What’s happening in this picture?

Where are these events occurring?

Daily Focus Skills Transparency 5-5, Copyright by The McGraw Hill Companies, Inc.

By 395 AD, Diocletian had divided the Roman Empire Byzantium = eastern empire Rome = western empire

476, Germanic forces from the north conquered the Western Roman Empire

Byzantium survived for almost another 1000 years and carried on the Greco-Roman tradition.

476: Germanic tribes conquered the old Roman Empire Territories

Middle Ages = European history between the fall of the Roman Empire (476) and the Modern Era (1450)

Also called the Medieval Period (“Medium” is Latin for Middle; “aevum” is Latin for age)

Early Middle Ages = 500 – 1000 C.E.

High Middle Ages = 1000 – 1300 C.E.

Late Middle Ages = 1300 – 1500 C.E.

pestilence, war, famine, & death

Some believed thatwere also the times of the

• Instability after Rome’s fall

• Lawlessness, corruption, political assassinations, & starvation

• No national government; local regional lords held the power

• Lords controlled estates through feudalism

• Constant fear of plunderers and robbers

• High inflation and low trade

500-1000 C.E.

• Christianity spread throughout Europe by the 4th Century

Church established a hierarchy

• parishes = local communities headed by a priest

• bishopric = several parishes

Cathedral in Exeter, England

• Catholic Church filled the gap left by no strong leaders

• Preserved literacy & the classics

• Controlled all aspects of medieval life

• Maintained some semblance of civilized living

• 590 - Pope Gregory

• Increased Pope’s power

- Governed large territory around Rome

- Encouraged the growth of Monasticism

- Nunneries

-Helped spread Christianity to Eastern Europe & the Slavs

500-800: Catholic Church debated several issues

• Was Jesus flesh, spirit or a combination of both?

• Use of relics – bones/objects connected with saints

• The Eastern Church disagreed with using relics and images.

•They were iconoclasts = image breakers

• Monks white-washed images of Jesus & the saints

• Romans believed that Rome should be the head of the Church because the apostle Peter spent his last years in Rome.

• Byzantines didn’t accept Rome’s leadership of the Catholic Church

• 1054 - Schism = separation- Eastern Orthodox Church (Greek & Russian)- Western Catholic Church (Roman)

Jesus Christ giving Saint Peter the keys to the kingdom of heaven. Catholic doctrine says that Jesus made Saint Peter the first pope. This established a link between Jesus and the papacy. The pope is viewed as the apostles’ heir. This doctrine gave the papacy tremendous power. The advantages taken by certain popes of this and other doctrines was later criticized by many Christian reformers.

Fresco by Perugino Vatican Museums and Galleries, Vatican City, Italy/Bridgeman Art Library, London/New York

Kingdom of the Franks

• Only 1 of the Germanic states that lasted

• 510 C.E. – Established by Clovis

• Clovis = 1st Germanic ruler to convert to Christianity

Charles Martel defeated the Muslims

** Stopped Muslim conquest of Northern Europe

732 C.E. – Battle of Tours

Renaissance = rebirth Established monastic and palace schools Renewed interest in Latin & Greek culture

Carolingian Renaissance

Carolingian Empire (768 – 814)

Charlemagne = Charles Martel’s grandson

Intelligent, fierce warrior, strong statesman

Created Missi Dominici = king’s messengers

Strengthened Frankish military

Monks reproduced many of the texts used in medieval European education. They monks diligently copied entire texts in a monastery room called a scriptorium (writing room). Thanks to their efforts, Roman and Greek classics were preserved for future readers.

An image of Saint Matthew writing in the Lindisfarne Gospels. The author and artist was possibly Eadfrith, Bishop of Lindisfarne.

Illuminations are hand-drawn scrolls that are embellished with paintings and decorations.

• The Book of Kells

• Illuminated Irish manuscript of the Gospels in Latin

•Contains incredibly beautiful illustrations on vellum

• This page illustrates the arrest of Jesus Christ from the Gospel According to Matthew.

• The manuscript dates from around the mid-8th century

• Located in Trinity College Library in Dublin, Ireland.

• Many monks fled to Ireland to escape Barbarian attacks in between the 5th and 9th centuries

•Click on the website on the right and view a power point about The Book of Kells

http://www.bookofkells.com/videos/bookOfKellsDVD-ROM-short.html

800: Charlemagne is crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Leo III

1st Roman Emperor since 476

Symbolized the emergence of the Middle Ages (500-1500)

Blended Roman, Christian, & Germanic elements

A Germanic king was crowned by a Roman pope (spiritual leader of western Christendom)

• 814: Charlemagne died

• Charlemagne’s grandsons fought over the empire

• 843 = Treaty of Verdun

- Heirs divided Carolingian Empire

- East (Germany), West (France), & Middle Kingdom (Alsace Lorraine)

- Alsace Lorraine fought over for centuries

• Local nobles gained power

• Carolingian Empire began to crumble

• 9th & 10th Centuries = Another wave of Barbarian Invasions

Islamic

Germanic tribes from Scandinavia

Raided Northern Europe 9th-11th Centuries

Fierce warriors

Greatly Feared

Called Barbarians

Sacked towns, destroyed churches, raped, and pillaged

• Scandinavia

- Harsh land

- Scarce food

- Clan warfare

• Built long ships = Dragon Ships

• Sailed up European rivers and attacked far inland

• Vikings established inland bases

• Launched several raids from these points

• Established settlements

- Kiev = (Rus)

- Normandy (France)

- Jorvik (Britain)

• Viking long ships were narrow & fierce

• Enabled them to navigate narrow inland European rivers

Conversion to Christianity made them a part of the European civilization

Mongol Empire

• Genghiz Khan – Conquered China in early 1200s

• Kublai Khan – Extended Mongol control over most of Asia, Russia and eastern Europe in Hungary. Traded extensively with the West. Entertained Marco Polo.

• Pax Mongolia – time of peace and prosperity during Mongolian rule

• Superb horsemen

• Covered 120 miles a day

• Cut their horse’s leg and drank the blood if thirsty

• Invented the stirrup• Ride and shoot arrows• Greatly feared• “Barbaric”

Largest land empire in the world