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When Food Keeps Getting Stuck: Recognizing and Understanding Eosinophilic Esophagitis in Children Jenifer R. Lightdale, MD, MPH, FASGE Division Chief, Pediatric Gastroenterology UMass Memorial Children’s Medical Center

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Page 1: When Food Keeps Getting Stuck · Alexander JA et al, 2012 29% of 21 ... – Gastroesophageal reflux responsive to acid suppression? – Evidence of anti‐inflammatory effect of PPI?

When Food Keeps Getting Stuck:          Recognizing and Understanding         

Eosinophilic Esophagitis in Children

Jenifer R. Lightdale, MD, MPH, FASGEDivision Chief, Pediatric GastroenterologyUMass Memorial Children’s Medical Center

Page 2: When Food Keeps Getting Stuck · Alexander JA et al, 2012 29% of 21 ... – Gastroesophageal reflux responsive to acid suppression? – Evidence of anti‐inflammatory effect of PPI?

DisclosuresA. I have the following financial relationships with the manufacturers 

of commercial products and/or providers of commercial services:– Mead Johnson ‐ Honorarium– Perrigo ‐ Paid Consultant– Medtronic ‐ Paid Consultant– Norgine ‐ Paid Consultant

B. I do not intend to discuss an unapproved/investigative use                of a commercial product/device in my presentation

Page 3: When Food Keeps Getting Stuck · Alexander JA et al, 2012 29% of 21 ... – Gastroesophageal reflux responsive to acid suppression? – Evidence of anti‐inflammatory effect of PPI?

Eosinophilic Esophagitis• “Chronic, immune/antigen‐mediated esophageal disease characterized– Clinically by symptoms related to esophageal           dysfunction AND

– Histologically by eosinophil‐predominant            inflammation”• >1 biopsy showing 15+ eos/high power field

• Exclusion of other causes• PPI‐REE

Dellon, AJG, 2013

Page 4: When Food Keeps Getting Stuck · Alexander JA et al, 2012 29% of 21 ... – Gastroesophageal reflux responsive to acid suppression? – Evidence of anti‐inflammatory effect of PPI?
Page 5: When Food Keeps Getting Stuck · Alexander JA et al, 2012 29% of 21 ... – Gastroesophageal reflux responsive to acid suppression? – Evidence of anti‐inflammatory effect of PPI?

Learning Objectives• Recognize clinical symptoms in children associated with EoE

• Understand the diagnostic approach to children with EoE

• Discuss guidelines for appropriately treating EoE, as a chronic condition in children

Page 6: When Food Keeps Getting Stuck · Alexander JA et al, 2012 29% of 21 ... – Gastroesophageal reflux responsive to acid suppression? – Evidence of anti‐inflammatory effect of PPI?
Page 7: When Food Keeps Getting Stuck · Alexander JA et al, 2012 29% of 21 ... – Gastroesophageal reflux responsive to acid suppression? – Evidence of anti‐inflammatory effect of PPI?
Page 8: When Food Keeps Getting Stuck · Alexander JA et al, 2012 29% of 21 ... – Gastroesophageal reflux responsive to acid suppression? – Evidence of anti‐inflammatory effect of PPI?
Page 9: When Food Keeps Getting Stuck · Alexander JA et al, 2012 29% of 21 ... – Gastroesophageal reflux responsive to acid suppression? – Evidence of anti‐inflammatory effect of PPI?

Natural History of EoE• Not completely understood• Chronic inflammation leads to

– Esophageal wall remodeling– Fibrostenosis– Stricture formation

• EoE accounts for 80% of food                    impactions in adults

Page 10: When Food Keeps Getting Stuck · Alexander JA et al, 2012 29% of 21 ... – Gastroesophageal reflux responsive to acid suppression? – Evidence of anti‐inflammatory effect of PPI?
Page 11: When Food Keeps Getting Stuck · Alexander JA et al, 2012 29% of 21 ... – Gastroesophageal reflux responsive to acid suppression? – Evidence of anti‐inflammatory effect of PPI?
Page 12: When Food Keeps Getting Stuck · Alexander JA et al, 2012 29% of 21 ... – Gastroesophageal reflux responsive to acid suppression? – Evidence of anti‐inflammatory effect of PPI?

Liacouras, J Allergy Clin Immun, 2011

Page 13: When Food Keeps Getting Stuck · Alexander JA et al, 2012 29% of 21 ... – Gastroesophageal reflux responsive to acid suppression? – Evidence of anti‐inflammatory effect of PPI?

Typical Patient with EoE• Male (3:1)• Thin body habitus• Atopic• Asthma• History of food allergy• Family history of allergic and/or                                               atopic disorders

• Peripheral eosinophilia on CBC

Page 14: When Food Keeps Getting Stuck · Alexander JA et al, 2012 29% of 21 ... – Gastroesophageal reflux responsive to acid suppression? – Evidence of anti‐inflammatory effect of PPI?
Page 15: When Food Keeps Getting Stuck · Alexander JA et al, 2012 29% of 21 ... – Gastroesophageal reflux responsive to acid suppression? – Evidence of anti‐inflammatory effect of PPI?

Typical Patient with EoE• Complain of persistent reflux symptoms, • Vomiting, dysphagia, food impaction

– “Slow eater” 

– “Last at the table” 

– “Chews carefully,  cuts food into small pieces…”

– Gagging, food refusal, feels “food going down”

Page 16: When Food Keeps Getting Stuck · Alexander JA et al, 2012 29% of 21 ... – Gastroesophageal reflux responsive to acid suppression? – Evidence of anti‐inflammatory effect of PPI?
Page 17: When Food Keeps Getting Stuck · Alexander JA et al, 2012 29% of 21 ... – Gastroesophageal reflux responsive to acid suppression? – Evidence of anti‐inflammatory effect of PPI?

EoE Overlap with GERD              Symptoms/Heartburn

Studies of EoE % of EoE study sample who c/o GERD (n)

Alexander JA et al, 2012 29% of 21 

Gonsalves N et al, 2012 94% of 50

Spergel J et al, 2012 39% of 169

Iwanczak B et al, 2011 54% of 74

Assa’ d et al, 2011 20% of 149

Page 18: When Food Keeps Getting Stuck · Alexander JA et al, 2012 29% of 21 ... – Gastroesophageal reflux responsive to acid suppression? – Evidence of anti‐inflammatory effect of PPI?

• Esophageal rings• Linear Furrows• Edema• White plaques/exudates    

• Can occur in isolation                                                 or combination

Endoscopic Features of EoE

Page 19: When Food Keeps Getting Stuck · Alexander JA et al, 2012 29% of 21 ... – Gastroesophageal reflux responsive to acid suppression? – Evidence of anti‐inflammatory effect of PPI?

Endoscopic Features of EoE

Page 20: When Food Keeps Getting Stuck · Alexander JA et al, 2012 29% of 21 ... – Gastroesophageal reflux responsive to acid suppression? – Evidence of anti‐inflammatory effect of PPI?
Page 21: When Food Keeps Getting Stuck · Alexander JA et al, 2012 29% of 21 ... – Gastroesophageal reflux responsive to acid suppression? – Evidence of anti‐inflammatory effect of PPI?
Page 22: When Food Keeps Getting Stuck · Alexander JA et al, 2012 29% of 21 ... – Gastroesophageal reflux responsive to acid suppression? – Evidence of anti‐inflammatory effect of PPI?
Page 23: When Food Keeps Getting Stuck · Alexander JA et al, 2012 29% of 21 ... – Gastroesophageal reflux responsive to acid suppression? – Evidence of anti‐inflammatory effect of PPI?

Histological Features of EoE• Prominent eosinophilic infiltrate                          (H&E staining)

• Eosinophilic degranulation• Eosinophilic microabscesses• Basal layer hyperplasia• Dilated intracellular spaces

• May be a transmural process

Page 24: When Food Keeps Getting Stuck · Alexander JA et al, 2012 29% of 21 ... – Gastroesophageal reflux responsive to acid suppression? – Evidence of anti‐inflammatory effect of PPI?

Histological Features of EoE

Page 25: When Food Keeps Getting Stuck · Alexander JA et al, 2012 29% of 21 ... – Gastroesophageal reflux responsive to acid suppression? – Evidence of anti‐inflammatory effect of PPI?

2013 Diagnostic Criteria for EoE from the American College of Gastroenterology (ACG)

1. Clinical symptoms of esophageal dysfunction2. Pathological findings isolated to the 

esophagus– >1 biopsy of an eosinophil predominant 

inflammation (15+ eosinophils/hpf)

3. Exclusion of other causes (i.e. PPI‐REE)– Lack of response to high dose PPI

Page 26: When Food Keeps Getting Stuck · Alexander JA et al, 2012 29% of 21 ... – Gastroesophageal reflux responsive to acid suppression? – Evidence of anti‐inflammatory effect of PPI?

PPI‐Responsive Esophageal Eosinophilia• Condition in which esophageal eosinophilia is highly responsive to treatment with PPI

• PPI‐REE currently considered ‘distinct” from EoE• Mechanism remains unclear

– Gastroesophageal reflux responsive to acid suppression?

– Evidence of anti‐inflammatory effect of PPI?– Combination of GERD and EoE?

Page 27: When Food Keeps Getting Stuck · Alexander JA et al, 2012 29% of 21 ... – Gastroesophageal reflux responsive to acid suppression? – Evidence of anti‐inflammatory effect of PPI?
Page 28: When Food Keeps Getting Stuck · Alexander JA et al, 2012 29% of 21 ... – Gastroesophageal reflux responsive to acid suppression? – Evidence of anti‐inflammatory effect of PPI?

2013 American College of Gastroenterology Guidelines

• “All patients with suspected EoE should receive a two‐month course of PPI, followed by endoscopy with biopsies [as a repeat procedure if necessary] to exclude PPI‐REE…”

Dellon, AJG, 2013

Page 29: When Food Keeps Getting Stuck · Alexander JA et al, 2012 29% of 21 ... – Gastroesophageal reflux responsive to acid suppression? – Evidence of anti‐inflammatory effect of PPI?

Initial Steps in Evaluation• Refer to GI for endoscopy• Start PPI• Consider UGI imaging

Page 30: When Food Keeps Getting Stuck · Alexander JA et al, 2012 29% of 21 ... – Gastroesophageal reflux responsive to acid suppression? – Evidence of anti‐inflammatory effect of PPI?

Small Caliber Esophagus

Page 31: When Food Keeps Getting Stuck · Alexander JA et al, 2012 29% of 21 ... – Gastroesophageal reflux responsive to acid suppression? – Evidence of anti‐inflammatory effect of PPI?

Ringed Esophagus

Page 32: When Food Keeps Getting Stuck · Alexander JA et al, 2012 29% of 21 ... – Gastroesophageal reflux responsive to acid suppression? – Evidence of anti‐inflammatory effect of PPI?
Page 33: When Food Keeps Getting Stuck · Alexander JA et al, 2012 29% of 21 ... – Gastroesophageal reflux responsive to acid suppression? – Evidence of anti‐inflammatory effect of PPI?

Options for Clinical Management• Dietary exclusions

– Elemental diet– 6 food elimination

• Pharmacologic– PPI– Steroids (Topical, Systemic)

• Endoscopic dilation

Page 34: When Food Keeps Getting Stuck · Alexander JA et al, 2012 29% of 21 ... – Gastroesophageal reflux responsive to acid suppression? – Evidence of anti‐inflammatory effect of PPI?
Page 35: When Food Keeps Getting Stuck · Alexander JA et al, 2012 29% of 21 ... – Gastroesophageal reflux responsive to acid suppression? – Evidence of anti‐inflammatory effect of PPI?
Page 36: When Food Keeps Getting Stuck · Alexander JA et al, 2012 29% of 21 ... – Gastroesophageal reflux responsive to acid suppression? – Evidence of anti‐inflammatory effect of PPI?
Page 37: When Food Keeps Getting Stuck · Alexander JA et al, 2012 29% of 21 ... – Gastroesophageal reflux responsive to acid suppression? – Evidence of anti‐inflammatory effect of PPI?

Six food elimination diet (SFED)• Milk, soy, egg, wheat, beef, fish• 6 weeks • Clinicopathological remission with SFED• Eosinophilia returns when diet liberalized 

Gonsalves et al, Gastroenterology 2012

Page 38: When Food Keeps Getting Stuck · Alexander JA et al, 2012 29% of 21 ... – Gastroesophageal reflux responsive to acid suppression? – Evidence of anti‐inflammatory effect of PPI?

Fast Forward to 2016• EoE is a chronic immune‐mediated inflammatory condition with no current curative therapy– At risk for fibrostenosis and stricture development

• Current palliative approaches– Elimination diet– PPI– Topical steroids

• Treatments used alone or in combination– To minimize disease risks, while preserving quality of life

Page 39: When Food Keeps Getting Stuck · Alexander JA et al, 2012 29% of 21 ... – Gastroesophageal reflux responsive to acid suppression? – Evidence of anti‐inflammatory effect of PPI?

Immune Cells in EoE• Eosinophils• Th2 cells• Mast Cells• Basophils

Page 40: When Food Keeps Getting Stuck · Alexander JA et al, 2012 29% of 21 ... – Gastroesophageal reflux responsive to acid suppression? – Evidence of anti‐inflammatory effect of PPI?

Potential Therapeutic Targets• Immune therapy directed at IL‐13 and eotaxin• Prostaglandin D2 inhibitor – CRTH2• Other FDA approved Phase I trials ongoing

Page 41: When Food Keeps Getting Stuck · Alexander JA et al, 2012 29% of 21 ... – Gastroesophageal reflux responsive to acid suppression? – Evidence of anti‐inflammatory effect of PPI?

Current Pharmacologic Therapy• PPI may be effective adjunct• Topical glucocorticoids

– Fluticasone (220mcg inhaler)– Budesonide (1‐2mg daily)

• Lead to decrease in eosinophil counts• Recurrence of symptoms when discontinued• Associated with candidal esophagitis

• Systemic steroids effective, but NOT                    for maintenance

Page 42: When Food Keeps Getting Stuck · Alexander JA et al, 2012 29% of 21 ... – Gastroesophageal reflux responsive to acid suppression? – Evidence of anti‐inflammatory effect of PPI?

Budesonide• “Oral viscous” budesonide (2mg slurry)

– Randomized placebo controlled study– OVB=15, placebo‐9– Significant reduction in symptoms and eosinophilia

Dohil 2010

Page 43: When Food Keeps Getting Stuck · Alexander JA et al, 2012 29% of 21 ... – Gastroesophageal reflux responsive to acid suppression? – Evidence of anti‐inflammatory effect of PPI?

Treatment End Points• Ideal = Complete resolution of symptoms, inflammation and remodeling

• Reality = EoE is currently a chronic disease with no curative treatment

• High likelihood of symptom recurrence after discontinuing treatment

Page 44: When Food Keeps Getting Stuck · Alexander JA et al, 2012 29% of 21 ... – Gastroesophageal reflux responsive to acid suppression? – Evidence of anti‐inflammatory effect of PPI?

Treatment End Points• Reasonable = A balance

– Use treatment options to minimize symptoms and prevent disease complications

– Preserve quality of life– Limit adverse effects of treatment

Page 45: When Food Keeps Getting Stuck · Alexander JA et al, 2012 29% of 21 ... – Gastroesophageal reflux responsive to acid suppression? – Evidence of anti‐inflammatory effect of PPI?

Changes You May Want to Make in Your Practice

• Recognize the presenting symptoms         of EoE – Chronic inflammatory disease– Immune mediated, food allergen induced– Highly associated with atopy– Relatively common worldwide

• Understand there is no current             curative therapy

Page 46: When Food Keeps Getting Stuck · Alexander JA et al, 2012 29% of 21 ... – Gastroesophageal reflux responsive to acid suppression? – Evidence of anti‐inflammatory effect of PPI?

Take Home Points• Diagnosis of EoE is clinicopathologic• Consider other “ee’s”

• Particularly PPI‐REE• Tailor therapies to minimize         disease‐associated inflammation      and fibrostenosis

• Treatment should minimize disease risks, while preserving quality of life

Page 47: When Food Keeps Getting Stuck · Alexander JA et al, 2012 29% of 21 ... – Gastroesophageal reflux responsive to acid suppression? – Evidence of anti‐inflammatory effect of PPI?

Thank you!