“what is electricity?” review. atomic structure what is an element?
TRANSCRIPT
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“What is Electricity?” Review
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Atomic Structure
• What is an Element?
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Elements
The simplest form of matter
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• What is an Atom?
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Atoms
The smallest piece of an element that contains all properties of that element
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• What 3 particles make up atoms?
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Components of an Atom
Electrons
Negatively charged atomic particles
Protons
Positively charged atomic particles
Neutrons
Uncharged atomic particles
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• What determines the atomic number of an atom?
• What is the atomic number of Copper (Cu)?
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Atomic Number
The atomic number is equal to the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.
The atomic number identifies the element.
How many protons are in this nucleus?
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Periodic Table of Elements
Which element has 4 protons?NASA
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Electrons
For this unit, we mainly care about electrons in atoms.
Why?
It is important to understand the “how and why” of the movement of electrons to understand electricity.
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• Draw a representation of a Sulfur atom (Atomic Number 16).
• Draw a representation of a Helium atom (Atomic Number 2)
Filling order:
1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, …
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Electron Orbits
Atoms like to have their valence level either filled (8) or empty(0) of electrons.
How many electrons are in the valence level?
6
Sulfur has space to gain two electrons in its valence level.
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• What is a valence electron?
• How many valence electrons do conductors have?
• How many valence electrons do insulators have?
• How about semiconductors?
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Conductors and Insulators
Conductors Insulators
Electrons flow easily between atoms
1-3 valence electrons in outer orbit
Low Electronegativity
Good Conductors: Silver, Copper, Gold, Aluminum . . .
Electron flow is difficult between atoms
5-8 valence electrons in outer orbit
High Electronegativity
Examples: Mica, Glass, Rubber, Plastic . . .
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What is a Multimeter?
An instrument for measuring the properties of an electrical circuit
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Manual vs. Auto Ranging Where should you set the meter if you expect a reading around . . .
1000 volts200 volts
20 volts
2000 millivolts
200 millivolts
6 volts
50 millivolts
800 millivolts
800 volts
125 volts
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History
Ben Franklin suggested that . . .
. . .opposite charges attract
and like charges repel.
+ -
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History
Ben Franklin suggested that . . .
. . .opposite charges attract
and like charges repel.
+ +
The Law of Charges explains why the electrons continue to be bonded to the nucleus.
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Electron Flow
An electron from one atom can knock out an electron from another atom.
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Electron Flow
Electricity is created as electrons collide and transfer from atom to atom.
Play Animation
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What Makes Up Electricity?
Let’s compare it to something we know --- Water!
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Water Analogy
Tank = Battery
Pipe = Wiring
Faucet = Switch
Tank Faucet
Pipe
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• What is current?
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Current
Current: The flow of electric charge
When the faucet (switch) is off, is there any flow (current)?
NO
When the faucet (switch) is on, is there any flow (current)?
YES
Tank (Battery) Faucet (Switch)
Pipe (Wiring)
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Current in a Circuit
When the switch is off, there is no current.
When the switch is on, there is current.
off onoff on
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• What is voltage?
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Voltage
Voltage: The force (pressure) behind the flow of current
When the faucet (switch) is off, is there any pressure (voltage)?
YES – Pressure (voltage) is pushing against the pipe, tank, and the faucet.
When the faucet (switch) is on, is there any pressure (voltage)?
YES – Pressure (voltage) pushes flow (current) through the system.
Tank (Battery) Faucet (Switch)
Pipe (Wiring)
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Voltage in a Circuit
The battery provides voltage that will push current through the bulb when the switch is on.
off onoff on
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• What is resistance?
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Resistance
Resistance: The opposition to the flow of current.
What happens to the flow (current) if a rock gets lodged in the pipe?
Flow (current) decreases.
Tank (Battery) Faucet (Switch)
Pipe (Wiring)
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Resistance in a Circuit
Resistors are components that limit the flow of electricity.
Reducing current causes the bulb to become more dim.
off on
Resistor
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What types of electricity are there?
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Types of Electricity
Static ElectricityThe electrical charge an object develops as a result of having an unequal number of protons and electrons.
Current ElectricityThe movement of electrons through a conductor.
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Static Electricity
• Uncontrollable Electricity
• Lightening
• Static Cling
• Wool socks on a carpet “shocks”
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• What are the two types of current electricity?
• What is the difference between these two?
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Current Electricity
Two Types:
Alternating Current (AC)
Direct Current (DC)
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Direct Current
The electrons flow in the same direction all the time, from negative to positive.
- +
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Direct Current
Comes from• Batteries• Converted from Alternating Current
Used for electronic devices including• Computers• iPods• Cell phones• Anything that has a “charger”
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Alternating Current
The electrical current (movement of electrons) changes direction.
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Alternating Current
Comes from Generators• Coal burning and nuclear power plants• Hydroelectric power plants• Wind and solar generators
Used for• Motors• Heaters• Lights• Anything that plugs into the wall
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What is a Magnet?
An object that is surrounded by a magnetic field and has the property of attracting iron or steel
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Where are Magnets?
Magnets. . . Generate electricity
Image courtesy of DOE/NREL
Image courtesy of DOE/NREL
Are in motors
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Where are Magnets?
Magnets. . .
Power car windows & locks
Image courtesy of NASA
Are used in Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
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• If a large magnet breaks into the small pieces what will their poles be?
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SN
North and South Poles of a Magnet
Magnets have a north and south pole.• If a magnet is broken into smaller pieces, each piece will still have a north and south pole.
•Opposite poles attract, like poles repel.
N S N S
N S NS
N
S
N
S
N
S
N
S
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• How do compasses work?
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The Earth as a Magnet
The Earth is a large magnet.
North Pole
South Pole
Compasses work as a result of the Earth’s magnetic field.
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• What is an electromagnet?
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Electromagnets
Magnets are created by passing a current through a wire.
Electromagnets are generally wire wrapped around an iron core.
Electromagnets are turned on and off when the current is switched on and off.
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• How can you switch the poles of an electromagnet?
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Electromagnets
N
S
Electromagnet ends change between north and south depending on the direction of the current.
S
N
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• What parts make up a motor?
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Parts of a Basic DC Motor
N SN S
DC Source
ArmatureCommutator
Brush
Commutator
Brush
Motor: A device used to convert electric energy into mechanical energy.
PermanentMagnet
PermanentMagnet
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Parts of a Small DC Motor
Armature
Commutator
PermanentMagnets
Brushes
WireConnections
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• What is an electric generator?
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Electric Generators
N SN S
Mechanical motion turns the armature which creates current.
Many DC motors can function as a generator.
Generator: A device used to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy.
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• Explain the steps by which electricity goes from the power plant to your home.
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From the Power Plant to Your Home
Power plants generate electricity.
Image courtesy of Sacramento Municipal Utility District
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From the Power Plant to Your Home
Step up transformers increase voltage for transmission across large towers.
Increased voltage increases efficiency.
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From the Power Plant to Your Home
Large towers transmit electricity over long distances.
Images courtesy of DOE / NREL
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From the Power Plant to Your Home
Step down transformers reduce voltage at substations to acceptable levels for the end user.
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From the Power Plant to Your Home
Electricity arrives at your home at a junction box.
Usage is measured with a meter.
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• Briefly explain how Maglev Trains work