what island did napoleon come from? corsica how did nappy benefit from the french rev.? nationalism,...
TRANSCRIPT
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What island did Napoleon come from?
Corsica
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How did Nappy benefit from the French Rev.?
nationalism, military mobilization
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What document gave him this power?
Constitution of Year VIII
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What was his title when he first took over the
government? How much power did it give him?
First Consul, pretty much absolute
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Name two parts of the Napoleonic Code.
civic equality, no guilds, promotion based on merit, end to social hierarchy, religious
tolerance
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What two groups supported his rise to power?
bourgeoisie & land owning peasants
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Name two things he did to squelch his domestic
opposition.
Centralize government, execution, give them high government posts (with
little power), secret police
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What did Nappy sell to the U.S. in 1803 because he
needed cash for war? What U.S. president bought it
from him?
Louisiana, Jefferson
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What defeat in 1805 convinced Nappy to turn
East in search of territory?
Trafalgar (the British & Lord Nelson)
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Who formed the Quadruple Alliance against him?
GB, Austria, Prussia, Russia
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What foreign minister from Austria comes to the fore at
the COV?
Metternich
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What treaty and 2 battles were key in giving Napoleon
control of Europe?
Austerlitz (Austria), Jena (Prussia), and the Treaty
of Tilsit with Russia
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What did he declare in the Berlin Decrees?
start of Cont. system, no trade with GB
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Who supported the Spanish Guerillas against Nappy?
RC Church & GB (Wellington)
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How was the war with Spain a major problem for Nappy?
slow drain on resources
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At what time was he at his territorial peak? What basic area did he control at this
time?
1810-11, the majority of continental Europe
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Who was the Czar of Russia at the time of Napoleon? Name 2 areas where he
clashed w/ Nappy.
Alexander I; Grand Duchy of Warsaw, possible
marriage to his daughter, restrictions of Continental
System
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What strategy did the Russians use to defeat
Napoleon after his invasion in 1812?
Scorched earth (destroy everything useful & back
up)
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Who rallied to attack Napoleon from the east in 1813-14? From the west?
East: Austria, Prussia & Russia; West: Great
Britain
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Where was his final military defeat? What general led
the opposition?
Waterloo, Wellington (from GB)
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What was his reorganization of the German states
called?
Confederation of the Rhine
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How did he bring an end to the Ancien Regime?
spread ideals of Rev. across Europe
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What was the goal of the Continental System?
Economic defeat of GB
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Name two things that led to the downfall of the
Continental System.
desire for luxury goods, British blockade, lack of unity behind Napoleon, desire to trade with GB
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What were the 2 primary goals of the Congress of
Vienna?
Make sure that no one state ever dominated
again
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What two places did Nappy wind up in exile?
Elba & St. Helena
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What were the two main impacts of the 100 Days?
peace tougher for France, kept A,GB & F from fighting with P & R
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Name 2 reasons he bit the dust in Russia.
cold, starvation, scorched earth, won’t give him big
battle
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What was the Holy Alliance?
Alexander’s idea that the great powers should bind together and commit to
Christian ideals to maintain peace in Europe
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Where was “Nappy a Muslim”? What does this show about his feelings
toward religion?
Egypt, it’s a matter of convenience (he has no 1
strong set of religious views)
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Name the British minister who came up with a peace plan prior to the COV and
two parts of his plan
Castlereagh, Bourbons, buffer states, Quad
Alliance
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What movement started in Germany in response to
Nappy & the FR?
German Nationalism
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What effect does Napoleon have on the political power
of the Church?
greatly diminishes it
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What type of government was favored by the
Congress of Vienna?
Legitimate Monarchy
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How does the COV attempt to isolate France?
sets up buffer states around it (Netherlands, Swiss Confed., Sardinia,
etc.)
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How does the COV deal with the Confederation of the
Rhine?
Turns it into Germanic Confederation, and Germany remains
dissolute (not unified)
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What “question” almost pushes the Quadruple
Alliance into war with each other during the COV?
Polish-Saxon question
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In what two areas did romanticism flourish? Why?
Germany and GB, most impacted by actions of
Nappy
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What is the volksgeist?
spirit of the German people
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What period of history did many romantics look to for inspiration? How can this
be seen in their architecture?
Middle Ages, gothic revival
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What religious movement best captured the spirit of
Romanticism?
Methodism (John Wesley)
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What was Hegel’s view of the ongoing pattern of
history?
Thesis vs. anti-Thesis = Synthesis (which becomes
the new thesis)
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What was Goethe’s message about knowledge
& religion in Faust?
The pursuit of knowledge and a lack of faith can
only lead you to the Devil
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What did Kant argue proved the existence of God?
The basic moral imperative in all human beings
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How did Rousseau serve as a bridge between the
enlightenment and the romantic era?
Emphasis on emotion and total experience in human
education
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Why did the Romantics reject the classics?
Because they rejected the idea that humans remain basically the same over
time
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Identify at least three English romantic poets.
Keats, Byron, Wordsworth, Coleridge, Shelley,
Johnson
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Name 3 things Nationalists use to define nations
language, ethnicity, history, culture
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What kind of people did liberals tend to be?
Wealthy, educated & excluded
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Who did liberals want to deny representation to?
Why?
lower classes, unfit for rep (nothing special about
them)
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What country eventually met reform with
accommodation instead of repression? What’s the best
example of this?
Great Britain, Great Reform Bill of 1832
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Name the two major goals of Earl Grey’s reform
government.
no more rotten boroughs and increase suffrage
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Who were the two main architects of the Congress
of Vienna?
Castleragh & Metternich
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Who went into Spain to crush their rev.?
France
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What did the Act of Union do in 1800?
Placed Ireland under British rule and allowed them
representation in Parliament
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How did many Tories respond to it?
Didn’t like it, Wellington bails out
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What two things did the Belgians get their
inspiration for revolt from?
French Rev. of 1830 & the Opera
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Who was given control of Belgium at the Congress of Vienna? Why was Belgium
“allowed” to revolt?
the Netherlands, powers too
preoccupied/ambivalent to stop it
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Why did the Great Powers decide to support the Greek
Revolution?
Further weaken the Ottoman Empire
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Why was the Great Reform Bill of 1832 such a success?
revolution unnecessary, kept institutions, brought economic interests into
line with political interests
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Why was Metternich so concerned about the revolt
in the 2 Sicilies?
He wanted that area as a buffer zone
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What did the Catholic Emancipation Act do?
allowed RC’s to serve in Parliament
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What did the Protocol of Troppau do?
Gave the Great Powers permission to intervene in revolutions “for the good
of Europe”
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What kind of people were the biggest proponents of
Nationalism?
writers & historians
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What kind of people were usually conservatives?
aristocratic monarchists
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What time would the Conservatives liked to
return to?
Pre-French Rev. Europe
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Name 3 ideals the Liberals took from the
Enlightenment.
Free press, religious tolerance, equality before
the law, unrestricted economy
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How did conservatives view Constitutions?
worse than the plague
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What kind of people led the revolutions in Latin
America? Where did they get their inspiration?
Creole Elite, American Rev & Nappy
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Who gained the most economically from the
revolutions in LA?
Great Britain
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Who took over for Castleragh & kept GB from intervening in the Spanish
Revolution?
Canning
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Who did the Decembrists want to be Tsar? Were they
more liberal or conservative?
Constantine, liberal
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Identify two characteristics of the reign of Nicholas I.
Repressive, gendarme of Europe, Official
Nationality protects from corruption of West
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What king was ousted in the July Revolution? What did
he do to provoke revolution?
Charles X, ousted liberal ministry – issued 4 (July)
ordinances
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What class ousted him?
Bourgeoisie, with force provided by the working
class
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Who backed the independent Serbs against
the Austrians?
Russia
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What was the purpose of the Six Acts?
Make it easier to repress the reform demanders in
GB
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Who were the Burchenshaften?
Student Nationalist groups in Germany
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What happened to them?
banned by Metternich & Carlsbad Decrees
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Which Karl was bad & became a martyr?
Karl Sand for killing the conservative playwright
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What was the basic idea of the Concert of Europe?
Great Powers would get together to solve
problems
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What problems led to calls for reform in GB after 1815?
Hunger & Unemployment
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What country/statesman had the most to lose from
Nationalism?
Austria (Metternich)
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Name 2 reasons why GB was able to maintain industrial dominance.
foreign markets, quality of goods, strong navy, coal
& iron
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Name 2 factors that contributed to the rise of
the proletariat.
wage labor market, end of guilds, no longer
controlled means of production
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Name 2 examples of the poor working conditions
women faced in the early 1800s.
sexual harassment, wage discrimination, unsafe
machinery
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Name 2 things that happened to the family as a
result of industrialization.
mother provides domestic support, less time
together, just unit of consumption
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What did the Factory Act of 1833 do?
limited child labor to 9 hrs/day, must be 9, 2 hrs.
of ed.
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What led to division of labor by making things in uniform
sizes?
confection system (uniform sizes)
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Name 3 probs. that were evident across Europe in
1848.
hunger, unemployment, city strife, conservative
oppression
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What action was intended to help feed the poor in Ireland
but led to more free grain trade?
Repeal of the Corn Laws
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What is the primary basis for classical economic
thought?
the free market (Laissez Faire)
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Who thought the population would eventually outstrip
the food supply?
Malthus
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Whose Iron Law of Wages justified low wages? What
else did this justify?
Ricardo, opposition to labor unions who push for high
wages
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Who pushed the concept of utility combined with
reason?
Bentham
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What did Europeans use as a model for prison reform?
prisons in U.S. (Philadelphia system)
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What was the driving force behind the creation of the
modern urban police force?
Rising crime and the desire of the MC for order
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Who was the pioneer of socialism? Who did he
believe should control the means of production?
Saint Simon, industrial and intellectual elites
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Who thought he could successfully build utopias
based on textile manufacturing? Where did
he succeed? Fail?
Owen, Scotland & Indiana
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What was Marx’s major work?
Communist Manifesto
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Name 4 parts of the Charter.
universal suff, salaries for Commons, no prop. req., annual elections, equal
districts
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What did Marx feel was necessary to reorganize
society? Would this entity be permanent?
Dictatorship of the proletariat, no
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Who was Marx’s chief cohort? What did they believe was the main
purpose of the modern state?
Engels, committee that allowed the ownership
class to exploit the workers
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What did Marx believe would be the culminating
event of history?
clash between P & B, leading to a society without oppression
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What did the anarchists want? Why?
end to ind. & Gov’t, because ind. & gov’t limit freedom in people’s lives
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What were 3 general causes of the Revs. of 1848?
Hunger (bad harvests), unemployment, poor
living & working conditions, political
oppression
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How many separate revolts took place in 1848? Which
was the first major uprising?
Over 50, the February Revolution in France
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What was the chief cause of the start of the February
French Rev. of 1848?
Repression by Louis Phillippe (banning the
banquets)
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Why did the poor flood into Paris as soon as the Rev.
began?
To work in the workshops
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What was the first example of class warfare? Who were
the two groups involved?
June Days of the French Rev. of 1848, the radical
working poor and the French Army
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What was the main thing that helped Louis Napoleon
get elected?
name recognition & desire for order
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Who led the revolt in Vienna? What major figure
fled at the start of their uprising?
academic legions (student nationalists), Metternich
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The Magyars blew it because they ______ when they tried to rebel against
the Austrians.
annexed Romania, Croatia & Serbia (treated others like the Austrians had
treated them)
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How did rulers all over the Germanic Confederation
respond to the uprisings by workers and peasants in
1848?
Made concessions, promised constitutions,
and sent reps to the Frankfurt Parliament
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What kind of people were in the Frankfurt Parliament? What was their chief task?
liberals, write a cons. for united Germany
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Why did the members of the Frankfurt Parliament fail?
Too liberal (ignored Conservatives & workers)
and too slow
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What group did Guiseppe Mazzini lead? What did the
group want?
Young Italy, a united Italy with a republican
government
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How did the Pope respond to the declaration of a
Roman Republic?
He fled, was not as liberal as he claimed to be
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Who goes in to Italy to squash revolt & put the
Pope back?
France & Louis Napoleon
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What two Great Powers fought Russia in the Crimean War?
What 2 powers stayed neutral?
France & GB, Prussia & Austria
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What were the Russians’ goals in the Crimean War?
Protect the Xians in Ottoman Empire,
territorial gains (WWPs)
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What impact did the Crimean war have on the Concert of
Europe?
Ended it (broke up order of COV)
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What impact did this break up have on Germany & Italy?
Allowed for their unification (since
powers couldn’t unite against it)
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Why was Piedmont the natural place for Italian unification to
start?
most independent & industrial
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What did Cavour think was the key to unification of Italy?
Economic strength that would make Italy a viable state and a
monarchy
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Which “romantic republican” founded the Young Italian
Society? What was their goal?
Guiseppe Mazzini, a unified Italy with a republican gov’t
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Why did the Pope resist Italian unification?
wanted to keep the independence of the Papal States (which
were under his control)
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Who did Cavour secure help from in Piedmont’s fight
against Austria?
Napoleon III (France)
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What priorities did Garibaldi demonstrate when he turned
over Southern Italy to Cavour?
nationalism over republicanism
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Who was the first king of a united Italy?
Victor Emmanuel (of Piedmont)
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What state was sick of being second to Austria in Germany? Who was it’s chief minister in
1862?
Prussia, Otto von Bismarck
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Bismarck wanted unification by ____ & ____, which symbolized
what?
blood & iron, war & industrial strength
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What was the first “war of German unification” & what
was at stake?
Danish War (1864), Holstein & Schleswig
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How did Bismarck use the Danish war to deal with
Austria?
Conflict over spoils of war leads to Austro-Prussian War in 1866
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What document played on French fears & started the
Franco-Prussian War? What did the French fear?
Ems Dispatch, a Hohenzollern king of Spain (Germans on
both sides)
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Name 2 key outcomes of the Franco-Prussian War.
end of Nap III (start of 3rd Rep.), finalizes Ger. Uni. (southern states),
new mil. tactics
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How did Bismarck, a conservative, overcame the
Ger. Libs.?
Using cons. Institutions (e.g. army), F-P war, N.
Ger. Confed.
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What forced Napoleon III to be more liberal at home?
foreign policy failures (Italy & Mexico)
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Describe the politics of the Paris Commune relative to the French provinces. What was
the Paris Commune pushing for in 1871?
More radical, a radical French republic
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What group lay siege to Paris to remove the Commune from power? What did Marxists call
this?
French Army under orders of NA, class
warfare
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Why did French Monarchists in the NA fail to establish a
monarchy?
Couldn’t find a king (Bourbon refused)
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What was the Dreyfus Affair?
Jewish French Army captain unjustly
accused of spying for Germany
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Name two key outcomes of the Dreyfus Affair.
cleared way for 3rd Rep., embarrassed Conservs.,
demonstrated anti-Semitism of the era
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What were 3 chief characteristics of Austria in
1860? Why did these characteristics conflict with the
rest of Europe?
dynastic, absolutist & agrarian, rest of Europe
was becoming more industrial and democratic
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What forced the Hapsburgs to deal with the Magyars in 1867?
no support from Russia, loss in A-P war
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Name two characteristics of the Dual Monarchy of A-H.
one king, separate legislatures, separate
countries, some common ministers, common
foreign policy & defense
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what area were Austria & Russia rivals for influence in the late 1800s? What major
event will this lead to?
The Balkans, World War I
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How did the other nats. in the Austrian emp react to the Dual
Monarchy? Which nat. was most outspoken for equality?
Wanted similar deal, Czechs
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What were the three chief areas of Alex II’s reforms?
army, serfs, government/judicial
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Describe the cycle that Alex II’s reforms started.
reform revolutionary activity repression
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How did “Land & Freedom” try to start a revolution in Russia in the early 1870’s?
What offshoot group assassinated Alex II?
educating the peasants, People’s Will
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What did Alex III do to step up repression?
secret police, censorship, repeal reforms
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Name 2 ways Gladstone opened up traditionally Aristocratic Institutions.
CS exams, no ang. reqs. @ Ox. & Cam., can’t buy commissions,
secret ballot
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Why did Disraeli, a conservative, allow the
expansion of suffrage in 1867?
Thought new voters would vote
conservative
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What did many Irish landlords do with their peasants during
the Potato famine?
evicted them & shipped them to the U.S.
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What were the two major problems that faced the Irish in the 1800s? What PM first tried
to address these?
English Prot. landlords & tithes to Church of Ireland, Gladstone
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Who traditionally opposed Irish Home Rule? Why?
The Conservatives, represented the
Anglican Church & the interests of the
landlords
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Why did Northern Ireland remain under the control of
GB?
it had a Protestant majority (Ulstermen)
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Name two things that use the internal combustion
engine.
cars, subs, planes
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Name the industries associated with the 2nd ind
rev.
steel, chemicals, oil
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Name 2 reasons why cities were restructured in the
late 1800s.
health, troop movement, centers for commerce,
etc, housing reform
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What created a real interest in public health?
MC fear of cholera, new understanding of disease
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What things helped create new jobs for women in the
late 1800s?
corps, burs, new tech.
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What was the goal of the 2nd International?
unify soc. parties & unions
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What is parliamentary socialism?
working within assembly to make change
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Name 2 things MC women in the late 1800’s were
expected to do.
provide home of virtue, lead family’s religious life,
consumer
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What were the 2 primary concerns of early unions?
wages & working conditions
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What issues made it hard for women to unify in their struggle for equal rights?
class issues, national interests, differences over
tactics
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What country took the lead in social reform?
GB
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How did Nicholas II respond to the December
Revolution?
October Manifesto
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What did the Oct. Manifesto call for?
democratic gov’t
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What made Marxism the main brand of socialism in
the 1870s?
1st International
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Why did revisionists like Bernstein believe revolts
would never happen in Ger. & France?
stock ownership, broader franchise, improved standard of living
(conditions are just getting too good for revolution)
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What were the two principles of Bolshevism?
dual revolution and elite revolutionary force
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Name 2 problems with Russian industrialization.
inefficient farming, profits leaving, small WC, bad
conditions
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How did Bismarck respond to failed repression of the
GSPD?
Social reforms (insurance & pensions)
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Name two “invisible exports”
insurance, shipping, capital
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Name 2 barriers women faced to the professional
world.
expectations, lack of ed, hostility & bigotry
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Who were political feminists often associated with?
socialists
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Who were the Fabians?
British intellectual non-Marxist socialists
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Who insisted on an elite revolutionary force?
Lenin
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What did the middle classes do after the Revs. of 1848?
moved to protect their gains
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Who was in charge of Russian industrialization in
the late 19th Cent.?
Witte
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What improvements were made to cut down on
cholera?
sewers & water systems, eliminate slaughterhouses
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What was the Eiffel tower a symbol of?
France’s industrial strength (Liberalism)
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How did new explosives impact travel?
RR Tunnels through Mtn. ranges
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Women were paid less because____
“didn’t need to support self”, lower skilled work
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What development left owners with less risk and
put casual workers closer to poverty?
sweatshops
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Name two components of Russian anti-Semitism.
pogroms, internal passports, living
restrictions, censorship, limited jobs & educ.
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What did the educational revolution of the late 1800s
help people break free from?
intellectual surroundings
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Give an examples of the clash between Church and
state in the late 1800s.
Ger’s Kulturkampf, GB over education, Fr. 3rd Rep vs.
RC Church
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Who’s philosophy marked a departure from rationalism?
Frederich Nietzsche
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Name two types of intellectuals that are
challenging the Church in the late 1800s.
historians (evidence of JC), scientists (creation), soc.
scientists (religion is a natural phenom)
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What kinds of things did Freud say might cause
psychological problems?
childhood experiences, excessive repression,
exposure to Kilmer
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How has Freud’s thinking affected our modern world?
Changed the way we view things, events, and most
importantly people
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What did Nietzsche insist man must do to achieve
greatness?
follow his instincts and pursue ecstasy
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What did Nietzsche claim Christianity and Democracy
had done to man?
made him meek and mediocre
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What did Weber claim was the most significant
development of the 19th Cent.?
Bureaucratization
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What did Weber believe that this had provided for each
individual?
a role in society
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How did realists depict the world?
harsh reality of it, no dreams or illusions
allowed, emptiness of the bourgeoisie
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What did impressionists attempt to depict?
their full impression of the scene (sight, sound, emotion, light, etc.)
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What did the modernists try to break free from?
traditional models for art, music, literature, etc.
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What is social Darwinism?
belief in “survival of the fittest” in the social world - those who suffer do so because they are weak
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Identify three reasons for New Imperialism.
nationalism, industrialism, belief in cultural superiority,
spread religion
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In what continent was this new imperialism most
evident?
Africa
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Identify at least two of the big trends leading to WWI.
industrial arms race, colonial rivalry,
nationalism, alliances
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What two nations started the colonization of Africa?
What part?
GB & France, northern sections
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What was GB’s goal in Africa?
Cape to Cairo
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Why was China ripe for forced trade in the 1800s?
internal turmoil
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What was the worst example of European exploitation in Africa?
King Leopold in the Congo
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What were the only two parts of Africa not colonized
by 1900?
Ethiopia and Liberia
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What were the two clashes in Africa that fed animosity
against GB?
Fashoda Crisis and the Boer War
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What was the U.S. policy for trade in China?
Open Door Policy
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What British settlement came out of this policy?
Hong Kong
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Why was trade with China so important to the
Europeans?
Chinese goods were in high demand in Europe
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What was the Chinese rebellion in response to the
Open Door Policy?
Boxer Rebellion
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What were the two examples of economically successful colonies in the
1800s?
Dutch Indonesia and British India
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What two countries were huge colonial rivals in the
Middle East and Asia?
GB & Russia
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How did the British “accidentally” introduce
nationalism & liberal ideas in India?
Educating them in English in the Western fashion
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What was Bismarck’s primary foreign policy goal?
avoid 2 front conflict
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What was the root of the tension between A-H &
Russia?
territorial interests in the Balkans
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Why does France ultimately make an alliance with
Russia?
lots of $ invested in Russian industry
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Why does Germany antagonize GB in the early
1900s?
to make themselves look powerful so GB will want
to ally with them
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Who does GB make the Entente Cordial with in
1904?
France
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In 1914, who belonged to the Triple Alliance?
Italy, Germany, A-H
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In 1914, Who belonged to the Triple Entente?
GB, France & Russia
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What event triggered war between these two
alliances?
Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
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Who came in to back A-H? Serbia?
Germany and Russia
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What were the basics of the Schlieffen Plan?
swing through France with strong right, defeating
them quickly then beating the Russians
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Why did the Schlieffen Plan fail? What did this lead to?
weak right, digging trenches on Western
Front
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What were the two major actions on the Western
Front in 1916?
German attack on Verdun, Allied offensive at Somme
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How successful were these actions?
not at all
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What were the Allies trying to accomplish at Galipoli?
break through & reestablish connection
with Russia
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Identify three weapons that were used first in WWI.
machine guns, tanks, airplanes, submarines,
poison gas
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What is a war of attrition?
you try to win by wearing down the other side
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Identify at least 4 causes of the Russian Revolution of
1917.
reform-revolt-repress, industrialism, Nicky’s a weenie, Rev. of 1905,
Crimea, R-J War, Duma-Duma-Duma
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Who took control in the March Revolution?
liberals/cadets (Provisional Gov’t lead by Kerensky)
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Who snuck Lenin back into Russia?
Germans
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What brought the U.S. into the war?
Zimmerman Telegram & sinking of the Lusitania
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What did the Germans do after the Bolsheviks
surrendered?
Launched an all out attack on the Western Front
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What allowed the British and French to hold off this
assault?
help from the U.S.
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How did the Germans try to counter the British
blockade?
with the U-Boat (unterseebooten)
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What was Kerensky (and the provisional gov’t)’s
biggest mistake?
staying in the war vs. Germany
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What did the treaty of Brest-Litovsk give the Germans?
lots of land & an indemnity
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Why did the Bolsheviks have to sign this treaty?
needed to get out of war & focus on keeping control
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Who was the political leader of the Bolsheviks? Military
Leader?
Lenin, Trotsky
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Identify three political factions in Russia at the time of the Revolution.
Social Democrats, Social Revolutionaries, Cadets,
Czarists
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Why did Ludendorff surrender before the Allies
reached Germany?
wanted mild peace according to 14 Points
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Identify three of Wilson’s 14 Points.
free seas, self determination, open diplomacy, League of
Nations, “Peace Without Victory”
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What two major nations were excluded from the
Paris Settlement?
USSR, Germany
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Identify 4 ways that the Treaty of Versailles was
hard on Germany.
blame for war, huge reparations, Alsace-
Lorraine, small army, dictated, demil-Rhineland
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What did the T of V do to A-H?
split it into 6 states, made it a nationalist & economic mess
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What did Wilson cash in his idealism for?
League of Nations
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Why is WWI truly an end to the old order?
all old monarchies no longer exist (A-H &
Russia)
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Why did trench warfare suck? (list at least three
reasons)
machine guns, trench foot, boredom, shell shock,
rats, barbed wire
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What law allowed RCs to serve in Parliament in 1829?
Catholic Emancipation Act
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What party supported Irish Home Rule through the late
1800s & early 1900s?
Liberals
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When was the Home Rule Bill eventually passed?
What delayed its implementation?
1912, WWI
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What two groups, one political & one military,
emerged to lead the Irish Nationalist movement after
the Easter Rebellion of 1916?
Sinn Fein and the IRA
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What immediately followed the Irish Declaration of Independence in 1919?
Guerilla war between the IRA & the British?
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Identify two critical ways Ulster is set apart from the rest of Ireland. What do we commonly call Ulster now?
Protestant majority & economically prosperous,
Northern Ireland
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What issue separated the moderates and the radicals during the Irish Civil War?
an oath of allegiance to the crown
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Name 2 things that squash Wilson’s vision for peace.
Natty, economics, & conservatism
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Who most wanted the Treaty of Versailles enforced? Why?
France, most damaged & all alone vs. Ger.
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Where did new industrial comp. come from after WWI?
U.S. & Japan
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Name 2 groups who fought the Reds in the Russian Civil
War.
Whites (Cadets), peasants, allies
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Name 2 parts of War Communism.
Cheka, seize banks, grain, industry,
transport
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What was Lenin’s solution to the economic problems the Communists faced after the
Russian Civil War?
New Economic Policy (NEP)
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What did the NEP allow peasants to do?
sell grain
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What impact did the NEP have on the communist
party?
split it
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Lenins death led to a power struggle between whom?
Who was the victor?
Stalin & Trotsky, Stalin
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What was the main threat that fascist regimes
responded to?
spread of communism
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What do fascist rulers insist the individual must put
before everything?
the State
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How did Muss. become Prime Minister?
appointed by king after Black Shirts march on
Rome
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What two things did France do immediately after WWI to
secure themselves?
Enforce T of V & East Alliances (C, R & Y)
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What did France do in 1923 when Ger. fell behind on
reps.?
occupied Ruhr
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How did this impact the Ger. economy?
huge inflation, some unemployment
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Describe the economy in GB after WWI.
sluggish
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How did the British working class respond to the 1926 cut in wages forced by the
return to the gold std.?
General Strike of 1926
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What is the issue of contention in the Irish Civil
War?
oath of allegiance
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What group of states was supposed to get self
determination after WWI?
the successor states
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Out of which three former empires were the successor
states composed?
Germany, A-H, & Russia
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Which was the only successful one?
Czechoslovakia
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Which state wanted to unify with Ger.?
Austria
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How were political parties formed in the Balkans?
along ethnic lines
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Name 1 flaw of the Weimar Cons..
small party representation & dictatorial powers
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Name 2 parts of the Nazi Party Platform.
repudiation of T of V, unification of Aust & Ger.,
eradication of Jews, agrarian reform, confiscation of war
profits, etc.
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What was the first attempted takeover by the Nazi Party?
Beer Hall Putsch (Munich, 1923)
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What two things helped reconstruct the Weimar Republic between 1925-
1929?
Dawes Plan & Locarno agreements
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What did the Dawes Plan do?
restructured rep pay back (tied to Ger.
economy)
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Name 2 of the key causes of the Great Depression.
Crisis in currency & investments,
commodities crisis, lack of leadership
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How did the crash of ‘29 affect U.S. investment in
Europe?
stopped it
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Why couldn’t farmers pay their debts in the ‘20s?
glut of ag. goods in market
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How did most European gov’ts respond to the GD?
cut spending, wage & price controls
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Who did the Popular Front in France oppose?
right wingers (fascists)
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Who rose to power in response to the GD in Ger.?
Who did they use as scapegoats?
Nazis, Jews and Communists
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What did the clash between von Papen & Schleicher
allow to happen?
Hitler becoming chancellor
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What did Hitler blame on the Communists & use as an
excuse to expand his power?
Reichstag Fire
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What act of terror made the Nazi anti-Semitic program a
clear reality?
Kristallnacht
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What was the name of Hitler’s elite secret police
force? Who led it?
SS, Himmler
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What kinds of propaganda were used by the Nazis? Who was their minister of
propaganda?
marches, rallies, radio, print; Joseph Goebbels
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What was the Nazis’ economic policy?
Gear all production toward strong military
state
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What happened to the rights of organized labor in
Germany & Italy?
What rights?, they were taken away
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What two organizations did the Italian Fascists use to
control the economy?
corporations & syndicates
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What instrument guided the Soviet economy between
1927 & 1942?
the Five Year Plans
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What did these plans call for?
rapid industrialization w/ specific goals for
production
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How did the plans expect to pay for these increases?
grain exports from collectivized farms
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What class strongly opposed collectivized farming?
kulaks
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What was done to those who opposed?
death or imprisonment
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How much did Soviet industrial production
increase between 1928 & 1940?
400%
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What was the cost of this industrialization?
millions of deaths, lack of economic equality,
years of self denial
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What is the Cult of Personality?
worship of the ruler who embodies the greatness
of the state
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What was Stalin’s goal in the great Purges?
eliminate all opposition w/in the Party (old
Bolsheviks)
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Who would replace these people?
new faces loyal only to him
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At what point before WWII did Hitler say he was “done”
adding territory?
after Sudetenland
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Where did Hitler look for territory after Czech.?
Poland
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What treaty gauranteed his security on the eastern
front?
Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact
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Why did the Japanese bomb Pearl Harbor?
the U.S cut off shipments of oil
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Where was there a great deal of island hopping?
Pacific Theater
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What was the goal of Operation Barbarossa?
take the USSR before winter
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What delayed its start?
having to go bail out Mussolini
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What was the Allied invasion of Normandy called?
D-Day/Op. Overlord
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What were Truman’s two main options to defeat
Japan?
invasion or A-Bomb
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What was the Vichy government?
controlled non-occupied France during WWII
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What event led to hardships on the German homefront?
failure of Barbarossa
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At what point before WWII did Hitler say he was “done”
adding territory?
after Sudetenland
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Where did Hitler look for territory after Czech.?
Poland
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What treaty gauranteed his security on the eastern front?
Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact
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Why did the Japanese bomb Pearl Harbor?
the U.S cut off shipments of oil
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Where was there a great deal of island hopping?
Pacific Theater
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What was the goal of Operation Barbarossa?
take the USSR before winter
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What delayed its start?
having to go bail out Mussolini
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What was the Allied invasion of Normandy called?
D-Day/Op. Overlord
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What were Truman’s two main options to defeat Japan?
invasion or A-Bomb
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What was the Vichy government?
controlled non-occupied France during WWII
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What event led to hardships on the German homefront?
failure of Barbarossa
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Name the last two big peace conferences.
Yalta & Potsdam
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How was Germany divided after WWII?
4 zones, one each for US, GB, Fr., USSR
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How did the U.S. respond to the 1948 blockade of West
Berlin?
Airlift
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What divided eastern & western Europe after WWII?
iron curtain
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What did Stalin call his plans for modernizing the USSR?
5 year plans
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Name two things Khruschev did to lessen Stalin’s influence.
some freedoms, ag reform, more consumer goods,
Secret Speech
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How did the Soviets respond to the 1968 uprising in Cz.?
sent in troops
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Who led Vietnamese resistance to French control?
Ho Chi Minh
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What movement led to independence for Poland in
1989?
solidarity
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Name the 2 people that created a desire for buffer
states in the USSR.
Nappy & Adolf
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What slowed UN actions after WWII?
Soviet veto on the Security Council
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What provided US aid to European nations to keep them
free from Communism?
Marshall Plan
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What were the two main treaty organizations of the Cold War?
NATO & Warsaw Pact
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What was the basic idea of the Truman Doctrine?
containment of Communism
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Name two of the Crises of 1956.
Suez, Poland, Hungary
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What organization was opposed to peace between
Israel & Egypt?
PLO
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How did the U.S. respond to Sputnik?
space raceola
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Who’s set of major reforms brought an end to the USSR?
Gorbachev
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What were deGaulle’s priorities?
hostility to U.S. & GB, nukes, tension w/ NATO
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Which half did the US back in both Vietnam & Korea?
south
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What were the two parts of Gorbachev’s reforms?
perestroika and glasnost
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How did the satellite states respond to the weakness of
the USSR in 1989?
“revolted” for independence
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Identify four areas that “revolted” in 1989.
Poland, E Ger., Czech., Romania, Hungary,
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Who will back the State of Israel right from the
beginning?
the U.S. & western Europe
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What were the three possible ways Europe could be unified? Which was most
likely?
political, military, economic
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Give two examples of student protest in Europe in
1968.
Prague and Paris
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What has the focus of European feminism been for
the last 60 years?
social & workplace equality
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Who led the movement for Indian independence?
Mohandas Gandhi
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What agreement will start to lessen tension between
Israel & Egypt?
Camp David Accords
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What is the basic nature of the problem in the former
Yugoslavia?
many different ethnic/religious groups, discrimination outside
common areas
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Where is the current conflict there?
Kosovo/Serbia
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Give two examples of Americanization.
McDonalds, English, Levis, etc.
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What impact did decolonization have on
em/immigration?
former colonizers & colonial subjects go to
Europe
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How did existentialists think humans should get their
values?
determine their own