Targeted Issue Grant 1 H34MC02543‐01‐00