What is imperialism?

Turn to page 330 & 331 read and be prepared to discuss the answer.

The Imperialist TaylorThe Imperialist Taylor

1. Commercial/Business 1. Commercial/Business InterestsInterests

U. S. Foreign Investments: 1869-1908

American Foreign Trade:

1870-1914

1. Commercial/Business 1. Commercial/Business InterestsInterests

2. Military/Strategic 2. Military/Strategic InterestsInterests

Alfred T. Mahan The Influence of Sea Power on History: 1660-1783

3. Social Darwinist Thinking3. Social Darwinist Thinking

The White Man’sBurdenThe Hierarchy

of Race

4. Religious/Missionary 4. Religious/Missionary InterestsInterests

American Missionaries

in China, 1905

5. Closing the American 5. Closing the American FrontierFrontier

““Seward’s Icebox”: 1867Seward’s Icebox”: 1867

““Seward’s Folly”: 1867Seward’s Folly”: 1867

$7.2 million

U. S. Missionaries in HawaiiU. S. Missionaries in Hawaii

Imiola Church – first built in the late 1820s

U. S. View of HawaiiansU. S. View of Hawaiians

Hawaii becomes a U. S. Protectorate in 1849

by virtue of economic treaties.

Hawaiian Queen LiliuokalaniHawaiian Queen Liliuokalani

Hawaii for the Hawaiians!

U. S. Business Interests In U. S. Business Interests In HawaiiHawaii

1875 – 1875 – Reciprocity Reciprocity Treaty Treaty

1890 – 1890 – McKinley McKinley TariffTariff

1893 – AmericanAmericanbusinessmen backed businessmen backed ananuprising against uprising against Queen Queen Liliuokalani.Liliuokalani.

Sanford Ballard DoleSanford Ballard Dole

proclaims the proclaims the Republic Republic of Hawaii in 1894.of Hawaii in 1894.

To The Victor Belongs the To The Victor Belongs the SpoilsSpoils

Hawaiian Annexation Ceremony, 1898

Spanish Misrule in CubaSpanish Misrule in Cuba

Jose Marti

-Cuba writer

-life dedicated to Cuban independence from Spain

Valeriano Weyler’s Valeriano Weyler’s “Reconcentration” Policy“Reconcentration” Policy

““Yellow Journalism” & Yellow Journalism” & JingoismJingoism

Joseph Pulitzer

William Randolph Hearst

Hearst to Frederick Hearst to Frederick Remington:Remington: You furnish the You furnish the pictures,pictures, and I’ll furnish the war! and I’ll furnish the war!

De Lôme LetterDe Lôme Letter

Dupuy de Lôme, Dupuy de Lôme, SpanishSpanishAmbassador to the Ambassador to the U.S.U.S.

Criticized PresidentCriticized PresidentMcKinley as McKinley as weak and weak and aabidder for the bidder for the admirationadmirationof the crowd, besidesof the crowd, besidesbeing a would-be being a would-be politicianpoliticianwho tries to leave a who tries to leave a doordooropen behind himself open behind himself whilewhilekeeping on good termskeeping on good termswith the jingoes of hiswith the jingoes of hisparty.party.

Remember the MaineRemember the Maineand to Hell with Spain!and to Hell with Spain!

Funeral for Maine victims in Havana

Theodore RooseveltTheodore Roosevelt

Assistant Assistant Secretary of the Secretary of the Navy in the Navy in the McKinley McKinley administration.administration.

Imperialist and Imperialist and American American nationalist.nationalist.

Criticized Criticized PresidentPresidentMcKinley as McKinley as having the having the backbone of a backbone of a chocolate éclair!chocolate éclair!

Resigns his Resigns his position to fight in position to fight in Cuba.Cuba.

The The “Rough “Rough Riders”Riders”

The Spanish-American War The Spanish-American War (1898):(1898):

“That Splendid Little War”“That Splendid Little War”

How prepared was the US for war?

Teller Amendment Teller Amendment (1898)(1898)

Platt AmendmentPlatt Amendment (1903) (1903)

1.1. Cuba was not to enter into any agreements with Cuba was not to enter into any agreements with foreign powers that would endanger its foreign powers that would endanger its independence.independence.

2.2. The U.S. could intervene in Cuban affairs if The U.S. could intervene in Cuban affairs if necessary to maintain an efficient, independent necessary to maintain an efficient, independent govt.govt.

3.3. Cuba must lease Cuba must lease Guantanamo BayGuantanamo Bay to the U.S. for to the U.S. for naval and coaling station.naval and coaling station.

4.4. Cuba must not build up an excessive public debt.Cuba must not build up an excessive public debt.

Cuban Independence?Cuban Independence?

Senator Orville Platt

April 20, 1898 April 20, 1898

Resolution for war with SpainResolution for war with Spain

1.1. Cuba by right should be free.Cuba by right should be free.

2.2. It is the duty of the U.S. to It is the duty of the U.S. to demand Spain withdraw from Cubademand Spain withdraw from Cuba

3.3. The President is empowered to use military The President is empowered to use military force to carry out these resolutionsforce to carry out these resolutions

4.4. Teller AmendmentTeller Amendment: U.S. intends to : U.S. intends to leave the island and its government in leave the island and its government in the hands of its people.the hands of its people.

U.S. to free Cuba

Cuban Independence?Cuban Independence?

Platt AmendmentPlatt Amendment (1903)--added to (1903)--added to the the Cuban ConstitutionCuban Constitution

1.1. Cuba was not to enter into any Cuba was not to enter into any agreements with foreign powers agreements with foreign powers that would endanger its that would endanger its independence.independence.

2.2. The U.S. could intervene in Cuban The U.S. could intervene in Cuban affairs if necessary to maintain an affairs if necessary to maintain an efficient, independent govt. efficient, independent govt.

3.3. Cuba must lease Cuba must lease Guantanamo BayGuantanamo Bay to the U.S. for to the U.S. for naval and coaling station.naval and coaling station.

4.4. Cuba must not build up an excessive public debt.Cuba must not build up an excessive public debt.

Senator Orville Platt

The Spanish-American War The Spanish-American War (1898):(1898):

“That Splendid Little War”“That Splendid Little War”

Dewey Captures Manila!Dewey Captures Manila!

Emilio AguinaldoEmilio Aguinaldo

LLeader of the Filipinoeader of the FilipinoUprising.Uprising.

July 4, 1946:July 4, 1946:Philippine Philippine independenceindependence

Our “Sphere of Influence”Our “Sphere of Influence”

The Treaty of Paris: 1898The Treaty of Paris: 1898

Cuba was freed from Spanish rule.Cuba was freed from Spanish rule.

Spain gave up Puerto Rico and the Spain gave up Puerto Rico and the island ofisland ofGuam.Guam.

The U. S. paid SpainThe U. S. paid Spain$20 mil. for the$20 mil. for thePhilippines.Philippines.

The U. S. becomesThe U. S. becomesan imperial power!an imperial power!

The American Anti-The American Anti-Imperialist Imperialist

League LeagueFounded in 1899.Founded in 1899.

Mark Twain, Mark Twain, Andrew Andrew Carnegie, WilliamCarnegie, WilliamJames, and WilliamJames, and WilliamJennings Bryan Jennings Bryan amongamongthe leaders.the leaders.

Campaigned Campaigned against the against the annexation of theannexation of thePhilippines and Philippines and otherotheracts of imperialism.acts of imperialism.

Section 3Section 3

Is He To Be a Despot?Is He To Be a Despot?

Emilio AguinaldoEmilio Aguinaldo

LLeader of the Filipinoeader of the FilipinoUprising. Fight for Uprising. Fight for independence from independence from U.S. lasts 2 years.U.S. lasts 2 years.

July 4, 1946:July 4, 1946:Philippine Philippine independenceindependence

William H. Taft, 1stWilliam H. Taft, 1stGov.-General of the PhilippinesGov.-General of the Philippines

Taft controlled the Taft controlled the rebellion by:rebellion by:

*Censoring the press;*Censoring the press;

*placing dissidents in *placing dissidents in jail; jail;

*allowing some self *allowing some self rule; rule;

*building schools, *building schools, roads, and bridges. roads, and bridges.

` ` ` `` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` `` `

The Jones Act, 1916, The Jones Act, 1916, promises Filipino promises Filipino independence independence someday!someday!

Stereotypes of the Stereotypes of the Chinese Chinese

ImmigrantImmigrant

Oriental [Chinese]

Exclusion Act, 1882

The Open Door PolicyThe Open Door Policy

U.S. Secretary of State U.S. Secretary of State John HayJohn Hay..

1899 sent series of letters to foreign 1899 sent series of letters to foreign diplomats;diplomats;

Give Give allall nations equal access to trade in nations equal access to trade in China.China.

Guaranteed that China would NOT be Guaranteed that China would NOT be taken taken over by any one foreign power.over by any one foreign power.

The Boxer Rebellion: The Boxer Rebellion: 19001900

The Righteous & Harmonious The Righteous & Harmonious Fists= “Boxers”Fists= “Boxers”

Rebelled against “foreign devils” Rebelled against “foreign devils” in May, 1900. Killing missionaries in May, 1900. Killing missionaries and attacking diplomat districts.and attacking diplomat districts.

Eight Nation Alliance put down the Boxer

Rebellion: Japan, Russia, U.K, France, U.S., Germany, Italy, Austria-Hungary

John Hay John Hay reaffirms thereaffirms theOpen Door Open Door

PolicyPolicy

Commodore Matthew Perry Commodore Matthew Perry Opens Up Japan: 1853Opens Up Japan: 1853

The Japanese View of

Commodore Perry

Treaty of Kanagawa: Treaty of Kanagawa: 18541854

Treaty opening trade with JapanTreaty opening trade with Japan

Russo-Japanese War

1904 JAPAN and RUSSIA go to war.Japan wins big! This is the 1st time an Asian country has beaten an European one.

Horrors! Asian nation defeats European one! What happened

to...?

Teddy Roosevelt negotiates peace treaty.. Japan’s angry BUT Russia’s happy. WHY?

(Roosevelt will win the Nobel Peace Prize!)

Treaty of Portsmouth: Treaty of Portsmouth: 19051905

Nobel Peace Prize for Teddy

Gentleman’s Agreement: Gentleman’s Agreement: 19071907A Japanese note agreeing A Japanese note agreeing to deny passports toto deny passports tolaborers entering the U.S.laborers entering the U.S.

Japan recognized the U.S.Japan recognized the U.S.right to exclude Japaneseright to exclude Japaneseimmigrants holding immigrants holding passportspassportsissued by other countries.issued by other countries.

The U.S. government got The U.S. government got thetheschool board of San school board of San Francisco Francisco to rescind their order toto rescind their order tosegregate Asians in segregate Asians in separateseparateschools.schools.

1908 1908 Root-Takahira Root-Takahira AgreementAgreement..

Lodge Corollary to the Lodge Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine: 1912Monroe Doctrine: 1912

Senator Henry Senator Henry CabotCabotLodge, Sr. (R-MA)Lodge, Sr. (R-MA)

Non-European Non-European powers,powers,like Japan, would belike Japan, would beexcluded from excluded from owningowningterritory in the territory in the WesternWesternHemisphere.Hemisphere.

America as a Naval and Pacific America as a Naval and Pacific Power-”Great White Fleet” Power-”Great White Fleet”

sailssails

Puerto Rico: 1898Puerto Rico: 18981900 - Foraker Foraker Act-Act-Congress establishes civil gov’tCongress establishes civil gov’t

PR became an “unincorporated territory.”PR became an “unincorporated territory.”

Citizens of PR, not of the US.Citizens of PR, not of the US.

Import duties on PR goodsImport duties on PR goods

1901-19031901-1903the the Insular Cases Insular Cases (Supreme Court (Supreme Court decisions)decisions)..

Constitutional rights were not automatically Constitutional rights were not automatically extended to territorial possessions.extended to territorial possessions.

Congress had the power to decide these Congress had the power to decide these rights.rights.

Import duties laid down by the Foraker Act Import duties laid down by the Foraker Act were legal!were legal!

Puerto Rico: 1898Puerto Rico: 18981917 – 1917 – Jones-Shafroth ActJones-Shafroth Act.. Gave full territorial status to PR.Gave full territorial status to PR.

Removed tariff duties on PR goods Removed tariff duties on PR goods coming into the US.coming into the US.

PRs elected theirPRs elected theirown legislators &own legislators &governor to enforcegovernor to enforcelocal laws.local laws.

PRs could NOT votePRs could NOT votein US presidentialin US presidentialelections.elections.

A resident commissioner was sent to A resident commissioner was sent to Washington to vote for PR in the Washington to vote for PR in the House.House.

Speak Softly,Speak Softly,But Carry a Big Stick!But Carry a Big Stick!

Need for speed!

The U.S.S OregonRaces around South America to fight theSpanish-AmericanWar. It took morethan 2 months!

Panama: The King’s Panama: The King’s CrownCrown18791879French Co. bought a French Co. bought a

concession from Columbia to concession from Columbia to build a canalbuild a canal..

18891889broke they offer it to U.S. broke they offer it to U.S. for $100 million—U.S. says for $100 million—U.S. says “NO”“NO”. .

19021902US begins to consider US begins to consider Nicaragua and offer drops to Nicaragua and offer drops to $40 mil$40 mil..

US Spooner Act offers low bid US Spooner Act offers low bid but Columbia said nobut Columbia said no..

Panama rebels against Panama rebels against Columbia & US stops Columbia Columbia & US stops Columbia from stopping itfrom stopping it

1903 1903 Hay-Bunau-Varilla Hay-Bunau-Varilla

TreatyTreaty grants land for canal to USgrants land for canal to US

Panama CanalPanama Canal

TR in Panama(Construction

begins in 1904)

The Cares of a Growing The Cares of a Growing FamilyFamily

The Roosevelt Corollary to The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine: 1905the Monroe Doctrine: 1905

Chronic wrongdoing… Chronic wrongdoing… may in America, as may in America, as elsewhere, ultimately elsewhere, ultimately require intervention require intervention by some civilized by some civilized nation, and in the nation, and in the Western Hemisphere Western Hemisphere the adherence of the the adherence of the United States to the United States to the Monroe Doctrine may Monroe Doctrine may force the United force the United States, however States, however reluctantly, in flagrant reluctantly, in flagrant cases of such cases of such wrongdoing or wrongdoing or impotence, to the impotence, to the exercise of an exercise of an international police international police powerpower .

Constable of the WorldConstable of the World

The Great White Fleet: 1907The Great White Fleet: 1907

Taft’s “Dollar Taft’s “Dollar Diplomacy”Diplomacy”

Improve financialImprove financialopportunities for opportunities for American businesses.American businesses.

Use private capital toUse private capital tofurther U. S. interestsfurther U. S. interestsoverseas.overseas.

Therefore, the U.S. Therefore, the U.S. should create should create stability and order stability and order abroad that would abroad that would best promote best promote America’s America’s commercial interests.commercial interests.

Banana Republics

United Fruit Company invests in the economies of some Central American countries and exports > 50 million bananas to the US each year. This huge investment in these countries influences the weak governments so much that this American company essentially controlled these governments.

Wilson’s “Moral Wilson’s “Moral Diplomacy”Diplomacy”

The U. S. shouldThe U. S. shouldbe the consciencebe the conscienceof the world.of the world.

Spread Spread democracy.democracy.

Promote peace.Promote peace.

Condemn Condemn colonialism.colonialism.

The Mexican Revolution: The Mexican Revolution: 1910s1910s

Victoriano Huerta seizes control of Victoriano Huerta seizes control of Mexico Mexico and puts Madero in prison where he and puts Madero in prison where he was was murdered.murdered.

Venustiano Carranza, Pancho Villa, Venustiano Carranza, Pancho Villa, Emiliano Emiliano Zapata, and Alvaro Obregon fought Zapata, and Alvaro Obregon fought against Huerta.against Huerta.

The U.S. also got involved by The U.S. also got involved by occupying occupying Veracruz and Huerta fled the Veracruz and Huerta fled the country.country.

Eventually Carranza would gain Eventually Carranza would gain power in power in Mexico.Mexico.

The Mexican Revolution: The Mexican Revolution: 1910s1910sEmiliano

Zapata

Francisco I Madero

Venustiano Carranza

Porfirio Diaz

Pancho Villa

Searching for Searching for BanditosBanditos

General John J. PershingGeneral John J. Pershing with with PanchoPanchoVillaVilla in 1914. in 1914.

U. S. Global Investments &U. S. Global Investments &Investments in Latin America, Investments in Latin America,

19141914

U. S. Interventions in U. S. Interventions in Latin America: 1898-1920sLatin America: 1898-1920s

The American Empire!

Uncle Sam: One of the Uncle Sam: One of the “Boys?”“Boys?”