• What would you do if you saw a kid crying in a crowded hallway?

• What would you do if you saw a kid crying in an empty hallway?

• If you saw someone drop their notebook in a crowded hallway, what would you do?

• If you saw someone drop their notebook in an empty hallway, what would you do?

What is Bystander Effect?

• What is the Bystander Effect?• The term bystander effect refers to the

phenomenon in which the greater the number of people present, the less likely people are to help a person in distress.

• When an emergency situation occurs, observers are more likely to take action if there are few or no other witnesses.

Bystander Effect• Reading: Kitty Genovese

What did we learn?Exit Quiz

• What is bystander effect?• What is the formula for how likely it would

be for someone to help someone else?• Why do you think people hesitate to help

toothers, while others put themselves at great risk to do the same?

• What is bystander effect?• What does this theory say about large groups

versus small groups?• Who was Kitty Genovese and what happened

to her?• Have you ever witnessed bystander effect?

What is Society?

• Comes from the Latin root “socius” meaning companion. • The society in which we live determines

everything from the food we eat to the choices we make.

• A society consists of people who share a territory, who interact with each other, and who share a culture

How do Societies Form?• Some societies are in fact, groups of

people united by friendship or common interests.

What do societies teach us?• Our respective societies teach us how to behave,

what to believe, and how we’ll be punished if we don’t follow the laws or customs in place.

How does Sociology define Territory?

• Territory: Most countries have formal boundaries and territory that the world recognizes as theirs. However, a society’s boundaries don’t have to be geopolitical borders, such as the one between the United States and Canada.

• Instead, members of a society, as well as nonmembers, must recognize particular land as belonging to that society.

How can people from similar cultures have different societies?

• Interaction: Members of a society must come in contact with one another. If a group of people within a country has no regular contact with another group, those groups cannot be considered part of the same society.

• Geographic distance and language barriers can separate societies within a country.

• Example: India, Pakistan and Bangladesh, East and West Germany, Rwanda.

When do Cultures Clash• At different times

and different places, groups come into conflict over beliefs due to cultural differences

• Culture is defined as the values, beliefs, behavior, and material objects that constitute a people's way of life.

• When people travel between societies or even within their own, they can experience culture shock, a personal disorientation that can come from encountering an unfamiliar way of life.

What is Culture?

What is your ethnicity?How do you know this?

How would you feel if this turned out to be false?Would you still be you?

Do Now:

Do Now:Conflict Theory in Same Culture

1. What would a conflict be among family?2. What would be a conflict among friends?3. Do you think people of the same exact

culture have less conflict?4. Can there be enough conflict among

people who are 99.9% EXACTLY the same ethnicity and culture group that they commit violence against them?

What do Sociologists look for in studying other cultures?

• Sociologists study the way people learn about their own society’s cultures and how they discover their place within those cultures.

• They also examine the ways in which people from differing cultures interact and sometimes clash—and how mutual understanding and respect might be reached.

What did we learn?

• A society consists of people who share a territory, who interact with each other, and who share a culture

• Sociologists study the way people learn about their own society’s cultures and how they discover their place within those cultures.

• Some societies are in fact, groups of people united by friendship or common interests. Our respective societies teach us how to behave, what to believe, and how we’ll be punished if we don’t follow the laws or customs in place.

• Sometimes societies and cultures clash. Sociologists study the causes of this.

Case Studies: South Asia, Germany & Rwanda

• Examples: Although Islam was practiced in both parts of the country, the residents of East Pakistan spoke Bengali, while the residents of West Pakistan spoke Urdu. In 1971 East Pakistan declared independence from West Pakistan and became Bangladesh. While they same ethnicity – there is no societal unity.

• During the Cold War, the U.S.S.R. took over their post WWII occupied zone of Berlin and eventually sealed off Eastern Germany from the West creating a communist satellite nation (G.D.R.) from August 13, 1961 -- November 9, 1989

Palestine/Israel BorderU.S./ Mexican Border

What did we learn?

• A society consists of people who share a territory, who interact with each other, and who share a culture

• Sociologists study the way people learn about their own society’s cultures and how they discover their place within those cultures.

• Some societies are in fact, groups of people united by friendship or common interests. Our respective societies teach us how to behave, what to believe, and how we’ll be punished if we don’t follow the laws or customs in place.

• Sometimes societies and cultures clash. Sociologists study the causes of this.

What did we learn?• If a group of people within a country has no regular contact with

another group, those groups cannot be considered part of the same society.

• Geographic distance and language barriers can separate societies within a country. a society’s boundaries don’t have to be geopolitical borders, such as the one between the United States and Canada.

• Instead, members of a society, as well as nonmembers, must recognize particular land as belonging to that society. Geographic distance and language barriers can separate societies within a country.

• Sometimes the same cultural groups can see themselves as so different – that they turn to violence.

Hotel Rwanda• Hand-out• Film: Hotel Rwanda

• On April 6, 1994, the Hutu president of Rwanda,, was assassinated when his plane was shot down near Kigali International Airport. The current Hutu president of Burundi was also killed in the attack.

• This sparked the well-organized extermination of Tutsis by Hutu militias, even though blame for the plane attack has never been established. Sexual violence against Tutsi women was also widespread, and the United Nations only conceded that "acts of genocide" had likely happened after an estimated half-million Rwandans had already been killed.

Hutus & Tutsis in Rwanda

• The longstanding conflict between the Hutu and Tutsi has nothing to do with language or religion -- they speak the same Bantu tongues as well as French, and generally practice Christianity .

• Many geneticists have been hard-pressed to find marked ethnic differences between the two, though the Tutsi have generally been noted to be taller.

• Many believe that German and Belgian colonizers tried to find differences between the Hutu and Tutsi in order to better categorize native peoples in their censuses.

• Generally, the Hutu-Tutsi strife stems from class warfare, with the Tutsis perceived to have greater wealth and social status

Exit Quiz

Midterm Exam Review• Intro to Sociology• Sociological Theories and Theorists• What started the science of sociology, urbanization, industrial revolution,

conflict theory, interactionist theory, macro/micro, functionalist theory• Weber, Marx, Emile Durkheim “Suicide Studies”• Bystander Effect, norms, folkways, mores, laws deviance, status, applied

status, use of symbols in communication, ethnocentrism• Clips: Jenks “Street Queen”, “Just Let me Be”• Analysis: Sociology Analysis of VCHS Project• What is: Culture, Material Culture, Cultural Relativism, socialization, feral

children, agents of socialization, culture clash, genocide• FILM: Hotel Rwanda• Rwandan Genocide, (Essay Section)