what is water footprint
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What is Water Footprint
Virtual water is the volume of water (greenand/or blue) used to produce a good or service(Allan, 1993, 2003).
Water Footprint is the total volume of water(green and blue) that is used to produce thegoods and services consumed by an individual orcommunity (about 70% for food) (Hoekstra andHung, 2002).
When and where the water was used: a waterfootprint includes a temporal and spatialdimension.
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The water footprint of a product
Green water footprint
volume of rainwater evaporated or incorporated into product.
Blue water footprint
volume of surface or groundwater evaporated,
incorporated into product or returned to other catchment or the
sea.
Grey water footprint
volume of polluted water.
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Direct water footprint Indirect water footprint
Green water footprint Green water footprint
Blue water footprint Blue water footprint
Grey water footprint Grey water footprint
Water
consumption
Water
pollution
[Hoekstra et al., 2011]
Return flow
Water withdrawal
The traditional
statistics
on water use
Components of a water footprint
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Water foot print various..
Global average water footprint: 70 litres for one apple
(100 gms)
One glass of apple juice (200 ml) costs about 190 litres of
water
Global average water footprint: 1300 litres of water for 1
kg of wheat
Global average water footprint: 2700 litres for 1 cotton
shirt.
1 kg of final cotton textile, one requires 11,000 litres of
water
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Water foot print various..
Global average water footprint: 3900 litres for 1 kg of
chicken meat
Global average water footprint: 15500 litres of water
per kg of beef.
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the total volume of water appropriated for the production of the
goods and services consumed.
equal to the sum of the water footprints of all goods and servicesconsumed.
dimensions of a water footprint
volume
where and when type of water use: green, blue, grey
Water footprint of a consumer
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total amount of water that is used to produce the goods and services
consumed by the inhabitants of the nation.
two components: internal water footprint inside the country.
external water footprint in other countries.
Water footprint of national consumption
water footprint of national consumption =
water footprint within the nation + virtual water import
virtual water export
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Consumption
Export
Prod
uction
Import
Internal
waterfootprint
External
waterfootprint
WF of
nationalconsumpt.
Water use
for export
Virtual water
import for re-
export
Virtual
water
export
+
+
=
=
WF
within
nation
Virtual
water
import
++
= =
Virtual
water
budget
+
+ =
=
National water use accounting framework
The traditional
statistics on
water use, but
then limited to
withdrawals
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Country/region National water footprint (Gm3/year)
from the
perspective of
production
from the
perspective of
consumption
Australia 91 27
Canada 123 63
China 893 883
Egypt 59 70EU25 559 744
India 1013 987
Japan 54 146
Jordan 1.8 6.3
USA 750 696
[Hoekstra & Chapagain, 2008]
WF of national
consumption
WF within
a nationTraditional statistics
on water use, but
then restricted towater withdrawal
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Game-Four Countries
Country A Country B Country C Country D
Climate Temperate
Mediterran
ean
(Sub)tropic
al wet
(Sub)tropica
l dry
Development
status Developed Developed Developing Developing
Water
endowment Humid Semi-arid Humid Semi-arid
Water
productivity High Very High Very low Low
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Three Roles
Head of State, coordinating decisions but
mostly interested in the national economy.
Minister of Environment, responsible for
allocating water in a sustainable manner.
Minister of Trade & Foreign Affairs,
responsible for negotiating with other
countries and relation with other countries
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Decisions to be taken
Allocate the available green water resources (broadly
speaking rain water, technically evaporation
flows) and blue water resources (ground/surface
water flows) over the five sectors of economy andthe environment.
Decide, per sector, how the produced commodities
are distributed over consumption and export.
Exchange the exports for other commodities.
Imported commodities are used for consumption
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The Five Sectors
Food grains
Vegetables & fruits
Meat & dairy products
Cotton
Energy crops
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What did we learn?
Global dimension of watertrade in water-intensive
products.
Comparative advantage.
Trans-border water footprint; reduce footprint through trade.
National water self-sufficiency versus dependency.
Conflict between different sectors.
Conflict water for economy versus water for nature.
Different water intensities of various commodities. Green versus blue water.
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Water productivities (kg/m3)
Green water Country A Country B Country C Country DFood grains 0.4 0.2 0.04 not applicableVegetables &fruits 0.5 0.8 0.3 not applicableMeat & dairy products 0.01 0.06 0.002 0.01Cotton not applicable 0.06 0.03 not applicableEnergy crops 0.5 0.3 0.15 not applicableBlue water Country A Country B Country C Country DFood grains 0.6 0.3 0.06 0.05Vegetables &fruits 0.8 5 0.3 1.1Meat & dairy products 0.06 0.03 0.003 0.005Cotton not applicable 0.1 0.03 0.1Energy crops 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.1
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Comparative advantages
Green water Country A Country B Country C Country DFood grains + - 0 not applicableVegetables &fruits - - + not applicableMeat & dairy products - + - +Cotton
not applicable
-
+
not applicable
Energy crops + - + not applicableBlue water Country A Country B Country C Country DFood grains + - 0 -Vegetables &fruits - + - +Meat & dairy products + - - -Cotton not applicable - 0 +Energy crops - - + -