What would be the best way to characterize the relationship between these two carbohydrates, and which one would you expect to be more abundant in solution?

a. They are epimers, and (1) would be more abundant

b. They are epimers, and (2) would be more abundant

c. They are anomers, and (1) would be more abundant

d. They are anomers, and (2) would be more abundant

e. One is a ketohexose and one is an aldohexose, and neither would be more abundant

1 2

A sample of DNA is subjected to dideoxy sequencing as shown here. Reactions include template DNA, primer, DNA polymerase, free deoxynucleotide triphosphates (dATP, dGTP, dCTP, and dTTP), and a different labeled 2’,3’-dideoxynucleotide analogue in each of the parallel reactions Given these gel results, what is the sequence of the template DNA?

a. No sequence can be acquired. The dideoxy sequencing method is missing a vital ingredient.

b. GATACGAT

c. TAGCATAG

d. CTATGCTA

e. ATCGTATC

ddGTP ddATP ddTTP ddCTP

G A T C

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

Xavier Mertz, a Swiss explorer, was traveling with an Australian exploration team in Antarctica in 1913 when most of their food supplies were lost down a crevasse. The team turned around to travel 315 miles back to base camp. When the food supplies ran out, Mertz died of hypervitaminosis A because he ate which of the following:

a. A polar bear carcass

b. His teammates

c. His own left hand

d. Cod liver

e. Sled dog liver

Sucrose constitutes 98-100% of the organic content of tree sap. To transform sap into maple syrup, 98% of the water in sap is evaporated-- thus increasing the

sucrose concentration.

Sucrose, a disaccharide, has an alpha linkage between glucose and fructose. Cellulose, a homopolysaccharide, has

beta linkages between glucose residues. Which best explains why starch is water

soluble while cellulose is not?

a) Cellulose has hydrophobic groups, while sucrose has hydrophilic groups.

b) Sucrose is smaller, which allows H2O to surround it more readily.

c) Beta linkages are chemically more stable than alpha linkages.

d) Sucrose -OH groups hydrogen bond with H2O, while cellulose forms inter- and intra- strand hydrogen bonds with itself.

e) Cellulose is, in fact, water soluble.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellulosejchemed.chem.wisc.edu/HS/Journal/Issues/2007/.../p1647.pdf

cellulose

Which of the following bonds will be broken first by the thermocycler in PCR amplification of DNA?

A)

B)

C)

D) E)

Steroids are cholesterol-based hormones with wide-ranging effects in the body. Interestingly, the transportation of these hormones in the blood almost always depends on large, steroid-specific binding globulins. Why does your body enlist the help of these particular proteins?

A) They decrease the half-life of steroid molecules in the blood allowing for greater regulation.

B) They increase the affinity of a steroid for its target by cleaving specific portions of the cholesterol backbone.

C) They deliver steroids into the cytoplasm of the cell so that the hormone can bind to its receptor.

D) They increase the solubility of steroid hormones in the blood.

E) They attach carbonate and metal ions such as magnesium to the steroid so that it can pass through the polar region of the phospholipid bilayer.

Which of the following is TRUE about DNA?

a. The sugar component of a nucleotide of DNA has one more –OH group than the sugar component in RNA.

b. DNA polymerase adds nucleotides from 5’ to 3’.

c. The conversion of thymine to uracil involves deamination.

d. The A form is the high humidity form of DNA and is the structure that is normally found in the cell.

e. If two avirulent forms of virus are mixed together, the product must also be avirulent.

Sperm whales feed at depths of up to 2 miles below sea level by waiting for squid to swim by. In order to wait without moving, the sperm whale adjusts its buoyancy according to the temperatures at various depths. A helpful tidbit is that the sperm whale’s head contains approximately 4 tons of spermaceti oil which liquefies at 37°C. How can the whale adjust its density according to depth?

A. Sperm whales lose oxygen at lower depths because cold water has less oxygen.

B. The oil crystallizes and its density increases at lower depths.

C. The whale increases body temperature at lower depths, vaporizing the oil.

D. Whales have an increased level of phospholipase B, which has higher activity at colder temperatures.

E. Sperm whales convert their saturated fats to unsaturated fats, which increases the oil density, at lower depths .

You are the head detective in a small town police force, and you are called to investigate the murder of Justin Bates, beloved captain of the soccer team . You check the scene for prints and blood, but it’s nearly spotless except for one small root-less fragment of hair. Justin’s ex-girlfriend Meghan is a match for the strand of hair, but several people confirm that she was on a fieldtrip at the time of the murder so you begin to suspect her overprotective family. Given Meghan’s pedigree, who can be eliminated as a suspect?

You are the head detective in a small town police force, and you are called to investigate the murder of Justin Bates, beloved captain of the soccer team . You check the scene for prints and blood, but it’s nearly spotless except for one small root-less fragment of hair. Justin’s ex-girlfriend Meghan is a match for the strand of hair, but several people confirm that she was on a fieldtrip at the time of the murder so you begin to suspect her overprotective family. Given Meghan’s pedigree, who can be eliminated as a suspect?

Gus Margaret

Jane Ed Kathy Dave Lisa John

Maggie Jessica Eric Meghan Zach Eli

picture source: www.jodomlegalvideo.com/Images/Crime%20Scene.jpg

A.MargaretB.LisaC.JessicaD.EricE.Zach

Investigators are trying to determine the relationship between a child and its alleged father (AF). The image below shows a paternity test using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of nuclear DNA. What conclusions can be made?

a) The AF is definitely the father of the child.

b) The AF is definitely related to the child, although not necessarily the father.

c) The AF cannot be the father.d) The AF cannot be excluded as

a potential father, but the test is not fully conclusive.

e) No conclusions can be made. Mitochondrial DNA should be used to test paternity.

On a day like any other, in Marathon, FL, a horrible crime occurred. A rare and priceless dinosaur egg was stolen out of the Smith’s home. However, in the burglary the thief cut himself on the glass display case. To complicate things the Smith’s infant son cut himself on the same broken glass, creating two different blood samples. A suspect has been detained and a DNA test has been ordered of the two different blood samples found on the display case (labeled samples A and B) and of the son and the suspect. However, to complicate things even more, the crime lab was only able to investigate a single loci in their testing due to a lack of government funding. Can the suspect be tied to the theft?

Ladd

er

Blood

A

Blood

B

Son Suspe

ct

A. Yes, he is guilty!B. No, he is innocent!C. The evidence is

inconclusive.D. The testing needs to be

repeated with more probes.

E. The DNA of the suspect is contaminated.

There is a crisis in the biochemistry department at Colby College. The cell incubator has been found open twice in a matter of weeks and hundreds of dollars of cells have been killed. Prof. Rice is outraged and direly wishes to find the culprit. However, the only evidence is a single glove presumed to have been used by whoever opened the incubator. Fortunately, there are traces of DNA found in the glove in the form of skin cells. PCR-STR analysis was done on the sample and DNA was collected from everyone in the Chemistry Department to compare with the results. Although Prof. Rice is mad, he still is thinking rationally and wants to make sure they catch the right culprit. What factor would have the greatest influence in ensuring a correct match between the PCR and the collected student DNA samples?

a. Many different restriction enzymes are used

b. The DNA is extracted from the mitochondria of the cells

c. Many different primers are used

d. Look at a variety of coding sequences

e. See whose hand the glove fits

An apparent strangling victim has floated up in Johnson Pond. The coroner’s lab finds blood under the fingernails, apparently from an attempt to escape from the unknown assailant. The victim was known to have an older sister who was jealous of her good looks and bright mind. More suspiciously, the older sister was known to have been in town for the weekend, and eyewitnesses reported the two sisters fighting the evening before the body was found. However, another suspect has been brought into the case by thorough, traditional police work. After running the PCR-STR products out on a gel (from samples taken from all three people involved), the results below were obtained:

Lane 1: markerLane 2: Victim’s DNALane 3: DNA from under the fingernailsLane 4: Sister’s DNALane 5: Suspect #2 DNA

What can be determined from these PCR products?

a. Suspect #2 is the perpetrator.

b. Further analysis, preferably mtDNA data, is needed.

c. It is impossible to discern from DNA data.

d. The sister is implicated.

e. A third suspect at large is the actual perpetrator.

In 1996, six-year-old beauty pageant participant JonBenet Ramsey’s body was found in the basement of her parent’s Boulder, Colorado home. Police found traces of DNA on her body and clothing and compared the mitochondrial DNA found in the samples to JonBenet’s mitochondrial DNA. Because the DNA was not a match, investigators concluded that JonBenet’s mother and siblings were not guilty. What egregious mistake did the investigators make with this premature conclusion?

a) Mitochondrial DNA is inherited from the father, the mother may still be guilty.

b) There is no conclusive evidence that mitochondrial DNA indicates sibling relationships.

c) Only females inherit mitochondrial DNA from the mother.

d) Some of JonBenet’s siblings may have a different mother.

e) There is no such thing as mitochondrial DNA.

A section of DNA taken from several unnamed Australian athletes was added to ink used to mark all official goods (everything from caps to socks) from the 2000 Summer Olympic Games. The technology is used as a way to mark artwork or one-of-a-kind sports souvenirs.

To determine whether or not an Olympic souvenir is authentic, the DNA is extracted and PCR run using primers made from the Australian athletes’ DNA. One such primer is:5’-AGCTAAGCTTCGGACTTG-3’

Which sequence will create a PCR product from this primer, thus proving the souvenir’s authenticity?

a) 5’-TCGATTCGAAGCCTGAAC-3’

b) 5’-CAAGTCCGAAGCTTAGCT-3’

c) 5’-AGCTAAGCTTCGGACTTG-3’

d) 5’-CAAGUCCGAAGCUUAGCU-3’

e) None of these sequences will create a PCR product

http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/elsi/forensics.shtml

If a lab were sequencing a sample of DNA found at a crime scene, which of the following molecules would be

most useful in determining the DNA’s sequence?

AB C

D E

Hannah, in the prime of her wonderful teenage years, decides that she must be adopted (there is just no way she is related to the people that call themselves her parents). She does not

want to tell the ‘rents that she desires a DNA test so she steals a sample of her mom’s hair from her hair brush and

submits it for mtDNA sequencing. The result shows that there is a less than 1% difference between her hypervariable region

and that of her mom. What, if anything, can Hannah conclude?

A. These are her biological parentsB. These are definitely not her biological parentsC. This is definitely not her biological mother but could be her

biological fatherD. Inconclusive-this data shows her parents are biologically

related to her but not necessarily her mother and father E. Inconclusive- mtDNA can prove two people are related but

does not necessarily prove they are unrelated.

Hannah Her parents

A greedy criminal broke into the Tim Hortons in Waterville by punching the door window out. He managed to open up the cash register and steal an enormous amount of money. Police arrived at the scene after being notified by the store’s alarm system, but the man was long gone. They collected these pieces of evidence:

• Surveillance camera footage which allowed police to visually identify the man as Winslow resident Rory Martin•Blood found on the broken glass• Chewing gum left on the counter by the perp so that he could snack on some timbits

The next day, the police were unable to find Rory for a control DNA sample. However, they learned that he had recently donated blood, which they impounded from the Red Cross blood bank. Additionally, police obtained DNA samples from two of Rory’s relatives: his father and brother.

Police were able to use this evidence to strongly support Rory’s guilt. How?

A)Investigators conducted RFLP analysis and found that the pattern of bands from the blood found on the broken glass matched that from the Red Cross blood.

B)Investigators used a set of 13 primers to conduct PCR-STR analysis and found that the sizes of the short tandem repeats from the blood found on the glass matched those from the Red Cross blood.

C)Investigators found that both the blood on the broken glass and from the Red Cross were Type AB.

D)Investigators conducted mitochondrial DNA analysis on DNA samples from the chewing gum and Rory’s brother, and found the base sequences to be identical.

E)Investigators conducted mitochondrial DNA analysis on DNA samples from the chewing gum and Rory’s father, and found the base sequences to be identical.

You are attempting to characterize nuclear DNA from a crime-related human blood sample, but you are having trouble amplifying the necessary loci with PCR and are running low on your sample. You are worried that you will be unable to produce enough DNA for your gel, but Charlie suggests that you could instead amplify the hypervariable region of the mitochondrial DNA and use that for the gel. Should you listen to Charlie? Why or why not?

A. No, mtDNA can’t be amplified with PCR.

B. Yes, mtDNA is more plentiful than nuclear DNA.

C. No, the length of the mtDNA’s HV region does not vary.

D. Yes, Charlie is a really smart guy and you trust him.

E. No, mtDNA is not as robust as nuclear DNA.