Research Earth Science AgendaApril 21, Friday: A Day

Clear your desk EXCEPT a #2 pencil AND your Earthquake Lab Take out your agenda from last class

WARM-UPS:1. Folding/Faulting/Earthquakes NOTES & Review2. Earthquake LAB Quiz

a. Use your completed lab for the quizb. You will turn in your data sheet and map with your quizc. WRITE your NAME on your data sheet and map!

3. AFTER the quiz:a. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8a7p1NFn64s b. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XEg_XuCMD2s (Rocks and Minerals

preview)

OBJECTIVES: Geology

1. Mineralsa. NOTES

i. Mineral Characteristics vs. Mineral Propertiesii. NOTES REVIEW

2. REVIEWa. Folding/Faulting/Seismic Waves

HOMEWORK:1. COMPLETE your CH 5 & 6: Preview MINERALS (5) AND ROCKS (6)

i. Use proper format2. Review the Geologic Time Scale3. Review the notes on Minerals

a. Complete the notes review

Quick video clip on Geologic Timehttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bxDxDE666vwhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0yBzxC9eoog

Geologic Time Scalehttp://science.nationalgeographic.com/science/prehistoric-world/prehistoric-time-line/

NOTES: Folding/Faulting/Seismic Waves

Definitions:

Folds in rock layers = Rocks will respond to extreme heat & pressure by bending or ________

An “upfold” in rock layers = __________________

A “downfold” in rock layers = _________________

Anticline Syncline

When rock layers can no longer bend (fold) they will ____________

A break in rock layers = __________________

Fractures occur when rocks exceed their ____________

_______________ = the point to which rocks can no longer bend as they respond to intense pressure

When rock layers fracture (___________) and the layers on both

sides of the break move a ____________ forms.

Fault = ___________ in rock layers in which movement occurs

3 TYPES OF FAULTS:

Normal Reverse Strike-slip (Transform)

Type of stress = Type of stress = Type of stress =

____________ ____________ ____________

Type of Plate Boundary= Type of Plate Boundary= Type of Plate Boundary

_______________ _______________ ______________

When faults form, shock waves called _________________ ________ move through the solid portion of Earth’s surface and create ___________________

3TYPES of SEISMIC WAVES:

1. Primary or “P” waves – These travel ________________ and move

through _____________, _______________, & _____________

but they refract (bend) when they move through ______________

_______________waves – P waves form at the origin of the earthquake (focus) and are called “body waves” because they travel through the “body of the Earth”.

2. Secondary or “S” waves – These travel _______________________ _________and move through _________________, but stop at _________

____________ waves – S waves also form at the origin of the earthquake and are called “body waves”

Surface or “L” waves - These only travel on Earth’s surface because they don’t form until the “P” & “S” waves meet at the surface directly above the origin of the Earthquake (epicenter)

These waves cause the Damage on Earth’s surface

The amount of damage is a measure of the strength or magnitude of the Earthquake

The Magnitude or strength of the Earthquake is determined using the Richter scale (developed by Richter, it is a 10 point, open-ended scale that assesses earthquake magnitude or strength.

MEASURING & RECORDING EARTHQUAKES:

Seismic station = Place where geologists have seismographs to record Earthquake activity

Seismograph = ______________________ or _____________________ used to measure and record earthquakes

Seismogram = _Print-out___ or recording (on a piece of paper) of the arrival times of the P, S, and L waves (seismic waves)

Triangulation = You need recordings from THREE (3) seismic stations to find the epicenter of an Earthquake (location on Earth’s surface, directly above the focus (origin of the Earthquake).

Time-Travel Graph = graph showing the relationship between difference in arrival times of P & S waves and distance to the epicenter.

REVIEW:

Define and DIAGRAM the following terms:

Anticline

Earthquake

Epicenter

Fracture

Fault

Focus

Seismic waves

Primary waves

Secondary waves

L waves

Normal fault

Reverse fault

Strike-slip fault

Complete the following with the best response:

Rock layers respond to _______ by bending or ______________. The 2 types of folds are “upfolds” or ____________ and “downfolds” or _______________. If the ____________________ ___________ of the rocks is exceeded, the layers will break or ________________. If rock layers on both sides of the break move, a ________________ forms. There are 3 types of faults. If rock layers are under shearing stress, a ____________________________ fault forms. Tension or pulling stress cause __________________ faults. Compression stress causes ___________________ faults.

Faults produce shock waves called _______________________ __________. These produce ________________________. There are ______ types of seismic waves. The _____________ waves travel fastest and reach the ______________ station first. They are recorded by a ________________ and the stylus or pen writes the information on a ________________. The _____________ waves travel ½ as fast as ____ waves. They reach the seismic station second. The difference between the arrival times of the _____ & _____ waves is used to determine the distance to the ______________ using a _________-__________ graph. Recordings from ___________ seismic stations is needed to pinpoint (exactly locate) the earthquake’s _________________. This is where the _________ damage will occur. The ____ waves form at the epicenter. The strength or ____________________ of the Earthquake is determined using the ____________ scale. It is numbered from ____ to ____. Each number magnitude is ______ times stronger than the last. This scale is __________-________ because Richter recognized that we might have an earthquake ____________ than magnitude “10”.__

Notes: Minerals

ALL Minerals have 5 characteristics:

1. Must be solid at normal temperatures and pressures at Earth’s SURFACEa. Minerals can melt beneath Earth’s surface – temperatures 3,000 – 7,000° C

2. Occur naturallya. Found in nature – not man-made in a lab

3. Are INORGANICa. Not made from living materialb. Not made BY living things

4. Have a definite crystal shape a. Atoms arranged in a pattern

5. Have a definite chemical compositiona. The elements will ALWAYS form in the same proportion

i. Si02

ii. NaCliii. CaCO3

A substance MUST have ALL 5 characteristic to be a mineral

List 3 substances that are NOT minerals and tell WHY they are not minerals

Identify why the following are NOT Mineralso Coalo Pearlo Window glasso Plastic

2. Mineral PROPERTIES are used to identify the NAME of the mineral

3. Properties can be grouped by identification by INSPECTION or SIMPLE TESTS

A. Properties determined by INSPECTION

Just LOOK at the mineralo Color o Lustero Crystal shape

B. Properties determined by SIMPLE TEST

Need to physically test the mineral Need tools

o Hardnesso Cleavage/Fractureo Streako Specific Gravity

C. Special Properties

Carbonates like calcite are positive in the acid test Halite (table salt) tastes salty Magnetite is magnetic Iceland spar (type of clear calcite) has double refraction Sulfur is BRIGHT YELLOW

D. Interesting Mineral Facts

Pyrite is known as “Fool’s Gold”o During the gold rush, many who found pyrite (looks like gold) tried to

turn it in for money – thinking it WAS goldo The specific gravity test (determines the “weight” or ‘heft’ or density) was

used to tell the difference. ALSO – Gold is VERY soft and Pyrite is very hard

This is why you sometimes see people “biting” gold Gold has one of the highest specific gravities = 19

o Metallic minerals have specific gravities of 5+o Non-metallic minerals have specific gravities of 3 or less

Iceland Spar (a type of clear calcite) has double-refraction

What is specific gravity?

It is the density of a substance compared to the density of water.  This means, the weight or density of a substance is compared to the weight or density of an equal volume of water. As an example, when we say that the specific gravity of quartz is 2.65, we mean the weight of quartz

is 2.65 times that of an equal volume of water.  There are a number of ways to write the equation for the specific gravity (SG) of a mineral.  Here is the most common:

                                                                      Weight of Mineral in AirSG = ------------------------------------------------------------------------------                Weight of Mineral in Air  -  Weight of Mineral in Water

So from this equation, using a spring scale, you need to weigh the mineral in air (which means the same as "weighing it"), then suspend the mineral in water and weigh it again.  Since Archimedes discovered that the weight of the mineral in air minus its weight in water is equals the weight of the water displaced by the mineral, the equation can also be written as follows:

          Weight of Mineral in AirSG = ---------------------------------------------------------                    Weight of Water Displaced by Mineral

And since the weight of 1 cubic centimeter of water equals 1 gram, the equation can then also be written as follows:

          Weight of Mineral (in grams)SG = ------------------------------------------------                  Volume of Mineral (in cubic cm)

ACID TEST: What is the Acid Test? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lw3bWR0Ws7M

To most geologists, the term "acid test" means placing a drop of dilute (5% to 10%) hydrochloric acid on a rock or mineral and watching for bubbles of carbon dioxide gas to be released. The bubbles signal the presence of carbonate minerals such as calcite, dolomite , siderite, azurite, or malachite.

The bubbling release of carbon dioxide gas can be so weak that you need a hand lens to observe single bubbles slowly growing in the drop of hydrochloric acid or so vigorous that a flash of effervescence is produced. These variations in effervescence vigor are a result of the type of carbonate minerals present, the amount of carbonate present, the particle size of the carbonate and the temperature of the acid.

What Causes the Fizz?Carbonate minerals are unstable in contact with hydrochloric acid. When acid begins to effervesce (fizz) on a specimen a reaction similar to the one shown below is taking place.

On the left side of this reaction the mineral calcite (CaCO3) is in contact with hydrochloric acid (HCl). These react to form carbon dioxide gas (CO2), water (H2O), dissolved calcium (Ca++) and dissolved chlorine (Cl--). The carbon dioxide bubbles that you observe are evidence that the reaction is taking place. When that occurs, calcite or another carbonate mineral is present.

NAME:

CH #5 MineralsNotes Review

1. Complete the Chart:

Characteristics of Minerals Example of a non-mineral that violates the characteristic

2. Differentiate between characteristics of all minerals and mineral identification properties.

3. Explain HOW to test Mineral Hardness.a. List the 10 Minerals of Moh’s Scaleb. Identify the “field tools” and identify the Moh’s scale value associated with each tool.

HOW to test:

Moh’s Scale:

Field test tools:

4. Explain why Color is not the best test for mineral identification.

5. Identify the 8 Most Common Elements in Earth’s Crust. List from MOST to LEAST abundant:

6. Are most minerals elements or compounds?a. Which elements would you expect to combine to form the majority of minerals? Explain!

Complete the Table on Mineral Identification Properties:

Name of Identification Definition How to determine the Property of

Property property (or equation used)

Inspection OR Simple Test?

Color

Luster

Crystal Shape

Cleavage

Fracture

Streak

Hardness

Specific Gravity

Minerals Characteristics Review

Identify the 5 characteristics of minerals.

Identify the substances as minerals or non-minerals. IF the substance is NOT a mineral, identify WHY.

a. Mineral b. Non-mineral

WHY it is NOT a mineral

_____ 6. Petrified wood

_____7. Emerald

_____8. Graphite

_____9. Calcite

_____10. Ice

_____11. Plastic

_____12. Coal