• What is it?

• History

• Effects and Uses

• Concerns

• Future Plans

ADDERALL (the study drug)

What exactly is it?• Proclaimed by some students to be the wonder drug, but controversy is rising• Amphetamine combination used to treat (ADHD) & other disorders; popular college study tool• Racemic stereoisomers; dextro isomer of amphetamine saccharate and d, & I-amphetamine asperate salts

mixed in 3:1 ratio• Amphetamine - is basically speed• Meth-amphetamine - amphetamine with additional methyl group attached to its nitrogen (amine group)

For a 10 mg Tablet

• 2.5 mg Dextroamphetamine Saccharate• 2.5 mg Amphetamine Aspartate• 2.5 Dextroamphetamine Sulfate • 2.5 mg Amphetamine Sulfate

Amphetamines• First synthesized; Germany 1887 • In 1932, amphetamine was marketed as

Benzedrine in over-the-counter inhaler to treat nasal congestion

• In 1935 physicians successfully used it to treat narcolepsy

• 1950s, legal manufactureing dextroamphetamine (Dexedrine) & methamphetamine (Methedrine) used non medically by college students, truck drivers, and athletes.

• In 1971, there were 31 amphetamine preparations being distributed by 15 pharmaceutical companies. Legal production over 12 billion pills / year.

• Originally marketed in 1960; NDA 11-522 filed for approval for Obesity; Rexar Pharmaceuticals distributed Obetrol till 1973, when FDA withdrew application for failed blind study test

• Rexar continued distribution low-scale till sold 20 years later

• Richwood Pharmaceuticals purchased Rexar, changed it’s named to Adderal; sold it for ADHD

• FDA reapproved the drug in 1996 after tests were performed

• Acquisition of Richwood Pharmaceuticals to Shire brought rights of Adderall

• Shire founded in 1986 in UK by four entrepreneurs (Dennis Stephens, Harry Stratford, Peter Moriarty, and Geoff Hall)

• Popularity sores - continues to increase on college campuses

• 2003; Adderall XR introduced, a slow release form of original pill

• 2005; Canada suspends marketing of Adderall XR due to SUD among children

Adderall History

Experienced EffectsEFFECTSEFFECTS

Positive:Positive:Increased alertness, motivation, and Increased alertness, motivation, and

talkativenesstalkativenessMood shift in Positive directionMood shift in Positive directionAppetite suppressor; helps in Obesity casesAppetite suppressor; helps in Obesity casesUsed to treat depressionUsed to treat depression

Negative:Negative:Increased aggressiveness & paranoiaIncreased aggressiveness & paranoiaIncreased heart rate, blood pressure, Increased heart rate, blood pressure,

breathing ratebreathing rateWithdrawal symptoms: Exhaustion and Withdrawal symptoms: Exhaustion and

Insomnia if overdone or at nightInsomnia if overdone or at nightAddiction in long term useAddiction in long term use

Neutral:Neutral:Flushes the body; diarrhea & dryness of Flushes the body; diarrhea & dryness of

mouthmouthDilates pupilsDilates pupils

Note the marked decrease in perfusion to the surface of the Brain when the patient is doing a concentration task not on Adderall. The yellow and green colors show significant decreased activity in the top surface of the Brain.

There is significant improvement in the perfusion to the superior cortical surface of the Brain.

Those who shouldn’t take itThose who shouldn’t take it• Heart defects Heart defects – – have been linked to supraventricular have been linked to supraventricular

tachycardiatachycardia• Overactive thyroidOveractive thyroid• GlaucomaGlaucoma• Blood vessel diseasesBlood vessel diseases• Nursing Mother’s Nursing Mother’s – – drugs get transferred in excreted milkdrugs get transferred in excreted milk

• Due to tolerance build up increased dosages Due to tolerance build up increased dosages can lead to dependencycan lead to dependency

- May cause existing mental illness's to May cause existing mental illness's to worsen and possible psychosis; 10 or 11 worsen and possible psychosis; 10 or 11 recent casesrecent cases

- Most were on adderall for longer than 3 Most were on adderall for longer than 3 yearsyears

• Other amphetamine drugs have proven to Other amphetamine drugs have proven to stunt bone growthstunt bone growth

• Alcohol mixtures can be dangerousAlcohol mixtures can be dangerous- alcohol is a (CNS) suppressant - alcohol is a (CNS) suppressant

Concerns

Never take with any Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors

-could cause coma or Seizures

-MAOI drugs include Nardil (phenelzine sulfate), Parnate (tranylcypromine sulfate), Marplan (isocarboxid),

The Future• Amphetamines and their cousins will continue to

be around• Ignorance; A mixture w/a different name

inevitably introduced as new• College students will always find some substitute

similar• Now approved legally; Adderall production of

course continued • ADHD continues to be diagnosed• Illegally people have & will continue to make and

abuse amphetamines