what is myanmar by dr. than tun.pdf

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Page 1: What is Myanmar by Dr. Than Tun.pdf

7/21/2019 What is Myanmar by Dr. Than Tun.pdf

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/what-is-myanmar-by-dr-than-tunpdf 1/15

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ေဒါက α€α€¬α€žα€” α€Έα€Όα€‘α€” α€Έ ( α€»α€™α€” α€™α€¬α€†   α€α€¬)shougon (mmcybermedia) α€™ α€…ာ႐   α€€α€±α€•α€Έα€•α€«α€žα€Š

Page 2: What is Myanmar by Dr. Than Tun.pdf

7/21/2019 What is Myanmar by Dr. Than Tun.pdf

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/what-is-myanmar-by-dr-than-tunpdf 2/15

ေဒါက α€α€¬α€žα€” α€Έα€Όα€‘α€” α€Έ ( α€»α€™α€” α€™α€¬α€†   α€α€¬)shougon (mmcybermedia) α€™ α€…ာ႐   α€€α€±α€•α€Έα€•α€«α€žα€Š

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  "α€žα€™  α€„ α€Έα€†   α€α€¬ မထ ေထာင α€œ   α‚”α€žα€„ α€α€¬α€»α€–α€… α€α€šα‹ α€»α€™α€” α€™α€¬α€žα€™  α€„ α€Έα€Ÿα€¬ ပ   α€»α€•α€„ 

α€” α‚”  α€žα€™  α€„ α€Έα€Όα€   α€™α€±α€›α€‘ာင α€Όα€  α€±α€”α€α€šα‹ α€…α€¬α€žα€„α€±α€€α€¬α€„ α€Έα€±α€Όα€ α€™ α€¬ ဆရာန α‚” α€α€•α€Š  α€±α€Όα€ α€•α€«

ထျဖစထပက α€” α‚” α€•   α€»α€•α€„ α€€   α€™α€Όα€  α€α€α€±α€‘ာငရ  α€±α€”α€α€š"

ေဒါက α€α€¬α€žα€” α€Έα€Όα€‘α€” α€Έ

Page 3: What is Myanmar by Dr. Than Tun.pdf

7/21/2019 What is Myanmar by Dr. Than Tun.pdf

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/what-is-myanmar-by-dr-than-tunpdf 3/15

ေဒါက α€α€¬α€žα€” α€Έα€Όα€‘α€” α€Έ ( α€»α€™α€” α€™α€¬α€†   α€α€¬)shougon (mmcybermedia) α€™ α€…ာ႐   α€€α€±α€•α€Έα€•α€«α€žα€Š

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ဒေထၾကာင α€Έα€‘ရာက α€”α€Š α€Έα€”α€Š α€Έα€±α€α€¬α€± α€œα€Έα€•α€«α€α€šα‹ α€’α€«α€±α€•α€™α€š   α€»α€™α€” α€™α€¬α‚  α€„င α€™ α€¬α€±α€”တ α€»α€™α€” α€™α€¬

 α€œ α€™α€Έα€  α€„ α€Έα€ž α€‘α€¬α€Έα€žα€„   α€α€š α€‘င α€œ   α‚” α€› α€¬α€±α€Όα€– α€œ   α‚”α€›α€žα€™α€± α€œα€Έα€±α€Όα€ α€α€„α€±α€•α€Έα€œ   α€€ α€α€¬α€•α€«α‹ α€α€€α€š 

 α€œ   α‚”  α€… α€ α€α€„ α€α€…ား α€±α€œ α€œα€¬α€œ   α€  α€ž α€™α€¬α€Έ α€›  α€  α€›α€„ α€œα€Š α€Έ α€‘α€α€€α€‘α€œα€€α€±α€Όα€ α€‘α€Όα€œ α€š α€α€€ 

α€› α€¬α€±α€Όα€– α€œ   α‚” α€Όα€œ α€šα€±α€…α€›α€” α€»α€–α€… α€•α€«α€α€šα‹ α€’α€± α€α€¬ α€•α€…ေထာက α€™ α€¬ α€›   α€   α€±α€‘ၾကာင α€Έα€‘ရာ ထမားစ α€€   

 α€»α€™α€” α€™α€¬α€žα€α€„ α€Έα€†α€€α€Όα€žα€šα€±α€›α€Έα€”α€Š α€Έα€•α€Šα€¬α€‘α€Όα€–α‚•MyanmarISP

 α€±α€€α€” α€›α€›   α€•α€«α€α€šα‹

 α‚၀ဝ၄ α€αŠ ဇ α€œ  α€„ α€œα€™ α€¬ ပထမ ထႀက α€™ α€™  α€±α€Όα‚α€Έ စာထ α€• α€   α€€ α€‘α€™ α€ α€…α€₯ (၁၃၄) ထျဖစ α€‘ α€α€±α€

 α€»α€–α€” α‚”ခ ခ α€  α€± α€’ါက α€α€¬ α€žα€” α€Έα€Όα€‘α€” α€Έα€›α‚• " α€»α€™α€” α€™α€¬ α€žα€™  α€„ α€Έα€•  " Myanmar History Told in Pictures

 α€…ာထ α€• α€™α€±α€” " α€»α€™α€” α€™α€¬ α€‘α‚€α€€α€žα€™  α€„ α€Έ" ထခန α€Έα€€   α€»α€•α€” α€œα€Š α€€ α€Έα€šα€± α€–ာ α€»α€•α€α€¬α€»α€–α€… α€•α€«α€α€šα‹

shougon (mmcybermedia.com)

Page 4: What is Myanmar by Dr. Than Tun.pdf

7/21/2019 What is Myanmar by Dr. Than Tun.pdf

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/what-is-myanmar-by-dr-than-tunpdf 4/15

ေဒါက α€α€¬α€žα€” α€Έα€Όα€‘α€” α€Έ ( α€»α€™α€” α€™α€¬α€†   α€α€¬)shougon (mmcybermedia) α€™ α€…ာ႐   α€€α€±α€•α€Έα€•α€«α€žα€Š

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 α€»α€™α€” α€™α€¬α€‘α‚€α€€α€žα€™  α€„ α€Έ (၁)

 

 α€»α€™α€” α€™α€¬α€žα€™  α€„ α€Έα€€   α€žα€€ α‚€α€€ α€Έα€…ကား α€žα€€α€„α€š αΎα€€α€¬α€Έ α€™α€Ÿ α€ α€  αŠ α€žα€˜α€¬α€ α€š α€   α€™α€α€” 

 α€α€¬α€±α€Όα€  ပ   α€»α€•α€„α€žα€€α€žα€€α€± α€» ပာခ   α€α€¬α€±α€Όα€ α€€   α€» ဖတ α€•α€…α€žα€„  α€±α€•α€™    မျဖတ ခ   α€  αŠ α€»α€–α€Š  α€žα€„   

 α€α€¬α€±α€Όα€ α€€   α€œα€Š α€Έ α€™α€»α€–α€Š  α€   α€  αŠ ပ   α€»α€•α€„α€” α‚”  α€žα€™  α€„ α€Έα€” α‚”  ြခ   α€™α€±α€›α€‘ာင α€Όα€  α€±α€”တ    α€žα€™  α€„ α€Έα€•   α€»α€•α€„ေြတ 

 α€™α€Ÿ α€ α€  αŠ α€’ α€»α€™α€” α€™α€¬α€±α€»α€™α€‘ α€€α€ α€Έα€±α€–ာရရ   α€   α€±α€‘ထာကထထားေြတက   α€€   α€Έα€€α€¬α€ΈαΏα€• α€Έ α€±α€›α€Έα€žα€¬α€Έ α€‘ားတ    β€œ α€»α€™α€” α€™α€¬α€‘α‚€α€€α€žα€™  α€„ α€Έβ€ ေထၾကာင α€Έα€€  α€›α€±α€žα€œα€¬α€€  α€… α€…α€Š α€Έα€α€„ α€»α€•α€œ   α€€ α€α€¬ α€»α€–α€… α€•α€«

 α€α€šα‹ ဒါေြတထျပငေ α€› α€Έα‚ α€… α€žα€” α€Έα€±α€•α€«α€„ α€Έ မားြစာက α€»α€™α€” α€™α€¬α€± α€»α€±α€™α€•αšα€™ α€¬ α€›α€„α€žα€”α€± α€”ထ  α€„ခ   αΎα€€

 α€    α€žα€ α€α€«α€±α€Όα€α€” α‚”α€±  ေရျေမတာေတာငေထနထထားန α‚” α€•α€α€žα€€ α€  α€‘α€žα€…α€±α€Όα€α‚•α€›  α€α€€α€±α€Όα€ 

 α€€   α€œα€Š α€Έ α€… α€…α€Š α€Έα€±α€•α€Έα€‘α€¬α€Έα€•α€«α€α€šα‹

α€› α€™ α€Έα€€α€” α€Έα€»α€•α€„ α€»α€™α€„  α€±α€‘နာက α€€α€” α€Έα€±α€œ α€¬α€€ ပဒတ α€œ   α€( α€»α€•α€’α€«α€Έα€œα€„ α€Έ) ထမ α€(၁) α€™ α€¬ နရေဆးေရး

α€›   α€α€šα‹ ထဒ α€‘႐ α€•α€±α€Όα€α€Ÿα€¬ ထရငထႏ α€… α‚၀, α€α€α€ α€€ ၁၀, α€α€α€ ထြတင α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€Όα€† α€   α€α€¬α€±α€Όα€ 

 α€»α€–α€… α€•α€«α€α€šα‹

 α€»α€™α€” α€™α€¬α€‘α‚€α€€α€žα€™  α€„ α€Έ α€±α€œ α€œα€¬α€±α€›α€Έα€€ α‚α€±α€žα€Έα€±α€α€¬ α€’ α€™ α€¬ ေြတ႕ ထားတ  α€± α€€α€¬α€€ α€»α€–α€… α‚ α€• α€Όα€€α€„ α€Έα€” α‚” 

ေကာက α€œα€€α€”ကေြတ α€€α€”α€Š α€Έα€±α€žα€Έα€α€šα‹ ဒေတာေရ α€Έα€œα€±α€Όα€α€›α‚•α€±α€‘နထထ  α€„ α€‘α€…α€¬α€Έα€±α€‘α€žα€¬α€€

ေထျခေထေနြတ α€€    α€…  α€±α€‘ာင α€±α€™α€»α€•α€¬α€α€α€±α€žα€Έα€•α€«α‹ α€α€»α€α€¬α€Έα€±α€€α€œ α€œα€¬ ၿပ α€Έα€žα€™ α€” α‚” α€…ပ α€Ÿα€• αΏα€• α€Έ

α€žα‚ α€•α€±α€–ာရမ α€¬α€»α€–α€… α€•α€«α€α€šα‹ ေထာက α€€α€œα€†α€„   α€€ α€» α€–α€… α€…α€₯ α€•   α€™ α€¬ α€»α€™α€” α€™α€¬α€˜α€€ α€€ α€‘α€Šα€¬α€žα€¬α€Έ

ဆ   α€α€¬ α€‚α€¬α€—α€¬α€œ ၊ α€±α€˜α€‚α€„ α€œα€” α‚”  တတန α€Έα€α€Š α€Έ α€Ÿ   α€™  α€‘α€›α€€ α€α€• α€…  ( α€™α€α€›α€• α€œ) ထဆင   

ေရာက αΏα€• α€Έα€•α€«αΏα€•α‹ α€žα€” α‚” α€†  α€„ α€   α€±α€‘ထာကထထားေြတထရ ထရင α€‘ႏ α€… α„၀ဝ, α€α€α€ α€€ စၿပ α€Έ

α€›  α€±α€”ပါၿပ။

 α€α€»α€α€¬α€Έ α€±α€’α€±α€žα€Όα€ α€™ α€¬α€±α€Όα€α‚•α€›α€   α€œα€±α€Όα€α€œ   α€• α€‘α€Šα€¬α€žα€¬α€Έα€›α‚•α€˜α€α€€   α€œα€Š α€Έ α€±α€”α€›α€¬α€±α€’α€ž ဆ  α€„ရာ

α€žα€˜α€¬α€α€±α€‘α€”α€‘α€‘α€¬α€Έα€€ ပ  α€Όα€žα€„ α€Έα€±α€•α€Έα€™ α€¬ α€»α€–α€… α€•α€«α€α€šα‹ တမး ေျပာရရင  α€žα€±α€”ရတ α€‘ပ α€•  α€„ α€Έ

ေတာထ α€€α€…α€¬α€Έα€œ   α‚” α€»α€–α€… α€   α€‘α€•α€„αŠ α€‘α€ž α€ΈαŠ ထြ႐ α€€αŠ α€±α€‘α€α€«α€€αŠ ထျမစေြတ α€€   α€…α€¬α€Έα€™α€šα‹ α€ž α‚” α€œ   α€• 

ထပငေြတမရတ    ထစာက   α€…ားတ  (ထခ  မးတ   α€ΈαΏα€• α€» α€–α€… α€  ) ေထကာငေြတ α€€    α€œ α€€

α€žα€ α€»α€–တ α€…α€¬α€Έα€™α€šα‹ ေရထ  α€„ေရကနေြတ α€€ ေရခငါးက   α€™ α€¬α€Έα€…α€¬α€Έα€™α€š ။ α€‘α€•α€±α€‘α€‘α€ΈαŠ α€™   α€ΈαŠ α€±α€œα€” α‚” α€žα€ α€α€«α‚€α€€ α€Έα€±α€Όα€α€›α‚• α€‘α‚α€›α€¬α€š α€€ ကင α€Έα€Όα€œ α€α€±α€‘ာင α€‚ α€‘ α€™ α€¬ ခ  α€±α€‘ာင α€Έ α€±α€”α€™α€šα‹ α€žα€± α€”ထ  α€„ 

ခ α€  α€±  နရာက α€»α€™α€” α€™α€¬ ထထက α€•  α€„ α€Έ α€»α€–α€… α€œ   α‚”  α€ž α‚” α€€    ခပ α€Όα€œ α€š α€Όα€œ α€š  α€‘α€Šα€¬α€žα€¬α€Έα€œ   α‚”  α€”α€¬α€™α€Š 

ေပးထား α€•α€«α€α€šα‹ α€ž α€€ မဆ   α€Έα€α€„ါ α€»α€–α€… α€•α€«α€α€šα‹ တျခားထမးက α€™ α€” α€Έα€™α€€   α€‘တင α€Έ α€–α€™ α€Έα€š 

 α€œα€¬αΏα€• α€Έ ထ α€™α€›α€¬α€‘ေထာင α€™α€š α€œ   α‚”α€± α€»α€•α€¬α‚  α€„ α€•α€«α€α€šα‹

 α€α€€α€š α€€ α€›α€”α€ž α€œα€¬α€   α€€ αΏα€•α€†   α€œ α€„  α€™α€” α€Έα€±α€™α€Όα€ α€±α€€α€»α€•α€Έα€›α€•α€” α€Έα€›α€α€šα‹ α€›α€”α€žα€‘α€žα€¬α€›αΏα€• α€†  α€›α€„ 

ထထ α€Έα€€  α€žα€αŠ ထမက  α€žα€¬α€Έα€™α€šα€¬α€Έ ျပၿမ  α€»α€–α€… α€•α€«α€α€šα‹ ထဒါေၾကာင  α€± α€› α€Έα€œα€±α€Όα€ α€Ÿα€¬ α€€   α€š  α€‘α€™α€Έ

 α€‘ α€€α€™α€” α€Έα€™α€€   α€™α€šα€˜ α€‘α€™α€Έα€Όα€œ α€ α€   α€™α€” α€Έα€™α€€  α€   α€Έα€šα€± α€•α€«α€„ α€Έα€žα€„ α€Έα€α€š α€œ   α‚”α€± α€»α€•α€¬α‚  α€„ α€•α€«α€α€šα‹

α€±α€› α€Έα€¦α€Έ α€œα€±α€Όα€α€›α‚• α€™α€žα€¬α€Έα€… α€™ α€¬ α€‘α€™α€Έα€žα€™ α€Έα€€ ထားရာမ α€¬α€±α€”ဆ  α€žα€œ  α€± α€‘ာက α€α€” α€Έα€€α€  α€±α€‘α€”

 α€™α€Έα€±α€”α€›α€α€š α€œ   α‚” α€‘ငရင α€™ α€¬α€Έα€™α€šα‹ α€œα€„ α€™α€šα€¬α€Έ α€»α€–α€… α€ α€‘ခါ α€€   α€š α€… α€€   α€šα€„ α€€   α€š α€Όα€… α€™ α€Έα€›α€¬α€α€„ αΏα€• α€Έ

ထ α€™α€±α€‘ာင α€α€” α€€   α€‘α€™ α€ΈαΎα€€α€›α€™α€šα‹ α€žα€¬α€Έα€™α€šα€¬α€Έ α€‘α€žα€¬α€Έα€…α€¬α€Έα€›α€–   α‚” α€œα€„α€±α€šα€¬α€€α€ α€¬α€Έα€€ ထမ  α€œ   α€€ 

 α€α€šα‹ α€žα€¬α€Έα€±α€€α€¬α€„ α€€ ထၿမ α€œ  α€±α€žα€œα€¬α€€ α€žα€α€›α€™α€š α€™α€Ÿ α€ α€•α€«α‹ α€™α€šα€¬α€Έα€€ α€±α€α€¬α€œα€Š αΏα€• α€Έ

 α€…ားေကာင α€Έα€™α€š   α€‘α€ž α€Έα€‘ြ႐ α€€αŠ ေထခါကထျမစန α‚”င α€€α€₯α€› α€¬α€±α€•α€Έα€•α€«α€™α€± α€”α‚” α€…α€₯ α€™α€” α€™α€” α€…α€¬α€Έα€±α€žα€¬α€€ 

α€›α€™ α€¬ α€»α€–α€… α€α€šα‹ ၿပ α€Έα€±α€α€¬ α€™α€” α€Έα€™α€€ α€™α€Έα€†α€€α€žα€… α€±α€›α€‘ာင α€±α€€α€œα€Έ α€±α€Όα€™ α€Έα€±α€•α€Έα€α€šα‹

α€’ α€œ    α€€     α€š α€… α€€   α€šα€„ α€Όα€… α€™ α€Έα€›α€¬α€€ α€‘α€™α‚ˆ α€‘α€™ α€Έα€α€¬α€€   α€α€«α€  α€„ α€Έα€±α€»α€•α€¬α€±α€”α€€ α€α€¬α€α€”α€±α€α€‘α€¬α€Έα€α€š α€œ   α‚” 

ေျပာရင  ထတထကမမ α€” α€•α€«α‹ α€œα€„α€±α€›α€¬α€™α€šα€¬α€Έα€•α€«α€• α€Έα€Όα€   αΏα€• α€Έ α€™α€žα€¬α€Έα€…α€‘α€…α€¬α€Έα€‘α€…α€¬α€” α‚”  α€‘α‚α€›α€¬α€š 

 α€€α€„ α€Έα€–   α‚” α€α€¬α€α€” α€š αΎα€€α€α€¬α€»α€–α€… α€α€šα‹ ထဒါထျပင α€‘α€™α€Έα€žα€™ α€Έα€±αΎα€€α€¬α€„   α€œ α€   α€Έα€Όα€• α€¬α€Έα€α€šα‹ α€œ α€™α€¬α€Έα€›α€„

 α€œ α€•α€žα€¬α€Έα€™α€¬α€Έα€œα€¬α€™α€šα‹ α€œα€€α€”α€€ α€€  α€„ αΏα€• α€Έ α€›α€”α€‘α‚α€›α€¬α€š α€€    ြတန α€Έα€œα€”α€±  α€•α€Έα€™α€š  α€ž α€•   α€™α€¬α€Έα€œα€¬

 α€™α€šα‹ ဒါေၾကာင  α€žα€¬α€Έα€±α€Όα€™ α€Έα€±α€•α€Έα€ž α€€   α€±α€α€œα€Έα€α€…ားထားၿပ α€Έ ဆကဆ α€™α€š α€œ   α‚”α€± α€α€¬α€„ α€šα€†α€…ရာ

α€›   α€•α€«α€α€šα‹ α€ž α‚”ေၾကာင    α€™α€žα€¬α€Έα€… α€Ÿα€¬α‚€α€€ α€Έα€Όα€‘ α€¬α€ΈαΏα€• α€Έ ထားေကာင α€Έα€œα€¬α€•α€«α€α€šα‹ ဂနရ α€™ α€¬ α€‘α€™α€Έα€žα€™ α€Έ

 α€€α‚‘α€€   α€±α€α€œα€Έα€α€…ား ေနရာေပးထားပ   α€€   α€α€˜α€€ α€…ာမကႏ α€¬α€™ α€¬α€»α€•α€‘α€¬α€Έα€•α€«α€α€šα‹

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ေဒါက α€α€¬α€žα€” α€Έα€Όα€‘α€” α€Έ ( α€»α€™α€” α€™α€¬α€†   α€α€¬)shougon (mmcybermedia) α€™ α€…ာ႐   α€€α€±α€•α€Έα€•α€«α€žα€Š

03 04

 α€€   α€š α€α€”α€›   α€   α€™α€” α€Έα€™α€€   α€‚႐ α€α€…   α€€α€± α€…ာင  α€±α€› α€¬α€€ αΏα€• α€Έ α€žα€¬α€Έα€Όα€– α€¬α€Έα€  α€‘ခါ α€±α€‘α€žα€±α€‘α€•α€¬α€€  α€”α€Š α€Έ

ေထာင α€‚႐ α€…   α€€ α€™α€š α€œ   α‚”ေတာင α€™α€” α€Έα€†α‚  α€„ α€•α€«α€α€šα‹ ( α€•   - α‚)

α€žα€¬α€Έα€žα€™ α€Έα€„α€šα€„α€šα€” α‚”α€±α€žα€›α€„ α€œ α€α€… α€œ   α€Έα€‘ြတ α€€ α€α€™ α€Έα€”α€Š α€Έα€…ရာျဖစ α€α€š α€œ   α‚” α€šα€†αΎα€€α€•α€«α€α€šα‹

α€‘α€™α€Έα€žα€™ α€Έα€•    α€‘α€„α€šα€±α€œα€Έα€±α€Όα€ α€€    ( α€™α€œα€±α€•α€™α€š  ) ဗနပ α€…α€±  α€αšαΎα€€α€α€šα‹ α€’ α€•  α€±α€œα€Έα€±α€Όα€ α€€

ေခါင α€Έα€±α€žα€Έα€±α€žα€ΈαŠ α€™α€€ ႏ α€¬α€™α€• α€™α€žαŠ α€œα€€α€±α€žα€Έα€„α€š αΏα€• α€Έ α€›α€„αŠ α€—   α€€α€” α‚” α€α€„ α€•α€«α€Έα€†    ထဆမတန 

 α‚€α€€ α€Έα€α€¬α€€  α€±  ြတ႕ရတတ α€α€šα‹ α€œα€„ α€€   α€œα€Š α€Έ ထငရ α€¬α€Έα€±α€•αšα€Όα€œα€„α€±α€…α€α€šα‹ α€±α€€α€¬α€€α€±α€Ÿα€¬α€„ α€Έ

ေခတ  α€œα€±α€Όα€α€±  နထ  α€„ခ   α€    ထရပေြတ α€™ α€¬ ဗနပ α€… α€€    ႐ α€• α€œ   α€Έ ႐ α€• α€»α€•α€¬α€Έ နရေဆးေရး ထမးစ   

ေြတ႕ရတတ α€•α€«α€α€šα‹ α€±α€€α€¬α€€α€±α€Ÿα€¬α€„ α€Έα€€α€¬α€œα€€ α€œα€±α€Όα€ α€Ÿα€¬α€‘င α€™α€α€” α€œ   α€œα€¬α€Έ တမ α€Έα€αΎα€€α€•   

α€±α€•αšα€•α€«α€α€šα‹ ( α€•   - ၄)

 α€»α€™α€” α€™α€¬α€±α€»α€™α€€ မဆ   α€Έ ေြတ α€Ÿα€¬ ေတာြက ၊ α€±α€Όα€™ α€Έα€›α€Šα€†α€„αŠ ေရခ α€žα€™α€„α€” α‚” α€α€€ α€ α€œ   α€±α€‘ကာင α‚€α€€ α€Έ

ေြတက   α€žα€α€Όα€α€„  α€›α€™α€š α€™α€‘င α€•α€«α€” α‚”။ ထဒ α€±α€‘ကာငေြတက α€žα€™α€•  α€„ α€Έα€‡   α€™ α€¬α€™ α€›   α€α€ α€α€¬ မးပါ။

α€’ α€™ α€¬α€œα€Š α€Έ ထခ  α€Όα€€  ၊ ႏြ α€¬α€ΈαŠ ၾက  αŠ α€†α€„αŠ ဆ α€αŠ ျမင α€ΈαŠ α€žα€™α€„  ဆ   α€   α€žα€ α€α€« ေြတရ႕ ထထက 

α€±α€› α€Έα€žα€ α€α€«α€€   α€• α€€   α€šα€” α‚” α€” α€Έα€…ပ α€  α€± α€α€¬α€‘ α€™ α€¬ α€œ   α€€ α€œ α€–α€™ α€Έα€† α€Έ α€žα€ α€»α€–တရမ α€¬ α€»α€–α€… α€•α€«α€α€šα‹

 α€α€α‚•α€±α€‘ကာငရ႕ပ   α€€   α€•α€’တ α€œ   α€ ( α€»α€•α€’α€«α€Έα€œα€„ α€Έα€‚) ထမ α€  (၁)α€›α‚• α€‘α€œα€šα€”α€› α€™ α€¬ ေြတ႕ရမ α€¬

 α€»α€–α€… α€•α€«α€α€šα‹

ထမ

ထဖ  

ႏ α€… α€•α€«α€Έα€…  

( α€•   - α‚) α€€   α€š α€α€”α€‘α€Όα‚α€š α€‘ဆင  α€†α€„  α€” α‚” α€€   α€š α€α€”ေဆာင α€™α€” α€Έα€±α€™α€Όα€

( α€•   - ၃) α€±α€€α€œα€Έα€±α€‘α€œα€¬α€„ α€Έα€€  α€± α€»α€™α€α€žαΏα€‚၀  α€Ÿ α€•  

( α€•   - ၁)

ဆဗ α€‚နႏ   α€— α€Έα€”ပ α€… α€±α€α€«α€œα€”α€±α€’α€« α€–α€±α€œα€¬α€†α€š

 αΏα€‚ α€™α€œα€’ထန α€α€¬ α€…α€… α€…တာန α€

 α€œα€€ α€…ပရ α€»α€α€   α€™α€” α€Έα€™

 α€€   α€…တ α€šα€” α€€

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ေဒါက α€α€¬α€žα€” α€Έα€Όα€‘α€” α€Έ ( α€»α€™α€” α€™α€¬α€†   α€α€¬)shougon (mmcybermedia) α€™ α€…ာ႐   α€€α€±α€•α€Έα€•α€«α€žα€Š

05 06

α€› α€™ α€Έα€€α€” α€Έα€»α€•α€„ α€»α€™α€„    ေထနာက  α€€α€” α€Έα€±α€œ α€¬α€€ ပဒတ α€œ   α€  ( α€»α€•α€’α€«α€Έα€œα€„ α€Έ) ထမ α€  (၁)  α€™ α€¬ α€”α€› 

ေဆးေရး α€›   α€α€šα‹ ထဒ α€‘႐ α€•α€±α€Όα€ α€Ÿα€¬ ထရငထႏ α€… α‚၀, α€α€α€ α€€ ၁၀, α€α€α€ ထြတင α€Έ ေရးြဆ  

ခ   α€α€¬α€±α€Όα€ α€»α€–α€… α€•α€«α€α€šα‹

α€±α€› α€Έα€±α€Ÿα€¬α€„ α€Έ α€€α€¬α€œα€€ α€œα‚  α€„ α€Έα€±α€Όα€ α€ž   α€Έα€   α€œα€€α€”α€€ α€†  α€›α€„α€± α€€α€¬α€€α€žα€€α€žα€€ α€™α€Ÿ α€α€˜αŠ

α€žα€…α€žα€¬α€Έ တင α€Έα€• α€α€±α€Όα€αŠ ဝါးြခ α€” α€±α€Όα€αŠ α€±α€œα€¬α€€ α€œα‚Š  α€±α€Όα€ α€»α€–α€… α€•α€«α€α€šα‹ α€±α€€α€¬α€€α€±α€Ÿα€¬α€„ α€Έ α€€α€› α€šα€¬α€€  α€± α€α€ α€€α€› α€šα€¬α€” α‚” α€›α€„ α€Έα€»α€•α€™ α€’ါေြတက   α€»α€–စေထာင α€˜α€š α€œ   α€œ α€• αΏα€• α€ΈαŠ α€˜α€š α€œ   α€‘α€ž   α€Έ

α€α€™α€šα€†   α€α€¬ α€™α€” α€Έα€†α‚  α€„ α€™ α€¬ α€»α€–α€… α€•α€«α€α€šα‹

 α€…င α€Έα€œ   α€Έα€±α€α€¬ α€±α€Όα€ž α€Έα€‘ားတ  α€œα€€ α€•α€†α€” α€α€ α€€    ခင α€Έα€Όα€α€„ α€Έα€»α€™α€…  α€±α€‘α€”α€¬α€€α€˜α€€ α€€α€™ α€Έ α€™  α€Όα‚ α€¬

 α€α€–α€€ α€™   α€Έα‚€α€€α€Έα€»α€•α€„ α€™ α€¬ (ေကာက) α€›α€α€šα‹ ထဒေ α€€α€¬α€€ α€– α€…ပ α€– α€Έ α€œα€€α€”α€€ α€™ α€¬ α€±α€€α€¬α€€α€žα€… 

 α€€α€¬α€œ α€œα€šα€žα€™α€¬α€ΈαŠ α€šα€¬α€žα€™α€¬α€Έα€Ÿα€¬ α€žα€¬α€Έα€„α€«α€Έ စားရဖ   α‚” α€™α€†   α€Έ တငါ တပ  α€„ α€Έ α€œ α€•α€±α€”ရတန α€Έ ဆ   α€ 

α€žα€€α€±α€žα€α€α€€  α€α€ α€€  α€± α€Όα€α‚•α€›α€α€šα‹ α€±α€œα€Έα€»α€™α€¬α€Έα€€   α€™   α€Έα€™α€¬α€Έα€€ α€™   α€Έα€•α€«α€Έ α€€α€¬α€œ α€€   α€‘α€€ α€ΈαŠ ထရင 

ထႏ α€… α€±α€α€žα€¬α€„ α€Έ ထထက α€€α€• တ α€Όα€‘င α€ž   α€Έα€Όα€…  α€   αΎα€€α€α€¬ α€»α€–α€… α€œ   α‚” α€‘α€™ α€œ   α€€α€›α€¬α€™ α€¬ α€±α€› α€Έα€€α€‘α€€  α€•   αΏα€• α€Έ ကင α€œα€Š α€œ   α‚” α€žα€¬α€Έα€±α€€α€¬α€„ထရ α€™α€¬α€Έα€™α€š ။

ထခ α€œ  α€±  ခတ α€€α€¬α€œ ေရာကေတာ  α€›α€” α€»α€–α€… αΎα€€α€›α€„ α€œα€Š α€Έ ႏ α€… α€–α€€ α€…α€œ   α€Έ α€±α€œα€Έα€»α€™α€¬α€Έ α€Όα€…   α€€  α€„ αΏα€• α€Έ

 α€   α€€α€   α€€ αΎα€€α€™α€š α€‘α€„α€›α€•α€«α€α€šα‹ α€»α€™α€” α€™α€¬ တငါ ေြတ α€Ÿα€¬ α€±α€€α€”α‚” α€‘α€± α€€α€¬α€€α€±α€α€α€±α€Ÿα€¬α€„ α€Έα€€

 α€α€„ါေြတ  α€ž   α€Έα€   α€    α€α€«α€Έα€šα€€α€ž   α€œ    ငါးဖမ α€Έ α€€α€› α€šα€¬α€±α€Όα€  α€ž   α€Έα€±α€”ၾကဆ α€» α€–α€… α€α€š α€œ   α‚”  α€šα€†

 α€•α€«α€α€šα‹ ထဒ α€€α€› α€šα€¬ ေြတက ၾကမ α€ΈαŠ α€α€›α€¬αŠ ဆင α€œ α€™αŠ ေဆာင α€ΈαŠ ဆ α€ α€€α€•αŠ α€’  α€„ α€Έα€α€” α€ΈαŠ ဓမင α€ΈαŠ

 α€•α€€α€Όα€   α€•  αŠ ရင α€Όα€€   αΏα€™α€Έ ထစရ  α€žα€»α€–င   α€»α€–α€… α€•α€«α€α€šα‹

α€±α€€α€¬α€€α€±α€α€α€žα€…α€± α€α€¬ α€œα€”α€±α€›α€Έ စၿပ  ဆ  α€›α€„  α€œα€±α€Όα€ α€Ÿα€¬ α€Όα€œα€„ α€»α€•α€„ α€™ α€¬ α€›   α€    α€žα€…α€±α€α€¬α€€   

ခ α€ α€Όα€‘င αΏα€• α€Έ α€…   α€€α€α€„ α€Έα€±α€Όα€  α€œ α€• α€α€šαŠ ြ႐ α€¬α€α€Š α€α€šαŠ တရစာၦန  α€±α€Όα€™ α€Έα€α€šα‹ ေထနာက 

ထာရ α€™ α€¬ ဆ  α€›α€„α€±  α€€α€¬α€€α€±α€α€α€žα€… α€Ÿα€¬ ထရငႏ α€…  ၉၀ဝ၀ α€€ ၅၀ဝ၀ ထထ  α€›α€Š αΎα€€α€¬

ခ   α€•α€«α€α€šα‹ α€»α€™α€” α€™α€¬α€™ α€¬ ဆ  α€›α€„ α€‘ရင α€‘ႏ α€… αˆα€α€α€ α€±α€œα€¬α€€ α€€ ဆန α€€   α€…   α€€ α€•α€Έ α€…α€¬α€Έα€±α€žα€¬α€€ 

 αΎα€€α€™α€š α€œ   α‚” α€‘α€„α€›α€α€šα‹ ၿပ α€Έα€±α€α€¬α€± α€€α€¬α€€α€žα€… α€€α€¬α€œα€Ÿα€¬ ထရင α€‘ႏ α€… αƒα€α€α€ ထထ α€›  α€±α€”

α€±α€žα€Έα€α€š α€œ   α‚”  α€‘α€„α€›α€α€šα‹ ထပင  α€…   α€€ α€α€¬α€” α‚”  ေထကာင  α€±α€Όα€™ α€Έα€α€¬ α€˜α€š α€Ÿα€¬α€€ ထရင 

 α€€α€žα€œ ေျပာဖ  α‚• ခက α€•α€«α€α€šα‹ ၿပင α€ α€œα€Š α€Έ ျဖစႏ  α€„ α€•α€«α€α€šα‹

α€±α€œα€¬α€€ α€œα‚Š  

 α€α€„ α€Έα€• α€ ေထႏ α€¬α€„   α€•α€«α€  α€‘α€Όα€ž α€¬α€Έ α€±α€†α€¬α€€αŠ α€…   α‚”

ေထႏ α€¬α€„   α€•α€«α€  α€α€Όα½α€” α€Έ( α€»α€™α€¬α€Έ)ဗထကခင   α€“α€¬α€Έα€Όα€ž α€¬α€Έ

α€žα€¬α€Έα€±α€›α€‘α€‘α€‘α€•α€«α€Έα€Š α€   α€€α€„ α€Έα€±α€•α€«α€€ α€œ   α€•α€…ေဂါက

ထ႐   α€Έα€•α€«α€Έα€Ÿα€€α€α€Όα½α€” α€Έ

ထ႐   α€Έα€™  α€” α€Έ

ြ႐ကခြၽန α€ΈαŠ α€“α€¬α€Έα€Όα€žα€¬α€Έ ထမင α€Έα€α€• α€α€Όα½α€” α€Έ( α€»α€™α€¬α€Έα€Όα€ž α€¬α€Έ)

 α€Όα€œα€”α€Όα€ž α€¬α€ΈαŠ α€… α€Έ

ခစ α€“ား

 α€…α€•α€±α€œ α€§α€›α€¬α€•   α€₯ α€Έα€α€Όα½α€” α€Έ ခစ α€“ား

α€±α€€α€¬α€€α€±α€žα€Έα€€α€› α€šα€¬( α€™ α€œα€‘ြ႐ α€šα€‘တ  α€„ α€Έ)

α€±α€œ α€α€™ α€Έα€•  α€α€… α€“ား α€₯ α€Έα€  α€„ α€Έ

 α€–  α€žα€¬α€Έ α€‘α€€ α€α€€

ေကာက α€Όα€… α€šα€Όα€ž α€¬α€Έ

 α€œα€»α€α€™ α€Έα€…

α€ž   α€Έα€–α€€ α€™α€Š α€…

α€±α€œα€Έα€–α€€ α€™α€Š α€…

 α€»α€™α€¬α€Έα€±α€α€«α€„ α€Έ

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ေဒါက α€α€¬α€žα€” α€Έα€Όα€‘α€” α€Έ ( α€»α€™α€” α€™α€¬α€†   α€α€¬)shougon (mmcybermedia) α€™ α€…ာ႐   α€€α€±α€•α€Έα€•α€«α€žα€Š

07 08

 α€“မင α€Έ

 α€•α€€α€Όα€   α€•  

ရင α€Έα€Όα€α€” α€Έ

ရင α€Όα€€   α€»α€™α‚‡  α€Έ

 αΎα€€α€™ α€Έα€±α€†α€¬α€„ α€Έ

ဆင α€œ α€™

ခရာ

ဆ α€ α€€α€•

α€’  α€„ α€Έα€α€” α€Έ

ငါးေြတထမားႀက α€Έα€‘ပြဆ  α€‘ားၿပ α€Έ

α€±α€‘α€•αšα€†   α€Έα€€ ထ   α€Έα€›α€Š αΎα€€α€Š

ထခါခါဖ   α€Έα€œ   α‚” α€α€…ေကာင α€™ 

α€‘α€•α€‘α€žα€•   α€±α€™α€•α€±αšα€α€¬ α€•α€«

 α€±α€‘ရာက (ဆာြစန α€™α€Έα€α€„ေရခငါး )α€žα€…α€±α€α€«α€€α€±α€œα€±α€•αšα€€ ငါးက   α€™  α€” α€Έ / α€α€«α€Έα€α€Όα½α€”α€” α‚” α€‘   α€Έα€–   α‚”ေစာင  α€±α€”ပ  

α€žα€™α€„ α€€  α€± α€œα€Έα€žα€™α€¬α€Έα€±α€šα€¬α€€ α€¬α€Έα€€ α€œ   α€€  α€„ α€™α€” α€Έα€™αŠ α€±α€Όα€α€Έα€‘α€€α€‘α€Šα€” α‚” α€–α€™ α€Έα€š α€•  (ေနႏ α€… α€…င α€Έ ထဓ α€•αΈ  α€«α€š α€€ ပထမတစရက α€•α€…αŠ

α€’ α€ α€šα€α€…α€›α€€ α€™ α€±α€‘α€±α€žα€€α€¬α€„ α€€  α€› α€¬α€œ   α‚”α€›α€α€š α€œ   α‚” α€›α€Šα€Šα‚Šα€” α€Έα€•  α€›α€•α€«α€α€š)

ခင α€Έα€Όα€α€„ α€Έα€»α€™α€…α€±α€‘α€”α€¬α€€α€˜α€€ α€€α€™ α€ΈαŠ α€™  α€Όα‚ α€¬α€α€… α€–α€€α€›   α€™   α€Έα‚€α€€α€Έα€»α€•α€„ α€™ α€¬(ေကာကရတ  )α€± α€€α€¬α€€ α€•α€†α€”α€±α€•αšα€™ α€¬ ထင α€‘ငရ α€¬α€Έα€› α€¬α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€»α€α€… α€‘ားတ α€ž α€ α€€  α€„ α€Έ ေထာကေခာက α€•  

 α€ α€€ α€€α€„ α€Έ α€™   α€Έα€€α€œ  

α€±α€œα€Έα€žα€Šα€α€„ α€Έα€   α€€ αΎα€€α€•  

 α€•α€„ α€œα€š α€–

α€±α€α€œα€„α€«α€Έ

α€žα€¬α€Έα€±α€±α€›α€œ

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ေဒါက α€α€¬α€žα€” α€Έα€Όα€‘α€” α€Έ ( α€»α€™α€” α€™α€¬α€†   α€α€¬)shougon (mmcybermedia) α€™ α€…ာ႐   α€€α€±α€•α€Έα€•α€«α€žα€Š

09 10

 α€α€›α€…ၧ α€¬α€”α€± α€Όα€™α€Έα€   α€›α€€ α€…α€₯ α€žα€™  α€„ α€Έα€€   αΎα€€α€Š   α€•α€«α‹

 α€œα€±α€Όα€™ α€Έ တရစၧ α€¬α€” α€±α€‘စာဆ   α€Έ စႏ  α€„ α€   α€€α€¬α€œαŠ α€±α€’α€ž ထရငႏ α€…

ေြခ α€Έ ၁၄၀ဝ၀ α€•α€«α€±α€œα€‚α€α€›αŠ ထရန

α€ž   α€Έ ၁၁၀ဝ၀ ဇဝေကမ α€›α€”α€’α€«αŠ ထရတ

ႏြား ၉၇၀ဝ α€±α€‘α€”α€¬α€€α€ž α€€α‚ α€¬α€›αŠ ထ α€‚စဆ α€  ၉၅၀ဝ α€‘α€œ α€€   α‚” α€…αŠ ထရန

 α€α€€  ၉၀ဝ၀ α€€α€š  α‚αŠ တာက

 α€• α€Έ αˆα€α€α€ α€‘α€šα€€α€α€ င  αŠ ပ႐

 α€•   α€Έα€±α€€α€¬α€„  ၅၅၀ဝ α€… α€šα€„ α€‘α₯α€” ၊ တ႐ α€

 α€œα€™ ၅၅၀ဝ ထနဒ α€šα€„ α€€α€” α€Έα€»α€™α€„  αŠ ပ႐

 α€»α€™α€Š α€Έ ၅၀ဝ၀ ႏ  α€„ α€Έα€»α€™α€… α€ α€™ α€ΈαŠ ထ α€‚α€…

α€˜   α‚”ႏ α€…α€˜   α‚” α€€ α€œα€¬α€Έα€‘ α€  ၅၀ဝ၀ ေတာင α€•  α€„ α€Έ ႐ရ

α€˜   α‚” α€α€˜   α‚” α€€ α€Έα€œα€¬α€Έα€‘ α€  ၅၀ဝ၀ α€…α€₯α€’αŠ ထာေရဗ α€»α€™α€„ α€Έ ၅၀ဝ၀ α€š α€€α€›α€” α€ΈαŠ ႐ရ

 α€•α€¬α€Έ ၅၀ဝ၀ ႏ  α€„ α€Έα€»α€™α€… α€ α€™ α€ΈαŠ ထ α€‚α€…

 α€Όα€€  ၄၅၀ဝ ထႏၡျမစ α€ α€™ α€ΈαŠ ပါကစα₯ α€α€”

α€˜  ၄၅၀ဝ ေထနာကထာရ

 α€šα€€ (α€±α€Όα€™ α€Έα€›α€Šα‚α€Ό α€¬α€Έ) ၄၅၀ဝ α€α€˜α€€

 αΎα€€α€€  ၄၀ဝ၀ ထႏၡျမစ α€ α€™ α€ΈαŠ ပါကစα₯ α€α€”

ေၾကာင  ၃၆၀ဝ ထ α€‚α€…

ဆင  ၃၅၀ဝ α€Ÿα€›α€•αΈαŠ ပါကစα₯ α€α€”

ငန α€Έ ၃၅၀ဝ ဂာမန

α€±α€›α€α€žα€™α€„  ၃၀ဝ၀ ပဇရစ α€…ခင   α€ α€™ α€ΈαŠ ဆ  α€„α€±α€—α€› α€š

  α€Ÿα€¬α€›α€… αα‰αˆα…αŠ αα†α„αŠ ပေဇာ αα‰α…α‚αŠ ၁၅၇

 α€…   α€€α€α€„ α€Έα€±α€‘စာဆ   α€Έ စႏ  α€„ α€   α€€α€¬α€œαŠ α€±α€’α€ž ထရငႏ α€…

ေထစႏ α€… α€»α€α€™ α€Έα€Όα€€   α€•α€‘α€™α€Έα€™ α€Έ αˆα…α€α€ ဂာမ  αŠ ထရတ

α€žα€…α€±α€α€¬α€ž / α€•α€” α€Έα€ž α€Έ αˆα…α€α€ α€› α€ α€œ α€Ÿ α€š α€αŠ ေထနာကထာရ

 α€‚ αˆα€α€α€ ဂာမ  αŠ ထရတ

 α€…ပါး αˆα€α€α€ ေထရေ႕တာငထာရ

α€˜α€¬α€œ  ၆၀ဝ၀ α€–α€š α€™αŠ ထ α€‚α€…

α€†α€•αŠ α€œ α€ΈαŠ ႏ   α€…ားေျပာင α€Έ (Millet)  α…၀ဝ၀ ဂ α€™α€’နာ α€…α€›αŠ ထရတ

 α€…ပါး (α€†α€Šα€±α€±α€›α€žα€¬α€€) ၃၀ဝ၀ α€— α€šα€€α€”α€™αŠ ေထရေ႕တာငထာရ

ႏြ α€¬α€Έα€™α€” α‚”α€žα€¬α€Έα€„α€š ႏြ α€¬α€Έα€ž   α€Έ  α‚€α€€   α€žα€™α€„

ေတာငဆ α€α‚ α€…ေကာငေ၀ α‚” α€Όα€•  α€‘α€—α€€αŠα€› α€Όα€™  α€„ (ေတာငဆ α€)

α€±α€› α€Έα€†α€„α€±α€› α€Έα‚€α€€  

α€±α€› α€Έα€»α€™α€„ α€Έ  α€»α€™α€„ α€ΈαŠ αΎα€žα€α€¬α€™α€›

ထမ α€œ   α€€αŠ α€‘α€šα€±α€–α€›

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ေဒါက α€α€¬α€žα€” α€Έα€Όα€‘α€” α€Έ ( α€»α€™α€” α€™α€¬α€†   α€α€¬)shougon (mmcybermedia) α€™ α€…ာ႐   α€€α€±α€•α€Έα€•α€«α€žα€Š

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ေထရးပါတ   α€œα€€α€”α€€ α€€α€› α€šα€¬α€” α‚”α€ž   α€Έα€…α€¬α€Έα€€α€”α€±α€•αšα€¦α€Έα€… α€€α€¬α€±α€œα€’α€ž ထရငႏ α€…

 α€»α€α€„ α€Έα€±α€α€¬α€„ α€Έ ၁၀၉၀ဝ α€› α€œα€’ါဂ

α€±α€œα€Έα€»α€™α€¬α€Έ ၁၀ဝ၀ဝ α€› α€ α€œ α€Ÿ α€š α€€αŠ α€±α€‘α€”α€¬α€€α€˜α€€α€‘α€¬α€›

α€žα€¬α€Έα€±α€›α€‘ α€  ၁၀ဝ၀ဝ ေထနာကထာရ

 α€‘α€” α€Έα€±α€› ၁၀ဝ၀ဝ α€»α€™α€” α€™α€¬α€‘α€œα€š α€•  α€„ α€ΈαŠ ထႏၡ α€±α€šα€α€¬α€„ α€•  α€„ α€Έ

 α€‘α€” α€Έα€œα€€  ၁၀ဝ၀ဝ α€»α€™α€” α€™α€¬α€‘α€œα€š α€•  α€„ α€ΈαŠ ထႏၡ α€±α€šα€α€¬α€„ α€•  α€„ α€Έα€‘   α€ΈαŠ ကြ႐ α€α€±α€Όα€  αˆαˆα€α€ α€› α€α€œ α€Ÿ α€š α€€αŠ ေထနာကထာရ

ေပါင α€™α€” α‚”α€” α‚” α€˜ α€šα€¬ αˆα…α€α€ ေကာက α€• α€»α€–α€… α€Όα€‘α€” α€Έα€  α€± α€”ရာတ  α€„ α€Έ

ေကာေဇာ ၇၆၉၀ ေထနာကထာရ

 α€•α€„ α€œα€š α€€ α€Έα€±α€œ  ခေရာက α€ α€šαŠ ဆ  α€„ α€•α€›α€• α€…

ဗနပ α€… (ထဆ α€‘ α€  α€›α€„α€žα€¬α€Έ)

α€—   α€€α€žα€¬α€ΈαŠ တငဆ  α€žα€¬α€Έα‚€α€€ α€Έ

 α‚€α€€ α€Έα€” α‚” α€‘႐ α€•α€„α€š  ၁၀ဝ၀ဝ ထာဖရ α€€αŠ α€‘α€¬α€›αŠ α€±α€₯ရာပထႏ   α‚”

α€α€Šα€„α€„α€‘α€‘α€Šα€›α€€  ၆၅၀ဝ၀ α€–α€š α€™αŠ ထ α€‚α€…

α€α€Š α€‘α€Š  ၆၅၀ဝ၀ α€–α€š α€™αŠ ထ α€‚α€…

α€±α€»α€™α€…   α€€α€›α€€ α€€α€” α€Έ ၆၅၀ဝ၀ ထ α€‚α€…

ထ   α€Έα€‘α€” α€Έα€…α€€  ၅၂၅၀ဝ α€‘αŠ α€£α€›α€”

α€˜ α€Έα€α€• α€œα€Š α€Έ ၅၀ဝ၀ ေထနာကထာရ

ႏ   α‚” α€…ားႏြ α€¬α€Έα€™α€»α€  ၅၀ဝ၀ ေထနာကထာရ

႐   α€Έα€›α€¬α€”တ α€€   α€Έ ( α€•   α€α€±α€α€«α€„ α€Έ)  α…၀ဝ၀ ေထနာကထာရ

ႏြ α€¬α€Έα€Όα€†   α€Όα€‘α€”  ၅၀ဝ၀ α€Ÿα€™α€¬α€‚ α€šαŠ ႐ေမန α€š

 α€œ   α€Έα€Όα€‘င α€Έα€±α€œ  ၄၀ဝ၀ α€’α€” α€Έα€™α€

ႏ   α‚” α€…ားႏြ α€¬α€Έα€™α€»α€  ၃၀ဝ၀ α€±α€₯ရာပ

ဆ  ( α€œα€€α€†  )

 α€œα€€ α€Όα€α€” α€Έα‚€α€€ α€α€†   

ေနာက α€α€… α€™α€Έα‚€α€€ α€

ေမာင α€Έα€   α€Έ

 α€œα€€α€Šα‚‡ α€•  

ေကာက α‚€α€€ α€

ဆ  α€” α‚” α€€α€Šα€±α€Όα€• α‚”

α€žα€…α€žα€¬α€Έα€Šα‚‡ α€•α€± α€€α€¬α€€ α€Όα€ž α€¬α€Έα€α€• α€ α€…α€₯

ခေကာက  α‚€α€€ α€α€±α€€α€¬α€€   ဆ  α€” α‚” α€€α€Šα€±α€Όα€• α‚”αŠ ဂာမ  

α€—  α€„ α€Έα€α€„   α€  α€›α€…

ေပါင α€Έα€œ   α€Έα€œα€Š α€Έα‚€α€€ α€Έ ( α€•   α€…α€„α€š)

ေတာင႐ရ

ေပါင α€Έα€” α‚” α€œα€Š α€Έα€„α€šα€±α€α€¬α€„α‚α€›

α€›α€Šα€›α€Š α€€α€₯ α€Έα€€α€₯ α€ΈαΏα€•α€„ α€±α€œαŠ ထ   α€Έα€… α€…ပ α€™α€•α€«α€  α€±α€› α€Έα€±α€α€α€žα€… α€œ   α€Έα€Όα€‘င α€Έα€±α€œα€¬α€„ α€Έ

 α€œα€Š α€Έα‚€α€€ α€Έ( α€•   α€…α€„α€š)

 α‚€α€α€‘α€œα€€ α€α€α€• α€˜ α€Έ

α€±α€˜α€Έα€   α€€α€±α€»α€™α€…   α€€α€›α€€ α€€α€” α€Έα€…င α€•α€” α€Έα€€α€” α€œ   α€Έα€‘ြတင α€Έα€±α€€α€›α€Έα€   α€•  

α€—α€’α€›αŠ ထ α€‚α€… ၊ α€šα€α€„α€‘α‚ α€… α†α„၀၀ ခန α‚”

ေမာင α€Έα€±α€€α€¬α€€α€±α€™α€¬α€„ α€Έα€Όα€α€€

ေျေခတာင α€Έα€›α€€α€žα€œ   α€α€…α€±α€Όα€α€±α€•αšα€α€…α€±α€Όα€α€›α€… α€α€„ α€‘ားတ  α€± α€»α€™α€‘   α€Έ

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ေဒါက α€α€¬α€žα€” α€Έα€Όα€‘α€” α€Έ ( α€»α€™α€” α€™α€¬α€†   α€α€¬)shougon (mmcybermedia) α€™ α€…ာ႐   α€€α€±α€•α€Έα€•α€«α€žα€Š

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 α€»α€™α€” α€™α€¬ α€±α€“α€œ (Myanma Culture)

 α€»α€™α€” α€™α€¬α€žα€™  α€„ α€Έα€‘α€€α€₯ α€Έ (Myanma History in Brief) (၁)

The WAVES α€™α€‚ၒဇင α€Έ Vol 4, September, 2006 α€™α€± α€’ါက α€α€¬α€žα€”းြထန α€Έα€›α‚• " α€»α€™α€” α€™α€¬ α€±α€“α€œ 

Myanma Culture ( α€»α€™α€” α€™α€¬α€žα€™  α€„ α€Έα€‘α€€α€₯ α€Έ Myanma History in Brief)" α€€   α€»α€•α€” α€œα€Š α€€ α€Έα€š

ေဖာ α€»α€•α€α€¬α€»α€–α€… α€•α€«α€α€šα‹

α€‘α‚€α€€α€žα€™  α€„ α€Έα‹ ။ α€±α€šα€”α‚” α€»α€™α€” α€™α€¬α‚  α€„င α€Ÿα€±α€α€±αšα€žα€¬ ေနရာြတင α€šα€α€„ထႏ α€… α„၀ဝ, α€α€α€ α€±α€œα€¬α€€ α€€

 α€œα€€α€”α€€ α€€    α€‘α€ž   α€Έα€»α€•α€α€ αΏα€• α€»α€–α€…α€±α€žα€¬ α€±α€› α€Έα€œ α€™α€¬α€Έα€±α€”ထ  α€„ခ   αΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹ α€›α€¬α€žα€₯တ α€™ α€¬ α€šα€ 

ထခါထက α€•  αα€±α€‘α€Έα€žα€Šα‹ α€™   α€Έα€™ α€¬αŠ α€šα€ α€‘α€€ α€ž   α€Έα€†α€™α€± α€»α€α€¬α€€α€†α€α€” α‚” α€•  α€žα€»α€–င  αŠ α€™   α€Έα€±α€Όα€… α€€α€¬α€œα€Ÿ 

α€±α€αšα€›α€•α€«α€žα€Šα‹ α€šα€α€„α€‘α‚ α€…  ၂၀ဝ, α€α€α€ α€±α€œα€¬α€€ α€™ α€…၍ ထ  α€±α€› α€Έα€œ α€™α€¬α€Έα€žα€Š  α€œα€€α€”α€€  α€œ α€• 

 α€α€α€±α€žα€¬ ထဆင  α€ž   α‚”α€± α€›α€¬α€€ α€œα€¬α€žα€Šα‹ α€‘α€Όα€œα€”α€±α€‘α€Έα€±α€žα€¬ α€±α€»α€™α€¬α€€α€±α€œα€€  α€± αΎα€€α€¬α€€α€žα€»α€–င  αŠ

ေတာငေစာင α€Έα€™α€¬α€ΈαŒ α€±α€α€¬α€„α€˜α€€α€ž   α‚”  ေထပါက  α€œα€Š  α€±α€žα€¬ ဂ α€™α€¬α€Έα€Όα€α€„α€žα€¬ α€±α€”αΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹

 α€šα€α€„ထႏ α€… α„၀, α€α€α€ α€±α€œα€¬α€€ α€™ α€…၍ α€œα€‘α€…α€… α€™α€¬α€Έ α€»α€–α€… α€œα€¬ αΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹ α€Όα€™α€” α€‚   α€Όα€œα€€ α€™α€Έ α€»α€–α€… α€•α€«α€žα€ŠαŠ α€›α€¬α€žα€₯တ α€™ α€¬ α€šα€α€„α€‘α‚ α€… αα€, α€α€α€ α€™ α€…ααŠ α€α€»α€–α€Š α€Έ α€»α€–α€Š α€Έ α€šα€ α€›α€¬α€žα€₯တ α€™α€Έ α€»α€–α€… α€œα€¬

 α€•α€«α€žα€Šα‹ α€šα€α€„α€‘α‚ α€… αα, α€α€α€ ခန α‚” α€€αŠ ထ  α€ž α€™α€¬α€Έ ေနခ  α€±α€žα€¬ α€»α€•α€’α€«α€Έα€œα€„ α€Έα€‚ α€Όα€α€„ α€ž α€   α‚”α€± α€›α€Έα€Όα€†  α€ 

α€±α€žα€¬ α€±α€€α€¬α€€α€±α€α€α€±α€Ÿα€¬α€„ α€Έ α€”α€› α€•α€” α€Έα€ α€€α€¬α€Έ တ   α‚” α€€  α€±α€Όα€α‚•α‚  α€„ α€•α€«α€žα€ŠαŠ α€šα€ α€†α€„αŠ α€α€€αŠ α€žα€™α€„ 

 α€   α‚”ႏင   α€α€±α€žα€¬ ပ   α€™α€¬α€ΈαŠ ထ႐   α€Έα€žα€¬ ေဖာ α€»α€±α€•α€žα€¬ ငါးႏင   α€œα€€ α€α€«α€Έα€•   α€™α€¬α€Έα€€  α€± α€›α€Έα€Όα€†  α€  α€žα€Šα‹ ဂ α€Όα€α€„ α€Έ

 α€™ α€»α€™α€„α€±α€›α€žα€¬ ေနြထ α€€ α€•   α€™ α€¬αŠ α‚α‚ˆα€α€„ α€Έα€€α€¬α€Έ α€»α€–α€… α€™α€Š α€‘α€„α€›α€•α€«α€žα€Šα‹

 

 α€šα€α€„ထႏ α€… α‰, α€α€α€ α€™ αƒ, α€α€α€ ထထေ α€€α€¬α€€α€žα€… α€€α€¬α€œ ထြတင α€ΈαŠ α€…   α€€ α€•α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα‚α€„   α€α€›α€…ာၦန 

α€±α€Όα€™ α€Έα€»α€™α€±α€›α€Έ စတင α€±α€•α€±αšα€•α€«α€€ α€œα€¬α€•α€«α€žα€Šα‹ α€»α€™α€… α€ α€™ α€Έα€±α€»α€™α€»α€•α€” α‚” α€Όα€α€„  ြ႐ α€¬α€™α€¬α€Έα€α€ŠααŠ ထ α€™α€±α€†α€¬α€€  α€€α€¬ ေနထ  α€„ αΎα€€αΏα€• α€»α€–α€… α€•α€«α€žα€Šα‹ ေကာက ေခတ α€€α€¬α€œ ေနာက α€•  α€„ α€Έα€Όα€α€„ α€‘   α€Έ α€œ α€• α€α€α€žα€Šα‹

α€±α€œα€Έα€±α€žα€¬α€α€” α€€  α€Όα€†  α€›α€” α€œα€Š α€Έα‚α€„  α‚α€Ό α€¬α€Έα€›   α€œα€¬α€žα€Šα‹ α€œα€€α€”α€€ α€Όα€α€„α€±α€œα€Έα‚α€„   α€»α€™α€¬α€Έ α€±α€•αšα€œα€¬α€žα€Šα‹

α€‘α€…α€žα€™  α€„ α€Έα‹ ။ α€šα€α€„α€‘α‚ α€…  ၃, α€α€α€ α€±α€œα€¬α€€ α€™ α€…၍ αΏα€™α‚•α€α€Šα€±α€žα€¬α€‘α€†α€„  α€ž   α‚”α€±  ရာက α€œα€¬α€•α€«

α€žα€Šα‹ ေထစာဆ   α€Έα€Ÿ α€‘α€„α€±α€›α€žα€¬ ၿမ႕မ α€¬αŠ α€šα€ α€€ α€™αΏα€™α‚• ထန α€Έα€›   α€™  α€„ α€Έα€±α€™α€¬ αΏα€™α€±α‚•α€Ÿα€¬α€„ α€Έα€Ÿα€± α€αš

α€±α€žα€¬αΏα€™α‚•α€»α€–α€… α€•α€«α€žα€Šα‹ α€šα€α€„α€‘α‚ α€… α‚,၁၀ဝ α€€αΏα€™α‚•α€Ÿ α€šα€†α€žα€Šα‹ ထ   α‚”ေနာက α€šα€α€± α€α€¬α€„ α€Όα€α€„ α€Έ

 α‚€α€€ α€Έ ၿမ႕ထန α€Έα€›   α€—ႏ    α€Έ αΏα€™α€±α‚•α€Ÿα€¬α€„ α€Έα€Ÿα€±α€α€±αšα€žα€¬ αΏα€™α‚•α€»α€–α€…α€žα€Šα‹ α€šα€α€„α€‘α‚ α€… α‚, α€α€α€ α€€ αΏα€™α‚•α€Ÿ  

 α€šα€†α€žα€Šα‹ α€šα€  ဝက α€œα€€ αΏα€™α‚• ထန α€Έα€›    α€Ÿα€” α€œα€„ α€Έ αΏα€™α€±α‚•α€Ÿα€¬α€„ α€Έα€™ α€¬ α€šα€α€„α€‘α‚ α€…  ၁, α‡α€α€ α€™ 

 αΏα€™α‚•α€»α€–α€…α€žα€Šα‹ ေမာဇာထန α€Έ α€±α€žα€±α€›α€α€α€›α€¬ αΏα€™α€±α‚•α€Ÿα€¬α€„ α€Έα€™ α€¬ α€šα€α€„  ထႏ α€…  ၁, α†α€α€ α€€

 αΏα€™α‚•α€»α€–α€…α€žα€ŠαŠ α€±α€žα€±α€›α€α€α€›α€¬αΏα€™α‚•α€α€Šα€ž α€™α€¬α€Έα€€   α€•α€œ  α€™α€Έα€Ÿα€± α€αšα€•α€«α€žα€Šα‹

 α€»α€™α€” α€™α€¬α€žα€™  α€„ α€Έα€‘α€€α€₯ α€Έ (Myanma History in Brief) ( α‚)

 α€•α€±α€α€ ။ ။ α€•α€œ  α€™α€Έα€™α€¬α€Έα€žα€Š   α€±α€šα€”α‚” α€» α€™α€” α€™α€¬α€   α‚”ႏင  α€‘α€™α€Έ α€α€±α€žα€¬α€‘ α€• α€… α€α€… α€» α€–α€… α€•α€«α€žα€Šα‹

 α€•α€   α‚” α€±α€šα€”α‚” α€»α€™α€” α€™α€¬α‚  α€„α€„α€±α€α€±αšα€žα€¬ ေနရာက   α€»α€™α€” α€™α€¬α€   α‚” α€‘α€€α€± α€…ာ၍ ေရာကရ  α€±α€”ထ  α€„α€ž α€™α€¬α€Έ

 α€»α€–α€… α€•α€«ααŠ α€»α€™α€” α€™α€¬α‚  α€„α€„α€‘α€œα€š α€•  α€„ α€Έα€±α€»α€™α€»α€•α€” α‚” α€Όα€α€„α€±α€”α€žα€Šα‹ ထႏၡ   α€šα€™α€±α€›α€¬α€€ α€œα€¬α€±α€žα€¬ α€žα€¬α€žα€”α€¬

 α€»α€•α€   α‚”α€±  ကးဇ α€Έα€»α€–င  αŠ α€»α€—α€¬α€ŸαΌ α€α€˜α€¬α€žα€¬α‚α€„    α€—α€’αΆα€žα€¬α€žα€”α€¬α€€  α€›α€š α€œα€€   α€•α€˜α€¬α€žα€¬α€…α€€α€¬α€Έα€€   

ထႏၡ   α€š α€‘α€€α‘α€›α€¬α€™α€¬α€Έα€‘α€ž   α€Έα€»α€•α€€α€¬ α€…α€¬α€±α€›α€Έα€”α€Š α€Έα€•α€Šα€¬α€€   α€α€›α€…( α‡)ရာစ α€™ α€…၍ တတေျမာက α€œα€¬

 αΎα€€α€•α€«α€žα€Šα‹ α€»α€™α€” α€™α€¬α‚  α€„α€„α€žα€™  α€„ α€Έα€Όα€α€„ α€α€›α€… (၄) ရာစ α‚ α€… α€™ α€…၍ ( α‰) ရာစႏ α€… α€‘ထ α€€α€¬α€œα€€   

 α€•α€±α€α€ α€Ÿα€± α€αšα€žα€Šα‹

 α€Όα€™α€” α€œ α€™α€Έα‹ ။ ဧရာဝတ  α€» α€™α€… α€αŠ စစေတာင α€Έ α€»α€™α€… α€α‚α€„    α€ž α€Όα€œα€„ α€»α€™α€… α€α€»α€–α€…α€±α€žα€¬ α€™ α€ α€™α€α€” α€Έα€€α€„ 

ေနရာမားြတင α€±α€šα€”α‚” α€— α€šα€€α€”မႏင   α€€α€™ α€–ခြတငေ α€”α€ž α€   α‚”ႏင   α€‘α€™α€Έα€α€±α€žα€¬ α€Όα€™α€” α€œ α€™α€Έα€žα€Š 

ခရစႏ α€… α€±α€™α€•αšα€™ α€€α€•α€„  α€œα€¬α€±α€›α€¬α€€α€±α€”α€‘  α€„ αΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹ α€•α€œ  α€™α€Έα€€  α€ž   α‚” α€•α€„  ထႏၡ   α€šα€±α€“α€œ α€€   

 α€œα€€α€α α€»α€—α€¬α€ŸαΌ α€α€žα€¬α€žα€”ာဝငႏင    α€—α€’αΆα€žα€¬α€žα€”α€¬α€α€„ α€™α€¬α€Έα€»α€–α€… α€œα€¬ααŠ ခရစ( αˆ)ရာစႏ α€…α€±α€œα€¬α€€ 

 α€Όα€α€„ α€…α€¬α€±α€›α€Έα€”α€Š α€Έα€•α€Šα€¬α€€   α€α€ α€œα€¬α€žα€Šα‹ ပတ   α‚”ႏင  α€‘တ α€Όα€™α€” α€   α‚” α€€   α€”နေကာင α€   α‚” α€€ ခရစ 

( α‰) ရာစ  ႏ α€… α€α€€α€α€” α‚” α€Όα€α€„ α€œα€¬α€±α€›α€¬α€€ α€   α€€α€   α€€α ပၿမ ေ႕တာ ၊ α€Όα€™α€” αΏα€™α€±α‚•α€α€¬ α€   α‚” α€€    ဖကဆ α€Έ

α€žα€Šα‹ ပႏ င   α€Όα€™α€” α€   α‚”၏ ႏ  α€„ငေရးတနခ   α€Έα€€α€†α€„ α€ΈαΏα€• α€Έα€žα€Š  α€±α€”ာက α€™αŠ ခရစ( α‰)ရာစႏ α€…α€± α€”ာက α€•  α€„ α€Έ

 α€Όα€α€„ α€» α€™α€” α€™α€¬α€œ α€™α€Έα€   α‚” α€» α€™α€” α€™α€¬α‚  α€„င  α€‘α€œα€š α€•  α€„ α€Έ ေျမျပန α‚”α€ž   α‚” α€α€„ေရာက α€œα€¬αΎα€€α€»α€α€„ α€Έ α€»α€–α€…α€žα€Šα‹

 α€‘   α‚”ေၾကာင   α€•α€±α€“α€œ ၊ α€Όα€™α€” α€±α€“α€œ α€€   α€»α€™α€” α€™α€¬α€   α‚” α€›α€›   α€œα€€ ၊ α€»α€™α€” α€™α€¬α‚  α€„င α€Όα€α€„ α€Έα€ž   α‚”α€± α€›α€¬α€€α€›   α€œα€¬αΏα€• α€Έ

ေနာက α€™ α€»α€™α€” α€™α€¬α€   α‚” α€—α€’αΆα€žα€¬α€žα€”α€¬α€α€„ α€™α€¬α€Έ α€»α€–α€… α€œα€¬αΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹

 α€»α€™α€” α€™α€¬α€œ α€™α€Έα‹ ။ α€»α€™α€” α€™α€¬α€   α‚”α€žα€Š  တပန α€»α€™α€… α€Ÿα€±  α€α€±αšα€žα€¬ α€±α€™α€¬α€»α€™α€…α€Šα€¬ α€±α€’α€žα€Όα€α€„α€±  နထ  α€„ 

ခ αΎα€€α ခရစ ( α‰) ရာစ α‚ α€…ေနာက α€•  α€„ α€Έα€Όα€α€„ α€› α€™ α€Έα€€α€” α€Έα€»α€™α€„   α€™ α€»α€™α€” α€™α€¬α‚  α€„င α€‘α€œα€š α€•  α€„ α€Έ ေျမျပန α‚”α€ž   α‚” 

ဆင α€Έα€œα€¬α€±α€”ထ  α€„ αΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹ α€•α€‘α€±α€™α€€α€¬α€€α€†α€Šα€”α€šα‚α€„   α€™α€„ α€Έα€˜ α€Έα€”α€š α€™α€¬α€Έα€€   α€ž α€™ α€Έα€š αΏα€• α€Έα€±α€”ာက

 α€• α€‚ α€€   α€—α€Ÿ   α€»α€•α ႏ  α€„င α€α€Šα€±α€‘α€¬α€„α€žα€Šα‹

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7/21/2019 What is Myanmar by Dr. Than Tun.pdf

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ေဒါက α€α€¬α€žα€” α€Έα€Όα€‘α€” α€Έ ( α€»α€™α€” α€™α€¬α€†   α€α€¬)shougon (mmcybermedia) α€™ α€…ာ႐   α€€α€±α€•α€Έα€•α€«α€žα€Š

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ဗဒၢ α€žα€¬α€žα€”ာဝင α€™α€¬α€Έ α€»α€–α€… α€œα€¬α€žα€Šα‹ ခရစ  (၁၁) ရာစ  ႏ α€… α€œα€šα€α€” α‚” α€Όα€α€„ α€‘ားေကာင α€Έα€±α€žα€¬

ႏ  α€„င α€€   α€α€Šα€±α€‘ာငႏ  α€„ αΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹ ထ  α€‘ခါမ α€…၍ α€»α€™α€” α€™α€¬α€…ကားက   α€‘ႏၡ   α€šα€™α€± α€›α€¬α€€ α€œα€¬α€±α€žα€¬

ထကၑရာက  α€ž   α€Έαα€…α€¬α€±α€›α€Έα€α€α€žα€Šα‹ α€—α€’αΆα€˜α€¬α€žα€¬α€†  α€„ရာေထဆာကထထ   α€™α€¬α€Έα€Όα€… α€¬α€α€Šα€±α€†α€¬α€€

ခ  α€žα€Šα‹ ပ α€‚α€±α€α€α€±α€α€±αšα€žα€¬ ခရစ(၁၁)ရာစႏ α€…ႏင    (၁၃)ရာစ  ႏ α€… α€™α€¬α€Έα€‘ြတင α€Έ ေကာက α€…ာ

 α€™α€¬α€Έα€Όα€… α€¬ ေရးထ   α€Έ ခ  α€žα€»α€–င   α€»α€™α€” α€™α€¬α‚  α€„င၏ ပ α€‚ေခတ α€±α€“α€œ α€€  α€± α€€α€¬α€„ α€Έα€Όα€…α€¬α€žα€›   α‚  α€„ α€•α€«α€žα€Šα‹ ခရစ 

(၁၃) ရာစ α‚ α€…ထကန α€Όα€α€„ α€Όα€™α€” α€‚   α€   α‚” α€α€„ေရာက α€   α€€α€   α€€α€žα€»α€–င   α€• α€‚ႏ  α€„င α€•α€€ α€… α€Έα€›α€•α€«α€žα€Šα‹

 α€• α€‚  ပက α€… α€Έ ၿပ α€Έα€±α€”ာက α€α€›α€… (၁၄) ရာစ  ႏ α€…ထြတင α€ΈαŒ ပင α€Έα€šα€žα€Š  ၿမေ႕တာ α€»α€–α€… α€œα€¬α€žα€Šα‹

 α€‘   α‚”ေနာက  α€…α€… α€€  α€„ α€Έα€œα€Š α€Έ ၿမေ႕တာ α€»α€–α€… α€œα€¬α€žα€Šα‹ ေနာကဆ   α€Έ ၁၃၆၅ α€™  စ၍ ထင α€Έα€α€žα€Š 

 α€»α€™α€” α€™α€¬ တ   α‚”၏ ၿမေ႕တာ α€»α€–α€…α€žα€Šα‹ ခရစ αα‡α…၁ ြတင α€Όα€™α€” α€   α‚” α€–က၍ ထင α€Έα€ ပက α€… α€Έα€žα€Šα‹ ထင α€Έα€

ေခတ α€Όα€α€„ α€»α€™α€” α€™α€¬α€…ာေပမားြစ α€¬ ြထန α€Έα€€α€¬α€Έ တ   α€Έα€α€€α€žα€Šα‹

ထင α€Έα€α‚  α€„င၏ ေနာက α€Όα€α€„α€±α€•α€±αšα€žα€¬α€™α€„ α€Έα€†α€€ α€€   α€€α€” α€Έα€±α€˜α€¬α€„ α€™α€„ α€Έα€†α€€ α€Ÿα€± α€αšα€žα€Šα‹ ၁၇၅၁

 α€™  ααˆαˆα… ထထ α€€    α€€α€” α€Έα€±α€˜α€¬α€„ေခတ α€Ÿα€±  α€αšα€•α€«α€žα€Šα‹ α€»α€™α€” α€™α€¬α€   α‚”၏ ႏ  α€„ငေရး ထာဏာထျမင  α€†   α€Έ α€€α€¬α€œ α€»α€–α€…α€žα€Šα‹ ထႏ α€•α€Šα€¬ α€…α€¬α€±α€•α€œα€Š α€Έ မားြစ α€¬ တ   α€Έα€α€€α€žα€ŠαŠ ထဂ၀ α€œ α€• α€   α‚” 

ေရာက α€œα€¬α€žα€»α€–င   ααˆαˆα… α€™ α€…၍ α€»α€™α€” α€™α€¬α€   α‚” α€‘α€‚α€α€œ α€• α€œα€€α€±α€‘ာကခ α€»α€–α€…α€α€›α€žα€Šα‹ ၄ ဇနနဝါရ 

αα‰α„αˆ α€±α€›α€¬α€€α€±α€žα€¬ ထခါမ α€»α€™α€” α€™α€¬α€   α‚” α€‘ဂ၀ α€œ α€• α€œα€€α€±α€‘ာက α€™ α€Όα€œ α€α€±α€»α€™α€¬α€€α€žα€Šα‹

 α€»α€™α€” α€™α€¬α€žα€™  α€„ α€Έα€Όα€α€„ α€‘ထ α€Έα€‘ငရ α€¬α€Έα€±α€žα€¬α€‘ခက α€™α€¬α€Έα€™ α€¬

(၁) α€»α€™α€” α€™α€¬α€   α‚”α€žα€Š α€α€›α€…(၁၁) ရာစႏ α€… α€™ α€…၍ α€—α€’αΆα€žα€¬α€žα€”α€¬α€€   α€œα€€α€α€  α α€™α€Šα€žα€Š   α€€ α€…α₯ α€™α€†   

ဗဒၢ α€žα€¬α€žα€”ာက   α€‘ α€• α€α€” α€Έα€€α€‘ား၍ α€…α€₯ α€Έα€…ားေဆာငြ႐ α€€α€±α€žα€¬α€±α€“α€œ α€€   α€›α€   α€•α€«α€žα€Šα‹

( α‚)  α€™α€Έα‚   α€Έα€…α€₯ဆက α€™ α€¬ တဗက  တ႐ α€α‚α€„    α€” α€Έα€…α€•α€žα€»α€–α€„    တ႐ α€α€˜α€€ α€™  α€±α€“α€œ α€™α€¬α€Έα€Όα€… α€¬α€œα€Š α€Έ α€»α€™α€” α€™α€¬ တ   α‚” α€šα€ α€  α€„ α€†α€€ α€œα€€αα€‘α€ž   α€Έα€»α€• α€±α€”α€•α€«α€žα€Šα‹

(၃) ခရစ(၁၉) ရာစႏ α€… α€™ α€…၍ α€₯α€›α€¬α€•α€±α€“α€œ  ထ   α€Έα€±α€–ာက α€œα€¬α€žα€»α€–င  α€±  α€α€α€žα€… α€» α€™α€” α€™α€¬α‚  α€„င 

 α€‘ေထာင α€›α€¬α€Όα€α€„ α€±α€₯ရာပ α€±α€“α€œ α€™α€¬α€Έα€Όα€… α€¬α€€   α€šα€„င α€‘α€ž   α€Έα€»α€•α€œα€€  α€›   α€•α€«α€žα€Šα‹

(၄)α€± α€α€α€‘α€α€«α€±α€‘α€œα€¬α€€ α€±α€“α€œ α€™α€¬α€Έα€±α€»α€•α€¬α€„ α€Έα€œα€±α€žα€¬ α€œα€Š α€Έ ထစα€₯α€‘α€œα€¬ α€±α€“α€œ α€€   α€α€α‚  α€„ 

α€±α€žα€œα€¬α€€ α€‘ α€™ α€Έα€›α€” α€»α€™α€” α€™α€¬ α€α€™α€Έα€žα€¬α€Έα€œ   α€Έ α‚€α€€α€Έα€…α€¬α€Έα€œα€€  α€›   α€•α€«α€žα€Šα‹

( α…)  α€šα€ α€  α€„ α€» α€™α€” α€™α€¬α‚  α€„င α€Όα€α€„  αΏα€™α€±α‚•α€”α€œ α€¦α€Έα€±α€›α€”α€Š α€Έα α€±α€α€¬α€±α€”α€œα€¦α€Έα€±α€› α€™α€¬α€Έα€žα€Š ။ စက႐   

α€‘α€œ α€•α€žα€™α€¬α€Έα€‘α€€α€±  α€α€¬α€„α€ž α€œα€šα€žα€™α€¬α€Έ α€¦α€Έα€±α€›α€™α€¬α€Έα€žα€Š ။ ထ   α‚”ေၾကာင   α€» α€™α€” α€™α€¬α‚  α€„α€„α€žα€Š 

 α€±α€šα€”႔ထထေ α€α€¬α€±α€”α€œ α€   α‚”၏ α€œα€šα€žα€™α€¬α€Έα‚  α€„င α€»α€–α€… α€•α€«α€žα€Šα‹

( α†) α€»α€™α€” α€™α€¬α‚  α€„င α€Όα€α€„ α€‘တ α€α€Όα€€α€± α€±α€”α€žα€¬ α€œ α€™α€Έα€™α€¬α€Έα€™ α€¬ -

 α€€α€α€„ ၊ α€€α€šα€¬α€ΈαŠ α€€α€›α€„αŠ ခင α€ΈαŠ α€—α€™α€¬αŠ α€Όα€™α€”αŠ ရခ  α€„αŠ α€› α€™ α€Έ တ   α‚” α€» ဖစ၍ α€€   α€Έα€Όα€€ α€š α€š   αΎα€€α€Šα€±α€žα€¬

α€žα€¬α€žα€”α€¬α€™α€¬α€Έα€™ α€¬ -

ခရစ  α€žα€¬α€žα€”α€¬αŠ ဗဒၢ  α€žα€¬α€žα€”α€¬αŠ α€™α€†α€œα€„  α€žα€¬α€žα€”α€¬αŠ α€Ÿα‚α΅ α€žα€¬α€žα€”α€¬α€   α‚”  ထျပင  နတ 

 α€€   α€Έα€Όα€€ α€š α€»α€α€„ α€Έα€œα€Š α€Έ α€›  α€±α€žα€Έα€žα€»α€–င  

  ( α€€) α€œ α€™α€Έ α€‘α€œ   α€€ α‚   α€Έα€›α€¬ α€±α€“α€œ α€€   α€‘α€” α€Έα€ž α€™ α€Έ ႏ  α€„ေထာင α€‘ားေပး α€€α€Š αΎα€€α€»α€α€„ α€Έα‚α€„  

  (ခ) α€š   αΎα€€α€Š α€™α‚ˆ α€‘α€œ   α€€ α€Όα€œ α€ α€œα€• α€Όα€… α€¬ α€€   α€Έα€Όα€€α€š α€Όα€α€„  α€›  α€›α€” α€‚႐ α€»α€•α€»α€α€„ α€Έ တ   α‚” α€™ α€¬ α€»α€™α€” α€™α€¬α‚  α€„င 

 α€Όα€α€„ α€ΈαŒ α€œ α€  α€„ α€Έ ထထ α€Έ ဂ႐ α€»α€•α€±α€žα€¬ ထခက α€™α€¬α€Έ α€»α€–α€… α€•α€«α€žα€Šα‹ ဗမာတ   α‚” α€™ α€¬ ထမားစ  α€»α€–စ၍ ဗမာ 

 α€±α€“α€œ α€™ α€¬ ထထ α€Έ ထငရ α€¬α€Έα€±α€žα€¬ α€œα€Š α€Έ α€‘α€™α€Έα€‘α€œ   α€€αŠ α€š   αΎα€€α€Š α€™α‚ˆα€‘α€œ   α€€  ထ α€• α€… α€±α€“α€œ α€™α€¬α€Έ

 α€™ α€¬α€œα€Š α€Έ α€šα€₯ αΏα€•α€„  α€Όα€‘α€” α€Έα€€α€¬α€Έα€œα€€ α€•α€„ α€›   α€•α€«α€žα€Šα‹

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ေဒါက α€α€¬α€žα€” α€Έα€Όα€‘α€” α€Έ ( α€»α€™α€” α€™α€¬α€†   α€α€¬)shougon (mmcybermedia) α€™ α€…ာ႐   α€€α€±α€•α€Έα€•α€«α€žα€Š

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 α€»α€™α€” α€™α€¬α€   α‚”α€± α€”ထ α€™

α€Όα€› α€¬α€α€Š α€»α€α€„ α€Έα‹ ။ α€šα€α€„ α€‘ႏ α€… αα, α€α€α€ ထထ  α€±α€šα€”α‚” α€» α€™α€” α€™α€¬α‚  α€„င α€Ÿα€± α€α€±αšα€žα€¬ α€±α€’α€žα€Όα€α€„ 

α€±α€”α€žα€Š    α€œ α€   α‚”α€žα€Šα€± α€α€¬α€„ေစာင α€ΈαŒ α€›  α€±α€žα€¬ ဂ α€   α‚” α€Όα€α€„α€±  နခ   αΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹ α€±α€α€¬α€„α€˜α€€ α€Όα€α€„ 

ေထပါကရ  α€±α€žα€¬ ဂ α€€  α€± α€Όα‚ α€Έα α€±α€±α€”α€œ α€›   α€•α€«α€žα€Šα‹ α€› α€™ α€Έα€€α€” α€Έα€»α€™α€„   α€±α€‘α€”α€¬α€€α€˜α€€α€± α€α€¬α€„ေစာင α€Έ

 α€Όα€α€„α€›  α€±α€žα€¬ α€»α€•α€’α€«α€Έα€œα€„ α€Έα€‚ α€™ α€¬ ထငရ α€¬α€Έα€±α€žα€¬ α€žα€¬α€“α€€ α€»α€–α€…α€žα€Šα‹ α€šα€α€„  ထႏ α€…  ၁၀, α€α€α€α€±α€œα€¬α€€ α€™ α€…၍ α€…   α€€ α€•α€Έ α€±α€Όα€™α€Έα€»α€™α€±α€›α€Έ α€»α€•α€œ  α€• α€α€ αΎα€€αΏα€• α€»α€–α€…α€±α€žα€¬α€±αΎα€€α€¬α€„   α€»α€™α€… α€ α€™ α€Έ ေျမျပန α‚”α€ž   α‚” 

ဆင α€Έα€œα€¬α€€α€¬ ြ႐ာမား α€α€Š αΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹ α€šα€ α€›α€” α€€α€”αŠ α€»α€•α€ŠαŠ α€žα€›α€€αŠ α€±α€™α€Όα€€ α€ΈαŠ ေရနေခာင α€ΈαŠ ပ α€•αΈ  α€«α€ΈαŠ

 α€œα€€ α€•α€±α€»α€±α€α€•αšαŠ ထန α€Έα€™α€€α€” α€ΈαŠ α€±α€α€¬α€„α€žα€™α€”αŠ α€±α‚α‚Š α€…α€¬α€›αŠ ေတာင α€»α€•α€ΈαŠ α€™   α€Έα€€ α€αŠ α€»α€™α€… α‚€α€€ α€Έα€”ား

 α€±α€…α€žα€¬ ေနရာမားြတင α€Όα‚ α€¬α€±α€Ÿα€¬α€„ α€Έα€™α€¬α€Έ α€›  α€±αΎα€€α€¬α€„ α€Έ α€±α€› α€Έα€±α€Ÿα€¬α€„ α€Έ α€žα€±α€α€žα€” ထရ α€žα€›α€žα€Šα‹

 α€»α€™α€” α€™α€¬α‚  α€„င α€Όα€α€„ α€α€«α€ΈαŠ α€žα€€ α€€α€šα‚α€„   α€“α€”α€± α€•α€«α€žα€»α€–င   α€‘ α€™α€±α€†α€¬α€€α€±α€žα€¬ ထခါ ေထာကထရပ 

 α€Όα€α€„ α€α€«α€Έα€‘ α€™αŠ ဝါးၾကမ α€ΈαŠ ဓန α€™   α€ΈαŠ α€‘α€Šα€¬α€‘α€›α€• α€Όα€α€„ α€α€«α€Έα€‘ α€™αŠ ဝါးၾကမ α€ΈαŠ α€žα€€ α€€α€š α€™   α€Έ ထ α€™ α€™α€¬α€Έ α€€   

ေဆာက α€œ α€•α€±α€”ထ  α€„ αΎα€€α€•α€«α€žα€Šα‹ α€™   α€Έα€™α€¬α€Έα€žα€»α€–င   α€‘ α€™ α€€  α€±α€»α€™α€™ α€»α€™α‚‡α€„  α ထဆင   α€»α€•α€œ α€•α€± α€”α€›α€žα€Šα‹α€‘ α€™α‚α€„   α€Όα€ α€œα€€  α€™ α€Έα€–  α€α€” α€Έα€»α€•α€œ α€•α€›α€”α€‘α€–α€α€žα€Šα‹ ေရထ   α€Έα€‘ားရနခန α€Έα€»α€•α€„  ထ α€α€žα€Šα‹ ဆင α€ΈαŠ

 α€α€€α€›α€”α€± α€œ α€€α€¬α€Έα€α€•α€žα€Šα‹ ေရခးခန α€Έα‚α€„   α€‘ α€™α€žα€¬α€€   α€‘ α€™α‚α€„   α€α€•α€«α€α€Š α€Έ α€‘α€¬α€Έα€±α€œ α€™α€›  α‹

ထ α€™α€±α€†α€¬α€€α€±α€žα€¬ ထခါ α€ž   α€Έα€•α€„  ႏ α€…ခန α€Έ α€±α€†α€¬α€€α€žα€ŠαŠ ထ α€™ α€  α€„  ထ α€œ α€„   α€¦α€Έα‚αŠ ၾကင α€¬α€” α€ΈαŠ

α€±α€Šα€¬α€„α€›α€” α€ΈαŠ α€±α€žα€»α€•αŠ α€±α€›α€αŠ ဂ α€•αΉ   α€Έα€Ÿ α€‘α€…α€₯ α€œ   α€€ α€‘α€žα€Šα‹

ထ α€™ α€±α€œ α€€α€¬α€Έ ထစ α€€    α€…  ,  α€™α€α€αŠ α€™, α€žα€¬α€α€α€žα€Šα‹ ြ႐ာက    ျခ α€•α€  ဝ  α€„ α€Έα α€€α€¬α€›α€žα€Šα‹

ြ႐ α€¬α€α€Όα‚ α€¬α€Όα€α€„ α€‘ α€™α€±α€»α€ α€ž   α€Έα€‘ α€™ α€™ α€‘ထက α€›  α€žα€Šα‹

 αΏα€™α‚•α€α€Š α€»α€α€„ α€Έα‹ ။ α€»α€™α€” α€™α€¬α‚  α€„င α€Όα€α€„α€± α€› α€Έα€‘ကဆ   α€Έ ၿမ႕မားမ α€¬ -

(၁)  α€™  α€„ α€Έα€±α€™α€¬αŠ α€šα€  ဂ α€™ αΏα€™α‚”ထန α€Έα€Όα€α€„α€›  α€žα€Šα‹ α€šα€α€„α€‘α‚ α€…  ( α‚၀ဝ၀)α€±  ကာ α€€ α€α€Šα€±α€žα€¬

 αΏα€™α‚•α€»α€–α€…α€žα€Š α€Ÿ α€šα€†α€žα€Šα‹

( α‚) ဗႏ    α€ΈαŠ α€šα€α€±  တာင α€Όα€α€„ α€Έα‚€α€€ α€Έ ၿမ႕ထန α€Έα€Όα€α€„  α€›  α€žα€Šα‹ α€šα€α€„α€‘α‚ α€…  ( α‚၀ဝ၀)  α€€

 α€α€Šα€±α€žα€¬ αΏα€™α‚•α€»α€–α€…α€žα€Š α€Ÿ α€šα€†α€žα€Šα‹

(၃)  α€Ÿα€” α€œα€„ α€ΈαŠ α€šα€  ဝက α€œα€€ αΏα€™α‚• ထန α€Έα€Όα€α€„  α€›  α€žα€Šα‹ α€šα€α€„α€‘α‚ α€…  (၁၇၀ဝ)  α€€ α€α€Šα€±α€žα€¬αΏα€™α‚• α€»α€–α€…α€žα€Š α€Ÿ α€šα€†α€žα€Šα‹

(၄) α€žα€±α€›α€α€α€›α€¬αŠ α€šα€α€±  မာ αΏα€™α‚•α€‘α€” α€Έα€Όα€α€„α€±  α€™α€¬α€‡α€¬α€±α€αšα€žα€Šα‹ α€šα€α€„α€‘α‚ α€…  (၁၆၀ဝ)  α€€

 α€α€Šα€±α€žα€¬ αΏα€™α‚•α€»α€–α€…α€žα€Š α€Ÿ α€šα€†α€žα€Šα‹

 α€‘   αΏα€™α‚•α€™α€¬α€Έα€Όα€α€„  α€žα€…αŠ α€α€«α€ΈαŠ α€žα€€ α€€α€š α€€   α€ž   α€Έα ထ α€™ α€™α€¬α€Έα€€   α€α€Šα€±α€†α€¬α€€ α€™α€Š α€»α€–α€… α€•α€«α€žα€Šα‹

α€ž   α‚”α€±α€žα€¬  ထ α€ α€   α€€ α€™α€¬α€Έα€žα€¬ α€€α€” α€›α€… α€•α€«α€žα€Šα‹ ဗႏ    α€Έα€™  ထ α€ α€   α€€α€‘ α€™  တခ α€™ α€¬ ထခန α€Έ

α€› α€…ခန α€ΈαŠ ခန α€Έα€™αŠ ဆင α€α€„αŠ ဝရ α€α€¬αŠ ပတ α€œα€Š α€›  α€žα€Š  α€‘ျပင α€‘α€™   α€Έα€₯α€šα€¬α€₯ α€›  α€žα€Šα‹

 α€• α€‚ αΏα€™α‚•α€€   α€šα€α€„ထႏ α€… ( αˆα€α€) α€€α€α€Šα€±α€†α€¬α€€α€  α€žα€Š α€Ÿ α€šα€†α€žα€Šα‹ ပ α€‚ αΏα€™α‚•α€™ α€¬α€œα€Š α€Έ α€žα€…αŠ

 α€α€«α€Έα€‘ α€™ α€™α€¬α€Έα€±α€•α€«α€™α€Š α€»α€–α€…α€±α€žα€¬ α€œα€Š α€Έ ထ α€ α€   α€€ α€™α€¬α€Έα€žα€¬α€€α€” α€•α€«α€žα€Šα‹ ထ α€ α€   α€€ α€€   α€‘α€œα€š

ခန α€Έα€™ α€‘α€¬α€ΈααŠ ထခန α€Έα€„α€š α€™α€¬α€Έ α€› α€œα€€α€± α€†α€¬α€€α€±α€œα€›   α€•α€«α€žα€Šα‹

α€˜α€›α€¬α€Έα€…α€„

α€±α€Šα€¬α€„α€›α€” α€Έ

α€žα€±α€»α€• ရေ၀

ထ α€™α€¦ α€Έα€α€” α€Έ

ဦ α€Έα‚

α€±α€œα€α€«α€Έ

ေျမာက

ေျမာကဆင α€α€„

α€±α€œα€α€«α€Έα€‘α€…

ထမ   α€Έα€₯α€šα€¬α€₯

 α€α€€α€›α€”α€±α€œα€α€«α€Έ

 α€α€› α€α€¬α€•α€ α€œα€Š

ထခန α€Έα€„α€šα€› α€…ခန α€ΈαŠ ခန α€Έα€™αŠ ဆင α€α€„αŠ ၀ရ α€α€¬α€•α€ α€œα€Šα‚α€„   α€‘α€™   α€Έα€₯α€šα€¬α€₯ α€›  α€±α€žα€¬ ဗႏ    α€Έα€   α€€

 αΎα€€α€„α€” α€Έ

ခန α€Έα€»α€•α€„

 α€‚ α€•αΉ   α€Έα€‘α€–

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ေဒါက α€α€¬α€žα€” α€Έα€Όα€‘α€” α€Έ ( α€»α€™α€” α€™α€¬α€†   α€α€¬)shougon (mmcybermedia) α€™ α€…ာ႐   α€€α€±α€•α€Έα€•α€«α€žα€Š

 α€»α€™α€” α€™α€¬ α€—α€’αΆα€žα€¬α€žα€”α€¬ α€˜α€” α€Έα‚€α€€ α€Έα€±α€€α€¬α€„ α€Έα€€  α€± α€†α€¬α€€α€±α€žα€¬α€‘ခါ -

(၁) α€»α€•α€¬α€žα€¬α€’

( α‚

) α€…ႏ

(၃)α€± α€†α€¬α€„ α€™α‚α€„  

(၄)α€± α€˜α€¬α€‚

 α€Ÿα ထပ  α€„ α€Έα€±α€œα€Έα€•  α€„ α€Έα€•  α€„ α€Έα€€α€¬ α€±α€†α€¬α€€α€±α€œα€›  α€žα€Šα‹

 α€»α€™α€” α€™α€¬α€™α€„ α€Έα€   α‚” α€”α€” α€Έα€±α€α€¬α€±α€†α€¬α€€α€±α€žα€¬α€‘ခါ ပ α€‚ေခတ α€α€›α€…(၁၁)ရာစႏ α€… α€™ α€…၍ ထၿမ α€•α€„ α€žα€… 

α€”α€” α€Έα€±α€α€¬α€žα€¬α€±α€†α€¬α€€α€žα€Šα‹ ေျမထ α€αŠ ေကာကထ α€ α€   α‚” α€»α€–င  α€± α€†α€¬α€€α€žα€Š α€€    ေမြတ α‚”ရပါ။

 α€»α€•α€¬α€žα€¬α€’ α€   α‚” α€€    α€—α€’αΆα€žα€¬α€žα€”α€¬ α€˜α€” α€Έα‚€α€€ α€Έα€±α€€α€¬α€„ α€Έα€™α€¬α€Έα€™ α€¬α€€  α€ž   α‚” α€•α€„  ပ  α€±α€–α€¬α€žα€»α€–α€„    α€˜α€” α€Έα‚€α€€ α€Έ

ေကာင α€Έα‚α€„  α€”α€” α€Έα€±α€α€¬ α€™ α€¬ α€œ α€•α€α€„   α€α€š α€»α€α€„ α€Έα€‘ဆင   α€α€Šα€žα€Š α€Ÿα€± α€»α€•α€¬α‚  α€„ α€•α€«α€žα€Šα‹ α€€α€€  α€ž   α‚” 

α€žα€… α€»α€–င  α€žα€¬ α€”α€” α€Έα€±α€α€¬α€±α€†α€¬α€€α€žα€Š α€™ α€¬

  (၁) α€»α€™α€” α€™α€¬α€   α‚” α€žα€…α€žα€¬α€Έ ပန α€Έα€• α€•α€Šα€¬α€Όα€α€„ α€‘ α€Έα€Όα€ α€” α€±α€žα€¬α€±αΎα€€α€¬α€„   α€±α€αΎα€€α€¬α€„ α€Έ  ( α‚) α€»α€™α€” α€™α€¬α‚  α€„င α€›α€¬α€žα€₯တႏင   α€‘α€žα€„  α€±α€α€¬α€†   α€Έα€»α€–α€…α€žα€»α€–α€„   α€±α€αΎα€€α€¬α€„ α€Έ

 α€€α€±α€‘ၾကာင α€Έ ႏ α€…ေၾကာင α€Έα€   α‚”ေၾကာင   α€» α€–α€… α€™α€Š α€Ÿ α€‘α€„α€›α€•α€«α€žα€Šα‹ α€™α‚α€±α€œα€Έα€Όα€α€„  ααˆα…α‰ α€€

 α€α€Šα€±α€†α€¬α€€α€  α€±α€žα€¬ α€”α€” α€Έα€±α€α€¬ α€™ α€¬ α€€α€š α€»α€•α€” α‚”α€±α€žα€¬ α€±α€»α€™α€Όα€€ α€€ α€α€ α€Όα€α€„ α€œ α€±α€•α€žα€¬α€±α€‘ဆာင 

 α€™α€¬α€Έα€Όα€… α€¬α€€   α€• α€Έα€Όα€  α€± α€†α€¬α€€ α€œ α€• α€‘ားျခင α€Έ α€»α€–α€… α€•α€«α€žα€Šα‹

ခန α€Έα€™

 α€»α€•α€¬α€¬α€’ စႏ ေဆာင  α€™  α€™  α€¬  α€›  α€˜  α€„     α€±α€˜α€¬α€‚

ေျမာက α€…မခ

ေတာင α€…မခ

 α€™α€”α€”α€” α€Έα€±α€˜α€¬α€„ α€Έα€±α€α€¬α€±α€†α€¬α€„

α€Š α€œα€¬

ခ α€…ႏ

ေဇ α€ α€α€”

ေဆာင

α€±α‚α‚Šα€”α€” α€Έα€»α€•α€¬α€’

α€±α€»α€™α€”α€” α€Έ

α€±α€»α€™α€¬α€€α€’α€α€šα€±α€»α€™α€¬α€€α€’α€α€š

α€±α€› α€€α€” α€   α€€

α€±α€α€¬α€„α€’α€α€š

α€±α€»α€™α€¬α€€α€’α€α€š α€±α€»α€™α€¬α€€α€’α€α€š

α€”α€” α€Έα€»α€™α€„  

α€±α€œα€α€«α€Έ

ထခန α€Έα€„α€š(၁၀)ခန α€Έ

  α€˜

     α€›  α€¬  α€Έ

ဆင α€α€„α€±α€œα€α€«α€Έ

ေျမာက

 α€• α€‚ α€€ α€œα€¬α€Έα€±α€€α€¬α€„ α€Έα€±α€αš တ   α€€α€±α€€α€¬α€„ α€Έ

 α€»α€™α€” α€™α€¬α€—α€’αΆα€˜α€¬α€žα€¬ α€˜α€” α€Έα‚€α€€ α€Έα€±α€€α€¬α€„ α€Έ α€™α‚α€±α€œα€Έα€”α€” α€Έα€±α€α€¬ α€Όα€–   α‚” α€…α€Š α€Έα€•  

ေျမာက

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ေဒါက α€α€¬α€žα€” α€Έα€Όα€‘α€” α€Έ ( α€»α€™α€” α€™α€¬α€†   α€α€¬)shougon (mmcybermedia) α€™ α€…ာ႐   α€€α€±α€•α€Έα€•α€«α€žα€Š

shougon (mmcybermedia)

21 22

 α€™α€”α€”α€” α€Έα€™α€±α€‘α€”α€¬α€€α€˜α€€α€žα€Š  α€™ α€–ရားတ   α‚”ထြတက  α€ž α€Έα€žα€” α‚” α€‘α€¬α€Έα€±α€žα€¬α€‘ပ  α€„ α€Έ ျဖစ၍ α€žα€¬α€™α€” 

ထားျဖင  α€± α€šα€¬α€€α€ α€¬α€Έα€™α€α€„α€±α€›α€žα€¬α€±α€”α€›α€¬α€»α€–α€… α€•α€«α€žα€Šα‹ ထ α€™αŠ α€˜α€” α€Έα‚€α€€ α€Έα€±α€€α€¬α€„ α€ΈαŠ α€˜α€›α€¬α€Έα€±α€€α€¬α€„ α€Έ ႏင   

α€”α€” α€Έα€±α€α€¬ α€   α‚” α€Όα€α€„αŠ α€™ α€α€žα€¬α€Έα€›α€”  ထ α€Έα€»α€α€¬α€Έα€α€€  တခ α€™ α€¬ α€™α€Šα€žα€Š    ေထဆာကထα€₯ ြတင α€™ 

α€±α€»α€™α€Š α€‘ပ (α€ž   α‚” α€™α€Ÿ α€) α€•α€‘α€™ ထဆင   α€‘α€€ α€•  α α€’ α€ α€šα€‘α€•αŠ တတ α€šα€‘ပ α€…α€žα€»α€–α€„   α€™α€›   α€»α€α€„ α€Έ

 α€»α€–α€… α€•α€«α€žα€Šα‹ α€˜α€›α€¬α€ΈαŠ α€›α€Ÿα€” α€ΈαŠ မင α€Έ α€±α€…α€žα€¬ ျမင   α€»α€™α€α€±α€žα€¬ ပ α€‚ၒ  α€œ α€   α‚”၏ α€±α€‘α€•αšαŒ α€™α€Šα€ž α€™ 

 α€±α€™α€”α€›αŠ α€±α€™α€”α€žα€„   α€Ÿα€±α€žα€¬ α€‘α€šα€‘α€†α€•α€„ α€» α€–α€… α€•α€«α€žα€Šα‹ ေနာငထခါ ထႏၡ   α€šα‚α€„    α€±α€₯ရာပထ α€™  α€•   α€… α€™α€¬α€Έα€€   α€šα ထ α€™ α€€   α‚ α€… α€‘ပေ α€†α€¬α€€α€±α€žα€¬ α€‘α€α€«αŒα€•α€„ α€‘ α€™α ေထရ႕ပ  α€„ α€Έα€Όα€α€„ α€±α€‘α€•αšα€†α€„   

 α€™α€›  α€±α€…ေရထာင α€•   α€… α€α€™α€Έα€Όα€‘င၍ေဆာက α€•α€«α€žα€Šα‹ ထ α€™α ေနာက α€•  α€„ α€ΈαŒα€žα€¬ ထထကဆင   α€‘ား

α€±α€žα€¬α€‘ α€™ α€€    ( α€Όα€™α€”)ထ α€™ α€Ÿα€±  α€α€±αšα€œα€›   α€•α€«α€žα€Šα‹ ထ α€™ α€Όα€α€„  ထဆင  α‚ α€…ဆင   α€‘ားျခင α€ΈαŠ ထ α€™α€±α€›α‚•

 α€Όα€α€„ဆင α€α€„ α€‘ားျခင α€ΈαŠ ဝရ α€α€¬ ပတ α€œα€Š α€€α€• α€»α€α€„ α€ΈαŠ ထ α€™α€±α€›α€±α‚•α€œ α€€α€¬α€ΈαŠ α€±α€”α€¬α€€α€±α€–α€Έα€±α€œ α€€α€¬α€Έ

 α€Ÿα α€±α€œ α€€α€¬α€Έ ႏ α€… α€…င α€Έ တပ α€»α€α€„ α€Έ တ   α‚” α€™ α€¬ ၁၉ ရာစႏ α€…α€± α€”ာက α€•  α€„ α€Έ ြတင α€™α€± α€•α€±αšα€•α€«α€€ α€œα€¬α€»α€α€„ α€Έ

 α€»α€–α€… α€•α€«α€žα€Šα‹ ထ   α‚” α€»α€•α€„  ထ α€™α‚α€„    α€α€•α€«α€α€Š α€Έ ေရခးခန α€ΈαŠ ထ α€™α€žα€¬α€α€” α€Έα‚α€„  α€ž  α€±α€œ α€¬α€„ခန α€Έα€™α€¬α€Έ

 α€‘ားျခင α€Έα€€  α€± α€”ာက α€•  α€„ α€Έα€±α€α€α€±α€•αš ေထဆာကထα€₯ α€™α€¬α€ΈαŒ α€žα€¬α€±α€Όα€ α‚”α€›α€•α€«α€žα€Šα‹

 α€»α€™α€” α€™α€¬α€   α‚” α€‘ဝတ

 α€»α€™α€” α€™α€¬α€   α‚”α€žα€Š α€α€—α€€ α€α‚ α€α€˜α€¬α€žα€¬α€…ကားထႏြ α€š α€α€„ α€œ α€™α€Έα€™α€¬α€Έα€»α€–α€… α€»α€α€„ α€Έα€±αΎα€€α€¬α€„  α€± α€› α€Έα€‘ခါက

 α€α€—α€€  (α€ž   α‚” α€™α€Ÿ α€)  α€α‚ α€ α€   α‚”ႏင  α€‘ဝတ  ဝတ α€•  α€α€„ α€ΈαŠ တရန  ေထၾကာင α€Έα€›   α€•α€«α€žα€Šα‹ ဆ   α€œ   

α€žα€Š α€™ α€¬ ဆ α€•α€„α€›α€Š α€‘ားကာ ဆ α€•α€„ α€€   α€…α€Š α€Έα€±α‚ α€¬α€„ α€‘ားရန α€‘ဝတ α€α€ α€€  α€ž   α€Έα€™α€Šα‹ α€€   α€š α€α€ 

α€‘α€€α‚Œ α€Όα€• α€Όα€•α€€   α€α€ α€™α€Šα‹ α€±α€˜α€¬α€„ α€Έα€˜ α€€  α€± α€‘ာက α€•  α€„ α€Έ ထြတ α€€ α€ž   α€Έα€™α€Šα‹ α€‘α€™α€Έα€žα€¬α€ΈαŠ ထမ α€Έα€žα€™ α€Έ

 α€α€α€†α€„ α€•  α€α€„ α€Έ မားြစ α€¬ α€»α€α€¬α€Έα€”α€¬α€Έα€œ α€™α€Š α€™α€Ÿ α€ α€•α€«α‹

ခရစ  ( α‰) ရာစႏ α€…  ထကနေ  α€œα€¬α€€ α€Όα€α€„ α€» α€™α€” α€™α€¬α‚  α€„င  α€‘α€œα€š α€•  α€„ α€Έ ေျမျပန α‚”α€ž   α‚”  ဝငေရာက 

ေနထ  α€„ αΎα€±α€€α€žα€¬ ထခါ α€›α€¬α€žα€₯တေ α€‘α€Έα€±α€žα€¬ α€žα€™α€•  α€„ α€Έ α€±α€’α€žα€™ α€›α€¬α€žα€₯တ α€•α€±α€žα€¬ ထပ α€•  α€„ α€Έ

α€±α€’α€žα€ž   α‚”α€± α€» ပာင α€Έα€±α€›α‚Šα‚• ေနထ  α€„ရၿပ α€» α€–α€…α€±α€žα€¬α€±αΎα€€α€¬α€„    α€šα€α€„  α€‘α€ž   α€Έα€»α€•α€±α€žα€¬ ခႏၢ α€¬α€€   α€š 

α€‘α€¬α€Έα€œ   α€Έα€€    α€–   α€Έα€‘ α€•α€žα€Š    α€‘α€α€α€‘α€‘α€Š α€™α€¬α€Έ α€™α€œ  α€±α€α€¬ α€•α€«α‹ ထ   α‚” α€»α€•α€„  ထႏၡ   α€š α€šα€₯α€±α€€α€Έα€™α‚ˆ α€€   

 α€€   α€Έα€Όα€€ α€š  α€š   αΎα€€α€Š α€™α‚ˆ  α€‘α€…α€»α€•ααŠ ထထင α‚€α€€ α€Έα€œα€€  α€œα€€α€ α€… α€»α€•α€œα€¬α€±α€žα€¬ ထခါ ထႏၡ   α€š

 α€±α€“α€œα‚α€„   α€‘α€€α€Έα€α€„α€±α€žα€¬ ထဝတ α€α€”ဆာ တ   α‚” α€€   α€šα€„င α€ž   α€Έα€Όα€…   α€œα€¬αΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹ ထထ α€Έα€žα€»α€–င   

ေထာက α€•  α€„ α€Έ ထဝတ α€»α€–α€…α€±α€žα€¬ α€±α€˜α€¬α€„ α€Έα€˜ α€€   α€Όα€…α€” α‚”၍ ထႏၡ   α€šα ထဝတ α€‘ခ႕က   α€±α€‘ျခခ α€œα€€ 

α€±α€šα€¬α€€α€¬ α€Έα€   α‚”ထြတ α€€  ပဆ   α€ΈαŠ α€™α€” α€Έα€™α€   α‚”ထြတ α€€  α€‘α€˜ α€€    တ α€Όα€‘α€„α€‘α€ž   α€Έα€»α€•α€œα€¬α€•α€«α€žα€Šα‹

α€±α€šα€¬α€€α€¬ α€Έα€   α‚” α€‘ြတက α€•α€†   α€Έ ထျပင α€œ  α€α€Š α€€   α€œα€Š α€Έ ေတာင α€•  α€„ α€Έ ထႏၡ   α€š α€‘α€™α€Έα€žα€¬α€Έ တ   α‚” α€€   

 α€ α€œα€€ α€šα€„င α€α€α€†α€„ αΎα€€α€™α€Š α€»α€–α€… α€•α€«α€žα€Šα‹

α€žα€¬α€™α€”α€‘α€›α€•α€žα€¬α€Έα€™α€¬α€Έα€Όα€α€„  ထဝတဆင α€»α€•α€„α€›α€¬αŒ တ႐ α€ α€±α€“α€œα‚α€„    ထႏၡ   α€šα€±α€“α€œα€±  ပါင α€Έα€…ပ 

 α€œα€€α€›  α€žα€œ    α€”α€” α€Έα€±α€“α€œ α€Όα€α€„ α€œα€Š α€Έ α€±α€“α€œα‚ α€… α€™α€Έ ေပါင α€Έα€…ပ α€œα€€α€›  α€  α€›α€•α€«α€žα€Šα‹ α€₯α€•α€™α€¬αŠ

α€žα€˜α€„ α€Όα€•   α€α€€α€±α€žα€¬α€‘ခါ α€α€α€›α€žα€Š   α€α€ α€…   α€Όα€α€„α€± α€•α€«α€„ α€Έα€α€ α€œ   α€   α‚” α€™ α€¬ တ႐ α€ α€•   α€…  α€™α€¬α€Έα€±α€žα€¬ 

 α€œα€Š α€Έ α€…α€Όα€œ α€šα‚α€„  α€± α€»α€α€”င α€Έα€   α‚” α€™ α€¬ ထႏၡ   α€šα€•   α€… α€•α€„ α€»α€–α€… α€•α€«α€žα€Šα‹

 α€»α€™α€” α€™α€¬α€   α‚” α€» α€™α€” α€™α€¬α€±α€»α€™α€»α€•α€” α‚”α€ž   α‚”α€±  α€›α€¬α€€α€±α€žα€¬α€‘α€α€« α€€   α€šα€α‚αΆ α€¬α€Όα€α€„  α€œ α€•α€†α€” α€Έα€€α€šα€±  α€žα€¬

ထ႐ α€• α€™α€¬α€Έα€‘   α€Έα‚  α€±α€žα€¬ ထ   α€Έα€Όα€€α€„ α€Έα€±α€“α€œ  α€›α€›   α€œα€¬α€•α€«α€±α€žα€Έα€žα€Šα‹ ထ   α€Έα€Όα€€α€„ α€Έα€™ α€¬ α€œ α€±α€•α€…α€œ  α α€‘   α€Έα€žα€Š   α€‘ျပင α€“ားၿပ α€ΈαŠ တ α€ αΏα€• α€Έα€…α€žα€»α€–α€„   α€‘α€Όα€…α€™ α€Έα€žα€   α€‘ α€Έα€€  α€›α€™α€Š α€š   αΎα€€α€Š α€œα€€ α€‚ါထာႏင   

ထငထားမားက  α€± α€›α€Έα€‘   α€Έα€žα€Š α€œα€Š α€Έ α€›   α€•α€«α€žα€Šα‹

 α€• α€‚ေခတ α€™ α€…၍ α€˜α€›α€¬α€Έα€‚α€±α€€α€¬α€„ α€Έ α€”α€› α€   α‚” α€Όα€α€„α€± α€†α€Έα€±α€›α€Έα€•α€” α€Έα€ α€€α€¬α€Έα€™α€¬α€Έα€›  α€žα€»α€–င   α€‘ဝတ α€•   α€… α€™α€¬α€Έ

 α€€  α€± α€α€α€‘α€œ   α€€ α€‘တထက α€žα€›  α€›α€•α€«α€žα€Šα‹

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ေဒါက α€α€¬α€žα€” α€Έα€Όα€‘α€” α€Έ ( α€»α€™α€” α€™α€¬α€†   α€α€¬)shougon (mmcybermedia) α€™ α€…ာ႐   α€€α€±α€•α€Έα€•α€«α€žα€Š

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  "α€žα€™  α€„ α€Έα€†   α€α€¬ မထ ေထာင α€œ   α‚”α€žα€„ α€α€¬α€»α€–α€… α€α€šα‹ α€»α€™α€” α€™α€¬α€žα€™  α€„ α€Έα€Ÿα€¬ ပ   α€»α€•α€„ 

α€” α‚”  α€žα€™  α€„ α€Έα€Όα€   α€™α€±α€›α€‘ာင α€Όα€  α€±α€”α€α€šα‹ α€…α€¬α€žα€„α€±α€€α€¬α€„ α€Έα€±α€Όα€ α€™ α€¬ ဆရာန α‚” α€α€•α€Š  α€±α€Όα€ α€•α€«

ထျဖစထပက α€” α‚” α€•   α€»α€•α€„ α€€   α€™α€Όα€  α€α€α€±α€‘ာငရ  α€±α€”α€α€š"

ေဒါက α€α€¬α€žα€” α€Έα€Όα€‘α€” α€Έ