WHAT IS A DICTIONARYWHAT IS A DICTIONARY??

OutlineOutline

�� DictionariesDictionaries andand EncyclopediasEncyclopedias

�� A A SurveySurvey of of TypesTypes of of DictionariesDictionariesaandnd OtherOther LanguageLanguage ReferencesReferencesaandnd OtherOther LanguageLanguage ReferencesReferences

DictionariesDictionaries andand EncyclopediasEncyclopedias

�� DictionaryDictionary

is a book that lists is a book that lists

words in alphabetic words in alphabetic

order and describes order and describes

their meanings.their meanings.

�� EncyclopediaEncyclopedia

is a collection of is a collection of

articles about every articles about every

branch of knowledge.branch of knowledge.

their meanings.their meanings.

�� Dictionaries are about Dictionaries are about

words.words.

�� Encyclopedias are Encyclopedias are

about things.about things.

A A SurveySurvey of of TypesTypes of of DictionariesDictionariesaandnd OtherOther LanguageLanguage ReferencesReferences

Dictionaries

Range Perspective Presentation

Dictionaries differ in …Dictionaries differ in …

�� The number of languagesThe number of languages

�� The manner of financingThe manner of financing

�� The age of usersThe age of users

�� The size of dictionariesThe size of dictionaries

The scope of coverage by The scope of coverage by

�� The lexical unitThe lexical unit

�� The primary language of The primary language of

the marketthe market

�� The period of time The period of time

coveredcovered�� The scope of coverage by The scope of coverage by

subjectsubject

�� Limitations in the aspect Limitations in the aspect

of language coveredof language covered

coveredcovered

�� The linguistic approach The linguistic approach

chosenchosen

�� The means of accessThe means of access

The Number of LanguagesThe Number of Languages

�� Monolingual DictionaryMonolingual Dictionary

�� Bilingual DictionaryBilingual Dictionary

Unidirectional (MonoUnidirectional (Mono--directional)directional)�� Unidirectional (MonoUnidirectional (Mono--directional)directional)

�� i.e. from English to Turkishi.e. from English to Turkish

�� BidirectionalBidirectional

�� i.e. from English to Turkish/Turkish to Englishi.e. from English to Turkish/Turkish to English

Bilingual DictionaryBilingual Dictionary--11

…includes the following:…includes the following:

�� It provides a translation for each word in It provides a translation for each word in the source language.the source language.

Its coverage of the source language Its coverage of the source language �� Its coverage of the source language Its coverage of the source language lexicon is complete.lexicon is complete.

�� Grammatical, syntactic and semantic Grammatical, syntactic and semantic information is provided.information is provided.

�� Usage guidance is given.Usage guidance is given.

Bilingual DictionaryBilingual Dictionary--22

�� It includes special vocabulary items, such It includes special vocabulary items, such as scientific terms.as scientific terms.

�� Spelling aids and alternative spellings are Spelling aids and alternative spellings are indicated.indicated.indicated.indicated.

�� Pronunciation is included.Pronunciation is included.

�� It is compact in size.It is compact in size.

The Manner of FinancingThe Manner of Financing

�� Scholarly DScholarly Dictionariesictionariesareare financedfinanced byby governmentgovernment oror foundationfoundationgrantsgrants..

�� CommercialCommercial DictionariesDictionariesareare supportedsupported byby privateprivate investorsinvestors..

TheThe AgeAge of of UsersUsers

�� Child’sChild’s ((SchoolSchool) ) DictionariesDictionaries

�� ElementaryElementary SchoolSchool ((gradesgrades threethree--eighteight))

�� MiddleMiddle SchoolSchool ((gradesgrades sixsix--ten)ten)

�� SecondarySecondary SchoolSchool ((gradesgrades ninenine--twelvetwelve))�� SecondarySecondary SchoolSchool ((gradesgrades ninenine--twelvetwelve))

�� Adult’sAdult’s DictionariesDictionaries

TheThe Size of Size of DictionariesDictionaries

�� UnabridgedUnabridged DictionariesDictionaries (400.000 (400.000 toto

600.000words)600.000words)

�� CollegeCollege DictionariesDictionaries (130.000 (130.000 toto 160.000 160.000 wordswords))

�� SemiSemi--unabridgedunabridged DictionariesDictionaries ((approximatelyapproximately�� SemiSemi--unabridgedunabridged DictionariesDictionaries ((approximatelyapproximately

260.000 260.000 wordswords))

�� DeskDesk DictionariesDictionaries (60.000 (60.000 toto 100.000 100.000 wordswords))

�� PocketPocket ((PaperbackPaperback) ) DictionariesDictionaries (40.000 (40.000 toto

60.000 60.000 wordswords))

TheThe ScopeScope of of CoverageCoverage byby SubjectSubject

�� SpecialSpecial--fieldfield DictionariesDictionaries::

�� medicalmedical andand legal legal dictionariesdictionaries

�� dictionariesdictionaries of of militarymilitary andand nauticalnautical sciencescience, ,

etcetc..etcetc..

�� SubjectSubject--fieldfield DictionariesDictionaries::

�� DictionariesDictionaries of of lawlaw, , medicinemedicine, , biologybiology, ,

electronicselectronics, , architecturearchitecture, , etcetc..

LimitationsLimitationsin in thethe

AspectAspect of of LanguageLanguage CoveredCovered

�� SpecialSpecial--purposepurpose DictionariesDictionaries ((byby BarnhartBarnhart))

�� EtymologicalEtymological DictionariesDictionaries

�� PronunciationPronunciation DictionariesDictionaries

�� SynonymSynonym DictionariesDictionaries�� SynonymSynonym DictionariesDictionaries

�� Slang DSlang Dictionariesictionaries

�� DialectDialect DictionariesDictionaries ((LinguisticLinguistic AtlasesAtlases))

�� NeologisimsNeologisims ((collectionscollections of of newnew wordswords))

�� EtymologEtymologicalical DictionariesDictionaries::theythey areare alphabeticalphabetic listslists of of wordswords showingshowinghowhow thethe currentcurrent form form derivedderived fromfrom olderolderonesones in in thethe samesame oror anotheranother languagelanguage..

�� PronunciationPronunciation DictionariesDictionaries::theythey provideprovide transcriptionstranscriptions of of thethe soundssoundstheythey provideprovide transcriptionstranscriptions of of thethe soundssoundsof of speechspeech correspondingcorresponding toto an an alphabeticalphabeticlistlist of of wordswords soso thatthat thethe readerreader maymayunderstandunderstand howhow eacheach wordword is is usuallyusuallypronouncedpronounced..

�� SynonymSynonym DictionariesDictionaries::TheyThey havehave existedexisted in in EnglishEnglish since since thethe latelateeighteentheighteenth centurycentury. . TheyThey containcontain thethesynonymssynonyms of of thethe lexiconslexicons in in oneone languagelanguage..

�� SlangSlang DictionariesDictionaries::SlangSlang is is defineddefined as as wordswords oror expressionsexpressionsSlangSlang is is defineddefined as as wordswords oror expressionsexpressionsthatthat originatedoriginated in in cantcant ((nontechnicalnontechnicalvocabularyvocabulary restrictedrestricted toto a a particularparticularoccupationoccupation, , ageage, , groupgroup, , etcetc.).)

�� DialectDialect DictionariesDictionaries ((LinguisticLinguistic AtlasesAtlases):):TheyThey areare somesome kindkind of a of a mapmap thethegeographicgeographic distributiondistribution of of usesuses of of particularparticular vocabularyvocabulary itemsitems oror featuresfeatures of of pronunciationpronunciation..

�� NeologismsNeologisms ((CollectionsCollections of of newnew wordswords):):�� NeologismsNeologisms ((CollectionsCollections of of newnew wordswords):):NeologismsNeologisms varyvary fromfrom newspapernewspaperglossariesglossaries toto extensiveextensive dictionariesdictionaries withwithillustrativeillustrative quotationsquotations documentingdocumenting eacheachnewnew termterm..

TheThe LexicalLexical UnitUnit

�� IndexIndex:: An An indexindex is a is a reorderingreordering of of thethe importantimportant

wordswords in a in a texttext in in alphabeticalphabetic orderorder soso as as toto

accessaccess toto particularparticular partsparts of of thethe texttext wherewhere eacheach

wordword is is usedused..

�� ConcordanceConcordance:: IfIf thethe repeatedrepeated wordswords constituteconstitute

an an exhaustiveexhaustive listlist of of allall thethe wordswords in in thethe texttext, , thethe

indexindex is is calledcalled a a concordanceconcordance..

�� An An ExegesisExegesis((ExegeticExegetic DictionaryDictionary):): ItIt explainsexplains a a

texttext, , suchsuch as as thethe BibleBible, , byby meansmeans of an of an indexindex toto

particularparticular wordswords usedused in in keykey passagespassages..

ABBREVIATIONSABBREVIATIONS

�� InitialismsInitialisms ((AlphabetismsAlphabetisms):): reflectreflect thethe separateseparate

pronunciationpronunciation of of thethe initialinitial lettersletters of of thethe constituentconstituent

wordswords..�� TV (TV (televisiontelevision), EU (), EU (EuropeanEuropean UnionUnion), ID (), ID (identityidentity documentdocument), RSVP (), RSVP (replyreply

pleaseplease), PTO (), PTO (pleaseplease turnturn overover), FAQ (), FAQ (frequentlyfrequently askedasked questionsquestions))

�� AcronymsAcronyms:: areare pronouncedpronounced as as singlesingle wordswords..�� NATO, NATO, laserlaser

�� ClippingsClippings ((clippedclipped formsforms):): reductionsreductions of of longerlonger formsforms, , �� ClippingsClippings ((clippedclipped formsforms):): reductionsreductions of of longerlonger formsforms, ,

usuallyusually removingremoving thethe endend of of thethe wordword..�� Ad (Ad (advertisementadvertisement), ), planeplane ((airplaneairplane), ), fluflu ((influenzainfluenza))

�� BlendsBlends:: combinecombine partpart of of wordswords..�� SitcomSitcom ((situationalsituational comedycomedy), ), bedsitbedsit ((oneone roomroom whichwhich is a is a bedroombedroom andand a a sittingsitting

roomroom), ), scisci--fi (fi (sciencescience fictionfiction))

�� A A GhostGhost Word:Word: ItIt is a is a wordword thatthat has has nevernever existedexisted in in

actualactual usageusage but but thatthat appearsappears in in dictionariesdictionaries throughthrough thethe

lexicographer’slexicographer’s errorerror..

TheThe PrimaryPrimary LanguageLanguage of of thethe MarketMarket

MonolingualMonolingual dictionariesdictionaries;;

�� designeddesigned forfor thosethose learninglearning EnglishEnglish as a as a

secondsecond languagelanguage (ESL)(ESL)

�� designeddesigned forfor thethe nativenative speakersspeakers�� designeddesigned forfor thethe nativenative speakersspeakers

TheThe PeriodPeriod of Time of Time CoveredCovered

�� DiachronicDiachronic ((HistoricalHistorical) ) DictionariesDictionaries::

......dealdeal withwith an an extendedextended periodperiod of time, of time, withwith thethe purposepurpose of of tracingtracing thethedevelopmentsdevelopments of form of form andand meaningsmeanings of of developmentsdevelopments of form of form andand meaningsmeanings of of eacheach headwordheadword overover thethe periodperiod coveredcovered..

�� SynchronicSynchronic DictionariesDictionaries::

......dealdeal withwith a a narrownarrow bandband of time of time andandattemptattempt toto representrepresent thethe lexiconlexicon as it as it existsexistsoror existedexisted at a at a particularparticular pointpoint in time.in time.

TheThe LinguisticLinguistic ApproachApproachChosenChosen

�� DescriptiveDescriptive

�� PrescriptivePrescriptive

TheThe MeansMeans of Accessof Access

FourFour basicbasic systemssystems of of classificationclassification areare

�� byby alphabetalphabet

�� byby thethe form of form of thethe entryentry wordswords ((morphemicmorphemic))

�� byby meaningmeaning ((semanticsemantic))�� byby meaningmeaning ((semanticsemantic))

�� byby no no systemsystem at at allall ((haphazardhaphazard))