what is flue gas
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Flue Gas CompositionTRANSCRIPT
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HomeGasAnalysersBoiler/FlueWhatisFlueGas?
WhatisFlueGas?
WhatisFlueGas?
Theincreaseinallkindsofcombustioniscontaminatingtheenvironmentwithevergreaterconcentrationsofpollutants.
Smogformation,acidrainandthegrowingnumbersofallergiesaredirectconsequencesofthisdevelopment.Thesolutiontoenvironmentallysoundenergyproductionmustthereforeinvolvereducingpollutantemissions.
Pollutantsinfluegascanonlyeffectivelybereducedifexistingplantsoperateasefficientlyaspossibleornoxiousboilersareshutdown.Fluegasanalysisoffersameansofdeterminingpollutantconcentrationsandadjustingheatinginstallationsformaximumefficiency.
UnitsofMeasurement
Thepresenceofpollutantsinfluegascanbedetectedfromtheconcentrationofthegascomponents.Thefollowingunitsaregenerallyused:
ppm(partspermillion)
Likepercent(%),ppmdescribesaproportion.Percentmeansxnumberofpartsineveryhundredparts,whileppmmeansxnumberofpartsinamillionparts.Forexample,ifagascylindercontains250ppmcarbonmonoxide(CO),thenifonemilliongasparticlesaretakenfromthatcylinder,250ofthemwillbecarbonmonoxideparticles.Theother999,750particlesarenitrogendioxide(N2)andoxygenparticles(O2).
Theunitppmisindependentofpressureandtemperature,andisusedforlowconcentrations.Iflargerconcentrationsarepresent,theseareexpressedaspercentages(%).Theconversionisasfollows:
10000ppm=1%1000ppm=0.1%100ppm=0.01%10ppm=0.001%1ppm=0.0001%
Anoxygenconcentrationof21%volumewouldbeequivalenttoaconcentrationof210,000ppmO2.
mg/Nm3(milligramspercubicmetre)
Withtheunitmg/Nm3,thestandardvolume(standardcubicmetres,Nm3)istakenasareferencevariableandthemassofthepollutantgasgiveninmilligrams(mg).Becausethisunitvarieswithpressureandtemperature,thevolumeinnormalconditionsistakenasreference.Normalconditionsareasfollows:
Temperature:0CPressure:1013mbar(hPa)
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Testo3271FlueGasAnalyser
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However,thisinformationaloneisnotsufficient,becausetherespectivevolumesinthefluegaschangeaccordingtotheproportionofoxygen(dilutionoffluegaswithambientair).Themeasuredvaluesthereforehavetobeconvertedtoaparticularvolumeofoxygen,thereferenceoxygencontent(referenceO2).
Onlydatawiththesamereferenceoxygencontentcanbedirectlycompared.Themeasuredoxygencontent(O2)ofthefluegasisalsoneededwhenconvertingppmintomg/Nm3.
mg/kWh(milligramsperkilowatthourofenergy)
Calculationsaremadewithfuelspecificdatainordertodeterminepollutantgasconcentrationsintheenergyrelatedunitmg/kWh.Therearethusdifferentconversionfactorsforeachfuel.
Theconversionfactorsforppmandmg/m3intotheenergyrelatedunitmg/kWhareshownbelow.Beforeconvertingtomg/kWh,themeasuredemissionvalueconcentrationsfirsthavetobeconvertedtoundilutedfluegas(0%referenceoxygencontent).
Theconversionfactorsforsolidfuelsalsodependontheforminwhichthefuelisavailable(inonepiece,aschippings,powder,shredetc.)Forthisreasonthefactorsshouldbecheckedcarefully.
ComponentsofFlueGas
Thecomponentsoffluegasarelistedbelowintheorderofconcentrationinthegas.
Nitrogen(N2)
Nitrogen(N2)isthemaincomponent(79vol.%)oftheairwebreathe.Thiscolourless,odourless,tastelessgasplaysnopartincombustion.Itisdrawnintotheboilerasballast,heatedandsenttothestack.
Typicalvaluesinfluegas:Oil/gasburners:78%80%
Carbondioxide(CO2)
Carbondioxideisacolourless,odourlessgaswithaslightlysourtaste.Undertheinfluenceofsunlightandthegreenleafcolour,chlorophyll,plantsconvertcarbondioxide(CO2)intooxygen(O2).
Humanandanimalrespirationconvertstheoxygen(O2)backintocarbondioxide(CO2).
Thiscreatesanequilibriumwhichgaseousproductsofcombustiondistort.Thisdistortionacceleratesthegreenhouseeffect.Thethresholdlimitvalueis5000ppm.Atconcentrationsofover15%volume(150000ppm)inbreath,lossofconsciousnessoccursimmediately.
Typicalvaluesinfluegas:Oilburners:12.5%14%andgasburners:8%11%
Watervapour(Humidity)
Thehydrogencontainedinthefuelcombineswithoxygentoformwater(H2O).Thisescapeswiththewaterfromthefuelandthecombustedair,dependingonthefluegastemperature(FT),intheformoffluegas
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Carbonmonoxide(CO)
Carbonmonoxideisacolourless,odourlessbreathingpoisonandistheproductofincompletecombustion.Intoohighaconcentration,itpreventsthebloodfromabsorbingoxygen.Ifforexampletheairforbreathinginaroomcontained700ppmCO,ahumanbeingbreathinginthatairwouldbedeadin3hours.Thethresholdlimitvalueis50ppm.
Typicalvaluesinfluegas:Oilburners:80ppm150ppmandGasburners:80ppm100ppm
Nitrogenoxides(NOX)
Athightemperatures(combustion),thenitrogen(N2)presentinthefuelandintheambientaircombineswiththeoxygenoftheair(O2)toformnitrogenmonoxide(NO).Aftersometime,thiscolourlessgasoxidisesincombinationwithoxygen(O2)toformnitrogendioxide(NO2).
NO2isawatersolublerespiratorypoisonwhichcausesseverelungdamageifbreathedinandcontributestoozoneformationincombinationwithultravioletradiation(sunlight).TheNOandNO2componentstogetherarecallednitrogenoxides(NOX).
Typicalvaluesinfluegas:Oil/gasburners:50ppm100ppm
Sulphurdioxide(SO2)
Sulphurdioxide(SO2)isacolourless,toxicgaswithapungentsmell.Itisformedbythesulphurpresentinthefuel.Thethresholdlimitvalueis5ppm.Sulphurousacid(H2SO3)isformedincombinationwithwater(H2O)orcondensate.
Typicalvalueinfluegasofoilburners:180ppm220ppm
UnburnedHydrocarbons(HC)
Unburnedhydrocarbons(HC)areformedwhencombustionisincompleteandcontributetothegreenhouseeffect.Thisgroupincludesmethane(CH4),butane(C4H10)andbenzene(C6H6).
Typicalvalueinfluegasofoilburners:under50ppm
Soot
Sootisalmostpurecarbon(C)resultingfromincompletecombustion.
Typicalvalueinfluegasoilburners:Smokespotnumber0or1
ParticulateMatter
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moisture(atahighfluegastemperatureFT)orascondensate(atalowfluegastemperature).
Oxygen(O2)
Theremainingoxygennotusedincombustioninthecaseofexcessairappearsasgaseousfluegasandisusedtomeasurecombustionefficiency.Itisusedtodeterminefluegaslossandcarbondioxidecontent.
Typicalvaluesinfluegas:Oilburners:2%5%andGasburners:2%6%
Particulatematter(dust)isthenamegiventothesmallestsolidsdistributedthroughtheair.Thesemayoccurinanyshapeanddensity.Particulatematterisformedbytheashandmineralcomponentsofsolidfuels.
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