where are the women?
DESCRIPTION
Where are the Women?. Gender, Governments and Graduates. The Question. 493. 500. 500. 73. Why?. Development in a country Motives in lower-income countries are less Civic Participation Private Sector Experience Willingness To Run. 493. 500. 455. 500. 6. 500. Putting it Together. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Where are the Women?](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062722/568139d4550346895da1884c/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Where are the Women?Gender, Governments and Graduates
![Page 2: Where are the Women?](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062722/568139d4550346895da1884c/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
The Question
![Page 3: Where are the Women?](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062722/568139d4550346895da1884c/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
50
04
93
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73
50
0
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Why?
• Development in a country• Motives in lower-income countries are less
• Civic Participation• Private Sector Experience• Willingness To Run
![Page 6: Where are the Women?](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062722/568139d4550346895da1884c/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
50
04
93
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50
04
55
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50
0 6
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Putting it Together
Does post-secondary education relative to males effect the representation of females relative to males in national parliaments?
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Hypothesis
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Hypothesis
Increased representation of females in college level education Increased representation of females in
national parliaments
![Page 13: Where are the Women?](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062722/568139d4550346895da1884c/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
The Education Multiplier
• Election chance = (Education Multiplier)(Political Gender Multiplier)(Other Factors)• Education Multiplier = (Gender Education Access)(Other
Determinants)
![Page 14: Where are the Women?](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062722/568139d4550346895da1884c/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Method
![Page 15: Where are the Women?](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062722/568139d4550346895da1884c/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Data
• WDI• Independent Variable• 3,893 Observations of Tertiary Education Ratios
• Dependent Variable• 2,735 Observations of Parliamentary Ratios
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Changes
![Page 17: Where are the Women?](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062722/568139d4550346895da1884c/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Changes
![Page 18: Where are the Women?](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062722/568139d4550346895da1884c/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Changes
![Page 19: Where are the Women?](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062722/568139d4550346895da1884c/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Uganda, Kuwait, Sweden
Case Studies
![Page 20: Where are the Women?](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062722/568139d4550346895da1884c/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Uganda
Education Percent female: 43% Female Parliament Members: 35%
![Page 21: Where are the Women?](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062722/568139d4550346895da1884c/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Kuwait
Education Percent Female: 220% Female Parliament Members: 6%
![Page 22: Where are the Women?](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062722/568139d4550346895da1884c/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Sweden
Education Percent Female: 152% Female Parliament Members: 45%
![Page 23: Where are the Women?](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062722/568139d4550346895da1884c/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Results
![Page 24: Where are the Women?](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062722/568139d4550346895da1884c/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Correlation
College Ratio Parliament Ratio
College Ratio 1
Parliament Ratio 0.0966 1
![Page 25: Where are the Women?](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062722/568139d4550346895da1884c/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Correlation
![Page 26: Where are the Women?](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062722/568139d4550346895da1884c/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Correlation
![Page 27: Where are the Women?](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062722/568139d4550346895da1884c/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Model type
Country
Fixed
Effects, No
Lag
Country Fixed
Effects,
Education
Lagged 10
Years
Country Fixed
Effects,
Education
Lagged 15
Years
Education
Lagged Ten
Years, Region
Effects
Education
Lagged Ten
Years, Quota
Effects
Education
Lagged Ten
Years, Quotas
and Regions
Education
Lagged Ten
Years, Types
of Quotas
Tertiary Education Ratio 0.0521*** 0.0428*** 0.0862*** 0.0576*** 0.106*** 0.104*** 0.123***
-3.89 -4.55 -10.39 -6.67 -7.66 -7.57 -8.37
GDP Per Capita 0.000975**
*
0.000903*** 0.000685*** 0.000635*** 0.000575**
*
0.000663*** 0.000535**
*
-12.83 -11.69 -9.52 -10.72 -8.1 -8.79 -7.3
Female Percentage of
Population
-0.275 0.955 -2.102** 2.287*** 0.305 0.505 0.537
(-0.64) -1.42 (-2.88) -7.13 -0.44 -0.74 -0.75
Population Size 3.00e-08** 2.45e-08* 2.75e-08* 1.06e-08* 9.65e-09* 8.56E-09 8.99E-09
-2.73 -2.34 -2.21 -2.33 -2.06 -1.84 -1.88
Urban Population Size 0.308** 0.421** 0.202 -0.193** -0.188** -0.225** -0.208**
-2.67 -3.09 -1.52 (-3.24) (-2.70) (-3.23) (-2.86)
UN Region -0.0467*** -0.0557**
(-3.30) (-3.28)
Has Quotas 0.466 -0.694
-0.24 (-0.35)
Has Legislated Quotas 0.164
Has Constitutional Quotas 1.197
-0.45
_cons 2.389 -60.72 97.26** -105.5*** -11.72 -17.7 -23.74
-0.11 (-1.77) -2.64 (-6.39) (-0.34) (-0.51) (-0.65)
N 1004 911 842 911 691 691 655
![Page 28: Where are the Women?](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062722/568139d4550346895da1884c/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Model type
Country
Fixed
Effects, No
Lag
Country Fixed
Effects,
Education
Lagged 10
Years
Country Fixed
Effects,
Education
Lagged 15
Years
Education
Lagged Ten
Years, Region
Effects
Education
Lagged Ten
Years, Quota
Effects
Education
Lagged Ten
Years, Quotas
and Regions
Education
Lagged Ten
Years, Types
of Quotas
Tertiary Education Ratio 0.0521*** 0.0428*** 0.0862*** 0.0576*** 0.106*** 0.104*** 0.123***
-3.89 -4.55 -10.39 -6.67 -7.66 -7.57 -8.37
GDP Per Capita 0.000975**
*
0.000903*** 0.000685*** 0.000635*** 0.000575**
*
0.000663*** 0.000535**
*
-12.83 -11.69 -9.52 -10.72 -8.1 -8.79 -7.3
Female Percentage of
Population
-0.275 0.955 -2.102** 2.287*** 0.305 0.505 0.537
(-0.64) -1.42 (-2.88) -7.13 -0.44 -0.74 -0.75
Population Size 3.00e-08** 2.45e-08* 2.75e-08* 1.06e-08* 9.65e-09* 8.56E-09 8.99E-09
-2.73 -2.34 -2.21 -2.33 -2.06 -1.84 -1.88
Urban Population Size 0.308** 0.421** 0.202 -0.193** -0.188** -0.225** -0.208**
-2.67 -3.09 -1.52 (-3.24) (-2.70) (-3.23) (-2.86)
UN Region -0.0467*** -0.0557**
(-3.30) (-3.28)
Has Quotas 0.466 -0.694
-0.24 (-0.35)
Has Legislated Quotas 0.164
Has Constitutional Quotas 1.197
-0.45
_cons 2.389 -60.72 97.26** -105.5*** -11.72 -17.7 -23.74
-0.11 (-1.77) -2.64 (-6.39) (-0.34) (-0.51) (-0.65)
N 1004 911 842 911 691 691 655
![Page 29: Where are the Women?](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062722/568139d4550346895da1884c/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Model type
Country
Fixed
Effects, No
Lag
Country Fixed
Effects,
Education
Lagged 10
Years
Country Fixed
Effects,
Education
Lagged 15
Years
Education
Lagged Ten
Years, Region
Effects
Education
Lagged Ten
Years, Quota
Effects
Education
Lagged Ten
Years, Quotas
and Regions
Education
Lagged Ten
Years, Types
of Quotas
Tertiary Education Ratio 0.0521*** 0.0428*** 0.0862*** 0.0576*** 0.106*** 0.104*** 0.123***
-3.89 -4.55 -10.39 -6.67 -7.66 -7.57 -8.37
GDP Per Capita 0.000975**
*
0.000903*** 0.000685*** 0.000635*** 0.000575**
*
0.000663*** 0.000535**
*
-12.83 -11.69 -9.52 -10.72 -8.1 -8.79 -7.3
Female Percentage of
Population
-0.275 0.955 -2.102** 2.287*** 0.305 0.505 0.537
(-0.64) -1.42 (-2.88) -7.13 -0.44 -0.74 -0.75
Population Size 3.00e-08** 2.45e-08* 2.75e-08* 1.06e-08* 9.65e-09* 8.56E-09 8.99E-09
-2.73 -2.34 -2.21 -2.33 -2.06 -1.84 -1.88
Urban Population Size 0.308** 0.421** 0.202 -0.193** -0.188** -0.225** -0.208**
-2.67 -3.09 -1.52 (-3.24) (-2.70) (-3.23) (-2.86)
UN Region -0.0467*** -0.0557**
(-3.30) (-3.28)
Has Quotas 0.466 -0.694
-0.24 (-0.35)
Has Legislated Quotas 0.164
Has Constitutional Quotas 1.197
-0.45
_cons 2.389 -60.72 97.26** -105.5*** -11.72 -17.7 -23.74
-0.11 (-1.77) -2.64 (-6.39) (-0.34) (-0.51) (-0.65)
N 1004 911 842 911 691 691 655
![Page 30: Where are the Women?](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062722/568139d4550346895da1884c/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Model type
Country
Fixed
Effects, No
Lag
Country Fixed
Effects,
Education
Lagged 10
Years
Country Fixed
Effects,
Education
Lagged 15
Years
Education
Lagged Ten
Years, Region
Effects
Education
Lagged Ten
Years, Quota
Effects
Education
Lagged Ten
Years, Quotas
and Regions
Education
Lagged Ten
Years, Types
of Quotas
Tertiary Education Ratio 0.0521*** 0.0428*** 0.0862*** 0.0576*** 0.106*** 0.104*** 0.123***
-3.89 -4.55 -10.39 -6.67 -7.66 -7.57 -8.37
GDP Per Capita 0.000975**
*
0.000903*** 0.000685*** 0.000635*** 0.000575**
*
0.000663*** 0.000535**
*
-12.83 -11.69 -9.52 -10.72 -8.1 -8.79 -7.3
Female Percentage of
Population
-0.275 0.955 -2.102** 2.287*** 0.305 0.505 0.537
(-0.64) -1.42 (-2.88) -7.13 -0.44 -0.74 -0.75
Population Size 3.00e-08** 2.45e-08* 2.75e-08* 1.06e-08* 9.65e-09* 8.56E-09 8.99E-09
-2.73 -2.34 -2.21 -2.33 -2.06 -1.84 -1.88
Urban Population Size 0.308** 0.421** 0.202 -0.193** -0.188** -0.225** -0.208**
-2.67 -3.09 -1.52 (-3.24) (-2.70) (-3.23) (-2.86)
UN Region -0.0467*** -0.0557**
(-3.30) (-3.28)
Has Quotas 0.466 -0.694
-0.24 (-0.35)
Has Legislated Quotas 0.164
Has Constitutional Quotas 1.197
-0.45
_cons 2.389 -60.72 97.26** -105.5*** -11.72 -17.7 -23.74
-0.11 (-1.77) -2.64 (-6.39) (-0.34) (-0.51) (-0.65)
N 1004 911 842 911 691 691 655
![Page 31: Where are the Women?](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062722/568139d4550346895da1884c/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Model type
Country
Fixed
Effects, No
Lag
Country Fixed
Effects,
Education
Lagged 10
Years
Country Fixed
Effects,
Education
Lagged 15
Years
Education
Lagged Ten
Years, Region
Effects
Education
Lagged Ten
Years, Quota
Effects
Education
Lagged Ten
Years, Quotas
and Regions
Education
Lagged Ten
Years, Types
of Quotas
Tertiary Education Ratio 0.0521*** 0.0428*** 0.0862*** 0.0576*** 0.106*** 0.104*** 0.123***
-3.89 -4.55 -10.39 -6.67 -7.66 -7.57 -8.37
GDP Per Capita 0.000975**
*
0.000903*** 0.000685*** 0.000635*** 0.000575**
*
0.000663*** 0.000535**
*
-12.83 -11.69 -9.52 -10.72 -8.1 -8.79 -7.3
Female Percentage of
Population
-0.275 0.955 -2.102** 2.287*** 0.305 0.505 0.537
(-0.64) -1.42 (-2.88) -7.13 -0.44 -0.74 -0.75
Population Size 3.00e-08** 2.45e-08* 2.75e-08* 1.06e-08* 9.65e-09* 8.56E-09 8.99E-09
-2.73 -2.34 -2.21 -2.33 -2.06 -1.84 -1.88
Urban Population Size 0.308** 0.421** 0.202 -0.193** -0.188** -0.225** -0.208**
-2.67 -3.09 -1.52 (-3.24) (-2.70) (-3.23) (-2.86)
UN Region -0.0467*** -0.0557**
(-3.30) (-3.28)
Has Quotas 0.466 -0.694
-0.24 (-0.35)
Has Legislated Quotas 0.164
Has Constitutional Quotas 1.197
-0.45
_cons 2.389 -60.72 97.26** -105.5*** -11.72 -17.7 -23.74
-0.11 (-1.77) -2.64 (-6.39) (-0.34) (-0.51) (-0.65)
N 1004 911 842 911 691 691 655
![Page 32: Where are the Women?](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062722/568139d4550346895da1884c/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Model type
Country
Fixed
Effects, No
Lag
Country Fixed
Effects,
Education
Lagged 10
Years
Country Fixed
Effects,
Education
Lagged 15
Years
Education
Lagged Ten
Years, Region
Effects
Education
Lagged Ten
Years, Quota
Effects
Education
Lagged Ten
Years, Quotas
and Regions
Education
Lagged Ten
Years, Types
of Quotas
Tertiary Education Ratio 0.0521*** 0.0428*** 0.0862*** 0.0576*** 0.106*** 0.104*** 0.123***
-3.89 -4.55 -10.39 -6.67 -7.66 -7.57 -8.37
GDP Per Capita 0.000975**
*
0.000903*** 0.000685*** 0.000635*** 0.000575**
*
0.000663*** 0.000535**
*
-12.83 -11.69 -9.52 -10.72 -8.1 -8.79 -7.3
Female Percentage of
Population
-0.275 0.955 -2.102** 2.287*** 0.305 0.505 0.537
(-0.64) -1.42 (-2.88) -7.13 -0.44 -0.74 -0.75
Population Size 3.00e-08** 2.45e-08* 2.75e-08* 1.06e-08* 9.65e-09* 8.56E-09 8.99E-09
-2.73 -2.34 -2.21 -2.33 -2.06 -1.84 -1.88
Urban Population Size 0.308** 0.421** 0.202 -0.193** -0.188** -0.225** -0.208**
-2.67 -3.09 -1.52 (-3.24) (-2.70) (-3.23) (-2.86)
UN Region -0.0467*** -0.0557**
(-3.30) (-3.28)
Has Quotas 0.466 -0.694
-0.24 (-0.35)
Has Legislated Quotas 0.164
Has Constitutional Quotas 1.197
-0.45
_cons 2.389 -60.72 97.26** -105.5*** -11.72 -17.7 -23.74
-0.11 (-1.77) -2.64 (-6.39) (-0.34) (-0.51) (-0.65)
N 1004 911 842 911 691 691 655
![Page 33: Where are the Women?](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062722/568139d4550346895da1884c/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Model type
Country
Fixed
Effects, No
Lag
Country Fixed
Effects,
Education
Lagged 10
Years
Country Fixed
Effects,
Education
Lagged 15
Years
Education
Lagged Ten
Years, Region
Effects
Education
Lagged Ten
Years, Quota
Effects
Education
Lagged Ten
Years, Quotas
and Regions
Education
Lagged Ten
Years, Types
of Quotas
Tertiary Education Ratio 0.0521*** 0.0428*** 0.0862*** 0.0576*** 0.106*** 0.104*** 0.123***
-3.89 -4.55 -10.39 -6.67 -7.66 -7.57 -8.37
GDP Per Capita 0.000975**
*
0.000903*** 0.000685*** 0.000635*** 0.000575**
*
0.000663*** 0.000535**
*
-12.83 -11.69 -9.52 -10.72 -8.1 -8.79 -7.3
Female Percentage of
Population
-0.275 0.955 -2.102** 2.287*** 0.305 0.505 0.537
(-0.64) -1.42 (-2.88) -7.13 -0.44 -0.74 -0.75
Population Size 3.00e-08** 2.45e-08* 2.75e-08* 1.06e-08* 9.65e-09* 8.56E-09 8.99E-09
-2.73 -2.34 -2.21 -2.33 -2.06 -1.84 -1.88
Urban Population Size 0.308** 0.421** 0.202 -0.193** -0.188** -0.225** -0.208**
-2.67 -3.09 -1.52 (-3.24) (-2.70) (-3.23) (-2.86)
UN Region -0.0467*** -0.0557**
(-3.30) (-3.28)
Has Quotas 0.466 -0.694
-0.24 (-0.35)
Has Legislated Quotas 0.164
Has Constitutional Quotas 1.197
-0.45
_cons 2.389 -60.72 97.26** -105.5*** -11.72 -17.7 -23.74
-0.11 (-1.77) -2.64 (-6.39) (-0.34) (-0.51) (-0.65)
N 1004 911 842 911 691 691 655
![Page 34: Where are the Women?](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062722/568139d4550346895da1884c/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Model type
Country
Fixed
Effects, No
Lag
Country Fixed
Effects,
Education
Lagged 10
Years
Country Fixed
Effects,
Education
Lagged 15
Years
Education
Lagged Ten
Years, Region
Effects
Education
Lagged Ten
Years, Quota
Effects
Education
Lagged Ten
Years, Quotas
and Regions
Education
Lagged Ten
Years, Types
of Quotas
Tertiary Education Ratio 0.0521*** 0.0428*** 0.0862*** 0.0576*** 0.106*** 0.104*** 0.123***
-3.89 -4.55 -10.39 -6.67 -7.66 -7.57 -8.37
GDP Per Capita 0.000975**
*
0.000903*** 0.000685*** 0.000635*** 0.000575**
*
0.000663*** 0.000535**
*
-12.83 -11.69 -9.52 -10.72 -8.1 -8.79 -7.3
Female Percentage of
Population
-0.275 0.955 -2.102** 2.287*** 0.305 0.505 0.537
(-0.64) -1.42 (-2.88) -7.13 -0.44 -0.74 -0.75
Population Size 3.00e-08** 2.45e-08* 2.75e-08* 1.06e-08* 9.65e-09* 8.56E-09 8.99E-09
-2.73 -2.34 -2.21 -2.33 -2.06 -1.84 -1.88
Urban Population Size 0.308** 0.421** 0.202 -0.193** -0.188** -0.225** -0.208**
-2.67 -3.09 -1.52 (-3.24) (-2.70) (-3.23) (-2.86)
UN Region -0.0467*** -0.0557**
(-3.30) (-3.28)
Has Quotas 0.466 -0.694
-0.24 (-0.35)
Has Legislated Quotas 0.164
Has Constitutional Quotas 1.197
-0.45
_cons 2.389 -60.72 97.26** -105.5*** -11.72 -17.7 -23.74
-0.11 (-1.77) -2.64 (-6.39) (-0.34) (-0.51) (-0.65)
N 1004 911 842 911 691 691 655
![Page 35: Where are the Women?](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062722/568139d4550346895da1884c/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Conclusion
![Page 36: Where are the Women?](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062722/568139d4550346895da1884c/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Pragmatic Utility
• Current Approaches• Political Changes• Funding• Awareness
• Solution• Education = Starting Point
![Page 37: Where are the Women?](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062722/568139d4550346895da1884c/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Ethical Implications
• Gender Issues > Immediate Discrimination• Underlying Inequality• Top Down Solutions Fail
![Page 38: Where are the Women?](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062722/568139d4550346895da1884c/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Why Do We Care
![Page 39: Where are the Women?](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062722/568139d4550346895da1884c/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Equitable Government -> Equitable Societies
• Female Friendly Social Policies• Overall Education• Healthcare