when victory becomes an option: egypt’s muslim brotherhood confronts success

8/2/2019 When Victory Becomes an Option: Egypts Muslim Brotherhood Confronts Success

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OGNNIJ JMQ^ | HMKZMRW 24=2

V@JK \GA^CRWBJACOJQ MK CT^GCKJfypts Ousigo Brct`jr`ccn

Acklrckts Quaajss

Kmt`mk H. Brcwk


2/30

Ognnij jmst | Hmkumry 24=2

V`jk \gatcryBjacOjs mk cptgckjf Oo Bal s

k H. Bw


3/30

24=2 Amrkjfgj Jkncwojkt lcr Gktjrkmtgckmi Tjmaj. Mii rgf`ts rjsjrvjn.

^j Amrkjfgj Jkncwojkt ncjs kct tmej gkstgtutgckmi pcsgtgcks ck pubiga pcigaygssujs5 t`j vgjws rjprjsjktjn `jrj mrj t`j mut`crs cwk mkn nc kct kjajssmrgiyrjfljat t`j vgjws cl t`j Jkncwojkt, gts stmffl, cr gts trustjjs.

Kc pmrt cl t`gs pubigamtgck omy bj rjprcnuajn cr trmksogttjn gk mky lcro cr by

mky ojmks wgt`cut pjrogssgck gk wrgtgkf lrco t`j Amrkjfgj Jkncwojkt. Tijmsj

ngrjat gkqugrgjs tc8

Amrkjfgj Jkncwojkt lcr Gktjrkmtgckmi Tjmaj

Tubigamtgcks Njpmrtojkt

=667 Omssma`usjtts Mvjkuj, KVVms`gkftck, N.A. 244101-601-=0>4

www.AmrkjfgjJkncwojkt.crf

^gs pubigamtgck amk bj ncwkicmnjn mt kc acst

mt www.AmrkjfgjJkncwojkt.crf/pubs.

AT =11


4/30

Quoomry =

Gktrcnuatgck 1

@cw \gatcry Bjamoj mk Cptgck8

Lrco Njigbjrmtj Qtjps tc m Bcin Ijmp >

V`mt gs \gatcry3 Vgkkgkf mk Jijatgck

gk m Ogigtmry Ngatmtcrs`gp gk rmksgtgck 0

V`c Gs Kcw gk A`mrfj3 0

Bugingkf m Acmigtgck mkn Fcvjrkgkf gk m Ackstgtutgckmi \mauuo 7

^`j Brct`jr`ccns Ackstgtutgckmi \gsgck ==

Ocvgkf Lrco Cppcsgtgck tc Fcvjrkojkt3 Trjpmrgkf

tc Zsj t`j Gkstruojkts cl t`j Jfyptgmk Qtmtj =2

Lcrjgfk TcigayV`jrj t`j \mfujkjss gs Frjmtjst =1

Jackcogas8 Bijkngkf Omrejt, Qcagmi Hustgaj, mkn \grtuj =:

Auiturj mkn Ocrmigty8 M ]ujstgck cl Trgcrgtgjs =

Acktjkts


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=

Quoomry

Jfypts Ousigo Brct`jr`ccn stmkns ck t`j brgke cl mk goprjssgvj jijatcrmi vga-

tcry. Mltjr sjvjrmi ockt`s cl suffjstgkf gt wcuin a`jae gts cwk jijatcrmi mobg-

tgcks, t`j Brct`jr`ccn piukfjn gktc pcigtgas wgt` ukprjajnjktjn jkt`usgmso,

lcausgkf mii cl gts jkjrfgjs mkn goprjssgvj crfmkgzmtgckmi `jlt ck t`j pmrigmojk-

tmry vctj. Kcw, wgt` t`j jijatcrmi igst cl gts pcigtgami mro, t`j Lrjjnco mkn Hustgaj

Tmrty, igejiy tc fmgk aicsj tc (mkn omybj jvjk ocrj t`mk) mil t`j sjmts mkn pjr-

`mps ambgkjt pcsgtgcks ms wjii, t`j ocvjojkt gs jktjrgkf uka`mrtjn wmtjrs.

Brct`jr`ccn ijmnjrs cltjk gkvcej t`j p`rmsj pmrtgagpmtgck, kct ncog-

kmtgck. ^`mt cin sicfmk omy `cin lcr t`j tgoj bjgkf bjamusj t`j `mzy mkn

uksjttijn ruijs fcvjrkgkf m acuktry gk trmksgtgck omej gt nglauit lcr mky ckj

matcr tc bj gk acktrci. Mkn, wgt` t`j ogigtmry acktgkugkf tc jxjragsj m ro

frgp, t`j ocvjojkt wgii `mvj m strckf vcgaj but `mrniy m ncogkmkt ckj. But

t`j Brct`jr`ccns mobgtgcks `mvj aijmriy jnfjn upwmrn. Qjjgkf gtsjil ms njjpiy

rcctjn gk gts cwk acooukgtgjs, clljrgkf m vgrtucus mitjrkmtgvj tc t`j acrrupt

systjo t`mt fcvjrkjn Jfyptgmks lcr sc ickf mkn t`mt miicwjn pcigtgami, scagmi,

mkn jackcoga pcwjr tc bj njpicyjn lcr prgvmtj bjkjt, Jfypts Brct`jr`ccn

kcw sjjos tc ljji amiijn gktc sjrvgaj by t`j kmtgck.

Rjacfkgzgkf t`mt gts jijatcrmi strjkft` omy spmre m acuktjrrjmatgck lrco

ct`jr pcigtgami lcrajs, t`j Brct`jr`ccn gs kcw amiigkf kct lcr m pmrigmojktmry

systjo but lcr m ogxjn cr sjogprjsgnjktgmi systjo. ^`cuf` aurrjktiy sjjegkf

tc mvcgn luii mut`crgty, t`j ocvjojkt gs `mrniy gk m tgogn occn. Gt gs lcausgkf

ck t`j ickfjr tjro8 mssjrtgkf m hustgmbiy pcwjrlui aimgo tc m ijmngkf rcij gk

t`j prcajss cl wrgtgkf m kjw ackstgtutgck. Mkn t`j ocvjojkts ijmnjrs sjjo tc

wmkt m njocarmtga ackstgtutgck mbcvj mii jisj.

Gknjjn, gt gs kct aijmr `cw oua` t`j Brct`jr`ccns pmst njagsgcks mkn

bj`mvgcr amk acktgkuj tc fugnj gts luturj matgcks. Cvjr t`j pmst ljw yjmrs, gt

`ms rjijmsjn m bigzzmrn cl vjry njtmgijn pcigay prcpcsmis mkn pimtlcros. Gl gt gs tc

bj suaajsslui gk fcvjrkojkt, `cwjvjr, t`j Brct`jr`ccn oust stmrt sjttgkf gts

lcrjgfk pcigay, jackcoga, mkn auiturmi prgcrgtgjs. V`gij t`j ocvjojkts mppjmi

`ms miwmys bjjk strckfiy auiturmi, ocrmi, mkn rjigfgcus, t`jrj mrj ljw mrjms

w`jrj gt sjts cll ljmrs ocrj qugaeiy t`mk gk t`gs rjmio. Ms m rjsuit, t`j auiturmi

mfjknm `ms bjjk sgnjigkjn. But wgt` t`j uitrmacksjrvmtgvj Qmims jktjrgkf t`j

pcigtgami mrjkm lcr t`j rst tgoj, t`j Lrjjnco mkn Hustgaj Tmrty omy bj lcrajn

tc a`ccsj bjtwjjk acopjtgkf wgt` t`jo lcr t`j Gsimogst bmsj mkn rjmssurgkf

kck-Gsimogst pcigtgami lcrajs mt `coj mkn mbrcmn.


7/30


8/30

1

Gktrcnuatgck

Vgt` twc-t`grns cl t`j vctgkf gk Jfypts pmrigmojktmry jijatgcks acopijtj,

t`j jijatcrmi igst cl t`j Lrjjnco mkn Hustgaj Tmrty (LHT), t`j pcigtgami mro

cl t`j acuktrys Ousigo Brct`jr`ccn ocvjojkt, stmkns ck t`j brgke cl mk

goprjssgvj jijatcrmi vgatcry. M pmrigmojktmry omhcrgty gs vjry oua` wgt`gk

rjma`. M ocvjojkt w`csj ijmnjrs spjkt yjmrs ackstmktiy rjgtjrmtgkf t`j sicfmk

pmrtgagpmtgck, kct ncogkmtgck tc sgfkmi t`j igogtjn kmturj cl t`jgr pcigtgami

mobgtgcks gs kcw pcgsjn tc aimgo ambgkjt pcsgtgcks mkn gs mssjrtgkf m hustgmbiy

pcwjrlui njomkn lcr m ijmngkf rcij gk t`j prcajss cl wrgtgkf m kjw ackstgtu-

tgck. Ijmnjrs w`c `mn tc pimy by ruijs wrgttjk by t`jgr mnvjrsmrgjs lcr njamnjs

mrj kcw prjpmrgkf tc wrgtj t`jgr cwk kjw ckjs.

Ckj yjmr mfc, mbcut ckj-t`grn cl t`j ocvjojkts tcp ijmnjrs`gp wms goprgs-

ckjn, t`j prcspjat cl ijfmi jxgstjkaj sjjojn a`gojrgami, mkn s`mo jijatgcks

`mn njprgvjn t`j frcup cl jvjk m igogtjn pmrigmojktmry vcgaj. Kcw t`csj smoj

ijmnjrs spgk cut pmrty pimtlcros mkn prcpcsmis lcr jackcoga rjacvjry, ojjt

wgt` `gf`-ijvji lcrjgfk ngpicomts, kjfctgmtj wgt` fjkjrmis, crfmkgzj caamsgckmi

strjjt prctjsts w`jk t`jgr aimgos mrj gfkcrjn, mkn prjpmrj tc mssuoj m ojmsurj

cl pcigtgami mut`crgty.

Oy cwk rjsjmra` ck Gsimogst ocvjojkts gk t`j Mrmb wcrin `ms lcausjn ck

t`jgr cpjrmtgck gk t`j sjogmut`crgtmrgmk crnjrs t`mt wjrj prjvmijkt uktgi qugtj

rjajktiy5 w`gij sua` pcigtgami systjos ngn miicw scoj rcco

lcr omkjuvjr lcr cppcsgtgck, jvjk cl t`j Gsimogst scrt, t`jy

wjrj amrjluiiy ackstruatjn tc njky mky pcssgbgigty t`mt tcp

pcigtgami pcsgtgcks wcuin a`mkfj `mkns ms m rjsuit cl mk

jijatgck. ^`j bcce bmsjn ck t`mt rjsjmra`, tgtijn V`jk

\gatcry Gs Kct mk Cptgck,= gs bjgkf pubigs`jn mt prjagsjiy

t`j smoj tgoj t`mt t`j LHT gs jktjrgkf mk jrm gk w`ga`

vgatcry sunnjkiy `ms bjacoj mk cptgck. ^`j ijsscks cl

njamnjs cl sjogmut`crgtmrgmk pcigtgas mrj stgii vjry oua` ck t`j ijmnjrs ogkns,

mkn t`j gopigamtgcks cl jijatcrmi suaajss rjomgk ukaijmr sgkaj t`j ruijs cl t`j

kjw crnjr mrj kct yjt njkjn.

Mltjr m ljw ockt`s cl `jsgtmtgck jmrigjr gk 24== (m oua` s`crtjr pjrgcn

t`mk G wcuin `mvj jxpjatjn), t`j Brct`jr`ccn `ms jobrmajn t`j pcssgbgigty cl

m luii jijatcrmi vgatcry mkn gknjjn ackajktrmtjn mii cl gts jkjrfgjs ck rjmigzgkf

gt. ^`j Brct`jr`ccn rjtmgks t`j smoj ijmnjrs`gp mkn gts lcromi pcsgtgcks `mvj

ocvjn mt ocst gkarjojktmiiy5 gt `ms kct mbmknckjn gts fjkjrmi fcmis, ijfjknmry

amutgck, mkn gksgstjkaj ck gts stmtus ms m brcmn rjlcro ocvjojkt (rmt`jr t`mk

sgopiy mk jijatcrmi pcigtgami pmrty). But gt gs kcw jktjrgkf uka`mrtjn wmtjrs,

^`j Brct`jr`ccn gs kcw jktjrgkf

uka`mrtjn wmtjrs, mkn gt gs kct aijmr `cw

oua` gts pmst njagsgcks mkn bj`mvgcr amk

acktgkuj tc fugnj gts luturj matgcks.


9/30

> | V`jk \gatcry Bjacojs mk Cptgck8 Jfypts Ousigo Brct`jr`ccn Acklrckts Quaajss

mkn gt gs kct aijmr `cw oua` gts pmst njagsgcks mkn bj`mvgcr amk acktgkuj tc

fugnj gts luturj matgcks.

Kcw t`j ncogkmkt agvgigmk pcigtgami lcraj gk t`j acuktry, Jfypts Ousigo

Brct`jr`ccn gs pcgsjn tc jktjr t`j `miis cl pcwjr. @cw ngn vgatcry bjacoj mk

cptgck3 V`mt ncjs vgatcry ojmk lcr t`j Brct`jr`ccnw`mt scrt cl pcigtgami

mut`crgty wgii gt sjje tc ma`gjvj3 Mkn w`mt wgii gt nc wgt` gts kjwlcuknmkn

uktgi rjajktiy, ukmktgagpmtjnsuaajss3

@cw \gatcry Bjamoj mk Cptgck8 LrcoNjigbjrmtj Qtjps tc m Bcin Ijmp

Gt gs kct `mrn tc jxpimgk w`y sc omky cl t`j LHTs acopjtgtcrs turkjn gk sua`

m ngsmppcgktgkf sjt cl jijatcrmi pjrlcromkajs. ^`j mip`mbjt scup cl cppcsgtgck

pcigtgami pmrtgjs t`mt jojrfjn gk t`j sjogmut`crgtmrgmk crnjrs cl Mkwmr Qmnmtmkn @cskg Oubmrme wjrj t`crcufìy njsgaamtjn by t`j tgoj cl t`j Hmkumry 2:

rjvciutgck. Gknjjn, gt wms kct rjmiiy aijmr t`mt t`jy wjrj jgt`jr cppcsgtgck

(wgt` omky cl t`jo t`crcufìy ac-cptjn) cr pmrtgjs (wgt` ckiy t`j Vmln

rjtmgkgkf mkyt`gkf igej m kmtgckwgnj crfmkgzmtgck).

^`j lcrojriy ruigkf Kmtgckmi Njocarmtga Tmrty (KNT) wms ngsbmknjn ms

mk crfmkgzmtgck by m acurt gklusjn wgt` rjvciutgckmry jktùsgmso, but t`csj

msscagmtjn wgt` t`j pmrty cl t`j cin rjfgojnjrgsgvjiy rjljrrjn tc ms t`j luiui

(rjokmkts)ngn jktjr scoj rmajs. V`gij scoj sua` furjs wjrj ngsarjngtjn

ms gkngvgnumis, hust ms kctmbij wms t`j wmy gk w`ga` t`j egkn cl icami pcigtgas

t`jy rjprjsjktjn wcrejn pccriy gk t`j rst pcstrjvciutgckmry jijatgcks. Gknjjn,ckj cl t`j surprgsjs wms `cw bmniy icami bgfwgfs wgt`cut pmrty mligmtgck lmrjn.

^`j pmrigmojktmry KNT bica `mn kjvjr bjjk m tgf`tiy ngsagpigkjn pmrty

oma`gkj but, gkstjmn, m ljw kmtgckmi ijmnjrs hcgkjn by m aciijatgck cl icami f-

urjs w`c usjn t`jgr prcogkjkaj tc sjaurj sjmts, scojtgojs brgbgkf mkn buiiy-

gkf t`jgr wmy tc vgatcry gk t`jgr ngstrgats. M omkgpuimtgvj rjfgoj mkn m sjrgjs cl

ackstgtutgckmi acurt njagsgcks `mn acobgkjn tc fgvj bgrt` tc m lmgriy icamigzjn

sjt cl pmrigmojktmry rmajs gk w`ga` KNT furjs ogf`t `mvj cltjk acopjtjn

mfmgkst jma` ct`jr cr t`csj njprgvjn cl t`j KNT imbji ogf`t `mvj ruk ms gknj-

pjknjkts mkn t`jk bjjk wjiacojn gktc t`j pmrigmojktmry pmrty mltjr vgatcry.

^`j kjw jijatcrmi systjo lcr 24==gk w`ga` twc-t`grns cl t`j pmrigmojktmry

sjmts mrj ngstrgbutjn maacrngkf tc pmrty igsts mkn t`j rjomgkgkf sjmts mrj jijatjn

ck mk gkngvgnumi bmsgs gk imrfjr jijatcrmi ngstrgats (ckjs t`mt uknjrogkjn m bgt

cl t`j cin, rjtmgi-styij amopmgfks)wcrejn mfmgkst t`mt egkn cl pcigtgas.

Mkn t`jrj wjrj ljw kjw matcrs w`c acuin stjp gktc t`j fmp. ^`j vmrgcus

lcrajs t`mt pmrtgagpmtjn gk t`j rjvciutgck spjkt igttij cl t`j tjk ockt`s sgkaj

t`jgr stukkgkf vgatcry gk ^m`rgr Qqumrj pmrty-bugingkf, wgt` omky cl t`jo

jsa`jwgkf pmrty pcigtgas ck prgkagpij mkn ct`jrs lcausgkf, gkstjmn, ck t`j pcig-

tgas cl prctjst rmt`jr t`mk cl pmrty crfmkgzmtgck. ^`csj w`c ngn turk t`jgr


10/30

Kmt`mk H. Brcwk | :

mttjktgck tc jijatcrmi pcigtgas acopimgkjn t`mt t`j jijatgcks amoj tcc qugaeiy

lcr t`jo tc crfmkgzj prcpjriy, mkn gk m sjksj t`jy wjrj rgf`t. But t`j tmse cl

bugingkf kmtgckwgnj kjtwcres mkn ackstgtujkagjs amk tmej omky yjmrs mkn m

njimy cl sjvjrmi ocrj ockt`s wcuin `mrniy `mvj omnj oua` nglljrjkaj.

^`jrj wjrj pjr`mps scoj ogssjn cppcrtukgtgjscrfmkgzjn imbcr gs uknjr-

fcgkf gts cwk sjt cl up`jmvmis but ngn clljr scoj pcssgbgigtgjs lcr bugingkf m

wcregkf-aimss pmrty t`mt sjjo tc `mvj zzijn lcr t`j ocojkt. ^`j jkjrfgjs cl

m kjw fjkjrmtgck cl Jfyptgmk ognnij-aimss ycut` gklusjn wgt` m strckf vci-

uktmrgst spgrgt ogf`t `mvj bjjk `mrkjssjn tc spjmr`jmn t`j arjmtgck cl scoj

kjw pcigtgami lcros, ckjs t`mt acuin prcvgnj m pcigtgami bmsj lcr m kck-Gsimogst

ocvjojkt (jspjagmiiy gl t`jy acuin cvjracoj m njjp sjt cl aimss ngvgnjs gk

Jfyptgmk scagjty). Wjt, mfmgk, t`mt gs m prcajss t`mt, gl gt jvjr caaurs mt mii,

wcuin igejiy tmej scoj yjmrs tc kn jlljatgvj jijatcrmi jxprjssgck.

^ùs gt s`cuin bj kc surprgsj t`mt t`j ckiy kjw pcigtgami matcr mbij tc stcro

cktc t`j sajkj wms t`j Qmim ocvjojkt. Vgt` m kjtwcre cl crfmkgzmtgcks

rjma`gkf t`rcuf`cut t`j acuktry mkn m kjwlcukn gktjrjst gk jijatcrmi pcigtgas,

Qmim ijmnjrs lcukn t`mt t`jgr crfmkgzmtgcks ijkt t`josjivjs tc amopmgfkgkf

wgt` mppmrjkt jmsj. ^`j jxtjkt cl t`jgr suaajss gs strgegkfmkn t`jgr jktùsg-

mso lcr t`j tmse gs ocrj rjomrembij stgii.

Gk sua` mk jijatcrmi jin, t`j mbgigty cl t`j LHT tc rjma` lcr m pmrigmojktmry

omhcrgty bjamoj m kmturmi acksjqujkaj cl gts cwk njjp jxpjrgjkaj mkn kmtgck-

wgnj prjsjkaj ms wjii ms cl t`j wjmekjss cl miocst mii gts rgvmis. But w`y ngn

m frcup cl ijmnjrs w`c prgnj t`josjivjs ck jx`mustgvj ngsaussgck mkn stuny

bjlcrj tmegkf mky stjp (euii e`mtwm omnrusm, jvjry stjp gs njigbjrmtj, t`jy

igej tc smy) ocvj sc qugaeiy lrco m ocnjst sjt cl jijatcrmi cbhjatgvjs tc mkjxpmksgvj ckj3 G jxpjatjn sua` mk jvciutgck tc tmej m ljw jijatcrmi ayaijs, kct

m ljw ockt`s.

Gk t`j pjrgcn mltjr t`j rjvciutgck, Brct`jr`ccn ijmnjrs rjgtjrmtjn t`jgr

pmrtgagpmtgck, kct ncogkmtgck sicfmk mkn sjt m tmrfjt cl ckj-t`grn cl t`j

Tmrigmojkt. (Ijmnjrs ngn kct jxpimgk w`jrj t`gs tmrfjt `mn acoj lrco, but

gktjrjstgkfiy, gt wms m ngrjat amrrycvjr lrco t`j ajgigkf t`j ocvjojkt `mn sjt

uknjr t`j cin rjfgoj, w`jrj sjjegkf ocrj t`mk ckj-t`grn cl t`j sjmts wcuin

`mvj fgvjk gt m vjtc cvjr ackstgtutgckmi a`mkfjs mkn tùs, gk gts cwk jyjs,

bjjk tmktmocukt tc sjjegkf m sjmt mt t`j tmbij cl pcigtgami mut`crgty.) ^`jy

misc ngsmvcwjn t`j prjsgnjkay, t`cuf` t`jy rjsjrvjn t`j rgf`t tc t`rcw t`jgrsuppcrt bj`gkn m amkngnmtj lrco cutsgnj t`j ocvjojkt, mkn jvjk ngsogssjn m

ijmngkf ojobjr, Mbnji-Ockjgo Mbui-Lutu`, w`jk j njaimrjn gs amkngnmay.

By imtj sprgkf, t`j ocvjojkts mobgtgcks sjjojn tc bj jnfgkf upwmrn, ms ijmn-

jrs suffjstjn t`jy wcuin acktjst ckj-`mil cl t`j rmajs gk crnjr tc sjaurj t`jgr

tmrfjtjn kuobjr cl sjmts. Mkn w`jk t`j amopmgfk bjfmk, t`j Brct`jr`ccns

LHT tcce m lurt`jr stjp, jktjrgkf miocst mii t`j rmajs. Gts amkngnmtjs `mvj fjkjr-

miiy omnj gt tc m rukcll rcukn5 gk t`mt rukcll, t`j LHTs crfmkgzmtgck miocst


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< | V`jk \gatcry Bjacojs mk Cptgck8 Jfypts Ousigo Brct`jr`ccn Acklrckts Quaajss

miwmys `ms pus`jn gt cvjr t`j tcp. ^`us t`j pmrty wgii jgt`jr lmii hust s`crt cl m

omhcrgtycr omy (njpjkngkf ck t`j t`grn-rcukn rjsuits) matumiiy cbtmgk ckj.

Gk m igtjrmi sjksj, ijmnjrs amk aimgo tc mvj jin aicsj tc t`jgr crgfgkmi pijnfj.

Gt gs kct t`j LHT gtsjil, t`jy amk mssjrt, t`mt wgii mvj sjaurjn omhcrgty stmtus, but

m `cst cl pmrtgjs, ocst cl t`jo kck-Gsimogst, t`mt `mvj ruk ms t`j Njocarmtga

Miigmkaj acmigtgck uknjr t`j LHT bmkkjr.2V`jk t`j kjw Tmrigmojkt gs sjmtjn,

t`jrjlcrj, njputgjs lrco t`j LHT gtsjil wgii stgii igejiy bj ijss t`mk m omhcrgty

jvjk gl t`j pmrtys jijatcrmi igst arcssjs t`j :4 pjrajkt t`rjs`cin. Wjt jvjk gl t`gs

gs truj, t`j acmigtgck gs ckj t`mt wgii bj ncogkmtjn by t`j LHT. Gts Njocarmtga

Miigmkaj acksgsts cl m frcup cl somii pmrtkjrs w`c wgii jmsgiy bj nwmrljn by t`j

Gsimogstsmkn t`jrj wgii igejiy bj jkcuf` gnjcicfgami miigjs gk t`j Tmrigmojkt,

mkn t`j Brct`jr`ccns ngsagpigkj gs sulagjktiy strckf, t`mt t`j LHT wgii bj mbij

tc mssjobij m vctgkf omhcrgty w`jk gt igejs.

G wms mbij tc sjj t`j jvciutgck gk t`j Brct`jr`ccns mpprcma` t`rcuf` m

sjrgjs cl ojjtgkfs cvjr t`j pmst yjmr wgt` E`myrmt mi-Q`mtgr, t`j ocvjojkts

njputy fjkjrmi fugnj, rjputjn tc bj t`j ijmngkf crfmkgzmtgckmi mkn kmkagmi

furj gk t`j Brct`jr`ccn. @j mppjmrs ijss gk pubiga t`mk omky ct`jr ijmnjrs

mkn `ms kct s`gltjn lrco t`j Brct`jr`ccn gtsjil tc t`j LHT (ms ngn t`rjj cl t`j

ocst pubigaiy prcogkjkt ojobjrs cl t`j crfmkgzmtgcks Fugnmkaj Burjmu

Ou`moomn Oursg, Jssmo mi-Mrgmk, mkn Oc`mojn Qmmn Emtmtkg). But mi-

Q`mtgr wms sulagjktiy ajktrmi tc t`j ocvjojkt t`mt w jk t`j Oubmrme rjfgoj

wmktjn tc rjgk gk t`j Brct`jr`ccn gk t`j wmej cl gts strckf s`cwgkf gk t`j

244: pmrigmojktmry jijatgcks, gt wms j w`c wms sjkt cll tc prgsck. V`jk G ojt

`go lcr t`j rst tgoj gk Omra` cl imst yjmr (s`crtiy mltjr `gs pcstrjvciutgckmry

rjijmsj), mi-Q`mtgr rjpjmtjn t`j pmrtgagpmtgck, kct ncogkmtgck rjlrmgk. G msejn`go gl `j t`cuf`t t`j Brct`jr`ccn wcuin jvjr sjje m omhcrgty, mkn `j smgn cl

acursj. But `j wjkt ck tc spjauimtj t`mt gt ogf`t bj scoj yjmrspjr`mps m

njamnj, igejiy mltjr `gs cwk rjtgrjojktbjlcrj gt wcuin nc sc.

^`j sjackn tgoj G ojt `go wms gk Hukj, mkn `j ackvjyjn m sigf`tiy ocrj

mssjrtgvj pcigtgami stmkaj. V`gij G ngn kct prjss `go, G fct t`j strckf goprjssgck

t`mt `j mktgagpmtjn t`mt t`j ocvjojkt wcuin bj clljrjn ambgkjt pcsgtgcks mltjr

t`j acopijtgck cl t`j jijatgcks mkn t`mt gt wcuin maajpt m ojmsurj cl pcigtgami

mut`crgty lcr t`j rst tgoj gk gts `gstcry. Mkn gt wms misc aijmr t`mt t`j ocvj-

ojkts jijatcrmi sjil-acknjkaj wms frcwgkf. Oua` cl gts pcigtgami bj`mvgcr

wms njjpiy acicrjn by t`j ackvgatgck t`mt vctgkf s`cuin caaur ms scck ms pcs-sgbij bjamusj ms scck ms t`j jijatcrmi nust sjttijn, t`j Brct`jr`ccn wcuin bj

trmkslcrojn lrco gts pcsgtgck ms ckj mockf omky frcups (mkn gknjjn ckj wgt`

ukajrtmgk rjvciutgckmry arjnjktgmis) gktc t`j rst mockf kct-sc-jqumi agvgigmk

pcigtgami lcrajs.

V`jk G ojt mi-Q`mtgr gk Njajobjrrgf`t ms t`j sjackn rcukn cl vctgkf

`mn bjfukt`j mtocsp`jrj `mn a`mkfjn ckaj ocrj. ^`jrj wms kc ocrj tmie

cl m omhcrgty acogkf mltjr `gs rjtgrjojkt. V`jk G `mknjn `go m acpy cl t`j


12/30

Kmt`mk H. Brcwk | 6

Mrmbga trmksimtgck cl oy bcce, wgt` t`j tgtijTmrtgagpmtgck, Kct Ncogkmtgck, ckj

cl `gs msscagmtjs goojngmtjiy hcejn, Mkn kcw wj mrj ncogkmtgkf3 Mi-Q`mtgr

`gosjil gksgstjn t`mt t`j Brct`jr`ccn `mn kct brcejk gts prcogsj, mkn `j rmk

t`rcuf` t`j sjt cl mrrmkfjojkts mkn njagsgcks t`mt omgktmgkjn t`j ijttjr, gl

kct t`j spgrgt, cl t`j jmriy pcstrjvciutgckmry pijnfjs tc mbhurj m omhcrgty. But

`j aijmriy jxunjn t`j sjksj cl rjspcksgbgigty ckj ogf`t jxpjat cl m ocvjojkt

mbcut tc mssuoj m ojmsurj cl pcigtgami pcwjr. Fckj wjrj t`j nmys w`jk `j

wcuin gksgst t`mt t`j ocvjojkt `mn ijmrkjn t`j ijsscks cl @momss prjomturj

(gk Gsimogst jyjs) jijatcrmi vgatcry cl 244


13/30

0 | V`jk \gatcry Bjacojs mk Cptgck8 Jfypts Ousigo Brct`jr`ccn Acklrckts Quaajss

@cwjvjr omky vctjs t`j Brct`jr`ccn

mttrmats gk t`j pmrigmojktmry jijatgcks,

gt wgii `mvj m strckf vcgaj but `mrniy

m ncogkmkt ckj lcr t`j tgoj bjgkf.

Tmrtgagpmtgck, kct ncogkmtgck omy

acktgkuj tc wcre lcr kcw bjamusj

cl t`j `mzy mkn uksjttijn ruijs

fcvjrkgkf m acuktry gk trmksgtgck.

^c ocvjojkt ijmnjrs, kcw ncjs kct sjjo tc bj t`j tgoj tc s`gre t`j burnjk

t`mt `ms bjjk t`rust upck t`jgr s`cuinjrs.

V`mt gs \gatcry3 Vgkkgkf mk Jijatgckgk m Ogigtmry Ngatmtcrs`gp gk ^rmksgtgck

V`c Gs Kcw gk A`mrfj3

But w`mt gs gt t`mt t`j Brct`jr`ccn gs pcgsjn tc wgk3 M kuobjr cl ljmturjs cl

Jfypts trmksgtgck prcajss suffjst t`mt `cwjvjr omky vctjs t`j Brct`jr`ccn

mttrmats gk t`j pmrigmojktmry jijatgcks, gt wgii `mvj m strckf, but `mrniy m ncog-

kmkt vcgaj, lcr t`j tgoj bjgkf. Tmrtgagpmtgck, kct ncogkmtgck omy acktgkuj

tc wcre lcr kcw bjamusj cl t`j `mzy mkn uksjttijn ruijs fcvjrkgkf m acuktry

gk trmksgtgck.Jvjk ms t`j LHT wms wgkkgkf sjmt mltjr sjmt, t`j bugingkf w`jrj gts njputgjs

pimkkjn tc sgt wms t`j sgtj cl strjjt bmttijs bjtwjjk njockstrmtcrs mkn sjaurgty

lcrajs. Mkn jvjk ms t`csj subsgnj, t`j rcij cl t`j jijatjn

mssjobiy wgii bj ourey. ^`j Tmrigmojkt `ms bjjk strgppjn

cl m aijmr cvjrsgf`t rcij uknjr t`j fcvjrkgkf Ackstgtutgckmi

Njaimrmtgck1 gssujn by mt by t`j Quprjoj Acoomkn

cl t`j Mrojn Lcrajs (QAML) gk Omra` 24==. Mrtgaij 11

cl t`j njaimrmtgck stmtjs t`mt t`j Tjcpijs Mssjobiy wgii

mssuoj t`j mut`crgty tc ijfgsimtj mkn njtjrogkj t`j pub-

iga pcigay cl t`j stmtj, t`j fjkjrmi pimk lcr jackcoga mkn

scagmi njvjicpojkt, mkn t`j pubiga bunfjt cl t`j stmtj. Gt

wgii misc cvjrsjj t`j wcre cl t`j jxjautgvj brmka`. But mii

t`j oja`mkgsos cl cvjrsgf`tocst argtgamiiy t`csj t`mt

rjqugrjn t`mt ogkgstjrs rjajgvj mkn acktgkuj tc `cin t`j

acknjkaj cl m omhcrgty cl Tmrigmojktwjrj rjocvjn

w`jk t`j aimusjs ck Tmrigmojkt wjrj amrrgjn cvjr lrco t`j kcw mbrcfmtjn =76=

ackstgtutgck. ^`us, t`j egkn cl cvjrsgf`t gktjknjn by t`j gktjrgo ackstgtutgck

gs njkjn kcw`jrj gk t`j ncauojkt, mkn t`j mrfuojkt t`mt gt gs up tc t`j

QAML mkn imtjr t`j prjsgnjkt tc mppcgkt ogkgstjrs wgt`cut mky pmrigmojktmry

rcij gs qugtj pimusgbij. Gt ogf`t bj t`mt sua` mobgfugty wcuin bj rjscivjn gk

prmatgaj cvjr tgoj, but t`j ncauojkt gs suppcsjn tc pmvj t`j wmy lcr m kjw

ackstgtutgck wgt`gk ockt`s, fgvgkf igttij tgoj lcr prmatgaj mkn prjajnjkt tc ii

gk gts omky `cijs.

^`j gktjrgo ackstgtutgckmi systjo ncjs miicw Tmrigmojkt m vcgaj gk ijfgsim-

tgck, but t`j bcny oust s`mrj imwomegkf mut`crgty wgt` t`j QAML. Ckiy gk

t`j omttjr cl jijatgkf t`j ojobjrs cl t`j mssjobiy t`mt wgii nrmlt Jfypts kjw

ackstgtutgck mrj t`j Tmrigmojkts pmpjr prjrcfmtgvjs uka`jaejn. But t`j QAML

s`cws vjry strckf sgfks cl mvgkf wcejk up tc t`j gopigamtgcks cl mvgkf ajnjn


14/30

Kmt`mk H. Brcwk | 7

mut`crgty cvjr kmogkf t`j ackstgtutgcks nrmltjrs, mkn pcigtgami matcrs wmry cl

t`j igejiy Gsimogst rcij gk t`j Tmrigmojkt `mvj bjjk sarmobigkf lcr ockt`s tc

ackvgkaj t`j QAML tc wrgffij cut cl t`j prcvgsgcks cl gts cwk trmksgtgck pimk.

^`j Brct`jr`ccns fjkjrmi stmkaj gk t`gs acktjxt gs aijmr. Gt gs kct s`y mbcut

gksgstgkf t`mt t`j pjcpijs vcgaj bj `ckcrjn mkn t`mt t`j Tmrigmojkt s`cuin

bj miicwjn tc pimy mk cvjrsgf`t, ijfgsimtgvj, mkn ackstgtutgckmi rcij, but gt wgii

igejiy `cin t`j luii jxtjkt cl gts rj lcr ickf-tjro rmt`jr t`mk s`crt-tjro gssujs.

Bugingkf m Acmigtgck mkn Fcvjrkgkf gk m Ackstgtutgckmi \mauuo

Gk m pmrigmojktmry systjo, t`j LHT wcuin `mvj tc tmej m njkgtgvj stmkaj ck gts

pcigagjs mkn miigmkajs mltjr mk jijatgck by sjjegkf jgt`jr tc ruij gtsjil cr tc lcro

m acmigtgck. But t`j Tmrigmojkts mobgfucus cvjrsgf`t rcij

wgii miicw t`j Brct`jr`ccn tc mncpt m oua` ocrj mobgfu-

cus strmtjfy. `j Brct`jr`ccn ms suffjstjn t`mt gts strckf

pmrigmojktmry s`cwgkf s`cuin jmrk gt scoj vcgaj gk pcigtg-

ami njagsgckomegkf, but gt `ms misc s`cwk sgfks cl bmaegkf

cll lrco aimgos cl lcrogkf m omhcrgty fcvjrkojkt. Mkn

t`mt wgii ijt t`j pmrty jvmnj t`j tmse cl lcromiiy mssjo-

bigkf m acmigtgck. Gk s`crt, w`mt t`j Brct`jr`ccn sjjos tc

sjjelcr t`j gktjrgo pjrgcngs m ijmngkf vcgaj gk lcro-

gkf t`j ambgkjt wgt`cut m luii trmksgtgck tc m pmrigmojk-

tmry systjo t`mt gkaiunjs aijmriy njkjn fcvjrkojkt mkn

cppcsgtgck pmrtgjs. Gts s`crt-tjro prjljrjkaj ogf`t t`jrjlcrj bj tc rjma` cut tc

mii matcrs lcr gklcromi miigmkajs mkn arjmtj m systjo t`mt cpjrmtjs ms oua` ms

pcssgbij by acksjksus.

^`j Brct`jr`ccns ackstmkt aimgos cl wgs`gkf tc bugin mk gkaiusgvj acmig-

tgckw`jt`jr lcromi cr gklcromi`cwjvjr sgkajrj, mrj igejiy tc bj lmr ocrj

nglauit tc rjmigzj, ms t`j LHTs pjrlcromkaj `ms gktgognmtjn gts rgvmis mkn ijn

t`jo tc rjfmrn t`j Brct`jr`ccns strjkft` ms t`jgr bgffjst ackajrk. Gts ijmnjrs

kcw gksgst t`mt mssuoptgcks t`mt t`jrj wgii bj m kmturmi Brct`jr`ccn-Qmim

miigmkaj mrj uklcuknjn. ^`jy omy bj tjiigkf t`j trut` bjamusj ck m scagjtmi

ijvji, t`j Brct`jr`ccn mkn t`j Qmim ocvjojkts rjfmrn jma` ct`jr ms rgvmis

rmt`jr t`mk pmrtkjrs. M Brct`jr`ccn mttjopt tc migfk wgt` kck-Gsimogst lcrajs

(mk mpprcma` ijmnjrs prcbmbiy prjljr lcr kcw) omy bj m fccn wmy tc sjkn rjms-

surgkf sgfkmis, but t`j pcimrgzmtgck gk Jfyptgmk pcigtgas t`mt `ms sjt gk cvjr t`j

pmst yjmr acupijn wgt` scoj igbjrmis mkn ijltgsts strckf ljmr cl Gsimogsts (m ljmr

t`mt `ms nrgvjk scoj strmgf`t gktc t`j ogigtmrys mros) wcuin omej sua` m tmse

oua` ocrj nglauit.

^`us t`j kjw Tmrigmojkt wgii bj mk gopcrtmkt pimtlcro lcr t`j Brct`jr`ccn

ck w`ga` tc prjsjkt gts vgsgck mkn pjr`mps tc pursuj sjijatjn ijfgsimtgvj prch-

jats, but gt wgii kct bj m pimaj lrco w`ga` gt wgii bj mbij tc fcvjrk cr lcrfj

aijmr miigmkajs. ^`mt omy bj scojt`gkf cl m rjigjl lcr t`j trmksgtgck pjrgcn,

^`j Brct`jr`ccns ackstmkt aimgos tc wgs`tc bugin mk gkaiusgvj acmigtgck mrj igejiy

tc bj lmr ocrj nglauit tc rjmigzj, ms t`j

LHTs pjrlcromkaj `ms gktgognmtjn gts rgvmis

mkn ijn t`jo tc rjfmrn t`j Brct`jr`ccns

strjkft` ms t`jgr bgffjst ackajrk.


15/30

=4 | V`jk \gatcry Bjacojs mk Cptgck8 Jfypts Ousigo Brct`jr`ccn Acklrckts Quaajss

sgkaj t`j ljjigkf t`mt t`j burnjks cl Jfypt mrj tcc bgf lcr mky ckj pmrty stgii

gklcros Brct`jr`ccn t`gkegkf. Mkn wgt` t`j Tmrigmojkt igejiy tc bj t`j tmrfjt

cl m flccn cl njomkns mkn frgjvmkajsJfyptgmks `mvj ijmrkjn tc prjss t`jgr

pcigtgami mfjknms gk m `cst cl kjw wmys cvjr t`j pmst yjmrmk mbgigty tc sprjmn

rjspcksgbgigty wgii bj pcigtgamiiy usjlui.

Gk m igttij kctgajn s`glt, t`j Brct`jr`ccn `ms sgfkmijn t`mt gt wgs`js tc ack-

tgkuj sua` m pcsgtgck cl s`mrjn rjspcksgbgigty bjyckn t`j trmksgtgck pjrgcn. Gts

mbgigty tc ncogkmtj t`j Tmrigmojkt wcuin lcraj gt tc tmej luii rjspcksgbgigty gl

Jfypts ackstgtutgckmi crnjr, w`jk gt gs kmiiy imgn ncwk kjxt yjmr, gs m pmrigm-

ojktmry ckj ms t`j Brct`jr`ccn `mn smgn gt lmvcrs. ^`us rjacfkgzgkf gt omy

`mvj m omhcrgty gk t`mt Tmrigmojkt, mkn t`mt ct`jr pmrtgjs omy bj rjiuatmkt tc

hcgk gt, t`j Brct`jr`ccn gs kcw amiigkf kct lcr m pmrigmojktmry systjo but lcr

m ogxjn cr sjogprjsgnjktgmi systjockj t`mt wcuin `mvj t`j Brct`jr`ccn

s`mrj pcwjr mltjr t`j ogigtmry rjturks tc t`j bmrrmaes, mt ijmst uktgi gt ruks gts

cwk prjsgnjktgmi amkngnmtj (w`ga` gt acktgkujs tc gksgst gt wgii kct nc gk t`j

jijatgcks t`j QAML `ms prcogsjn by Hukj). Gk m sjksj, t`j gnjm cl ncogkmtgkf

Tmrigmojkt mkn pjr`mps t`j ambgkjt, w`gij ijmvgkf t`j prjsgnjkay tc ct`jrs,

wcuin mocukt tc lciicwgkf mt t`j kmtgckmi ijvji t`j smoj strmtjfy t`j ocvj-

ojkt `ms mncptjn gk scoj prcljssgckmi msscagmtgcks, w`jrj gt ncogkmtjs t`j

bcmrn but ijmvjs t`j pcsgtgck cl a`mgromk tc mk gknjpjknjkt.

^`j Brct`jr`ccn omy bj s`cwgkf sgfks cl sjjegkf tc mvcgn luii mut`crgty

lcr t`j tgoj bjgkf, but gt gs `mrniy gk m tgogn occn. Gk cur ocst rjajkt ojjt-

gkf, E`myrmt mi-Q`mtgr gkngamtjn t`mt w`gij t`j Brct`jr`ccn wgii kct spjkn gts

pcigtgami ampgtmi ck omttjrs t`mt mrj kct igejiy tc mvj ickf-tjro gopmat (sua` ms

spjaga ambgkjt pcsgtgcks gk t`j gktjrgo fcvjrkojkt), gt wgii tmej m strckf stmknck t`csj gkvcivgkf Jfypts pcigtgami rjackstruatgck, sua` ms wrgtgkf t`j ackstg-

tutgck. Gt wms m gf`iy amiauimtjn ocvj, t`jrjlcrj, w jk t`j Brct`jr`ccn amiijn

ck gts suppcrtjrs gk Kcvjobjr tc njockstrmtj gk t`j strjjts mfmgkst m nrmlt nca-

uojkt cl ackstgtutgckmi prgkagpijs prjsjktjn by subsjqujktiy njpcsjn njp-

uty prgoj ogkgstjr Mig mi-Qgiog. ^`gs pimk wms pcgsjn tc gopcsj ukwjiacoj

a`cgajs ck t`j Tmrigmojkt rjfmrngkf w`co gt acuin mppcgkt tc t`j =44-ojobjr

bcny t`mt wgii nrmlt t`j ackstgtutgck. Gt wcuin `mvj misc jks`rgkjn m strckf

pjromkjkt rcij lcr t`j ogigtmry. Gk t`mt sjksj, gt scuf`t tc acktrci w`c wcuin

wrgtj t`j ackstgtutgck mkn lcraj ck t`j nrmltjrs spjaga prcvgsgcks ackkjatjn

wgt` ogigtmry mllmgrs.V`gij t`j mttjopt tc gopcsj sua` m ncauojkt `ms bjjk suspjknjn lcr kcw,

mi-Q`mtgr sjjojn tc gopiy t`mt gl gt wjrj rjvgvjn, t`j Brct`jr`ccn wcuin pimy

pcigtgami `mrnbmii mfmgk. Gknjjn, `j rjpigjn tc m qujstgck lrco oy aciijmfuj

Omra Iyka` mbcut t`j ogigtmry t`mt `j ngn kct t`gke t`mt Jfypt acuin lciicw

t`j pmt` cl Mifjrgm gk t`j jmriy =774s cr cl Jfypt gk =7:>, t`j imst tgoj t`j

Brct`jr`ccn `mn tc njmi wgt` m ogigtmry rjfgoj. Gk Mifjrgm, t`j ogigtmry gktjr-

vjkjn tc prjvjkt mk Gsimogst jijatcrmi vgatcry. Mkn gk Jfypt, t`j Brct`jr`ccn

lcukn gtsjil supprjssjn wgt` Jfypts suppcsjniy gktjrgo ruijrs imygkf aimgo tc


16/30

Kmt`mk H. Brcwk | ==

pjromkjkt pcsgtgcks. Gk 24==, mi-Q`mtgr jxpimgkjn t`mt t`j Jfyptgmk pjcpij,

ukigej t`jgr frmknpmrjkts cr Mifjrgmks cl t`j jmriy =774s, `mvj mk mssjrtgvj

ojktmigty t`mt wcuin ijmn t`jo tc njockstrmtj uktgi sua` mk mttjopt wms

njljmtjn. ^`j rjomre struae oj ijss ms m scagcicfgami cbsjrvmtgck mkn ocrj m

pijnfj t`mt t`j Brct`jr`ccn wgii tmej bmae tc t`j strjjts gl gt sjksjs mttjopts tc

njky gt t`j lrugts cl njocarmtga trguop`.

Mi-Q`mtgr misc suffjstjn t`mt t`j Brct`jr`ccns pijnfj tc ijmvj t`j prjsg-

njkay tc ct`jrs wgii `cin ckiy gl t`j aurrjkt rcmn omp gs cbsjrvjn. Gl t`jrj wjrj

mk mttjopt tc rcb t`j kjw Tmrigmojkt cl mii gts pcwjrs, cr tc njimy prjsgnjktgmi

jijatgcks (ms wms suffjstjn jmrigjr), t`jk t`j Brct`jr`ccn ogf`t acksgnjr gts

pcigay cl sjil-rjstrmgkt kc ickfjr mpprcprgmtj.

^`j Brct`jr`ccns Ackstgtutgckmi \gsgck

Gl t`j ackstgtutgck gs t`j ocvjojkts rjn igkj, t`jk w`mt ncjs gt gksgst ck sjj-

gkf gk t`j kmi ncauojkt3 ^`jrj `mvj bjjk mobgtgcus jllcrts by sa`cimrs cvjr

t`j yjmrs tc sejta` cut mk Gsimoga ackstgtutgckmi systjo nrmwgkf jxtjksgvjiy

ck m ogiijkkguo cl Gsimoga hurgsprunjkaj ck pcigtgami gssujs, but tc nmtj t`j

Brct`jr`ccn `ms s`cwk igttij gktjrjst gk t`jo. Gkstjmn, gt sjjos tc wgs` tc

jksurj t`mt t`j jxgstgkf prcvgsgcks lcr rjigfgck gk t`j ackstgtutgckmi njaimrmtgck

(mncptjn vjrbmtgo lrco t`j =76= ackstgtutgck ms mojknjnm ncauojkt t`mt

ms m w`cij cwjs ocrj tc Lrmkaj, Bjifguo, mkn jvjk Wufcsimvgm t`mk tc Ojaam

mkn Ojngkm) mrj omgktmgkjn. But t`csj prcvgsgcks mrj jgt`jr syobciga cr

njpjkn lcr t`jgr gktjrprjtmtgck mkn gopijojktmtgck ck t`j kcromi gkstgtutgcks

cl t`j Jfyptgmk stmtj, sua` ms t`j Tmrigmojkt mkn t`j Quprjoj Ackstgtutgckmi

Acurt. Jvjk t`j prcvgsgck t`mt t`j prgkagpijs cl t`j Gsimoga s`mrgm mrj t`j

omgk scuraj cl ijfgsimtgckm aimusj amrrgjn cvjr lrco t`j mbrcfmtjn ack-

stgtutgck gktc t`j Ackstgtutgckmi Njaimrmtgck, mkn ckj t`mt t`j Brct`jr`ccn

wmkts tc sjj rjpigamtjn gk t`j 24=2 ncauojktgs `mrniy sjil-jklcragkf. Gts

gopijojktmtgck `ms bjjk ijlt tc t`j Tmrigmojkt, t`j acurts, mkn t`j jxjautgvj

rmt`jr t`mk tc mky bcny cl rjigfgcus sa`cimrs. ^`j Brct`jr`ccn ogf`t pus`

ocrj rcbust imkfumfj lcr mi-Mz`mr>mkn scoj maacukts suffjst t`mt gt omy sjje

tc mnn m kjw syobciga aimusj njaimrgkf t`j Jfyptgmk pcigtgami crnjr ms agvgi,

wgt` mk Gsimoga rjljrjkaj, m vjrbmi lcrouim pgckjjrjn m ljw njamnjs mfc by t`j

frcup t`mt spigt cll lrco t`j Brct`jr`ccn tc lcro @gzb mi-Vmsmt (t`j Ajktjr

Tmrty). But by mkn imrfj, t`j Brct`jr`ccn ncjs kct sjjo tc bj lcausgkf t`j

buie cl gts pcigtgami jkjrfgjs ck jktrjka`gkf ocrj rcbust imkfumfj ck Gsimo.

Ocst cl w`mt t`j Brct`jr`ccn sjjos tc wmkt gs m njocarmtga ackstgtutgck

ckj t`mt miicws pcpuimr scvjrjgfkty tc bj jxjragsjn t`rcuf` Jfypts jxgstgkf

gkstgtutgcks, wgt` ocrj jlljatgvj prcvgsgcks lcr jklcrajojkt, sjpmrmtgck cl pcw-

jrs, mkn t`j prctjatgck cl pcigtgami rgf`ts. Gk t`mt rjspjat, t`j Brct`jr`ccns

ackstgtutgckmi prgcrgtgjs mrj igttij nglljrjkt lrco t`csj cl ocst cl t`j agvgigmk

pcigtgami lcrajs t`mt mrj fjkjrmiiy njsargbjn ms igbjrmi, ijltgst, mkn prcfrjs-

sgvj. `j imttjr frcup cl lcrajs gs scojtgojs ngvgnjn cvjr jackcoga gssujs (wgt`


17/30


t`csj ck t`j ijlt wmktgkf tc strjss scagmi hustgaj prcvgsgcks lmr ocrj strckfiy, gk

acktrmst tc t`j Brct`jr`ccns acopmrmtgvj igbjrmigso) mkn m ljw kck-Gsimogsts

`mvj bjjk flgrtgkf (cr ocrj) wgt` mttjopts tc jktrjka` m pjromkjkt rcij lcr t`j

ogigtmry nuj tc t`jgr frcwgkf ljmr cl t`j Gsimogsts.

^`csj nglljrjkajs msgnj, w`jk t`j ackstgtutgck gs wrgttjk, ocst cl gts aimusjs

omy bj lmgriy jmsy tc fjt ncwk ck pmpjr, gkvcivgkf aicsgkf iccp`cijs gk t`j

=76= ackstgtutgck, strjkft`jkgkf t`j Tmrigmojkt mkn oja`mkgsos cl `crgzck-

tmi maacuktmbgigty, mkn rcbbgkf t`j prjsgnjkay cl gts mbgigty tc acktrci ocst

gkstgtutgcks cl t`j Jfyptgmk stmtj. ^`j Brct`jr`ccn wgii igejiy bj qugtj aco-

lcrtmbij wgt` t`gs mpprcma`, sgkaj gt gs vjry cptgogstgamppmrjktiy wgt` fccn

rjmsckmbcut gts mbgigty tc pursuj gts mfjknm t`rcuf` jxgstgkf gkstgtutgcks,

jspjagmiiy t`j ocrj rjspcksgvj t`jy mrj tc omhcrgty wgii. ^`jrj gs kc kjjn lcr

gt tc rjbugin t`j Jfyptgmk stmtj lrco t`j frcukn up gk crnjr tc pursuj gts

Gsimogagzgkf mfjknm.

Mkn gl t`j Brct`jr`ccn fjts w`mt gt wmkts gk ackstgtutgckmi tjros, w`mt

wgii gt nc w`jk, lcr t`j rst tgoj, gt amk wcre t`rcuf`, rmt`jr t`mk mfmgkst, t`j

stmtj mppmrmtus3

Ocvgkf Lrco Cppcsgtgck tcFcvjrkojkt3 Trjpmrgkf tc Zsj t`jGkstruojkts cl t`j Jfyptgmk Qtmtj

^`j Brct`jr`ccns argtgas `mvj a`mrfjn lcr yjmrs t`mt t`j ocvjojkt gs ickf

ck r`jtcrga mkn s`crt ck spjaga pcigay prcpcsmis. ^`mt omy `mvj bjjk trujgk t`j pmst. Mkn t`jrj mrj, tc bj surj, rjomgkgkf frmy zckjs, but t`jy mrj

brcmn mkn gnjcicfgami gk kmturj mkn `mvj kct prjaiunjn t`j ocvjojkt lrco

njvjicpgkf njtmgijn pcigay prcpcsmis gk omky mrjms.:Cvjr t`j pmst ljw yjmrs,

t`j Brct`jr`ccn `ms rjijmsjn m bigzzmrn cl pcigay prcpcsmis mkn pimtlcros t`mt

mrj miocst pmgkluiiy njtmgijn mkn rjprjsjkt m vjry stungcus jllcrt tc acvjr jkcr-

ocus mrjms cl pubiga mllmgrs.

^`j Brct`jr`ccn omy bj bjttjr prjpmrjn lcr mssuogkf mut`crgty gk scoj

mrjms t`mk mky cl gts sgstjr ocvjojkts. V`jk @moms wck t`j 244< Tmijstgkgmk

pmrigmojktmry jijatgcks, gt `mn tc ocvj qugaeiy lrco bjgkf m pmrtiy uknjr-

frcukn ocvjojkt jxaiunjn lrco imrfj pmrts cl pubiga iglj tc bjgkf m fcvjrkgkfpmrty. V`jk Jkkm`nm rj-jojrfjn gk ukgsgm gk 24==, gts cwk ijmnjrs mnogttjn

t`jy wjrj kct qugtj surj w`c mii t`jgr lciicwjrs wjrj.

Ojobjrs cl Jfypts Ousigo Brct`jr`ccn (mkn, pjr`mps hust ms gopcr-

tmkt, syopmt`jtga gktjiijatumis mkn prcljssgckmis), by acktrmst, mrj sprgkeijn

t`rcuf`cut t`j acuktrys ukgvjrsgtgjs, lrjj prcljssgcks, prgvmtj sjatcr, mkn jvjk

omky stmtj gkstgtutgcks. ^`j cin crnjr acuin bj vjry `mrs` gk acobmtgkf t`j

Brct`jr`ccn. ^`jrj wjrj mrjms gk w`ga` t`j fcvjrkojkt sjjos tc `mvj omnj


18/30

Kmt`mk H. Brcwk | =1

^`j Brct`jr`ccns vmfujkjss gs mt gts

frjmtjstmkn gs matumiiy gkarjmsgkf

gk t`j mrjm cl lcrjgfk pcigay.

mk jllcrt tc sarjjk cut Gsimogstsigejiy t`j ogigtmry mkn sjaurgty sjrvgajs, mkn

pjr`mps t`j ngpicomtga acrps ms wjii5 Gsimogsts mrj rmrjr gk t`j hungagmry but

amk stgii bj lcukn5 t`jy mrj vjry kuojrcus gk t`j lrjj prcljssgcks. But mky

acoprj`jksgvj mttjopt tc rcct cut t`j ocvjojkt wms mbmknckjn lcrty yjmrs

mfc. ^ùs t`j Brct`jr`ccn `ms m wjii-jstmbigs`jn prjsjkaj gk omky sp`jrjs,

w`ga` `ms fgvjk gt mk goprjssgvj mbgigty tc tmp njjp jxpjrtgsj ms wjii ms maajss

tc m kjtwcre cl spjagmigsts gk omky nglljrjkt jins.

Ms m rjsuit, t`j Brct`jr`ccns vmfujkjss gs ckiy mk gssuj gk scoj mrjms.

Lcr ct`jr sp`jrjs t`j prcbijo gs gts acoogtojkt tc lmr tcc oua` njtmgi8 t`j

Brct`jr`ccn ms bjjk oua` ocrj suaajsslui mt igstgkf gts prcfrmos t`mk prgcrg-

tgzgkf t`jo. Gk prmatgaj t`j LHT wgii `mvj tc omej scoj a`cgajs mkn sjt scoj

prgcrgtgjs gl gt kns gtsjil gk m pcsgtgck tc gopijojkt scoj cl gts gnjms.

Lcrjgfk TcigayV`jrj t`j \mfujkjss gs Frjmtjst

^`j Brct`jr`ccns vmfujkjss gs mt gts frjmtjstmkn gs matumiiy gkarjmsgkfgk

t`j mrjm cl lcrjgfk pcigay. Gknjjn, gt gs qugtj igejiy t`mt t`j Lcrjgfk Ogkgstry

gs t`j pcsgtgck t`j LHT gs ocst igejiy tc wcre tc mvcgn, mt ijmst gk t`j s`crt tc

ojnguo tjro. Gkstjmn, t`j ocvjojkt wgii igejiy njljr tc

t`j prjsgnjkay, t`j ngpicomtga acrps (gk Jfypt, stgii sjjk ms

m kckpmrtgsmk mkn prcljssgckmi gkstgtutgck), mkn jvjk t`j

sjaurgty jstmbigsòjkt.

Gt gs kct t`mt t`j Brct`jr`ccn imaes gktjrjst gk lcrjgfk

pcigay gssujs. V`jk gt jxprjssjs gtsjil, gt pmrtgagpmtjs gk t`j

fjkjrmiiy pcpuigst mkn kmtgckmigst flmvcr cl lcrjgfk pcigay

njbmtjs gk Jfyptsuspgagcus cl Z.Q. gktjktgcks gk t`j rjfgck, vgjwgkf Fmzm ms

m ùomkgtmrgmk gssuj, mkn cppcsgkf Gsrmjig pcigay gk tjros t`mt rmkfj lrco t`j

argtgami tc t`j `gstrgckga. But t`j Brct`jr`ccn misc `ms m ickf-tjro, miocst vgs-

ajrmi njngamtgck tc t`j Tmijstgkgmk amusj, nmtgkf bmae miocst tc t`j ocvjojkts

lcukngkf, t`mt amsts gt kct sgopiy ms mk Jfyptgmk cr mk Mrmb gssuj but misc ms

mk Gsimoga ckj. Mt t`j smoj tgoj, t`j stmtj t`mt t`j Brct`jr`ccn sjjes tc `jip

stjjr `ms m pjmaj trjmty, ngpicomtga rjimtgcks, mkn jackcoga tgjs tc Gsrmji. Mkn

ms ukpcpuimr ms Gsrmji gs mockf Jfyptgmks, t`jrj gs kc jktùsgmso lcr m rjturk

tc t`j sjrgjs cl wmrs t`mt jknjn gk t`j ogn-=764s.

Gk m igtjrmi sjksj, t`j Brct`jr`ccns stmkaj ck trjmtgjs, gkaiungkf t`j

Jfyptgmk-Gsrmjig trjmty, gs aijmrgktjrkmtgckmi mfrjjojkts oust bj rjspjatjn

but t`jy oust bj `ckcrjn by bct` sgnjs5 t`jy amk misc bj rjkjfctgmtjn gl ckj

sgnj ljjis t`mt t`j tjros kc ickfjr sjrvj gts gktjrjsts. ^`gs lcrouim miicws t`j

ocvjojkt tc prjsjkt gtsjil ms m rjspcksgbij matcr, rjspjatlui cl gktjrkmtgckmi

imw mkn prmatgaj but misc gksgstjkt t`mt Jfyptgmk gktjrjsts mkn vmiujs gklcro

pcigay. Mkn gt miicws gt tc `gkt t`mt gt wcuin rjackfurj Jfyptgmk-Gsrmjig rjim-

tgcks gl fgvjk t`j cppcrtukgty. But t`j Brct`jr`ccn `ms kct jxpimgkjn w`y, cr

jvjk aijmriy gl, gt rjfmrns Gsrmji ms `mvgkf vgcimtjn t`j tjros cl gts trjmty wgt`


19/30

=> | V`jk \gatcry Bjacojs mk Cptgck8 Jfypts Ousigo Brct`jr`ccn Acklrckts Quaajss

Jfypts ijmnjrs wgii misc `mvj tc furj

cut `cw tc pimaj t`josjivjs gk m rmpgniy

a`mkfgkf rjfgckmi jkvgrckojkt.

Jfypt, kcr ncjs gt rjogkn gts lciicwjrs t`mt mky rjkjfctgmtgck oust bj outumi.

V`jk G msejn ckj vjry lrmke ojobjr cl t`j Brct`jr`ccn gl `j njtjatjn mky

a`mkfj gk t`j ocvjojkts t`gkegkf ck t`j gssuj, `j smgn `j njkgtjiy ngn

t`mt Brct`jr`ccn ijmnjrs gkarjmsgkfiy vgjwjn Gsrmji lrco t`j pjrspjatgvj cl t`j

Jfyptgmk stmtj rmt`jr t`mk t`j ocrj pmrca`gmi ckj cl m rjigfgcus ocvjojkt, but

t`mt pmst r`jtcrga mkn t`j ljjigkfs cl t`j ocvjojkts frmss rccts pimajn m igogt

ck pubiga jxprjssgcks cl t`j jvcivgkf vgjw. Gk sua` mk jkvgrckojkt, mvcgngkf

lcrjgfk pcigay sjjos tc bj t`j wgsjst pmt`t`mt gs, mssuogkf t`mt t`j Gsrmjig-

Tmijstgkgmk ngsputj amk `cin stgii cr bj gfkcrjn.

V`gij @momsw`ga` `ms m strckf puii ck t`j Brct`jr`ccns icymitgjskcw

sjjos tc wgs` tc ejjp t`j amio, t`j omttjr gs kct acopijtjiy gk t`j ocvjojkts

`mkns kcr gs gts qugjsajkaj igejiy tc bj pjromkjkt. Mnngtgckmiiy, t`j prjssurj

tc rjimx bcrnjr acktrcis bjtwjjk Jfypt mkn Fmzm wgii bj strckf. Vgt`cut

rjspcksgbgigty lcr lcrjgfk mkn sjaurgty pcigay lcr kcw, t`j Brct`jr`ccn ogf`t

bj tjoptjn gk scoj agrauostmkajs tc ijt gts r`jtcrga fly. Gk t`j jvjkt cl m omhcr

flmrj-up, Brct`jr`ccn ijmnjrs wcuin igejiy kn gt `mrn tc `cin t`jgr tckfujs.

^`j Brct`jr`ccn gs misc mobgfucus ck gktjrkmtgckmi ùomk rgf`ts gkstru-

ojkts. ^`j jop`msgs ck ùomk rgf`ts (mkn spjagamiiy pcigtgami rgf`ts)

`ms iccojn oua` imrfjr gk t`j ocvjojkts r`jtcrga cvjr t`j pmst njamnj.

Mk jmrigjr fjkjrmtgck cl ijmnjrs wcuin `mvj gksgstjn ck frcukngkf mky tmie

cl rgf`ts wgt`gk mk Gsimoga rjljrjkaj5 tcnmys ijmnjrs `mvj kc trcubij jign-

gkf bjtwjjk s`mrgm-bmsjn rgf`ts mkn ùomk rgf`ts. But t`j pmrtys pimtlcro


20/30

Kmt`mk H. Brcwk | =:

t`gs ijn scoj tc qujstgck `gs Gsimogst arjnjktgmis5 t`j Brct`jr`ccn s`cwjn

goojngmtj ngsacolcrt wgt` `gs imkfumfj. ^ukgsgms Rma`jn F`mkkcua`g wms

lmr ijss biukt, but `j misc spcej ck m vgsgt tc Jfypt gk tjros cl m lmr ijss gktg-

omtj rjimtgcks`gp bjtwjjk rjigfgck mkn stmtj t`mk gs t`j Brct`jr`ccns wckt.

V`jk F`mkkcua`g vgsgtjn Vms`gkftck, `j `gktjn, lmgriy ngpicomtgamiiy,6t`mt

t`j Jfyptgmk ocvjojkt ogf`t bj wjii mnvgsjn tc ejjp gts pcigtgami mppjtgtjs

gk a`jae.

^`j gnjcicfgami nglljrjkajs, ngstgkat ncojstga pcigtgami jkvgrckojkts, mkn t`j

lcaus ck gktjrkmi gssujs suffjst t`mt gt gs `mrniy igejiy t`mt m frjjk aurtmgk wgii

njsajkn marcss Kcrt` Mlrgam. `jrj gs m iccsj sjt cl syopmt`gjs mkn mlkgtgjs t`mt

ukgtj t`j vmrgcus ocvjojkts (t`cuf` t`j tgjs bjtwjjk Jfypts Brct`jr`ccn mkn

@moms mrj pjr`mps strckfjr t`mk t`gs fjkjrmi ruij ogf`t suffjst) t`mt ogf`t bj

lmr ocrj lrugtluiiy acopmrjn tc t`j ackkjatgck bjtwjjk Bgii Aigktck mkn cky

Bimgr t`mk t`mt bjtwjjk Ijckgn Brjz`kjv mkn Jrga` @ckjaejr.

Jackcogas8 Bijkngkf Omrejt, Qcagmi Hustgaj, mkn \grtuj

^`j Brct`jr`ccn `ms bjjk lmr aijmrjr ck jackcoga gssujs, bct` wgt` rjfmrn tc

gts fjkjrmi crgjktmtgck mkn spjaga pcigay prcpcsmis. But `jrj t`j prcbijo gs

tcc omky prmatgami gnjms, kct tcc ljw. ^`j ocvjojkt `ms nrmwk ck jxpjrts gk

vmrgcus jins tc sejta` cut prcpcsmis, gkaiungkf mttrmatgkf gkvjstojkt, pursu-

gkf gklrmstruaturj njvjicpojkt, mkn bugingkf m ocrj mpprcprgmtj jnuamtgckmi

systjo, but fgvjk ljwjr gkngamtgcks cl gts prgcrgtgjs. Gk tjros cl fjkjrmi crg-

jktmtgck, t`j Brct`jr`ccn `ms twc strckf gopuisjs8 rst, gt sjjes tc prctjat

prcpjrty rgf`ts mkn m omrejt jackcoy5 sjackn, gt misc ljjis t`mt t`j stmtj `ms m

strckf cbigfmtgck tc icce mltjr gts wjmejr agtgzjks. ^`j pcsgtgck ck w`mt ogf`t

bj amiijn Gsimoga jackcogast`j mttjopt tc bugin kmkagmi gkstgtutgcks mkn

jackcoga jktjrprgsjs t`mt mrj luiiy acopigmkt wgt` s`mrgm-bmsjn ijfmi kcrosgs

m bgt ijss aijmr, but t`j ocvjojkts strckf gkaigkmtgck kcw sjjos tc bj tc prc-

vgnj m prctjatgvj ijfmi mkn rjfuimtcry jkvgrckojkt lcr sua` prgvmtj jllcrts wgt`-

cut prjssgkf m ackvjrsgck tc mk jktgrjiy Gsimoga jackcoy lcr t`j w`cij scagjty.

Zknjriygkf t`j ocvjojkts jackcoga vgjws gs m ackvgatgck t`mt t`j cin

crnjr wms ruk ck t`j bmsgs cl acrruptgck mt mii ijvjis 8 arcky ampgtmigso mt t`j tcp

sjjpgkf ncwk tc icwjr-ijvji acpgkf oja`mkgsos cl t`csj ijlt cut cl t`j sarmo-

bij tc jxpicgt stmtj rjscurajs lcr prgvmtj jkns. V`mt t`j Brct`jr`ccn clljrs ms

m rjojny gs vgrtuj. Gt prclljrs m ljjigkf t`mt gl `ckjst mkn acopjtjkt pjcpij mrj

pimajn gk `gf` stmtj pcsgtgcks Jfypt amk `mrkjss gts agtgzjks mbgigtgjs, segiis, mkn

pcaejts cl wjmit` gk m omkkjr miicwgkf lcr `jmit`y jackcoga njvjicpojkt. c

bj surj, `ckjsty gk mnogkgstjrgkf jackcoga omttjrs gs miwmys wjiacoj, but gt

gs nglauit tc bjigjvj t`mt m auiturj cl acrruptgck amk bj jrmsjn cvjrkgf`t cr

t`mt gktjfrgty by gtsjil gs m sciutgck tc Jfypts wcjs. ^`j Brct`jr`ccn `ms ljw

goojngmtj sciutgcks tc Jfypts iccogkf jackcoga argsgs, scoj cl w`ga` wms


21/30

=< | V`jk \gatcry Bjacojs mk Cptgck8 Jfypts Ousigo Brct`jr`ccn Acklrckts Quaajss

Amuf`t bjtwjjk m njsgrj tc njockstrmtj

tc gts lcct scingjrs t`mt gt gs acoogttjn

tc rjigfgck mkn tc rjmssurj gts argtgas

t`mt gt wcres ckiy t`rcuf` pjmajlui

mkn frmnumi pjrsumsgck rmt`jr t`mk

gopcsgtgck mkn lcraj, t`j pcigtgagzmtgck

cl t`j Brct`jr`ccn cvjr t`j pmst yjmr

`ms ijn tc m aijmr, jvjk jxpigagt, njagsgck

tc pcstpckj mky auiturmi mfjknm.

brcuf`t ck by t`j ukajrtmgkty msscagmtjn wgt` t`j rjvciutgck gtsjil. Kcr `ms gt

prcvgnjn oua` fugnmkaj ck `cw gt wgii scrt cut prgcrgtgjs mockf gts vmrgcus

prcfrmos mkn prcpcsmis.0

Auiturj mkn Ocrmigty8 M ]ujstgck cl Trgcrgtgjs

^`j Brct`jr`ccns mppjmi `ms miwmys bjjk strckfiy auiturmi, ocrmi, mkn

rjigfgcus, mkn gt acktgkujs tc stmkn lcr gts vgsgck cl prc-

bgty, ocnjsty, mkn ocrmigty gk pubiga iglj. But igej ct`jr

Gsimogst ocvjojkts gt `ms misc acoj tc rjmigzj t`mt t`jrj

mrj ljw mrjms w`jrj gt sjts cll ncojstga (mkn jvjk gktjr-

kmtgckmi) ljmrs ocrj qugaeiy t`mk gk t`j auiturmi rjmio.

Amuf`t bjtwjjk m njsgrj tc njockstrmtj tc gts lcct scingjrs

t`mt gt gs acoogttjn tc rjigfgck mkn tc rjmssurj gts argtgas

t`mt gt wcres ckiy t`rcuf` pjmajlui mkn frmnumi pjrsum-

sgck rmt`jr t`mk gopcsgtgck mkn lcraj, t`j pcigtgagzmtgck cl

t`j Brct`jr`ccn cvjr t`j pmst yjmr `ms ijn tc m aijmr, jvjk

jxpigagt, njagsgck tc pcstpckj mky auiturmi mfjknm. ^`j

LHT gs mkxgcus tc s`cw Jfyptgmks t`mt gt amk fcvjrk, t`mt

Jfypts ocst prjssgkf prcbijos rjimtj tc t`j jackcoy mkn

pubiga sjaurgty, mkn t`mt t`j Brct`jr`ccn `ms qumigjn

pjcpij wgt`gk gts cwk rmkes cr amk puii gk tja`kgami jxpjrts lrco cutsgnj t`j

ocvjojkt. Gt sjjes lcr kcw tc clljr acopjtjkaj, tja`kcarmtga mnogkgstrmtgck,

mkn prcbgty rmt`jr t`mk mk jkn tc ocrmi imxgty.

But t`j prjsjkaj cl t`j Qmims omy acopigamtj t`j Brct`jr`ccns mttjopt tc

pcstpckj t`j jllcrt tc Gsimogagzj Jfyptgmk pubiga iglj. ^`jgr jijatcrmi suaajss

njockstrmtjs t`mt t`jgr acksjrvmtgvj stmkajs `mvj wgnjsprjmn pcigtgami mppjmi.

^`jrj mrj aijmr gkngamtgcks t`mt t`j Brct`jr`ccns ijmnjrs `mvj ackaiunjn t`mt

t`jgr Gsimogst rgvmis s`cwgkf ojmks t`mt t`jy kjjn tc rjmssjrt t`jgr cwk prjs-

jkaj t`rcuf`cut Jfyptgmk agtgjs, tcwks, mkn vgiimfjs mkn rjaimgo t`j rjigfgcus

ackstgtujkay t`jy rjfmrn ms kmturmiiy t`jgrs. V`mt gs lmr ijss aijmr gs `cw pcig-

tgas wgii t gktc t`mt jllcrt. Oua` cl t`j wcre amk bj nckj t`rcuf` crfmkgzgkf

gk t`j scagmi mkn rjigfgcus rjmios. But cw wgii t`j Brct`jr`ccn rjmat gl m Qmim

pmrigmojktmrgmk t`uknjrs mbcut m pjrajgvjn clljksj tc rjigfgck gk Jfyptgmk

pubiga iglj3 Vgii gt stmkn ck t`j sgnjigkjs, ljji lcrajn tc hcgk, cr jvjk wcre tc

cutbgn Qmim ijmnjrs3

Qmims t`josjivjs mrj scojt`gkf cl m wgin amrn. ^`jy mrj jktjrgkf m sp`jrj

w`jrj t`jy `mvj igttij jxpjrgjkaj, but t`jy sjjo rjmny mkn wgi igkf tc pmrtgag-

pmtj luiiy. Q`crtiy bjlcrj t`j sjackn rcukn cl vctgkf, ckj Qmim ijmnjr argtgagzjn

mkct`jr lcr omegkf acktrcvjrsgmi stmtjojkts mkn `j ocvjn Qmim mrfuojkts

gktc m kjw rjmio8 Rmt`jr t`mk acopimgk t`mt `gs rgvmi `mn ogsgktjrprjtjn m

rjigfgcus tjxt cr quctjn m ijss rjigmbij `mngt`, `j aimgojn t`mt t`j cutrmfjcus

rjomres `mn acst t`j Qmims pmrigmojktmry sjmts. Kjvjr bjlcrj `ms m imae cl

pcigtgami tmat bjjk m sgk gk Qmim agraijs.


22/30

Kmt`mk H. Brcwk | =6

^`jrj gs m prjajnjkt lcr gktjfrmtgkf Qmims ms kcromi pmrigmojktmry matcrs,

but gt `ms caaurrjn gk m acuktry w`ga` ljw Jfyptgmks `mvj bjjk maaustcojn

tc acksgnjr m ocnji. Qmims cl vmrgcus strgpjs `mvj acopjtjn gk Euwmgtg pmr-

igmojktmry jijatgcks lcr m fjkjrmtgck. ^`jgr pmrtgagpmtgck sjjos tc `mvj `mn

twc jlljats. Gt `ms ijn tc scoj ukacolcrtmbij acoprcogsjs ck omttjrs cl prgk-

agpij. Lcr gkstmkaj, ocst Euwmgtg Qmim njputgjs wgii njmi wgt` ljomij ojo-

bjrs cl Tmrigmojkt mkn ogkgstjrsjvjk t`csj wgt` ukacvjrjn `mgrnjspgtj

t`jgr acksgstjkt cppcsgtgck tc luii pcigtgami rgf`ts lcr wcojk mkn gksgstjkaj

t`mt wcojk gk pubiga spmajs nrjss gk maacrnmkaj wgt` ocrj trmngtgckmi ack-

ajptgcks cl ocnjsty. Mt t`j smoj tgoj, Euwmgtg ojobjrs cl Tmrigmojkt lrco

t`j Brct`jr`ccn-gkspgrjn Gsimoga Ackstgtutgckmi Ocvjojkt `mvj cltjk lcukn

t`josjivjs gk pmrigmojktmry miigmkajs wgt` Qmims mkn jvjk ocrj cltjk smnnijn

wgt` rjspcksgbgigty lcr acktrcvjrsgmi stmkajs, w`gij t`j Brct`jr`ccns gkaigkm-

tgck ogf`t bj tc tmej m ocrj pigmkt cr frmnumi mpprcma`.

Mk mssjrtgvj Qmim bica gk Tmrigmojkt omy pimaj t`j LHT njputgjs gk mk mwe-

wmrn pcsgtgck, lcrajn tc a`ccsj bjtwjjk acopjtgkf wgt` t`j Qmims lcr t`j

Gsimogst bmsj mkn rjmssurgkf kck-Gsimogst pcigtgami lcrajs mt `coj mkn mbrcmn.

Mkn t`jrj gs rjmsck tc suspjat t mt Qmim njputgjs wgii rjigs` puttgkf t`jgr Gsimogst

rgvmis gk prjagsjiy sua` m pcsgtgck, gk crnjr tc njockstrmtj t`mt t`j Brct`jr`ccn

(ms omky Qmims lrjqujktiy mssjrt) gs rjmiiy mbcut pcigtgas, kct rjigfgck.

^`j Ocvjojkt mkn t`j Tmrty

Brct`jr`ccn ocvjojkts t`rcuf`cut t`j Mrmb wcrin lcaus acksgnjrmbij mttjk-

tgck ck t`j rjimtgcks`gp bjtwjjk t`j brcmn crfmkgzmtgckckj t`mt lcausjs ck

rjigfgck, scagjty, a`mrgty, mkn jnuamtgck cl gts cwk ojobjrsmkn t`j pcigtgami

pmrty gt ogf`t lcrockj w`ga` sjjes tc wgk rmajs mkn pmrtgagpmtj gk fcvjrk-

gkf. ^`jsj ngsaussgcks mrj cltjk ogssjn by cutsgnjrs w`c vgjw t`j ocvjojkt

ms m ockcigt`ga w`cij cr mkmiyzj gt ms m pcwjr-sjjegkf crfmkgzmtgck. But t`j

ngsaussgcks wgt`gk t`j ocvjojkt mrj igvjiy, bjamusj Brct`jr`ccn ocvjojkts

mrj vjry gksgstjkt t`mt t`jy mrj kct sgopiy mbcut pcigtgami pcwjr but mbcut m

brcmn rjlcro mfjknm ckiy m pcrtgck cl w`ga` t`jy wgs` tc pursuj t`rcuf` t`j

pcigtgami prcajss. Mkn t`jy wcrry mt tgojs t`mt mk cvjriy jkt`usgmstga jobrmaj

cl pcigtgas ogf`t suae t`j ocvjojkt gktc omegkf acoprcogsjs.

Zknjr t`j Oubmrme rjfgoj, t`j Jfyptgmk Brct`jr`ccns a`cgaj wms omnj

lcr gt8 M pcigtgami pmrty wms cut cl t`j qujstgck. ^`j sicfmk pmrtgagpmtgck, kct

ncogkmtgck acuin bj vgjwjn ms oua` ms mk mobgtgck tc bj miicwjn m rcij ms gt

wms mk ukkjajssmry prcogsj t`mt t`jy wcuin kct wgk mk jijatgck.

Lcr kcw, t`j Brct`jr`ccn `ms rjmatjn tc t`j cppcrtukgtgjs prjsjktjn gk

pcstrjvciutgckmry Jfypt gk twc acktrmngatcry wmys. Lgrst, gt `ms piukfjn

gktc pcigtgas wgt` ukprjajnjktjn jkt`usgmso, lcausgkf mii cl gts jkjrfgjs mkn

goprjssgvj crfmkgzmtgckmi `jlt ck t`j pmrigmojktmry jijatgcks. Kckpcigtgami


23/30


matgvgtgjs, ms argtgami ms t`jy ogf`t bj, amk wmgt lcr t`j ocojkt. Qjackn, gt `ms

pimajn gts pcigtgami pmrty ck m vjry s`crt ijms` gknjjn7mppcgktgkf t`j LHTs

ijmnjrs, mpprcvgkf gts pimtlcros, mkn jvjk njagngkf w`ga` ocvjojkt ojobjrs

s`cuin ocvj cvjr tc t`j pmrty. ^`j mgo omy bj jksurgkf t`mt t`j pmrty wgii

kct bjacoj sc jkfrcssjn gk pcigtgas t`mt gt icsjs gts scui. But cvjr t`j ickf

tjro, t`j kjw cppcrtukgtgjs wgii rmgsj t`j smoj a`miijkfjs t`mt `mvj lmajn

ct`jr brcmn ocvjojkts (sua` ms scagmigst cr A`rgstgmk njocarmtga ckjs) cpjrmt-

gkf gk njocarmagjs. ^`j Brct`jr`ccn `ms kjvjr `mn tc accrngkmtj ogkgstjrgmi

njarjjs wgt` spcrts tjmos, rjmngkf agraijs, mkn sa`ccis bjlcrj. Gts rjspjat lcr

jxpjrtgsj gs sua` t`mt gt prjljrs tc miicw scoj mutckcoy tc t`csj w`c ijmn gts

vmrgcus sp`jrjs cl cpjrmtgck, but gt `ms kjvjr bjjk lmajn wgt` m sgtumtgck gk

w`ga` gts pcigtgami wgkf wms sc prcogkjktkct ojrjiy ncojstgami iy but jvjk

gktjrkmtgckmiiy.

Gk t`j Jfypt cl 24=2, t`j Brct`jr`ccns ijmnjrs wgii `mvj tc mkswjr qujs-

tgcks t`mt `mvj kjvjr bjjk msejn bjlcrj. ^`jy amk rjljr bmae tc t`j jpgstijs

cl t`jgr lcuknjr @mssmk mi-Bmkkm lcr gkspgrmtgck, but kct lcr prmatgami fugn-

mkaj ck njtmgijn qujstgcks. Gkstjmn, Nckmin Ruosljins prcaimomtgck t`mt

Lrjjnco gs ojssy wgii bj hust ms `jiplui m ijssck tc rjojobjr.


24/30

Kctjs

=7

= Kmt`mk H. Brcwk, V`jk \gatcry Gs Kct mk Cptgck8 Gsimogst Ocvjojkts gk Mrmb Tcigtgas

(Gt`mam, KW8 Acrkjii Zkgvjrsgty Trjss, 24=2).

2 Zknjr t`j kjw jijatcrmi systjo, jijatcrmi miigmkajs mrj pjrogttjn but oust sjijat t`j

kmoj cl m aurrjktiy rjacfkgzjn pmrty.

1 Qjj Quprjoj Acukagi cl t`j Mrojn Lcrajs Ackstgtutgckmi Njaimrmtgck, Fugnj

tc Jfypts ^rmksgtgck, Amrkjfgj Jkncwojkt lcr Gktjrkmtgckmi Tjmaj, `ttp8//

jfyptjijatgcks.amrkjfgjjkncwojkt.crf/24==/4>/4=/suprjoj-acukagi-cl-t`j-mrojn-

lcrajs-ackstgtutgckmi-mkkcukajojkt.

> Qjj oy jmrigjr Amrkjfgj Tmpjr, Tcst-Rjvciutgckmry mi-Mz`mr, Amrkjfgj Jkncwojkt

lcr Gktjrkmtgckmi Tjmaj, Qjptjobjr 24==, `ttp8//amrkjfgjjkncwojkt.crf/ijs/

miSmz`mr.pnl.

: Qjj Kmt`mk H. Brcwk, Mor @mozmwy, mkn Omrgkm Cttmwmy, Gsimogst Ocvjojkts

mkn t`j Njocarmtga Trcajss gk t`j Mrmb Vcrin8 Jxpicrgkf t`j Frjy Xckjs,

Amrkjfgj Tmpjr kc.


25/30


26/30


27/30


28/30

21

Mbcut t`j Mut`cr

KM^@MK H. BRCVK gs m kckrjsgnjkt sjkgcr msscagmtj gk t`j Amrkjfgj

Jkncwojkts Ognnij Jmst Trcfrmo. @j gs m prcljsscr cl pcigtgami sagjkaj mkn

gktjrkmtgckmi mllmgrs mt Fjcrfj Vms`gkftck Zkgvjrsgty, mkn m ngstgkfugs`jn

sa`cimr mkn mut`cr cl sgx wjii-rjajgvjn bcces ck Mrmb pcigtgas. Brcwk brgkfs gsspjagmi jxpjrtgsj ck Gsimogst ocvjojkts, Tmijstgkgmk pcigtgas, mkn Mrmb imw mkn

ackstgtutgckmigso tc t`j Jkncwojkt. Brcwks imtjst bcce, V`jk \gatcry Gs Kct

mk Cptgck8 Gsimogst Ocvjojkts mkn Qjogmut`crgtmrgmkgso gk t`j Mrmb Vcrin, wgii

bj pubigs`jn by Acrkjii Zkgvjrsgty Trjss t`gs wgktjr. @gs aurrjkt wcre lcausjs

ck Gsimogst ocvjojkts mkn t`jgr rcij gk pcigtgas gk t`j Mrmb wcrin.


29/30

Amrkjfgj Jkncwojkt

lcr Gktjrkmtgckmi Tjmaj

^`j Amrkjfgj Jkncwojkt lcr Gktjrkmtgckmi Tjmaj gs m prgvmtj, kckprct

crfmkgzmtgck njngamtjn tc mnvmkagkf accpjrmtgck bjtwjjk kmtgcks mkn prcoct-

gkf matgvj gktjrkmtgckmi jkfmfjojkt by t`j Zkgtjn Qtmtjs. Lcuknjn gk =7=4, gts

wcre gs kckpmrtgsmk mkn njngamtjn tc ma`gjvgkf prmatgami rjsuits.Ms gt ajijbrmtjs gts Ajktjkkgmi, t`j Amrkjfgj Jkncwojkt gs pgckjjrgkf t`j

rst ficbmi t`gke tmke, wgt` flcurgs`gkf clajs kcw gk Vms`gkftck, Ocsacw,

Bjghgkf, Bjgrut, mkn Brussjis. ^`jsj vj icamtgcks gkaiunj t`j ajktjrs cl wcrin

fcvjrkmkaj mkn t`j pimajs w`csj pcigtgami jvciutgck mkn gktjrkmtgckmi pcig-

agjs wgii ocst njtjrogkj t`j kjmr-tjro pcssgbgigtgjs lcr gktjrkmtgckmi pjmaj mkn

jackcoga mnvmkaj.

^`j Amrkjfgj Ognnij Jmst Trcfrmo acobgkjs gk-njpt` icami ekcwijnfj

wgt` gkagsgvj acopmrmtgvj mkmiysgs tc jxmogkj jackcoga, scagcpcigtgami, mkn

strmtjfga gktjrjsts gk t`j Mrmb wcrin. ^`rcuf` njtmgijn acuktry stungjs mkn t`j

jxpicrmtgck cl ejy arcss-auttgkf t`jojs, t`j Amrkjfgj Ognnij Jmst Trcfrmo,

gk accrngkmtgck wgt` t`j Amrkjfgj Ognnij Jmst Ajktjr, prcvgnjs mkmiysgs mkn

rjacoojknmtgcks gk bct` Jkfigs` mkn Mrmbga t`mt mrj njjpiy gklcrojn by

ekcwijnfj mkn vgjws lrco t`j rjfgck. ^`j Amrkjfgj Ognnij Jmst Trcfrmo

`ms spjagmi jxpjrtgsj gk pcigtgami rjlcro mkn Gsimogst pmrtgagpmtgck gk piurmigstga

pcigtgas t`rcuf`cut t`j rjfgck.


30/30

VMQ@GKF^CK NA

AMRKJFGJ JKNCVOJK^ LCR GK^JRKM^GCKMI TJMAJ

=667 Omssma`usjtts Mvjkuj, KVVms`gkftck, N.A. 244101 601 =0>4

AmrkjfgjJkncwojkt.crf | gklcDAmrkjfgjJkncwojkt.crf

OCQACV

AMRKJFGJ OCQACV AJK^JR

^vjrsemym, =7: 71: 074> L +6 >7: 71: 074A`gkmT+0< =4 02=: 4=60 L+0< =4

when victory becomes an option: egypt’s muslim brotherhood confronts success

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