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MI Second Semester Final Exam (Unit 14) Study Guide—MC Exam on Wed 6.15.16 (60 MC) & SA on Thurs 6.16.16 (4 SA)—10% Grade Unit 1—8 MC What is a MI? What are the main categories of interventions that function to maintain human health? (1 MC) What is the goal of PCR? What are the steps involved in PCR? (1 MC) Calculate TD, FD, serial dilutions, dilutions, and the concentrations of diluent samples and stock solutions? (1 MC, SA) How are grampositive bacteria different from gramnegative bacteria? (1 MC) What is a zone of inhibition test? What does the test show? How can you tell if a bacterium is antibiotic resistant? (1 MC) Diagnose a patient with the appropriate type of hearing loss and suggest a medication intervention. (1 MC) What is attack rate? How is it calculated? What conclusions can be made given attack rates? (1 MC) What is recombinant DNA technology? How does this relate to plasmids, ligase, restriction enzymes, vectors, bacterial cells, and genetic engineering? (1 MC) Unit 2—6 MC What is a karyotype? What can be learned by examining a karyotype? What kind of genetic disorder is shown?(1 MC) What is a pedigree? How do you read and create a pedigree? Why are they used? What kind of genetic disorder is shown?( (1 MC) Why are Punnett Squares useful? How do you read them and determine genotypic probabilities? (1 MC) How is gel electrophoresis performed? Which bands are longer? Where are bands located? How much DNA is present? How do you read a gel to learn genotype and phenotype? Why are DNA standards used in gel electrophoresis? (1 MC, SA) What is gene cloning? Therapeutic? Reproductive? How is each cloning process performed? What are examples of each process? When is each processed used? (1 MC) What is a vector? What are the six vectors used in gene therapy? When is each one used? (1 MC) Unit 3—17 MC How do bone scans, CT scans, MRIs, and X rays work? Differentiate the four types of diagnostic imaging (1 MC) How can cancerous cells be microscopically differentiated from normal cells? (1 MC) What do the results of a microarray indicate? How are the gene expression ratios interpreted? (1 MC) How are the Log 2 values interpreted? How do the Log 2 values relate to the gene expression ratios from the microarray? (1 MC) Categorize items as an environmental risk? Behavior risk? Biological risk? And genetic risk? Which risks are modifiable? (1 MC) What is melanoma? basal cell carcinoma? squamous cell carcinoma? How does each form? How can it be diagnosed? (1 MC) Determine the IV, DV, constants, and control group within an experiment. Analyze the experimental results. (1 MC) How can sporadic, hereditary, and genetic cancers be differentiated? What are examples of each type of cancer? (1 MC) How is marker analysis performed? What do the results indicate? How is the Rf and RFLP length determined? What are short tandem repeats? How do they relate to marker analysis and gel electrophoresis? (1 MC, SA) Which type of cancer do HPV, EBV, HBV, and HCV cause? How can each viral infection be treated and prevented? (1 MC) How are radiation therapy and chemotherapy similar? Different? When is each method used? (1 MC) What is biofeedback therapy? When is biofeedback therapy used? Analyze graphs/tables to draw appropriate conclusions. (1 MC) How does the role of a physical therapist differ from an occupational therapist? Is the patient’s PT and OT goal appropriate? (1 MC) What is pharmacogenetics? How does this relate to SNPs and haplotypes? (1 MC) Differentiate clinical trials methodologies. Which methodology is described? Which phase is the trial in? What is nanotechnology? What are examples & benefits of nanotechnology? How can cancer be treated with nanotechnology? (1 MC) Unit 4—24 MC How does insulin relate to blood glucose levels? How does insulin relate to diabetes? (1 MC) What are bacterial plasmids? What are recombinant DNA plasmids? How can these be used produce proteins such as insulin? (1 MC) What are the steps involved in bacterial chemical transformation? (1 MC) Analyze the results of a transformation experiment. (1 MC) Calculate transformation efficiency. (1 MC) What is primary protein structure? Secondary? Tertiary? Quaternary? (1 MC) What is HIC? How is HIC performed? How does this relate to protein structure and protein purification? (1 MC) What is SDSPAGE? How is it performed? Why is it used? (1 MC) How does protein electrophoresis differ from DNA electrophoresis? (1 MC) How can End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) be diagnosed? What are complications of ESRD? (1 MC) What is dialysis? Differentiate between the procedure, benefits, and complications of hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis? (1 MC) What is the anatomy of the urinary system? What is the anatomy of a nephron? (1 MC) Determine who should get an organ based on the scenario presented. What are the rules enforced by NOTA and OPTN? (1 MC) What are the blood types? Which antigens does each person have? Which antibodies? What is the corresponding genotype? (1 MC) Analyze the pedigree/Punnett square provided to determine a person’s blood type and genotype? (1 MC) Determine a patient’s HLA match. What is a child’s HLA haplotype given the parent’s HLA haplotype? (1 MC)

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Page 1: What%is%the%goal%of%PCR?%What%arethesteps%involved%in%PCR?%(1%MC)% …kenwoodacademy.enschool.org/ourpages/auto/2016/2/8... · 2016. 2. 8. · •HIC#is#hydrophobic#interaction#chromatography.#Protein#fraction#(sample)#is#run#through#a#column#and#solutions#of#

MI  Second  Semester  Final  Exam  (Unit  1-­‐4)  Study  Guide—MC  Exam  on  Wed  6.15.16  (60  MC)  &  SA  on  Thurs  6.16.16  (4  SA)—10%  Grade    

Unit  1—8  MC  • What  is  a  MI?  What  are  the  main  categories  of  interventions  that  function  to  maintain  human  health?  (1  MC)    • What  is  the  goal  of  PCR?  What  are  the  steps  involved  in  PCR?  (1  MC)  • Calculate  TD,  FD,  serial  dilutions,  dilutions,  and  the  concentrations  of  diluent  samples  and  stock  solutions?  (1  MC,  SA)  • How  are  gram-­‐positive  bacteria  different  from  gram-­‐negative  bacteria?  (1  MC)    • What  is  a  zone  of  inhibition  test?  What  does  the  test  show?  How  can  you  tell  if  a  bacterium  is  antibiotic  resistant?  (1  MC)  • Diagnose  a  patient  with  the  appropriate  type  of  hearing  loss  and  suggest  a  medication  intervention.  (1  MC)  • What  is  attack  rate?  How  is  it  calculated?  What  conclusions  can  be  made  given  attack  rates?  (1  MC)  • What  is  recombinant  DNA  technology?  How  does  this  relate  to  plasmids,  ligase,  restriction  enzymes,  vectors,  bacterial  cells,  and  

genetic  engineering?  (1  MC)    

Unit  2—6  MC  • What  is  a  karyotype?  What  can  be  learned  by  examining  a  karyotype?  What  kind  of  genetic  disorder  is  shown?(1  MC)  • What  is  a  pedigree?  How  do  you  read  and  create  a  pedigree?  Why  are  they  used?  What  kind  of  genetic  disorder  is  shown?(  (1  MC)  • Why  are  Punnett  Squares  useful?  How  do  you  read  them  and  determine  genotypic  probabilities?  (1  MC)  • How  is  gel  electrophoresis  performed?  Which  bands  are  longer?  Where  are  bands  located?  How  much  DNA  is  present?  How  do  you  

read  a  gel  to  learn  genotype  and  phenotype?  Why  are  DNA  standards  used  in  gel  electrophoresis?  (1  MC,  SA)  • What  is  gene  cloning?  Therapeutic?  Reproductive?  How  is  each  cloning  process  performed?  What  are  examples  of  each  process?  

When  is  each  processed  used?  (1  MC)  • What  is  a  vector?  What  are  the  six  vectors  used  in  gene  therapy?  When  is  each  one  used?  (1  MC)    Unit  3—17  MC  • How  do  bone  scans,  CT  scans,  MRIs,  and  X  rays  work?  Differentiate  the  four  types  of  diagnostic  imaging  (1  MC)  • How  can  cancerous  cells  be  microscopically  differentiated  from  normal  cells?  (1  MC)  • What  do  the  results  of  a  microarray  indicate?    How  are  the  gene  expression  ratios  interpreted?    (1  MC)  • How  are  the  Log2  values  interpreted?  How  do  the  Log2  values  relate  to  the  gene  expression  ratios  from  the  microarray?  (1  MC)  • Categorize  items  as  an  environmental  risk?  Behavior  risk?  Biological  risk?  And  genetic  risk?  Which  risks  are  modifiable?  (1  MC)  • What  is  melanoma?  basal  cell  carcinoma?  squamous  cell  carcinoma?  How  does  each  form?  How  can  it  be  diagnosed?  (1  MC)  • Determine  the  IV,  DV,  constants,  and  control  group  within  an  experiment.  Analyze  the  experimental  results.  (1  MC)    • How  can  sporadic,  hereditary,  and  genetic  cancers  be  differentiated?  What  are  examples  of  each  type  of  cancer?  (1  MC)  • How  is  marker  analysis  performed?  What  do  the  results  indicate?  How  is  the  Rf  and  RFLP  length  determined?  What  are  short  tandem  

repeats?  How  do  they  relate  to  marker  analysis  and  gel  electrophoresis?  (1  MC,  SA)    • Which  type  of  cancer  do  HPV,  EBV,  HBV,  and  HCV  cause?  How  can  each  viral  infection  be  treated  and  prevented?  (1  MC)    • How  are  radiation  therapy  and  chemotherapy  similar?  Different?  When  is  each  method  used?  (1  MC)    • What  is  biofeedback  therapy?  When  is  biofeedback  therapy  used?  Analyze  graphs/tables  to  draw  appropriate  conclusions.  (1  MC)    • How  does  the  role  of  a  physical  therapist  differ  from  an  occupational  therapist?  Is  the  patient’s  PT  and  OT  goal  appropriate?  (1  MC)    • What  is  pharmacogenetics?  How  does  this  relate  to  SNPs  and  haplotypes?  (1  MC)  • Differentiate  clinical  trials  methodologies.  Which  methodology  is  described?  Which  phase  is  the  trial  in?    • What  is  nanotechnology?  What  are  examples  &  benefits  of  nanotechnology?  How  can  cancer  be  treated  with  nanotechnology?  (1  MC)  

 Unit  4—24  MC  • How  does  insulin  relate  to  blood  glucose  levels?  How  does  insulin  relate  to  diabetes?  (1  MC)  • What  are  bacterial  plasmids?  What  are  recombinant  DNA  plasmids?  How  can  these  be  used  produce  proteins  such  as  insulin?  (1  MC)  • What  are  the  steps  involved  in  bacterial  chemical  transformation?  (1  MC)  • Analyze  the  results  of  a  transformation  experiment.  (1  MC)  • Calculate  transformation  efficiency.  (1  MC)  • What  is  primary  protein  structure?  Secondary?  Tertiary?  Quaternary?  (1  MC)  • What  is  HIC?  How  is  HIC  performed?  How  does  this  relate  to  protein  structure  and  protein  purification?  (1  MC)  • What  is  SDS-­‐PAGE?  How  is  it  performed?  Why  is  it  used?  (1  MC)  • How  does  protein  electrophoresis  differ  from  DNA  electrophoresis?  (1  MC)  • How  can  End  Stage  Renal  Disease  (ESRD)  be  diagnosed?  What  are  complications  of  ESRD?  (1  MC)  • What  is  dialysis?  Differentiate  between  the  procedure,  benefits,  and  complications  of  hemodialysis  and  peritoneal  dialysis?  (1  MC)  • What  is  the  anatomy  of  the  urinary  system?  What  is  the  anatomy  of  a  nephron?  (1  MC)  • Determine  who  should  get  an  organ  based  on  the  scenario  presented.  What  are  the  rules  enforced  by  NOTA  and  OPTN?  (1  MC)  • What  are  the  blood  types?  Which  antigens  does  each  person  have?  Which  antibodies?  What  is  the  corresponding  genotype?  (1  MC)  • Analyze  the  pedigree/Punnett  square  provided  to  determine  a  person’s  blood  type  and  genotype?  (1  MC)  • Determine  a  patient’s  HLA  match.  What  is  a  child’s  HLA  haplotype  given  the  parent’s  HLA  haplotype?  (1  MC)  

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• How  is  PRA  calculated?  Can  a  person  with  a  high  PRA  get  a  transplant?  Why  or  why  not?  (1  MC)  • Differentiate  between  kidney  and  heart  transplantation.  (1  MC)  • How  are  anesthesiologists,  oncologists,  perioperative  nurses,  and  surgeons  involved  in  transplants?  (1  MC)  • Why  are  immunosuppressive  medications  prescribed?  Why  are  they  needed?  Which  one  should  be  prescribed?  • How  does  blood  flow  through  the  heart?  (1  MC)  • How  can  you  tell  a  person  has  congestive  heart  failure?  Differentiate  between  interventions  used  for  congestive  heart  failure?  (1  MC)  • Which  organs/tissues  can  be  donated  from  a  living  donor?  Deceased  donor?  (1  MC)  • What  is  tissue  engineering?  What  is  xenotransplantation?  Differentiate  between  these  interventions.  (1  MC)    

 

College  Readiness  Standards  (5  CRS,  Plasmid  Experiment  Interpretation)    

Short  Answer  –  Taken  on  Thursday  June  16th    • Given  the  information  provided  in  a  serial  dilution  word  problem,  calculate  TD,  FD,  and  the  concentrations  of  diluent  samples  and  

stock  solutions.  • How  do  you  read  a  gel  to  learn  genotype  and  phenotype?  Which  bands  are  longer?  Where  are  bands  located?  How  long  is  the  band?    • Explain  what  marker  analysis  results  indicate.  Calculate  Rf  values.  Determine  RFLP  length.  Analyze  marker  analysis  results.  Which  

clinical  trial  do  you  think  the  patients  should  consider.  Why?    • Based  on  the  blood  typing,  HLA  typing,  PRA,  and  crossmatch  results  provided.  Should  the  candidate  get  an  organ  transplant?  Why  or  

why  not?  Who  is  the  best  donor  for  the  person?  Explain  your  reasoning.        

FINAL  IS  10%  OF  YOUR  SEMESTER  GRADE    (55  CONTENT  MC—1.25  PTS  EACH  (68.75  PTS),  5  CRS  MC  —1  PT  EACH  (5  PTS),  FOUR  SHORT  ANSWER—  26.25  PTS)  

 Name:  ___ANSWER  KEY___  

 

                 Date:  ____________________Period:  ______    

Unit  4  Final  Review  Guide:  6.25  points  Extra  Credit  on  Test—Due  Friday  6.10.16    

1. How  does  insulin  relate  to  blood  glucose  levels?  How  does  insulin  relate  to  diabetes?    • Insulin  decreases  blood  glucose  levels.  Diabetics  have  hyperglycemia  (high  blood  glucose).  T1D  do  not  make  enough  

insulin  (autoimmune  disorder).  T2D  do  not  respond  to  the  insulin  that  they  make  –  insulin  receptor  is  insensitive/resistant.  

 

• Glucagon  increases  blood  glucose.    

2. How  is  target  DNA  isolated?    • DNA  is  isolated  from  your  target  organism.  You  take  a  cell  sample/biopsy,  then  you  extract  the  DNA.  Once  you  extract  

the  DNA  you  need  to  amply  the  target  gene  region  using  PCR  (polymerase  chain  reaction)  using  primers.      

3. How  are  recombinant  DNA  plasmids  formed?    1) Get  target  DNA  and  plasmid  (circular  extra  DNA  found  in  bacteria)    2) Cut  both  with  the  same  restriction  enzyme  –  forms  sticky  ends  3) Use  DNA  ligase  to  bond  the  DNA  strands  together  –  recombinant  

DNA  plasmid    

4. What  are  the  steps  involved  in  bacterial  chemical  transformation?    1. Calcium  Chloride  Treatment    2. Heat  Shock    3. Incubation  on  Ice      4. Incubation  with  Nutrient  Broth    

 • The  calcium  chloride  and  heat  shock  make  the  cells  

competent  (ready  to  take  up  the  plasmid  DNA)    • Putting  it  on  ice  closes  the  membrane  to  keep  the  plasmid  inside  • Incubation  allows  time  for  plasmid  replication  (ori  –  origin  of  replication  –  replicate  the  plasmid)  to  allow  it  to  

have  antibiotic  resistance  or  produce  GFP  and  glow  green.      5. What  is  HIC?  How  is  HIC  performed?  How  does  this  relate  to  protein  structure  and  protein  purification?  

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• HIC  is  hydrophobic  interaction  chromatography.  Protein  fraction  (sample)  is  run  through  a  column  and  solutions  of  various  salt  concentrations  are  poured  and  remove  proteins  from  the  column  depending  on  the  hydrophobicity  of  the  protein.    

• The  binding  solution  (high  salt)  is  first  and  will  remove  all  the  hydrophilic  proteins  from  the  column  –  to  be  collected.  

• The  wash  solution  (medium  salt)  is  second  and  will  remove  the  mild/medium  hydrophobic  proteins  from  the  column  –  to  be  collected  

• The  elute  solution  (low/no  salt)  is  last  and  will  remove  whatever  proteins  are  still  bound  the  column  –  which  happens  to  be  the  very  hydrophobic  proteins.    

 • Remember  hydrophobic  amino  acids  hide  on  the  inside  of  

the  proteins  and  the  salt  concentration  affected  the  position  of  the  amino  acids  and  its  ability  to  bind  to  the  column.    

 6. How  is  transformation  efficiency  calculated?    

• Transformation  Efficiency  =  Number  of  transformed  colonies  /  Amount  of  plasmid  added  to  the  agar  plate  (in  ug)    

• To  calculate  the  amount  of  plasmid  you  have  to  do  a  little  bit  of  math    -­‐  see  below  Amount  =  Fraction  of  DNA  used  (volume  spread  /  total  volume  on  tube)  x  amount  of  plasmid  spread  x  plasmid  concentration  

 7. Using  the  technique  of  column  chromatography  or  HIC,  how  could  you  isolate  a  mildly  hydrophobic  protein?  

• The  wash  solution  (medium  salt)  is  second  and  will  remove  the  mild/medium  hydrophobic  proteins  from  the  column      

8. How  does  protein  electrophoresis  differ  from  DNA  electrophoresis?    • DNA  Electrophoresis  :  Uses  agarose  gel,  Requires  PCR  of  DNA  first,  Gel  is  loaded  horizontally,  negatively  charged  DNA  moves  

across  the  gel  towards  the  positive  end  (red  color)    

• Protein  Electrophoresis:  Uses  polyacrylamide  gel,  Requires  SDS  application  to  protein  first  to  make  the  protein  linear  and  coat  the  proteins  in  a  negative  charge,  Gel  is  loaded  vertically,  Protein  moves  down  the  gel  toward  the  positive  end  

 9. What  is  End  Stage  Renal  Disease  (ESRD)?  How  is  it  diagnosed?  How  is  it  treated?    

• Kidneys  function  at  a  level  below  10%.  Diagnosed  with  low  glomerular  filtration  rate  or  a  very  high  level  of  urea  or  creatinine  in  the  blood.    Treat  with  dialysis  or  transplant.    

 10. What  is  the  purpose  of  dialysis?  What  are  the  pros  and  cons  of  hemodialysis,  peritoneal  dialysis,  and  kidney  transplant?  

• To  filter  the  blood  and  remove  waste  (urea,  uric  acid,  creatinine).    • In  hemodialysis,  an  external  machine  is  used  to  filter  a  patient’s  blood.    The  patient  is  hooked  up  to  an  intravenous  line  

that  removes  their  blood  a  small  volume  at  a  time,  filters  it,  and  places  it  back  into  the  body.  Complication:  decrease  in  BP,  restricted  fluid  and  salt  intake,  nausea,  fatigue.  Positive:  Filtered  blood,  Reduced  edema  (swelling).  Negative:  Strict  diet,  Strict  regimen,  3x  daily  

• In  peritoneal  dialysis,  the  fatty  membrane  covering  the  intestines,  the  peritoneum,  is  used  to  filter  the  blood  and  collect  wastes.  Complication:  infection  of  catheter.  Positive:  -­‐Flexible  diet  and  schedule.  Negative:  Infection,  catheter  must  be  implanted,  3x  per  week  

• In  kidney  transplant,  a  kidney  is  transferred  from  donor  (living  or  deceased)  to  recipient.  Complication:  organ  rejection  and  infection.  Positive:  No  strict  diet  and  schedule,  have  for  lifetime.  Negative:  Rejection,  Infection,  Surgery,  Failure,  Immunosuppression  Medication  

 Jane  Doe  is  in  the  hospital  after  a  car  crash.  She  needs  blood  and  a  kidney  transplant.  Jane’s  brother  Tom,  sister  Mary,  mother  Harriett,  and  Grandpa  Ed  (her  mom’s  father)  are  local  and  are  willing  to  be  tested.  Jane’s  other  sister  Sue  is  away  at  college,  but  she  has  Type  O  blood.  Jane’s  father,  John  and  Grandmother  Mona  (her  mom’s  mother)  have  passed  away.        

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11. Determine  the  blood  type  and  genotype  of  the  following  people.                    

 

12. Create  a  Punnett  square  for  Mona,  Harriett  and  Ed.    

 13. Draw  a  pedigree  for  the  family.                          

 14. Who  is  the  best  organ  donor  for  Jane?  __Ed__  Explain  your  answer  Ed  has  a  4/6  HLA,  O-­‐  blood,  and  negative  crossmatch____.  

Only  Ed  and  Mary  have  negative  crossmatch  results  and  could  potentially  donate.  However  Mary  has  AB-­‐  blood  and  can’t  donate  to  Jane  with  A-­‐  blood.  The  best  donor  is  Ed.      

 

Blood  Sample  

Agglutination  Anti-­‐A  Antibody  (+/-­‐)  

Agglutination  Anti-­‐B  Antibody  (+/-­‐)  

Agglutination  Anti-­‐Rh  Antibody  (+/-­‐)  

Blood  Type  include  genotypes  

Jane   +   -­‐   +   A  –  IAi  +/-­‐  Mary   +   +   +   AB–  IAIB  +/-­‐  Tom   -­‐   +   -­‐   B–  IBi  -­‐/-­‐  Harriett   +   -­‐   -­‐   A–  IAi  -­‐/-­‐  Ed   -­‐   -­‐   -­‐   O  –  ii        -­‐/-­‐  

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15. Jose,  a  41-­‐year-­‐old  foster  parent  and  volunteer  fire  fighter,  has  been  on  the  waiting  list  for  three  years.  Jose  lives  2  hours  away  from  the  donor  kidney.  Tao,  a  33-­‐year-­‐old  single  business  woman,  has  been  on  the  waiting  list  for  four  years.  Tao  lives  3  hours  away  from  the  donor  kidney.  An  OPO  has  identified  a  kidney  matching  both  Jose  and  Tao.  Who  gets  the  kidney?  Why?  • When  allocating  organ  the  most  important  criteria  are  compatibility,  geography,  time  on  list,  and  then  age.  They  are  

both  compatible  and  live  in  the  same  region,  however  Tao  has  been  waiting  on  the  list  for  four  years  (as  compared  to  Jose)  so  she  gets  the  kidney.    

 16. What  does  PRA  and  Crossmatch  affect  a  patient’s  transplant  standing?    

• Panel  Reactive  Antibody  indicates  how  many  antibodies  a  patient  produce  (how  sensitive  they  are).  You  want  the  lowest  number  PRA  possible  –  it  is  measured  ___/60  with  agglutination  counting  as  a  positive  test.  PRA  is  often  given  as  a  percentage,  having  a    PRA  over  60%  suggest  the  patient  should  get  desensitization  before  transplantation  to  avoid  rejection.  Patients  can  only  receive  organs  when  they  have  a  negative  crossmatch  test  –  positive  test  indicates  agglutination  and  that  would  cause  immediate  rejection/death.    

 17. Create  a  Venn  Diagram  comparing  heart  and  kidney  transplants.    

• Both:  performed  on  people  in  organ  failure  –  kidney  for  ESRD  and  heart  for  congestive  heart  failure.      

• Different:  Only  kidney  transplants  can  be  performed  laparoscopically,  they  are  less  invasive,  and  can  be  done  from  living  donors,  the  organs  last  longer  between  transplant  

 18. Overall,  how  does  blood  flow  in  the  body?    

• Arteries  carry  blood  away  from  the  heart  –  aorta  carries  oxygen-­‐rich  blood  to  the  body.  Pulmonary  arteries  carry  oxygen-­‐poor  blood  to  the  lungs.    

 • Superior  vena  cava  and  IVF  carry  blood  toward  the  heart  –  

veins  carry  blood  toward  the  heart.      

               

19. Which  organs/tissue  can  be  transplanted?  Which  organs/tissues  can  regenerate?    • Regeneration  –  skin  and  liver  • Organ  donation:  kidneys,  liver,  pancreas,  heart,  intestines,  lungs,  skin  • Living  organ  donation:  kidney  and  partial  liver.  Living  tissue:  bone  marrow  • Tissue  donation:  bone,  bone  marrow,  valves,  and  cornea    

20. What  is  xenotransplantation?  What  is  one  big  con  of  xenotransplantation?  Why?  • Xenotransplantation  –  moving  organs/tissues  from  one  species  to  another.  Con  =  rejection  because  it's  a  different  

specifies  and  its  recognized  as  foreign  more  easily.  Also  possibility  of  spreading  diseases  between  species.      

21.  What  is  tissue  engineering?  What  is  required  to  make  an  ear?    • Tissue  engineering  is  the  growing  of  tissues  in  a  lab,  usually  from  a  person’s  own  stem  cells  • Requires  a  scaffold  for  the  stems  cells  to  attach  to  and  grow