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What is Integrated Pest Management?

Powell Smith

Extension Associate

Lexington, SC

Integrated ‘Pesticide’

Management

• Some people poke fun at the practice because they do not

understand that it was meant to include the use of insecticides

as a management practice.

• One of the original aims was to be able to generate information

from which informed management decisions could be made.

• Determination of the actual need for and the timing of control

measures have always been two of the most important aspects

of IPM.

Clemson Extension Service

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Clemson Extension Service

IPM – Integrated Pest

Management

• From the “Integrated Control Concept” (Hilgardia Oct 1959), V.

M. Stern, UC-Riverside

• “Applied pest control which combines and integrates biological

and chemical control.”

• This was the first paper to use this phrase; also, this paper

introduced the concepts of biological control, economic

thresholds, and defined the problems with chemical insecticides. • These problems are still the ones that we face today.

Integrated Pest Management

• Does not mean not using insecticides.

• A system that uses monitoring, application of experience and/or economic thresholds, and knowledge of pest biology to justify insecticide use.

• A knowledge-based system that combines biological and chemical control of pests to optimize grower profits and sustainability.

Clemson Extension Service

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Pest Management

• Monitor – at least weekly

• Identify – pests and natural enemies

• Record – Keep records for trends

• Take action – when your scouting or records indicate that economic damage is about to occur

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Scouting

• Scouting or monitoring is a key element of IPM.

• This involves regular crop observation with identification of pests and natural enemies and record keeping.

• Comparing findings to historical levels or to an economic threshold can reduce insecticide applications or time them appropriately.

Clemson Extension Service

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Thresholds

• An economic threshold is the population or damage level at which you must take action to avoid economic loss.

• Georgia uses 10 cabbage loopers per 100 plants for pre-cupping cabbage.

• Work in SC has shown that this works for collard, too.

• Method uses the cabbage looper equivalent to include all of the major caterpillars.

Clemson Extension Service

Insecticide Use

• Some insecticides are more compatible with IPM than others. – Broad spectrum insecticides will have more detrimental effects on non-

target organisms, i.e. pollinators, natural enemies, and incidentals

• Generally, broad spectrum insecticides should be avoided in IPM programs unless other alternatives are not available for a particular pest, which is at or near the economic threshold. – In these case, short-term economic benefit may be gained from such

applications .

– Continued use of broad spectrum insecticides will damage the biological control aspects of IPM causing pest resurgence and the development of secondary pests.

• A number of fairly specific, non-persistent insecticides are available.

Clemson Extension Service

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Clemson Extension Service

What is Resistance?

• Resistance is a serious biological phenomenon that affects insecticide use and philosophy of use.

• Resistance is the reaction of living organisms in a population to a selective force.

– Existing genetic differences within a population will allow some organisms to survive lethal events.

– These organisms will then reproduce thereby increasing their genotype.

• Result – ‘resistant’ genotype will begin to dominate the population if lethal force continues.

• Resistance development mimics the evolutionary process of natural selection except the selective pressure is man made.

Clemson Extension Service

A population Resistance

Lethal Event

Time

New Population

Resistant individual

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Clemson Extension Service

Resistance Management for

Insects (from IRAC)

• Consult IPM advisor and have a plan. • Manage crop for earliness. • Consider an integrated approach using several control methods. • Select insecticides with care.

– Rotate modes of action; about three applications before changing.

– Tank mix partners should have similar persistence. – Do not reduce or increase rates from label. – Do not shorten spray intervals.

• Monitor crop and use economic thresholds if available. • Destroy residues quickly after the crop is finished. • If a control failure occurs, do not repeat application of the same

material.

Clemson Extension Service

Mode of Action

• The actual way that a chemical exerts its lethal force.

• Physical Agents – low resistance potential

– Diatomaceous earth – punches holes in integument

– Kaolin – interferes with landing behavior and interferes with breathing

– Insecticidal soap – occludes spiracles

– Spray oils – occlude spiracles

• Physiological Agents – high resistance potential

– Kill by interfering biochemically with life processes

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Clemson Extension Service

IRAC Mode of Action Classification V. 3.3

Group Sub-group Primary Target Site of Action Chemical Sub-group or

exemplifying Active Ingredient

1 * A Acetylcholine esterase inhibitors Carbamates

B Organophosphates

2 * A GABA-gated chloride channel antagonists Cyclodiene organochlorines

B Fipronil (or Phenylpyrazoles?)

3 Sodium channel modulators Pyrethroids, Pyrethrins, DDT

4 * A Nicotinic Acetylcholine receptor agonists /

antagonists

Neonicotinoids

B Nicotine

C Cartap, Bensultap

5 Nicotinic Acetylcholine receptor agonists (not

group 4)

Spinosyns

6 Chloride channel activators Avermectins, Milbemycins

7 * A Juvenile hormone mimics Juvenile hormone analogues

B Fenoxycarb

C Pyriproxyfen

Resistance Management for Sustainable Agriculture & improved Public Health Insecticide Resistance Action Committee •Home •Diary •FAQ •Links •Contact •Site Map Search: •About IRAC •Resources •IRAC International •Country Groups •Growers New Group Guide IRAC Australia IRAC Brazil IRAC India IRAC South East Asia IRAC South Africa IRAC Spain IRAC US Publications Associations Magazines Vector Team Codling Moth Team CFC Cotton Team Completed Projects

Communication / Educational Team Regulatory Team

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•Home

•> Resources

•> MOA

IRAC Mode Of Action Classification

Scheme

Reviewed and re-issued annually, the IRAC

Mode of Action (MoA) classification

provides farmers, growers, advisors,

extension staff, consultants and crop

protection professionals with a guide to the

selection of insecticides or acaricides in an

effective and sustainable insecticide or

acaricide resistance management (IRM)

strategy. In addition to presenting the MoA

classification, this document outlines the

background to and purpose of the

classification list and provides guidance on

how it is used for IRM purposes.

Links To The IRAC MoA Classification

Scheme

• The New IRAC MoA classification

Scheme (Version 3.3.2)

• The New IRAC MoA Classification

Poster

• MOA Paper presented at ICE, Brisbane,

2004

• ICE Conference, Brisbane 2004 MOA

Posterw IRAC MoA

quicklinks

•MOA Classification

•New Group Guide

•EPPO Guidelines

•IRAC Methods

•IRAC Posters

•HRAC Website

•FRAC Website

•MSU Database

•IRAG Website

•PM Newsletter

upcoming events

•EWSN Conference

•IRAC Conf Calls

•EPPO Workshop

•IRAC US Meeting

•ESA Meeting

•IRAC Intl. Meeting

© 2003 intraspin.com

•Home

•> Resources

•> MOA

IRAC Mode Of Action Classification

Scheme

Reviewed and re-issued annually, the IRAC

Mode of Action (MoA) classification provides

farmers, growers, advisors, extension staff,

consultants and crop protection professionals

with a guide to the selection of insecticides or

acaricides in an effective and sustainable

insecticide or acaricide resistance

management (IRM) strategy. In addition to

presenting the MoA classification, this

document outlines the background to and

purpose of the classification list and provides

guidance on how it is used for IRM purposes.

Links To The IRAC MoA Classification

Scheme

• The New IRAC MoA classification Scheme

(Version 3.3.2)

• The New IRAC MoA Classification Poster

• MOA Paper presented at ICE, Brisbane,

2004

• ICE Conference, Brisbane 2004 MOA

Posterw IRAC MoA

quicklinks

•MOA Classification

•New Group Guide

•EPPO Guidelines

•IRAC Methods

•IRAC Posters

•HRAC Website

•FRAC Website

•MSU Database

•IRAG Website

•PM Newsletter

upcoming events

•EWSN Conference

•IRAC Conf Calls

•EPPO Workshop

•IRAC US Meeting

•ESA Meeting

•IRAC Intl. Meeting

www.irac-online.org

Go

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Clemson Entomology

Label with IRAC MoA Code

Clemson Extension Service

Resistance Information Sites

• http://www.irac-online.org

• http://www.frac.info/links.htm

• http://www.plantprotection.org/HRAC/

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BROAD SPECTRUM

INSECTICIDES

Clemson Extension Service

OP’s (Grp 1A) and Carbamates (Grp 1B)

• Acetylcholine is a chemical that carries stimuli across nerve synapses. Enzymes break it down to stop stimulus.

• These chemicals inhibit the enzyme(s) that do this resulting in over stimulation of nervous system.

• Related to nerve gases of WWII.

• Resistance reported.

• Most of these material have moderate to high toxicity to vertebrates.

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Clemson Extension Service

Pyrethroids (Grp 3)

• Synthetic derivatives of a natural material from African daisies

• Interfere with nervous transmission along neurons by modulation of Na+ channels. Similar to DDT mode of action

– Cross-resistance reported

• Pyrethroid resistance has been reported.

• Most widely used type of insecticide in the world now

• Can be quite toxic to crustaceans as well as insects

Biological Control

• Biological control is defined as managing pest organisms by using

their natural enemies and/or diseases.

• This can be using disease organisms to manage other disease

organisms, undesirable plants, or insects.

• This can also involve using insects to control undesirable plants or

other insects.

• We will concentrate on the practice of using insects to control

other insects.

Clemson Extension Service

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Clemson Extension Service

Aspects of biological control

• Biological control of insects requires that some pests are

present to support the biological control organisms.

– In other words, if there is nothing to eat, we’ll leave.

• Some level of pest damage must be tolerable, although below

the point of economic or aesthetic loss.

• This level will vary with different types of crop.

• Aesthetic losses are very subjective.

M. Shepard

Clemson Extension Service

Type of crop Use of biological control Unit Value of crop

Ornamentals - flowers

Ornamentals - shrubs

Ornamentals - turf

Fruits and vegetables

Field or Row crops

Forage crops

Forestry crops

Low

High

Frequently

Seldom

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Clemson Extension Service

Using Biological Control

• In insect biological control three distinct

activities can be defined:

• Conservation of biological control.

• Enhancement of biological control.

• Augmentation of biological control.

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Conservation of Natural Enemies

• Many natural enemies (NE) are present in agricultural

fields and other settings.

• They can be predators or parasitoids (or diseases).

• These NE will reduce pest populations by feeding on them

as adults or larvae.

• Indiscriminate insecticide usage can affect NE, reducing

their effect on pests.

• Avoid broad-spectrum materials if possible.

G. Schnabel

9/14/2012

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Clemson Extension Service

Types of Natural Enemies

• Predators – actively hunt prey. Some are fairly specific while

the majority are what are called generalists…they eat anything

that they can catch.

• Parasitoids – probably the most significant controlling force for

most insect populations. Larvae develop inside of the host

preventing it from reaching maturity. Some feeding may occur

by the pest. Adults often exploit a different food source.

Clemson Extension Service

Some common natural enemies in collard: Upper left – a nabid bug. Lower left – ladybird beetles. Above – a small wasp parasitoid, Diadegma insularis, with normal and parasitized diamondback moth cocoons.

Cornell Univ.

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Clemson Extension Service

These flies visit flowers and consume pollen and nectar as well as other liquids; many species.

Their larvae are voracious aphid predators.

Adult

Larva

Syrphid or hover flies

Clemson Extension Service

These little beetles are the international symbol of IPM. Many species; adults will eat many small, soft-bodied pests but larvae are aphid lovers.

Adult

Larva

Pupa

Lady bird beetles

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Clemson Extension Service

Parasitoids

• With the exception of a few odd species in other

orders, parasitoids mainly occur in two orders.

– Most are hymenopterous (wasps) occurring in a

number of families – Braconidae, Ichneumonidae,

Aphidiidae, Encyrtidae, Eulophidae, etc.

– Some are dipterous (flies) occurring in the family

Tachinidae.

Clemson Extension Service

Turnip aphids attacked by an aphid parasitoid. The swollen aphids are called mummies and will have round ‘trapdoors’ where the adult wasp emerges.

An adult tachinid fly

Breathing tubes from tachinid larvae in a cabbage looper

Bugwood images

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Clemson Extension Service

Enhancement of Biological Control

• Biological control organisms often need diverse sources of food to be healthy.

• Parasitoids usually use different foods as adults than larvae. – Many adult parasitic wasps need nectar.

– Due to their small size, flower size and shape are critical to allow feeding.

• Diverse habitats often show less damage to individual member species from herbivore feeding.

• Presence of suitable nectar sources or increased diversity in agricultural landscapes have been shown to improve biological control.

Plants for Small Wasps

• With very short ‘tongues’, these gnat-sized insects need short open flowers on which to feed.

• Like elderberry (not umbelliferous) and Queen Anne’s Lace, all other members of the celery family (Umbelliferae or Apiaceae) have very small flowers with short corolla tubes.

• Good choices include parsley, dill, carrot or parsnip left to seed, chervil, cilantro, and fennel.

• Brassicas such as collard, cabbage, mustard and radish have flowers from which small wasps can get nectar, also.

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Elderberry

Queen Anne’s Lace

Cilantro

Mixed flowers for attracting insects

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Augmentation of Natural Enemies

• Releasing reared organisms to aid natural biological control species.

• Two species of small wasps are purchased and released weekly or as needed in Lexington County collard fields.

• Trichogramma pretiosum a general parasitoid of caterpillar eggs (50,000/A)

• Cotesia plutellae for DBM (500/A).

• Cotesia are released into ‘shelters’ with honey/water.

• Cost competitive with spraying if scouts release wasps; ~$40.00/acre

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Fertility and Insects

• Many insects use visual cues to select feeding sites.

• In phloem feeding insects such as aphids and

whiteflies and sap-feeders like thrips and spider

mites, nitrogen is deficient in their diets.

• These groups can detect plants with excessive N and will

settle on them preferentially to feed.

• Healthy, properly nourished plants will be less

attractive to insects.

Clemson Extension Service

Insect Tolerant Varieties

• Some varieties have been developed to resist insect attack.

• Peas may have thicker pod walls to prevent curculio attack.

• Leaves may have tall trichomes to prevent aphid landing.

• Some vegetables have colors not recognized as food by insects.

Clemson Extension Service

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Reducing Home Pesticide Use

• You are important.

• Homeowner pesticide use is extremely significant in overall pesticide consumption.

• A change in mind set and priorities may be needed.

• Understanding that management activities may have unintended consequences affecting other aspects of gardening is very important – integrated crop management.

• Maintenance of diverse habitats reduce the intensity of pest infestations.

Clemson Extension Service

IPM Summary

• Grow a healthy crop

• Monitor regularly and record findings

– Record both numbers of pests and natural enemies

• Use economic thresholds or trends to determine the need to intervene

• Conserve natural enemies by wise insecticide choices

• Enhance natural enemies by maintaining a diverse agricultural environment

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New Insect Pests

Brown Marmorated Stink Bug

Hyalomorpha halys

• Member of the Pentatomidae family – true stink bugs

• Introduced from Eurasia to Pennsylvania in 1998; has spread extensively.

• A home ‘invader’ nuisance and a serious pest of fruit (stone fruit) and some vegetables (sweet corn).

Clemson Extension Service

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Pest Tracker

National Agricultural Pest Information System

Survey Status of Brown Marmorated Stink Bug - Halyomorpha halys 2008 to present

Greenville, Richland, & Florence added to SC now!

M. Raupp

Brown marmorated stink bug nymphs just hatching

BMSB’s have been found to feed on coleus

Clemson Extension Service

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Stink Bug Comparison

Brochymena spp. BMSB

Note the spines Toothed appearance

Smooth

Clemson Extension Service

‘Kudzu’ Bug

• Megacopta cribraria (F.), also known the bean plataspid, lablab bug, or globular stink bug is a member of the Plataspidae family; not a true stink bug.

• Introduced from Asia in 2008 into Georgia; has spread extensively.

• A home ‘invader’ nuisance and a pest on a variety of bean crops.

Clemson Extension Service

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Typical Scenes in SC

Insects seeking entry Insects on Fig

Clemson Extension Service

Spotted Wing Drosophila • Drosophila suzukii, a member of

the Drosophilidae family or vinegar flies; not a true fruit fly.

• Will infest sound fruit instead of decaying fruit as do other vinegar flies.

• Thick-walled fruits such as apples, peaches, or muscadine seem to be less at risk.

• Blackberries in SC have been infested and strawberry became infested in 2012 after the extremely mild winter

• Persimmons and other wild fruits may harbor flies.

• Management tests are underway by the SRSFC; bifenthrin, z-cypermethrin, and spintetoram have worked well along with malathion.

Clemson Extension Service

SWD larva in a cherry (larger than natural size)

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Spotted Wing Drosophila

Male – note the spots on wing Female – note the larger size

Clemson Extension Service