what is ? ? ? photosynthe sis: is the manufacture of sugars with solar energy comes from the greek,...
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WHAT ISWHAT IS
? ? ?? ? ?
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PhotosynthPhotosynthesis:esis:• is the manufacture of sugars with solar
energy
• comes from the Greek, “photos” ( light) and “syntithenai” (putting together)
• means, literally:
“light-putting-together”
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PhotosynthPhotosynthesisesishas two has two parts:parts:
First, light energy will be captured in
cellular organelles called chloroplasts
The cells of leaves typicallycontain many chloroplasts
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PhotosynthPhotosynthesisesishas two has two parts:parts:
This capturedThis capturedsolar solar energy isenergy is
then converted then converted into into chemicalchemicalenergy in theenergy in the
form of .. .form of .. .
This capturedThis capturedsolar solar energy isenergy is
then converted then converted into into chemicalchemicalenergy in theenergy in the
form of .. .form of .. .
...sugarssugars, whichare typically stored in the
fruitingfruiting bodiesof plants
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• Since the sugars that are manufactured are food, photosynthetic plants and bacteria are called autotrophs, which means “self-feeders”
PhotosynthPhotosynthesis:esis:
Volvox, a photosynthetic algae that lives in colonies
Elodea, an aquatic plant often used to study photosynthesis
Both photosynthetic, both autotrophs!
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• Since the sugars that are manufactured are food, the photosynthetic plants and bacteria are called autotrophs, which means “self-feeders”
• Organisms that cannot make their own food, like animals, are called heterotrophs, which means “other-feeders” They eat autotrophs or other heterotrophs.
PhotosynthPhotosynthesis:esis:
Some heterotrophs,consuming some
autotrophs
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• Autotrophs and heterotrophs typically depend on each other as part of a GREAT CIRCLE !
PhotosynthPhotosynthesis:esis:
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The Great CircleThe Great CircleIn the film “The Lion King” Mufasa explains to his son Simba how all living things
are connected:
Antelopes eat the grass, lions eat antelopes, but when the lions die, their
bodies become food for the grass, and so the ‘circle of
life’ goes on….
“The Lion King” and its associated characters are the property of Walt Disney Pictures, Incorporated.
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The Great CircleThe Great Circle “The Lion King” is fiction,of course, and not meant
to be taken as literally true: lions, in real life, don’t have
other animals as friends.
“The Lion King” and its associated characters are the property of Walt Disney Pictures, Incorporated.
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The Great CircleThe Great CircleBut a great story, even if fictional, can sometimes
carry great truths, and the basic idea that all living
things participate in a great circle is, in fact, TRUE.
“The Lion King” and its associated characters are the property of Walt Disney Pictures, Incorporated.
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PRODUCERS (photosynthetic
autotrophs,such as plants)
LIGHT ENERGY
CONSUMERS (heterotrophs,
such asanimals)
DECOMPOSERS (heterotrophic
bacteria and fungi)
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Photosynthesis: part of The Photosynthesis: part of The Great CircleGreat CircleOne part of the circle, photosynthesisphotosynthesis,
occurs in autotrophs
Another part, cellularcellularrespirationrespiration,, occurs in both
autotrophs and heterotrophs
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Photosynthesis: Photosynthesis: REVIEWREVIEWcan be summarized with a simple equation:
6 CO2 + 6 H20 = C6H12O6 + 6 O2 (carbon dioxide) (water) ( a simple sugar, glucose) (oxygen)
The equation is simple, but the reality behind the equation is more complex. There are actually over 20 separate chemical reactions involved in even the simplest forms of photosynthesis.
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• to keep things simple, we’ll describe it as two sets of chemical reactions
PhotosynthPhotosynthesis:esis:
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• to keep things simple, we’ll describe it as two sets of chemical reactions
• The first set requires light and are thus called the ‘light reactions’.‘light reactions’.
PhotosynthPhotosynthesis:esis:
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PhotosynthPhotosynthesis:esis:• to keep things simple, we’ll describe it as two sets of chemical reactions
• The first set requires light and are thus called the ‘light reactions’.‘light reactions’.
• The second set The second set don’tdon’t require light and require light and are often misleadingly referred to as the are often misleadingly referred to as the ‘dark reactions.’‘dark reactions.’
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PhotosynthPhotosynthesis:esis:While the ‘light reactions’require light, the ‘dark reactions’ do notrequire ‘dark’….. The ‘dark reactions’ can
take place at any time, with or without light.
Because of this, it’s more accurate to referto these two sets of reactions as either:
light-dependent OR light-independent
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PhotosynthPhotosynthesis:esis:
Because of this, it’s more accurate to referto these two sets of reactions as either:
light-dependent OR light-independent
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Photosynthesis:Photosynthesis:• begins in the begins in the chloroplastschloroplasts
individual cell
chloroplasts
Elodea leaf cells, 100 X
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Photosynthesis:Photosynthesis:• begins in the begins in the chloroplastschloroplasts
• requires requires chlorophyll chlorophyll and otherand other pigmentspigments to absorb solar energy to absorb solar energy
This is chlorophyll b, one of manydifferent versions of chlorophyll.Chlorophyll b strongly reflects
green light of a certain frequency but strongly absorbs other
frequencies of light
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Photosynthesis:Photosynthesis:• begins in the begins in the chloroplastschloroplasts
• requires requires chlorophyllchlorophyll and otherand other pigmentspigments to to absorbabsorb solar energy solar energy
Chlorophyll b strongly reflectsreflectsgreen light of a certain frequency
but strongly absorbsabsorbs other frequencies of light
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Photosynthesis:Photosynthesis:• begins in the begins in the chloroplasts:chloroplasts:
This is chlorophyll b, one of manydifferent versions of chlorophyll.Chlorophyll b strongly reflects
green lightgreen light of a certain frequency but strongly absorbs other
frequencies of light(and the energy they carry)
Chlorophyll b, which isgreen, is just one
of many pigments foundIn chloroplasts.
Different species may livein environments that
receive different colorsof light than land plants.They will use differentpigments, and so theirchloroplasts may be
different colors.
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Photosynthesis:Photosynthesis: PIGMENTSPIGMENTS
Chlorophyll b, which isgreen, is just one
of many pigments foundIn chloroplasts.
Different species may livein environments that
receive different colorsof light than other plants.
They will use differentpigments, and so theirchloroplasts may be
different colors.
Xanthophylls, forexample, are yellow or
yellow-brown
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Photosynthesis:Photosynthesis:
Chlorophyll b, which isgreen, is just one
of many pigments foundIn chloroplasts.
Different species may livein environments that
receive different colorsof light than other plants.
They will use differentpigments, and so theirchloroplasts may be
different colors.
Other pigments, such ascarotenoids, can rangefrom a light orange to
a deep purple
PIGMENTS
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• have a complex internalinternal structure
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• have a complex internal structure
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…like other organelles,
are formed from
the folding of
double-layered
phospholipid
membranes.
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…contain
membrane-bound
disks called
thylakoids, the
actual sites of
photosynthesis.
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These disks are
typically arranged
in stacks called
grana (singular:
granum)
that resemble
electrical
transformers.
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The fluid-filled
inner space
surrounding
the many grana
is called
the stroma.
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cross-section of chloroplast
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• are groups of pigments and other molecules on the surface of the thylakoid.
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• are groups of pigments and other molecules on the surface of the thylakoid.
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• are groups of pigments and other molecules on the surface of the thylakoid.
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• harvest light energy and use it to move electrons through the thylakoid membrane
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• use the motion of electrons to attach phosphate groups to energy-carrying molecules
light energyabsorbed 2 e-
light energyabsorbed 2 e-
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• use the motion of electrons to attach phosphate groups to energy-carrying molecules
light energyabsorbed 2 e-
light energyabsorbed 2 e-
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• use the motion of electrons to attach phosphate groups to energy-carrying molecules
light energyabsorbed 2 e-
light energyabsorbed 2 e-
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• use the motion of electrons to attach phosphate groups to energy-carrying molecules
light energyabsorbed 2 e-
light energyabsorbed 2 e-
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• use the motion of electrons to attach phosphate groups to energy-carrying molecules
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ATP:ATP: Adenosine TriphosphateAdenosine Triphosphate
• a common energy-carrying moleculemolecule
• used to both storestore and release release energy
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ATP:ATP: Adenosine TriphosphateAdenosine Triphosphateadenine
ribose3 phosphate groups
ATP’s structure contains:
• adenine, adenine, one of the 4 nitrogenous nitrogenous bases in DNA
• a 5-carbon sugarsugar called riboseribose
• three phosphatephosphate groups
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ATP is made of molecular ‘building blocksbuilding blocks’ thatare already present in large numbers in the cell!
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ATP is made of molecular ‘building blocksbuilding blocks’ thatare already present in large numbers in the cell!
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ATP is made of molecular ‘building blocksbuilding blocks’ thatare already present in large numbers in the cell!
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ATP is made of molecular ‘building blocksbuilding blocks’ thatare already present in large numbers in the cell!
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ATP is made of molecular ‘building blocksbuilding blocks’ thatare already present in large numbers in the cell!
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ATP is made of molecular ‘building blocksbuilding blocks’ thatare already present in large numbers in the cell!
AMPAMP
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ATP is made of molecular ‘building blocksbuilding blocks’ thatare already present in large numbers in the cell!
ADPADP
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ATP is made of molecular ‘building blocksbuilding blocks’ thatare already present in large numbers in the cell!
ATPATP
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Because of this, the cell can easily add add a phosphate group to existing molecules,
such as ADPADP.
Phosphategroup
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Because of this, the cell can easily add add a phosphate group to existing molecules,
such as ADPADP.
Phosphategroup
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Because of this, the cell can easily add add a phosphate group to existing molecules,
such as ADPADP.
Phosphategroup
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Because of this, the cell can easily add add a phosphate group to existing molecules,
such as ADPADP.
Phosphategroup
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Adding Adding a phosphate group is calledphophorylationphophorylation.
Phosphategroup
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This is a form of energy storagestorage, because it takes energy to form the chemical bondbond between ADP
and the phosphate group.
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dehydrationsynthesisH20
This is a form of energy storagestorage, because it takes energy to form the chemical bondbond between ADP
and the phosphate group.
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dehydrationsynthesisH20
This is a form of energy storagestorage, because it takes energy to form the chemical bondbond between ADP
and the phosphate group.
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dehydrationsynthesisH20
This is a form of energy storagestorage, because it takes energy to form the chemical bondbond between ADP
and the phosphate group.
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ENERGYH20
In the same way, if energy is required, thenthe phosphate bond can be brokenbroken. ATP
becomes ADP, and the energy that was storedin the bond is released.
hydrolysis
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ENERGYH20
In the same way, if energy is required, thenthe phosphate bond can be brokenbroken. ATP
becomes ADP, and the energy that was storedin the bond is released.
hydrolysis
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ENERGYH20
In the same way, if energy is required, thenthe phosphate bond can be brokenbroken. ATP
becomes ADP, and the energy that was storedin the bond is released.
hydrolysis
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ADP and ATP are constantly being recycledrecycled by the living cell!
ATP
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ADP and ATP are often said to be like batteries which are rechargeable.
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ATPATPADPADP
ADPADP is like a partiallypartially-charged battery, while ATPATP is said to be fullyfully-charged.
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Another helpful idea is that ATP moleculesare like coinscoins: handy for small amounts of
‘money’ (energyenergy), but not practical when lots of ‘cash’ is needed.
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Sugars likeglucoseglucose can
be thought of as$1,000-dollar
‘‘bills’bills’ of energy!