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Home > 2016 Current Affairs
What, Why & How of Zika Virus
02-FEB-2016
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World Health Organisation (WHO) on 1 February 2016 declared Public Health Emergency of
International Concern over the explosive spread of the mosquito-borne Zika virus. Incidentally,
the declaration came just two weeks after the end of Ebola outbreak in West Africathat killed
around 11000 people in the region.
Against this backdrop, it is pertinent to understand the nature of the Zika virus, its spread and
ways to mitigate its potential outbreak.
Where does Zika virus occur?
Zika virus occurs in tropical areas with large mosquito populations and is known to circulate in
Africa, the Americas, Southern Asia and Western Pacific. The virus was discovered in 1947, but for
many years only sporadic human cases were detected in Africa and Southern Asia.
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In 2007, the first documented outbreak of Zika virus disease occurred in the Pacific. Since 2013,
cases and outbreaks of the disease have been reported from the Western Pacific, the Americas
and Africa.
Given the expansion of environments where mosquitoes can live and breed, facilitated by
urbanisation and globalisation, there is potential for major urban epidemics of Zika virus disease
to occur globally.
How do people catch Zika virus?
People catch Zika virus by being bitten by an infected Aedes mosquito the same type of
mosquito that spreads dengue, chikungunya and yellow fever.
Where can the Aedes mosquito survive?
There are 2 types of Aedes mosquitocapable of transmitting the Zika virus Aedes aegypti and
Aedes albopictus.
In most cases, Zika spreads through the Aedes aegypti mosquito in tropical and subtropical
regions. The Aedes aegypti mosquito does not survive in cooler climate temperatures.
The Aedes albopictus mosquitocan also transmit the virus. This mosquito can hibernate and
survive cooler temperature regions.
Can the Aedes mosquito travel from country to country and region to region?
The Aedes mosquito is a weak flyer; it cannot fly more than 400 meters. But it may inadvertently
be transported by humans from one place to another, for example in the back of the car and
plants.
What are the symptoms of Zika virus disease?
Zika virus usually causes mild illness; with symptoms appearing a few days after a person is bitten
by an infected mosquito.
Most people with Zika virus disease will get a slight fever and rash. Others may also get
conjunctivitis, muscle and joint pain, and feel tired. The symptoms usually finish in 2 to 7 days.
What might be the potential complications of Zika virus?
Because no large outbreaks of Zika virus were recorded before 2007, little is currently known
about the complications of the disease.
During the first outbreak of Zika from 2013 - 2014 in French Polynesia, which also coincided with
an ongoing outbreak of dengue, national health authorities reported an unusual increase in
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Guillain-Barr syndrome.
A similar observation of increased Guillain-Barr syndrome was also made in 2015 in the context
of the first Zika virus outbreak in Brazil.
In 2015, local health authorities in Brazil also observed an increase in babies born with
microcephaly at the same time of an outbreak of Zika virus.
Health authorities and agencies are now investigating the potential connection between
microcephaly and Zika virus, in addition to other possible causes.
However more investigation and research is needed before we will be able to better understand
any possible link.
What is Guillain-Barr syndrome?
It is a condition in which the bodys immune system attacks part of the nervous system. It can be
caused by a number of viruses and can affect people of any age. Exactly what triggers the
syndrome is not known.
The main symptoms include muscular weakness and tingling in the arms and legs. Severecomplications can occur if the respiratory muscles are affected, requiring hospitalisation.
What is microcephaly?
It is a rare condition where a baby has an abnormally small head.This is due to abnormal brain
development of the baby in the womb or during infancy. Babies and children with microcephaly
often have challenges with their brain development as they grow older.
Microcephaly can be caused by a variety of environmental and genetic factors such as Downs
syndrome, exposure to drugs, alcohol or other toxins in the womb and rubella infection during
pregnancy.
Can El Nio have an effect on Zika?
The Aedes aegypti mosquito breeds in standing water. Severe drought, flooding, heavy rains and
temperature rises are all known effects of El Nioa warming of the central to eastern tropical
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Saroj Kumar Jha appointed Senior Directorfor Fragility, Conflict and Violence Group at
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Pacific Ocean.
An increase in mosquitos can be expected due to expanding and favourable breeding sites.
What is the situation in India?
So far there were no reported incidents of the virus in India. However, to contain its transmission
the Union Government on 29 January 2016 formed a technical expert group to suggest measures
to deal with the virus.
How is Zika virus disease diagnosed?
For most people diagnosed with Zika virus disease, diagnosis is based on their symptoms and
recent history like mosquito bites or travel to an area where Zika virus is known to be present. A
laboratory can confirm the diagnosis by blood tests.
How is Zika virus disease treated?
The symptoms of Zika virus disease can be treated with common pain and fever medicines, rest
and plenty of water. If symptoms worsen, people should seek medical advice. There is currently
no cure or vaccine for the disease itself.
How to protect oneself from the virus?
The best protection from Zika virus is preventing mosquito bites. Preventing mosquito bites will
protect people from Zika virus, as well as other diseases that are transmitted by mosquitoes such
as dengue, chikungunya and yellow fever.
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