when food keeps getting stuck · alexander ja et al, 2012 29% of 21 ... – gastroesophageal reflux...
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When Food Keeps Getting Stuck: Recognizing and Understanding
Eosinophilic Esophagitis in Children
Jenifer R. Lightdale, MD, MPH, FASGEDivision Chief, Pediatric GastroenterologyUMass Memorial Children’s Medical Center
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DisclosuresA. I have the following financial relationships with the manufacturers
of commercial products and/or providers of commercial services:– Mead Johnson ‐ Honorarium– Perrigo ‐ Paid Consultant– Medtronic ‐ Paid Consultant– Norgine ‐ Paid Consultant
B. I do not intend to discuss an unapproved/investigative use of a commercial product/device in my presentation
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Eosinophilic Esophagitis• “Chronic, immune/antigen‐mediated esophageal disease characterized– Clinically by symptoms related to esophageal dysfunction AND
– Histologically by eosinophil‐predominant inflammation”• >1 biopsy showing 15+ eos/high power field
• Exclusion of other causes• PPI‐REE
Dellon, AJG, 2013
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Learning Objectives• Recognize clinical symptoms in children associated with EoE
• Understand the diagnostic approach to children with EoE
• Discuss guidelines for appropriately treating EoE, as a chronic condition in children
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Natural History of EoE• Not completely understood• Chronic inflammation leads to
– Esophageal wall remodeling– Fibrostenosis– Stricture formation
• EoE accounts for 80% of food impactions in adults
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Liacouras, J Allergy Clin Immun, 2011
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Typical Patient with EoE• Male (3:1)• Thin body habitus• Atopic• Asthma• History of food allergy• Family history of allergic and/or atopic disorders
• Peripheral eosinophilia on CBC
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Typical Patient with EoE• Complain of persistent reflux symptoms, • Vomiting, dysphagia, food impaction
– “Slow eater”
– “Last at the table”
– “Chews carefully, cuts food into small pieces…”
– Gagging, food refusal, feels “food going down”
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EoE Overlap with GERD Symptoms/Heartburn
Studies of EoE % of EoE study sample who c/o GERD (n)
Alexander JA et al, 2012 29% of 21
Gonsalves N et al, 2012 94% of 50
Spergel J et al, 2012 39% of 169
Iwanczak B et al, 2011 54% of 74
Assa’ d et al, 2011 20% of 149
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• Esophageal rings• Linear Furrows• Edema• White plaques/exudates
• Can occur in isolation or combination
Endoscopic Features of EoE
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Endoscopic Features of EoE
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Histological Features of EoE• Prominent eosinophilic infiltrate (H&E staining)
• Eosinophilic degranulation• Eosinophilic microabscesses• Basal layer hyperplasia• Dilated intracellular spaces
• May be a transmural process
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Histological Features of EoE
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2013 Diagnostic Criteria for EoE from the American College of Gastroenterology (ACG)
1. Clinical symptoms of esophageal dysfunction2. Pathological findings isolated to the
esophagus– >1 biopsy of an eosinophil predominant
inflammation (15+ eosinophils/hpf)
3. Exclusion of other causes (i.e. PPI‐REE)– Lack of response to high dose PPI
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PPI‐Responsive Esophageal Eosinophilia• Condition in which esophageal eosinophilia is highly responsive to treatment with PPI
• PPI‐REE currently considered ‘distinct” from EoE• Mechanism remains unclear
– Gastroesophageal reflux responsive to acid suppression?
– Evidence of anti‐inflammatory effect of PPI?– Combination of GERD and EoE?
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2013 American College of Gastroenterology Guidelines
• “All patients with suspected EoE should receive a two‐month course of PPI, followed by endoscopy with biopsies [as a repeat procedure if necessary] to exclude PPI‐REE…”
Dellon, AJG, 2013
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Initial Steps in Evaluation• Refer to GI for endoscopy• Start PPI• Consider UGI imaging
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Small Caliber Esophagus
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Ringed Esophagus
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Options for Clinical Management• Dietary exclusions
– Elemental diet– 6 food elimination
• Pharmacologic– PPI– Steroids (Topical, Systemic)
• Endoscopic dilation
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Six food elimination diet (SFED)• Milk, soy, egg, wheat, beef, fish• 6 weeks • Clinicopathological remission with SFED• Eosinophilia returns when diet liberalized
Gonsalves et al, Gastroenterology 2012
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Fast Forward to 2016• EoE is a chronic immune‐mediated inflammatory condition with no current curative therapy– At risk for fibrostenosis and stricture development
• Current palliative approaches– Elimination diet– PPI– Topical steroids
• Treatments used alone or in combination– To minimize disease risks, while preserving quality of life
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Immune Cells in EoE• Eosinophils• Th2 cells• Mast Cells• Basophils
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Potential Therapeutic Targets• Immune therapy directed at IL‐13 and eotaxin• Prostaglandin D2 inhibitor – CRTH2• Other FDA approved Phase I trials ongoing
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Current Pharmacologic Therapy• PPI may be effective adjunct• Topical glucocorticoids
– Fluticasone (220mcg inhaler)– Budesonide (1‐2mg daily)
• Lead to decrease in eosinophil counts• Recurrence of symptoms when discontinued• Associated with candidal esophagitis
• Systemic steroids effective, but NOT for maintenance
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Budesonide• “Oral viscous” budesonide (2mg slurry)
– Randomized placebo controlled study– OVB=15, placebo‐9– Significant reduction in symptoms and eosinophilia
Dohil 2010
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Treatment End Points• Ideal = Complete resolution of symptoms, inflammation and remodeling
• Reality = EoE is currently a chronic disease with no curative treatment
• High likelihood of symptom recurrence after discontinuing treatment
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Treatment End Points• Reasonable = A balance
– Use treatment options to minimize symptoms and prevent disease complications
– Preserve quality of life– Limit adverse effects of treatment
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Changes You May Want to Make in Your Practice
• Recognize the presenting symptoms of EoE – Chronic inflammatory disease– Immune mediated, food allergen induced– Highly associated with atopy– Relatively common worldwide
• Understand there is no current curative therapy
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Take Home Points• Diagnosis of EoE is clinicopathologic• Consider other “ee’s”
• Particularly PPI‐REE• Tailor therapies to minimize disease‐associated inflammation and fibrostenosis
• Treatment should minimize disease risks, while preserving quality of life
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Thank you!