what, where and how€¦ · the top 10 seed companies control approximately 68% of the $22 billion...
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What, Where and How
2012
Industrial
Shifting
Trad. Intensive
Nomad/herd
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
Arable Permanent Pasture
1,398
3,442
136
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
China USA India Russia Brazil Argentina Indionesia
Arable Permanent Pasture
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
China USA India Russia Brazil France GermanyArgentine Italy Indonisia
11.0
%
9.7
%
13.8
%
7.5
%
4.0
%
1.3
%
0.8
%
2.1
%
0.8
%
2.2
%
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
China USA India Russia Brazil France GermanyArgentine Italy Indonisia
20.4
%
12.4
%
10.9
%
3.0
%
4.0
%
2.5
%
1.5
%
2.0
%
1.9
%
2.5
%
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
China USA India Russia Brazil France GermanyArgentine Italy Indonisia
1,08
2
772
478
244
615
1,16
8
1,03
9
562
1,45
6
698
0
5
10
15
20
25
China USA India Russia Brazil France GermanyArgentine Italy Indonisia
Cro
p l
and
Pro
du
ctio
n
+
+ -
-
+ + + =
= =
World Population Density
0 5 10 15 20 25
Wheat
Rice
Corn
Soybean
Barley
Fiber crops
Sorghum
Millet
Canola
Dry beans
Potato
Peanut
Sunflower
Sugarcane
Oats
Rye
Pulses
Sugarbeet
Percentage of total
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700M
aize
– 5
96
mM
t
Ric
e –
593
mM
t
Wh
eat
– 58
2 m
Mt
Bar
ley
– 1
36
mM
t
So
rgh
um
– 6
0 m
Mt
Mil
let
– 27
mM
t
So
yb
ean
– 1
62
mM
t
Oil
pal
m –
98
mM
t
Co
con
ut
– 40
mM
t
Can
ola
– 4
0 m
Mt
Dry
bea
n –
20
mM
t
Oth
ers
– 20
mM
t
Cereals Oilseeds Pulses
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Roots Vegetable Fruits
Po
tato
– 3
02
mM
t
Cas
sav
a –
170
mM
t
Sw
eet
po
tato
- 1
38 m
Mt
Gra
pes
– 6
0 m
Mt
Ban
ana
– 58
mM
t
To
mat
o -
10
0 m
Mt
Cab
bag
e -
50 m
Mt
On
ion
- 5
0 m
Mt
Ora
ng
es -
66
mM
t
Ap
ple
- 6
0 m
Mt
Cereals
Wheat Rice Barley Maize Sorghum
Country -------------------- Million Ha --------------------
China 91,952 180,523 3,222 130,434 2,341
USA 58,738 10,470 6,091 299,917 11,555
India 72,060 128,000 1,370 14,000 7,530
Russia 45,413 471 17,180 3,516 44
France 39,705 115 11,040 16,391 258
Indonesia 0 54,088 0 11,225 0
Brazil 5,726 13,277 387 41,806 2,131
Canada 25,860 0 13,186 8,836 0
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
350000
400000
450000
China USA India Russia France Indonesia Brazil Canada
Wheat Rice Barley Maize Sorgum
Oilseeds
Soy Peanut Sunflower Rapeseed Cotton
Country ------------------ Million Ha ----------------
USA 85,013 1,945 930 613 7,477
China 17,600 14,410 1,750 13,182 12,640
Brazil 49,793 226 200 60 2,246
Argentina 31,500 419 3,100 20 190
India 7,500 7,000 1,300 6,200 5,130
Canada 3,048 0 54 7,728 0
Pakistan 10 77 404 401 4,853
Russia 555 0 4,801 276 0
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
80000
90000
100000
USA China Brazil Argentina India Canada Pakistan Russia
Soy Peanut Sunflower Rapeseed Cotton
Tubers
Potato Cassava
Country Million Ha
China 70,036 4,216
Nigeria 657 38,179
Russia 35,914 0
India 25,000 6,700
Brazil 2,931 23,778
Thailand 95 21,440
Ukraine 20,755 0
USA 20,686 0
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
80000
China Nigeria Russia India Brazil Thailand Ukraine USA
Potato Cassava
The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), was established after World War II.
Associated with other new institutions notably World Bank and the International Monetary Fund
A comparable trade agreement, the International Trade Organization was successfully negotiated.
The ITO was a United Nations agency and would address not only trade barriers but other issues indirectly related to trade, including employment, investment, restrictive business practices, and commodity agreements.
But the ITO treaty was not approved by the U.S. and did not really go into effect.
The first real GATT trade rounds concentrated on further reducing tariffs.
The Kennedy Round (1960's) brought about a GATT Anti-Dumping Agreement.
The Tokyo Round (1970's) was the first major attempt to tackle trade barriers that do not take the form of tariffs.
These were often informally called "codes" not implemented by everyone.
These codes were amended in the Uruguay Round, and turned into multilateral commitments accepted by all WTO members.
Well before GATT's 40th anniversary, its members concluded that the GATT system was straining to adapt to a new globalizing world economy.
In response to the problems identified in the 1982 Ministerial Declaration— known as the Uruguay Round — was launched in September 1986, in Uruguay.
This was the biggest negotiating mandate on trade ever agreed.
The Final Uruguay Round officially established the WTO regime and was signed during the April 1994 meeting at Marrakesh, Morocco, hence it is called the 'Marrakesh Agreement'.
The World Trade Organization is an international body whose purpose is to promote free trade by persuading countries to abolish import tariffs and other trade barriers.
As such, it has become closely associated with globalisation.
It polices free trade agreements, settles trade disputes between governments and organises trade negotiations.
Decisions are absolute and every member must abide by its rulings.
The WTO has 153 members, representing more than 97% of total world trade, and 30 observers, most seeking membership.
The WTO is governed by a ministerial conference, meeting every two years. A general council, which implements the conference's
policy decisions and is responsible for day-to-day administration; and
A director-general, who is appointed by the ministerial conference.
The WTO's headquarters is in Geneva Switzerland.
WTO founder members (1 January 1995)
Jointed since January 1995
World Trade Organization Members
The WTO establishes a framework for trade policies; it does not define or specify outcomes. Non-Discrimination: A member must apply the same
conditions on all trade with other WTO members
Reciprocity: to obtain better access to foreign markets.
Binding and enforceable commitments: If satisfaction is not obtained, the complaining country may invoke the WTO dispute settlement procedures.
Transparency: Members are required to publish their trade regulations.
Safety valves: In specific circumstances, governments are able to 'restrict trade'.
Critics of the WTO Say that it is: Too powerful, in that it can in effect compel sovereign
states to change laws and regulations by declaring these to be in violation of free trade rules.
Is run by the rich for the rich and does not give significant weight to the problems of developing countries.
Is indifferent to the impact of free trade on workers' rights, child labour, the environment and health.
Lacks democratic accountability, in that its hearings on trade disputes are closed to the public and the media.
Supporters of the WTO argue that: It is democratic, as rules were written by its member
states, many of whom are democracies. It helps to raise living standards around the world.
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
Cereals Roots Pulses Oil Crops Vegatables Fruit
1955
20
05
1955 = 1161.3 Ha
2005 = 1378.5 Ha
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Cereals Roots Pulses Oil Crops Vegatables Fruit
1955
20
05 +
42%
+80
%
+13
0%
+40
%
+36
%
+12
3%
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Cereals Roots Pulses Oil Crops Vegatables Fruit
1955
20
05 +
17%
+62
%
+16
%
-18
%
-30
% +28
%
World population has risen by 80% since 1960.
In 1961 1.5 m ha of crop land and in 1998 only 0.1 m ha more.
Yet farmers are now feeding twice as many people.
And! People are eating more calories than before.
New better adapted and higher
yielding cultivars.
Better management of crops and
pastures.
Farm mechanism.
Inorganic fertilizers.
Pesticides.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Nitrogen Phosphate Potash
0
5,000,000
10,000,000
15,000,000
20,000,000
25,000,000
30,000,000
35,000,000
40,000,000
45,000,000
China USA India Brazil France Indonesia Pakistan Canada
N P K
Crop Fungicide Insecticide Herbicide
Corn 5% 30% 97%
Wheat 9% 3% 97%
Soybean 2% 1% 98%
Cotton 12% 79% 92%
Potato 89% 83% 87%
Vegetable 78% 82% 79%
So what do you sell?
Dam all!
Country Public Private
----------- % -----------
Developing
Countries 95 5
Developed
Countries 49 51
Total 66 34
Plant Variety Protection – PVP
Plant Patent – PP Whole plants.
DNA sequences.
Plant germplasm.
Trait-specific genes.
Round-up ready.
Bt insect resistance.
Tolerance to: stress, disease, cold.
Quality traits: starch, oil, amino acids.
Transformation technologies.
Promoters to control genes.
Markers to identify the presence of a desirable trait.
Gene silencing or regulating technologies.
Genomics.
Monsanto (US)
Dupont (US)
Syngenta (Swiss)
Group1 Limagrain France)
Land O'Lakes (US)
KWS Ag (Germany)
Bayer Crop Sci (Germany)
Sakata (Japan)
DLF-Trifolium (Denmark)
Takii (Japan)
$4,964,000,000
$396,000,000
$347,000,000
$391,000,000
$,524,000,000
$702,000,000
$917,000,000
$1,226,000,000
$2,018,000,000
$3,300,000,000
Top 10 = 68%, Top 4 = 53%. Top 3 = 47%, Monsanto = 23% world seed 2007
Monsanto (US)
Dupont (US)
Syngenta (Swiss)
Group1 Limagrain France)
Land O'Lakes (US)
KWS Ag (Germany)
Bayer Crop Sci (Germany)
Sakata (Japan)
DLF-Trifolium (Denmark)
Takii (Japan)
2000 2007
The top 10 seed companies control
approximately 68% of the $22 billion
seed trade worldwide.
The top 3 seed companies (DuPont,
Monsanto, Novartis) account for
almost half of the global seed trade.
The top 10 agrochemical companies
control over 90% of the $31 billion
agrochemical market.
The top 5 Gene Giants (AstraZeneca, DuPont, Monsanto, Novartis and Aventis) account for:
• Two-thirds of the global pesticide market (65%);
• One-quarter (24%) of the global seed market, and
• Almost 100% of the transgenic seed market.
Sustained low food prices builds complacency.
Concerns that increased food will lead to population explosion.
Private investment in biotechnology will take care of future needs.
Distrust in agricultural research (i.e. mad cow disease, GMO scares, etc.)
USA Agriculture
Ethiopia
Kenya
Idaho
California
Idaho
Canola harvest Idaho
Scotland
China
China
Indonesia
Zimbabwe
Indonesia
Argentina
Argentina
India
Kenya
Indonesia
London, UK
Japan
Indonesia
Indonesia
Rwanda
Peru
Scotland
Modern agriculture Requires Infar-structure
Egypt
Haiti
New Orleans
Ancient Egyptian Farm Tools
Modern Ethiopian Farm Tools
China
Idaho 1920’s
Idaho 2004
Idaho 1920’s
Colfax 2004
Germany
Kenya
Pakistan
Egypt
China
Ethiopia
Indonesia
Direct Seeding Argentina
Potato Harvest China
Potato Harvest Idaho 1920’s
Potato Processing
Egypt
Potato Processing Idaho
USA Agriculture