• What nationality was Louis Pasteur?

• Name one thing that he did that was important.

• Why is Antony van Leeuwenhoek important to microbiology?

1

• What is the name of the Austrian physician who showed that when physicians washed their hands before delivering babies the mothers did not get infected and die (nearly so often)?

• We often keep track of the history of the world by its wars. What war occurred during the period associated with “the golden age of Microbiology”?

2

• A ______________ is made up of two or more atoms joined together by covalent bonds.

• A solution with a pH of 5 is how many times more acidic than a solution of pH 7?

• A ____________ is a large molecule made up of many similar or identical subunits.

• Water molecules associate with each other because they are held together by ___________ bonds.

3

• Diffusion of molecules from a high concentration to a low concentration occurs because of which law of thermodynamics?

• The diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane such as a cell membrane is called _____.

• Name one molecule (other than water) that can diffuse unaided through a biological membrane.

• Name one molecule that can’t.

4

• What part of a microscope focuses light but does not magnify?

• The difference between light and dark areas in some being viewed is called___________.

• The ability to distinguish two points as being separate from each is called____________.

5

• A biological membrane is comprised of two types of molecules, ______ and _______.

• Peptidoglycan is made of long chains of two monomers, ______ and ______, and is crosslinked together by _____ ______.

• A bacterium placed in a very salty solution has been put into a hypo/iso/hyper tonic environment (compared to the cell)?

6

• Remembering the magnification power of most ocular lenses, the total magnification achieved when viewing an object with the 4x objective lens is ____.

• A Gram positive bacterium will NOT be composed of which one of the following macromolecules?A. protein b. peptidoglycan c. lipopolysaccharided. phospholipid e. teichoic acid

• With electron microscopy, a periplasmic space is visible in Gram positive/ Gram negative bacteria.

7

• In Gram negative bacteria, a lipoprotein helps to attach the outer membrane to what structure?

• The outer membrane contains transport proteins made of 3 subunits that are called _______.

• The part of lipopolysaccharide that makes up the outer leaflet of the outer membrane is called ______.

8

• What are the 3 domains of living things?

• What organisms can reproduce and cause disease but aren’t considered alive?Why aren’t they considered alive?

• A nanometer is how much smaller than a micrometer?

9

• Put these in order of size from smallest to largest:E. coli; liver cell; protein; glucose; ribosome

• “Daltons” is equivalent to what other units?

• The type of microscopy we use in class where objects look dark against a bright background is called _________.

10

• Name 3 critical components that we find in all types of cells.

• What ion is accumulated by all types of cells?

• You are viewing a bacterium under the microscope and it is 3 micrometers long. Would you be surprised?

• If you are viewing this bacterium using the 100x objectives, how big will it appear to be?

11

• Bacteria with a thick layer of peptidoglycan in the cell wall usually appear as what color in a Gram stain?

• What more familiar molecule does teichoic acid most closely resemble?

• Name 3 advantages of having a capsule or slime layer.

12

• Identify what type of molecule makes up each:slime layerS layerfimbriaflagellumplasmid

• What is the purpose of inclusions in bacterial cells?

• Structure that help a bacterium respond to a magnetic field are called ________.

13

• The molecule an enzyme acts on is called the _____.

• Name two characteristics of any catalyst.

• Why does a bacterium need so many genes?

• How does a competitive inhibitor work?

• How does an allosteric inhibitor work?

14

• Give an example of an organic enzyme cofactor and an inorganic one.

• Why do reversible reactions that take place in a cell go in the direction that they do?

• Define the following:anabolism; catabolism; chemoorganotroph;chemolithotroph; heterotroph; autotroph;phototroph;

15

• The molecule that serves as electron acceptor for most catabolic redox reactions is ______.

• The molecule that supplies energy to power many biosynthetic reactions is _______.

• Pentose phosphate and Entner-Doudoroff are pathways that start with what organic compound?

• Pentose phosphate pathway provides two molecules useful for biosynthesis, _______ and _______.

16

• Describe the primary function of the Krebs Cycle in aerobic metabolism.

• Describe the primary function of the Krebs Cycle in anaerobic metabolism.

• Why must the electron transport chain be located in the cell membrane and not in the cytoplasm?

• Addition of a phosphate group, as in the synthesis of ATP from ADP, is called _______.

17

• In the oxidation of the carbons of glucose to carbon dioxide in aerobic metabolism, enough electrons are removed to make about 32 ATP. In fermentation, only enough oxdiation occurs to make 2 ATP. What happens to the other electrons?

• Methane (CH4) can serve as an electron acceptor in anaerobic respiration, true or false?

• What molecule serves as the final electron acceptor in fermentation?

18

• Define facilitated diffusion.

• Group translocation is used to transport what type of molecule into a bacterium?

• What molecule provides the energy source for group translocation?

• Describe two “forms of energy” that can be used for active transport.

19

• Name 10 macronutrients.

• A fastidious bacterium generally requires what?

• What type of bacterium would you expect to find growing in a sewage treatment plant, an oligotroph or a copiotroph?

• A culture medium containing yeast extract would be classified as a ______ medium.

20

• Name one enzyme known to break down a toxic by-product of oxygen.

• An alkalophile is an organism that grows best under what conditions?

• A bacterium that can grow using oxygen or by fermentation is called a _______ ___________.

• With regard to temperature, a bacterium that causes an infection in a mammal would be classified as a _

21

• How would you classify and organism that grows well in a desert?

• Where would you find a halophile growing?

• Bacterial growth is defined as an increase in size of ________.

• Define “generation time”.

22

• Draw the bacterial growth curve. Correctly label the axes and label the different phases of growth.

• True or false:Counting the bacteria under the microscope is a direct count.Bacteria counted using the microscope are alive.

• What does “balanced growth” mean?

23