Fourth Declension; Ablatives of Place from Which and Separation; Third and Fourth Conjugations in the Passive Voice and Present System

Fourth Declension; Ablatives of Place from Which and Separation; Third and Fourth Conjugations in the Passive Voice and Present SystemChapters 20 & 21Chapter 20OBJECTIVESUpon completion of this chapter, students should be able to:1. Recognize, form, and translate fourth declension nouns.2. Define, recognize, and translate the ablative of place from which and ablative of separation constructions, and distinguish between the two.3. Recognize and translate certain verbs that commonly take an ablative of separation.Chapter 21OBJECTIVESUpon completion of this lesson students should be able to:1. Recognize, form, and translate the passive voice of third and fourth conjugation verbs in the present system.2. Recognize, form, and translate the present passive infinitive of third and fourth conjugation verbs.

3. Provide a synopsis of a verb in the indicative mood.Declension Review1st Declension mostly feminine, but a handful are masculine (poeta, nauta, agricola); the nominative singular ending is a and the genitive singular ending is ae.rosa, -ae, f. (rose); sapientia, -ae, f. (wisdom)2nd Declension (Masculine) the nominative singular will end in -us, -er, or ir while the genitive singular will end in i.amicus, -i, m. (friend); puer, pueri, m. (boy); vir, viri, m. (man)2nd Declension (Neuter) the nominative singular will end in um while the genitive singular will end in i. bellum, -i, n. (war); basium, -ii, n. (kiss)3rd Declension can be masculine, feminine or neuter; there is no consistent nominative singular ending, but the genitive singular ending will always be is.rex, regis, m. (king); virtus, virtutis, f. (virtue); carmen, carminis, n. (song)

Chapter Twenty: Fourth DeclensionChapter Twenty introduces the Fourth Declension nouns. The 4th declension presents fewer problems than the 3rd, mostly because there are fewer 4th declension nouns. As previously mentioned, the most common declension of nouns in the Latin language are 3rd declension nouns.

Most 4th declension nouns are masculine with the nominative singular ending of us, but there are some feminine nouns that will also end in us, as well as very few neuters that have a nominative singular ending of .The genitive singular ending for all 4th declension nouns is s. That u MUST have the necessary macron.Fourth DeclensionAs with all nouns, in order to decline a 4th declension noun, simply add the appropriate endings to the base of the noun.Remember that to find the base, use the second part of the noun and drop the genitive singular ending. (For example, for 3rd declension nouns, drop the is ending.)

Note that for 4th declension nouns, the characteristic vowel u appears in all of the endings except for the dative and ablative plural. Also, of all the us endings, only the masculine and feminine nominative singular has a short (unaccented) u.

The Dative and Ablative plurals in the Fourth Declension have the ending -ibus rather than the somewhat expected -ubus.Fourth DeclensionRemember that noun and adjectives must always agree in case, gender, and number. This agreement may not necessarily have the same endings.

Fourth DeclensionMasculine/FeminineSingularPluralNom. -us -sGen. -s -uumDat. -u -ibusAcc. -um -sAbl. - -ibus

Fourth DeclensionNeuterSingularPluralNom.--uaGen.-s-uumDat.--ibusAcc.--uaAbl.--ibus

Fourth Declension NounsCase:Fructus, -us (masc) = FruitCornu, -us (neut) = HornNom.FructusCornuGen.FructusCornusDat.FructuiCornuAcc.FructumCornuAbl.FructuCornuNom.FructusCornuaGen.FructuumCornuumDat.FructibusCornibusAcc.FructusCornuaAbl.FructibusCornibusFourth Declension NounsRemember that there are also nouns in 2nd and 3rd declensions that have a nominative singular ending of us; do not confuse these with 4th declension nouns!spiritus, -s, m. (spirit)servitus, servitutis, f. (slavery)fructus, -s, m. (fruit)amicus, -i, m. (friend)It is the genitive singular ending of a noun which determines declension number, so make sure and memorize both parts of a noun in order to avoid this confusion.

Ablatives of Place From Which & Ablative of SeparationSummaryAblative of Means

Ablative of Accompaniment

Ablative of Manner

Ablative of Time

Ablative of Personal Agent

Ablative of Place From WhichThe place from which (i.e. Out or away from) is indicated with the ablative case.This ablative, commonly used with a preposition, is used to express the place from which the action of the verb is taking place. It only is used in the case of places -- the names of cities, towns and home(domus). They sailed from Sicily.They walked from home.They came from the city.This is an adverbial ablative use; it is adverbial because it answers the question where.

Ablative of Place From WhichQuestion From which?Latin Prepositions a) ab/ away from b) d down from c) ex/ out of/from

Ablatives of Place from which almost always involves a verb of active motion from one place to another.Example: Rex populum ab urbe ducet. The king will lead the people from the city.Equi ex agro currunt. The horses run out of the field. Ablative of SeparationAblative of Separation indicates a person or thing that is separated from another person or thing. The noun in the ablative is the thing from which the separation occurs, not the one doing the separation.The man freed the people from the tyrant.The use of the Ablative of Separation does not require a verb of active motion or the prepositions ab, de, or ex.

The ablative of separation works with non-motion verbs. Motion verbs work with ablatives of place from which.Examples of Non-Motion Verbs: to free, to lack, to deprive, etc.

Careo, Carre, Carui, Cariturum (to lack, to be without, to be deprive of)This verb can be a little confusing when it is used with the ablative of separation; it can be difficult to distinguish between the ablative of separation and the direct object of the sentence.For instance, in the sentence below, it appears as though their money is functioning as the direct object; however, since it is being used with the non-motion verb careo, carre, then it is considered to be an ablative of separation.The men were deprived of their money.Homins su pecuni caruerunt.Understand that whenever this verb is used, it will have an ablative of separation as opposed to a direct object. Consider it to be an intransitive verb.

Ablative of SeparationExample: Question From whom? From what?Latin Preposition None; it is prepositionless.English Translation from/away fromThe man freed the people from the tyrant.Vir populum tyrann liberavit.We often lacked money.Nos pecuni saepe caruimus.Hostis carebat virtute. The enemy was lacking courage.The thing from which someone or something is separated is placed in the ablative usually without a preposition.

Chapter 213rd & 4th Conjugations: Passive Voice of the Present System Chapter Twenty-one introduces the Third, Third I-stem, and Fourth Conjugations in the Passive Voice of the Present System. As in the active voice, these conjugations do not use the Future tense markers (-bo, -bi, -bu), but do use the Imperfect tense marker (-ba).

Review of 3rd/4th ConjugationsRemember that for 3rd conjugation verbs, the characteristic e stem vowel changes to an i in the present tense, is retained in order to express the future tense, and is elongated and conjoined with the endings of bam, -bas, -bat in order to express the imperfect tense.ago, agere, eg, actum (to lead, drive, do, act)agit 3rd singular present indicative active he leadsaget 3rd singular future indicative active he will leadagbat 3rd singular imperfect indicative active he was leading

Review of 3rd/4th ConjugationsFor 4th conjugation verbs, the characteristic i stem vowel is retained in the present tense, an e is added to the i in order to express the future tense, which is then elongated and conjoined with the endings of bam, -bas, -bat in order to express the imperfect tense.invenio, invenire, invni, inventum (to find)invenit 3rd singular present indicative active he findsinveniet 3rd singular future indicative active he will findinvenibat 3rd singular imperfect indicative active he did find

Review of 3rd/4th ConjugationsRemember that there are also 3rd conjugation io verbs. These verbs follow the conjugational format of 4th conjugation verbs except in the imperative mood.capio, capere, cepi, captum (to take)capit 3rd singular present indicative active he takescapiet 3rd singular future indicative active he will takecapibat 3rd singular imperfect indicative active he did take

3rd/4th Conjugations: Present Passive SystemFor the most part, these rules will hold true for 3rd/4th conjugation verbs in the present passive system. You will continue to use the passive endings learned in Chp. 18.r, -ris, -tur, -mur, -mini, -nturThe only exceptions to these rules occurs in the 2nd person singular present indicative passive, the 1st person singular future indicative passive, and in the 3rd conjugation present active infinitive.

The Present System:Review Tense MarkersTense1st 2nd 3rd 3rd io 4th Present[None]

Imperfect-ba-ba-ba-ba-ba

Future-bi-bi-e-ie-ie

Present Indicative Passive of 3rd, 4th, and 3rd io ConjugationsAgo, Agere, Egi, ActusAudio, Audire, Audivi, AuditusCapio, Capere, Cepi, CaptusAgorAudiorCapiorAgerisAudirisCaperisAgiturAuditurCapiturAgimurAudimurCapimurAgiminiAudiminiCapiminiAgunturAudiunturCapiunturFuture Indicative Passive of 3rd, 4th, and 3rd io ConjugationsThe Future Tense is formed in two different ways, depending on the Conjugation of the verb. Verbs of the 1st and 2nd Conjugation follow one pattern or equation, while verbs of the 3rd and 4th Conjugation follow a second pattern or equation.Tense1st 2nd 3rd 3rdio 4th Future-a-e-e-ie-ie1st and 2nd = Present Stem (Ending in Tense Vowel) + bi + Personal Endings(Tense Marker)3rd and 4th = Present Stem (T.V. changes to e/ie) + Personal Endings (e/ie = Future Tense Marker)NB: 1st Singular uses ar; -e of stem drops before ar

Future Indicative Passive of 3rd, 4th, and 3rd io ConjugationsAgo, Agere, Egi, Actus

Audio, Audire, Audivi, Auditus

Capio, Capere, Cepi, Captus

AgarAudiarCapiarAgerisAudierisCapierisAgeturAudieturCapieturAgemurAudiemurCapiemurAgeminiAudieminiCapieminiAgenturAudienturCapienturImperfect Indicative Passive of 3rd, 4th, and 3rd io ConjugationsThe Imperfect Tense is formed by adding the Tense Marker ba to the verb stem (after T.V) plus the Personal Endings.Imperfect = Present Stem (Ending in T.V.) + ba + Personal Endings (age+ba+r; audie+ba+r)(Tense Marker)Tense1st 2nd 3rd 3rdio 4th Imperfect-a-e-e-ie-ie

Imperfect Indicative Passive of 3rd, 4th, and 3rd io ConjugationsAgo, Agere, Egi, Actus

Audio, Audire, Audivi, Auditus

Capio, Capere, Cepi, Captus

AgebarAudiebarCapiebarAgebarisAudiebarisCapiebarisAgebaturAudiebaturCapiebaturAgebamurAudiebamurCapiebamurAgebaminiAudiebaminiCapiebaminiAgebanturAudiebanturCapiebanturPassive Infinitives of the Third and Fourth Conjugations4th conjugation Drop the final e of the active infinitive and replace with i. (i.e. Audire active, becomes Audiri).3rd conjugation Drop ere of the active infinitive and replace it with i. (i.e. Agere becomes Agi and Capere becomes Capi).

Tense1st 2nd 3rd 3rd io 4th Present Active-are -ere-ere-ere-irePresent Passive-ari-eri-i-i-iri

The Present Passive InfinitiveConjugationActivePassive1st are ari2nd ere eri3rd ere i3rd io ere i4th ire iri

CICERO URGES CATILINE'S DEPARTURE FROM ROMEHabemus senatus consultum contra te, Catilina, vehemens et grave; acre iudicium habemus, et vires et consilium civitas nostra habet. Quid est, Catilina? Cur remanes? O di immortales!Discede nunc ex hac urbe cum mala manu sceleratorum; magno metu me liberabis, si omnes istos coniuratos tecum educes. Nisi nunc discedes, te cito eiciemus. Nihil in civitate nostra tedelectare potest. Age, age! Deinde curre ad Manlium, istum amicum malum; te diu desideravit.Incipe nunc; gere bellum in civitatem! Brevi tempore te omnesque tuos, hostes patriae,vincemus, et omnes vos poenas graves semper dabitis.VIRGILS MESSIANIC ECLOGUEVenit iam magna aetas nova; de caelo mittitur puer, qui vitam deorum habebit deosque videbit et ipse videbitur ab illis. Hic puer reget mundum cui virtutes patris pacem dederunt. Paucamala, autem, remanebunt, quae homines iubebunt laborare atque bellum asperum gerere.Erunt etiam altera bella atque iterum ad Troiam magnus mittetur Achilles. Tum, puer, ubi iam longa aetas te virum fecerit, erunt nulli labores, nulla bella; nautae ex navibus discedent, agricolae quoque iam agros relinquent, terra ipsa omnibus hominibus omnia parabit. Currite, aetates; incipe, parve puer, scire matrem, et erit satis spiritus mihi tua dicere facta.