What’s in a Word…?

Chapter 2

Whaddya Think?

What do you think are the top ten printed words in

English?

List them… http://www.wordcount.org/main.phphttp://www.world-english.org/english500.htm

A Rose is a Rose…?

What’s the Part of Speech (formal class) of: Bat Slide Plate Home Throw Inning

Prototypically…

Stretching it a bit…

Nouns

Traditional Definition Person, place, or thing

Linguistic Definition Tangible item or intangible concept

Verbs

Traditional Definition Action & ‘State of Being’ words

Linguistic Definition Convey action or state of being AND Carry grammatical information about

tense (pres, past, etc) person (1st, 2nd, 3rd) Other… (to be discussed in later chapters)

Adjectives

Traditional Definition Modify nouns & other adjectives

Linguistic Definition Modifies a nominal or adjectival

(really close to the traditional definition…)

Modify: To change. To add information about.

X

Get Some Exercise (2.2)

Make three sentences using “model” Sentence 1 ~ “model” as a noun Sentence 2 ~ “model” as a verb Sentence 3 ~ “model” as ad adjective

Pronouns

Traditional Definition Substitute for a noun

Linguistic Definition Substitute for any Noun Phrase or

nominal

Determiners

Traditional Definition Usually only talk about articles (a, an,

the)

Linguistic definition signals a NOUN is on it’s way gives grammatical information about the

coming noun Ø, a, an, the, some, few, much, many,

this, that, these, those, my, Dave’s, etc.

Prepositions (& prepositional phrases)

It was Mr. Plum After supper In the library With the hammer For the sweet revenge

Think about it… How do prepositions appear in

sentences? What purpose(s) do they serve?

Adverbs

Traditional Definition Modify verbs, adjectives or adverbs

w/ info about Time, Place, or Manner Answer: Where, When, Why? How?

Linguistic Definition Modifies non-nominal items

V, Adj, Adv, phrases, clauses, or sentences

Conjunctions

Coordinating And, but, or, nor, so, yet, for Join two equal elements

Words Phrases Clauses

Subordinating That, while, because Make one element weaker…

Get Some Exercise (2.1)

Identify the category of each word:

Noun, Verb, Adj, Adv, Prep, or Pro

“The market for audiobooks is very large.”

Some More Exercise

Write a sentence containing at least one of each of these parts of speech: Noun, Verb, Adjective, Adverb, Preposition, Pronoun, Determiner, Conjunction

Show us the labeled sentence

Any Questions…

…before we move on?

Word Smallest ‘free’ unit AKA: Free morpheme…

Morpheme Smallest meaningful unit

Bound Free

Words & Morphemes

Morpheme

Morpheme(bound)

Word(free)

Morpheme Types Monomorphemic

Root / Stem (≈ free) Polymorphemic

***Affix*** (≈ bound) Prefix Suffix Infix (not English) Circumfix (not English)

Antidisestablishmentarianism

What are the morphemes? Which are bound? Which are free?

What does each morpheme mean?

Derivation

The addition of a morpheme which causes the original word to change in meaning &/or grammatical category

(anti-dis-establish-ment-arian-ism) anti = meaning change dis = meaning change ment = grammatical change (V N) arian = meaning change ism = meaning change

Inflection A morpheme which causes NO CHANGE

in the original word’s meaning or grammatical category Noun

_________, _________

Verb _________, _________, _________

Adjective/Adverb _________, _________

Now You Try…

Word # of Morph’s

Free/Bound

Deriv. / Inflect.

Mothers

Rebounded

Unproductive

Treeing

Word: Bugetarian

Meaning: One who eats only bugs

How I know Bug= “root -etary= having to do with -ian= one who does…

(compare “vegetarian)

Tree:

Bug(root)

-etary(N or Adj)

-ian(N)

(Noun)

Noun

Any Questions…

…before we move on?

To Make a New Word…

Derive (using a morpheme) Create (out of the blue) Compound (combine) Shorten Blend Shift

Create

Marketing Kleenex Xerox

Echoic Onomatopoeia

Ejaculations Pee-yuu // Chinese: Pe

Combine

Compound Mailman

Beware Stress Greenhouse vs. Green House Overtime vs. Over Time

Over Time… Day’s Eye Daisy

Shorten

Clipping Omnibus Bus Zoological Garden Zoo

Acronyms TV RADAR SCUBA

Blending

A little of each Smoke + Fog Smog Ebony + Phonics Ebonics

Shift

Midlife Crisis Change Jobs Wrap Hand Chair Lynch Sandwich

How They Rate

Type 1941-1991 (%)

Compounding 40

Affixation 28

Shifting 17

Shortening 8

Blending 5

Borrowing 5

Creating <.05

Word Origin Exercise: Derive, Compound, Shorten, Blend, Shift

Nicole Gibson, 26, took out six private loans to finance her education at the Rochester Institute of Technology in New York. Like thousands of coeds across the U.S., Gibson was steered to private loans by her school's financial aid office and is now struggling to pay them off. Her monthly payments are $1,300 — almost exactly how much she earns each month as a graphic designer. With few places to turn to for help, Gibson contacted a number of lawyers to explore consolidation and payment-plan options, only to be told that nothing can be done.

Morphological Systems Isolating

Each word is a free morpheme (Chinese, Vietnamese)

Agglutinating Words take multiple bound morphemes (Turkish, Quechua, Swahili)

Inflectional Meaning conveyed largely by inflection (German, Classical Latin)

More on Morphemes

Rule governed Have creative potential

Allomorphs 2+ ‘surface representations’ of single

UR

For “Tomorrow” Exercises

1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 11, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18, 19 22, 23, 24, 26

Many exercises have multiple repetitions of the same skill. Do enough of each that you understand the concept…

Read Chapter 3