what is truth?. what is truth? once upon a time
TRANSCRIPT
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What is Truth?
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What is truth?
Once upon a time ...
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What is truth?
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What is truth?
Once upon a time … (Before enlightenment)
Religion
Tradition
Enlightenment, humanism
Problem: How can we know – how can we establish knowledge created by man?
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What is truth?
First attempt:
Rationalism
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What is truth?
First attempt : Rationalism
Background: Religious wars
Montaigne (1533-1592):
What is truth?
Scepticism and doubt
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What is truth?
René Descartes: How can we have secure knowledge?Svar: Cogito ergo sum
Metoden:” never to accept anything as true unless I recognized it to be evidently such: that is, carefully to avoid precipitation and prejudgment, and to include nothing in my conclusions unless it presented itself so clearly and distinctly to my mind that there was no occasion to doubt it. ”
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What is truth?
Rationalism - ratio - thinking, reason
Result: The rationalist science
• Theories and models
• Valid knowledge that are able to calculate and predict the future
• Truth as Coherence – The internal logic of the model
• Newton’s physics as a model for all other sciences
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What is truth?
Content
• Axioms – self evident
• Logic – if - then
• Theorems – logical conclusion
Models of the world: Ex. Newton’s physics
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What is truth?
Empirical findings can show that things fall, not how!
Galileo: Investigating the free fall
Newton: A logical model that are able to calculate and predict the free fall
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What is truth?
What is truth?
Coherence
The inner logic of the model
The model is true – not the world, (as our senses might deceive us)
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What is truth?
Result – The rationalist science
Secure knowledge that are able to calculate and predict the future
Newton’s physics as model for all other sciences
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What is truth?
ProblemsCoherence – the model and the world
No model is better than its axioms - ex. Economic man
Problems for some sciences ex. medicine
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What is truth?
Second attempt:
Positivism
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What is truth?
Ponere: Put on display, erect
”An attempt to create secure and unambiguous methods of science”
“Measure the world!”
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What is truth?
BackgroundEnlightenment – a showdown with religion, romanticism, idealism and rationalism
New natural sciences and trustworthy theories of development (biology)
Enlightenments dream of a better society
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What is truth?
Empirism
Knowledge about the word is created by our senses alone
Locke, Hume, Berkeley
Berkeley’s phenomenalism
Scepticism
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What is truth?
Positivist scienceSome attempts to make a positivist science:
Comte, Mach, J.S. Mill.
Comte: Religious, metaphysical, positive scientistThe hierarchy of subjects: psychology, sociology, economy, biology, chemistry, physic, mathematics
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What is truth?
Logical positivism
Goal: To establish secure knowledge that is able to counter dictatorships, Nazism and fascism
Positivism: The experienced – our senses
A logic for the truth of the argument
The verification principle
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What is truth?
The verification principle1. Analytical sentences (cookies tastes good)
2. Synthetic sentencesa. Basic sentences (It is raining)b. logical functions of basic sentences
The truth is found by going back to the basic sentences and decide if they are true or false
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What is truth?
Positivism as method
1. Researchers research facts
2. Data: measures, figures, digits, numbers
3. Data are inter-subjective, controllable
4. Reliability – “We measure the right way”
Parallel tests
Repetitive tests
5. Validity – “we measure the right thing”
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What is truth?
6. Test report
7. (The relationship between) Data - theory
- Induction
- Deduction
- Explanation
- Prediction
8. Logic - mathematics
9. Truth as Correspondence
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What is truth?
The critique of positivism
- strong and weak points
Strong points: Positivism as critique
Subverts myths and dogma
Critique of rationalism
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What is truth?
The weak sides
1. ”The journalism problem”
2. Inner problems (verification principle)
3. “Hur mäter man vackert?”
4. Positivism as non-critical science, Positivism as normal science
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What is truth?
Result – “SCIENCE”
Rationalism and positivism as scientism
- flawless methods
- Scientism – as a secular religion
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What is truth?
The critique of scientism
Power: Knowledge is powerand power defines knowledge
Truth: The legitimacy and the legitimisationKnowledge and interest
Praxis: ? (What is the value of science)
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