what is art? · 2/9/2018 · book cover, 2014, valery g olsen, richard bush jr and dba graphix....
TRANSCRIPT
What is ART?
What is Art?
● Is dance considered
Art?
What is Art?Does the dance type matter?
What is Art?
● Music?
What is Art?
● Poetry or literature?
What is Art?
● Architecture?
What is Art?
● Crafting?
● Metalwork, glass work,
etc.
What is Art?
● Jewelry?
Murals….
vs. Grafiti?
Graffiti or Art?
Graffiti or Art?
Murals vs. graffiti
What is ART?Art is things made to
be looked at.
Especially drawings, paintings and sculptures. It can also
be used to describe anything creative, including
architecture, music, poetry, and photography.
M.C. Escher
What is Art?
● The Arts can be divided
into two main
categories:
● Visual Arts: Painting,
Drawing, Sculpture, Ceramics,
etc.
● Performing Arts: Theatre,
Dance, Music, etc.
● Robert Smithson: Spiral Jetty
What is Art?
● Art is perhaps
humanity's most
essential, most
universal language.
● While art uses visual
images to communicate its
messages, we use words
to describe the images,
reactions and feelings we
have about objects of art.
What is Art?
● It is impossible to establish a
definition of art that will
please everyone.
● The term is broad; each age
of humanity has different
ideas about it.
● While we may not be able to
define art to everyone's
satisfaction, we can define
some of the standards by
which art is evaluated.
● Navajo Rug
Evaluating Art
● We generally base
our evaluation of art
on criteria such as
craftsmanship,
design, and
aesthetics. We also
consider the works
reflection of the
societies in which the
were created.● Ceremonial Cup about 1000 BC NW Iran.
Evaluating Art● Craftsmanship:
● Skill in a particular craft;
often refers to handmade
crafts
● Aesthetic Properties:
● Every work has at least on of
five properties.
● Sensory properties: The
elements of art that we
recognize through sight (line,
color, value, & shape) and
touch (texture, space &
form).
Evaluating Art
● Aesthetic Properties:
● Formal properties: are the
principles of art that help us see
how artists organize the
elements of art to express their
ideas (unity, balance, contrast,
rhythm, pattern, emphasis and
visual movement).
● Technical properties: the
media, tools and equipment
used to make a work of art. For
example, it takes a different
technique to work with clay that
with pencil.
Evaluating Art
● Aesthetic Properties:
● Expressive properties: the
characteristics of an artwork
that evoke feelings and
emotions.
● Reflection of society:reflect the times in which the
were created. They often
provide or confirm
information about cultures.
Why do we create art?
● Utility: Items which
can be used; they
have function.
● Vessel for storage such as
baskets and pots.
● Metal work such as
silverware, weapons,
machinery, and vehicles.
● Architecture provides shelter.
● Clothing protects the wearer
and can indicate social
ranks.
Why do we create art?
● Religion: has played an
important part in the
creation of art.
● Objects are made to represent a
god and to remind the worshiper
of that deity's power, divinity,
omniscience, or humanity.
● Objects are made as gifts to a
god or as good luck charms.
● Structures serve as places of
worship.
Why do we create art?
● Politics: the use of art and
architecture in politics goes
back to ancient times.
● Castles and fortified cities
defended people,
● Paintings and carvings
were used to perpetuate
myths of the power of the
king.
● Today propaganda is
conveyed through cartoons,
paintings and billboards
Why do we create art?
● Information/History: Art
has been used to pass on a
culture's history, folk tales,
religious traditions, myths
and moral values.
● Art provides a visual record
of heroes, gods, how to
worship, or even how to
make items.
Why do we create art?
● Aesthetics: Today art is
often something to be
pleasing to the sight or touch.
● The search for beauty.
● Apogee
● book cover, 2014, Valery G Olsen,
Richard Bush Jr and Dba Graphix
What is ART?● The concept of beauty has
found expression in a variety
of styles.
● Abstract: simplified shapes;
emphasizes underlying form.
● Human figure Galgenburg, Austria. 31,000
B.C.
What is ART?● Realism: Has a surface reality;
the artists appear to be
recording exactly what they
see.
● Jan van Eyck. The Annunciation. 1434-36,
Oil on canvas
What is ART?● Idealism: artists aim to
represent things not as they
are, but as they should be.
● Ancient Greece. Classical Art
● The perfect human; athletic
bodies, graceful poses,
elegant drapery...
● Laocoön and his sons, 1st century B.C.
Is this Art?● Marcel Duchamp:
● Fountain
● Snow Shovel
Is this Art?
● Andres Serano:
● Piss Christ
Is this Art?
● Jackson Pollock
● No. 1
Is this Art?
● Piet Mondrian:
Composition with Red,
Blue, and Yellow.
Is this Art?
● Andy Warhol: Soup
Cans
● Marylin Monroe
●Learning about Art
● Archaeology: the unearthing and study of
evidence from past cultures.
● Museums: the primary function of museums is
to display works of art for the enjoyment of
viewers. They also help preserve artifacts of
past cultures and educate the next generation.
● Study of Art: broken into four components:
Aesthetics, Art History, Art Production, Art
Criticism.
●Learning about Art
● How do museums acquire art works?
● A museum may fund archeological digs.
● They accept donations of money and items.
● They purchase items.
● Items may also be loaned to museums.
●Learning about Art
● The study of art can be broken into four
components.
● Aesthetics
● Art History
● Art Production
● Art Criticism
Aesthetics
●The Search for beauty.
Refers to our personal
responses to works of art.
Why do we like some works
of art and not others?
“I like that painting
because…”
ART HISTORYa record of the
visual arts,
incorporating information,
interpretations, and judgments about art objects, artists, and
conceptual influences on developments in
the visual arts.
ART HISTORY● Artworks reflect the times
and culture of the people
who produced them.
● Art History provides a time
line of how art has
developed through history.
● Shows how artists have
been influenced by
previous artistic styles,
technology and social
change.
From the beginning,
humans have been Artists.● Before writing existed, people
sang, danced, prayed and created.
● 35,000 B.C. Humanity experiences
two great revolutions: fire and
carved stone.
● 27,000 B.C. - Venus of
Brassempouy - Mammoth tusk,
France.
● 18,000 B.C. Chamber of the
Bulls, Cave of Lascaux.
Dordogne, France
● 5,000 B.C. Giraffe with
Hunters Tassili-n' Ajjer,
Algeria
ART HISTORY● Art history is a little like
detective work.
● List seven general questions
you might ask when looking
at a work of art.
● Why would you ask each
question.
Art and RealityEspecially today,
why should one
draw or paint,
carve or model,
when an image
can be captured
with a camera?
Thomas LeClear: 1865
Interior with Portraits
Oil
on Canvas
● Who are the children?
● Why was their portrait
painted?
● Who owned the painting?
● Who are the children?
● Why was their portrait
painted?
● Who owned the painting?
● Painting belonged to a family
named Sidway in Buffalo.
● Parnell Sidway (girl) died in
1849
● James Sidway (boy) died in
1865 while working as a
firefighter.
● The Camera has become a
universal tool for picture
making.
● We generally accept that the
camera tells the truth.
● The camera is just a
mechanical tool until an artist
puts it to use.
● Margaret Bourke-White, 1936
● Fort Peck Dam, Montana
Art Production●The creation of Art
Requires tools, media
and technical ability.
Involves learning to look
carefully, learn about
design, solve problems,
make decisions,
interpret what you see of
feel, and critique your
own efforts.
ART CRITICISM
Analysis:describing and evaluating the
media,
processes, and meanings of works of visual arts,
and making comparative judgments.
Kurt Wenner
ART CRITICISM● “I know what I like.”
● Opinions as to what constitutes a
work of art change over time.
● Claude Monet – Boulevard des
Capucines, Paris 1873-74
● “Only, be so good as to tell me
what those innumerable black
tongue lickings in the lower part
of the picture represent ?”
-Le Charivari April
25, 1874
ART CRITICISM● As viewers we participate in the
re-creation of a work of art, its
meaning changes from
individual to individual, from
era to era.
● Once we welcome the arts into
our daily life, we have a ready
source of sustenance and
challenge that grows, changes,
mellows, and enriches our daily
experience.
● Van Gogh - Sunflowers 1888
Oil on canvas
Visual Communication
● Art is visual
communication, with
a language all its
own.
● To understand art
fully, one must learn
about the entire
process – subjects,
media, craftsmanship
and design.
●Visual Communication
● Subject Matter: what
the artist chooses to draw or
paint.
● Craftsmanship: is the
skillful process of creating
well designed objects
● Medium: The material
used by an artist.
● Media is the plural of
Medium.
Visual Communication
● Subject matter:
what you choose
to draw.
● Narrative subject:
the artist is telling
a story.
● Peasant Wedding, Peter
Brueghel, 1556
Visual Communication
● Religious subjects:
any religious figure
from any religion can
be the subject of art
work.
● Maize god, Maya, Honduras about 775
Visual Communication
● Literary subjects: the
artist illustrates a
scene from a book,
story, myth, etc.
● The Return of Rip Van Winkle, John
Quidor, 1849, American.
Visual Communication
● Landscapes: are
paintings of the
natural environment.
● Twelve Views from a Thatched Hut,
Hsai Kuei, about 1180-1230 Chinese.
Visual Communication
● The Figure:
considered as a
supreme subject.
● Ancient Greek philosophy
considered the human figure
as the “measure of all
things”.
● The nude was considered
aesthetic and was to be
admired.
● Discobolos – Discus Thrower, Roman
copy of Greek statue, 450 BC.
Visual Communication
● During the middle ages, the
human body was seen as
corrupt and imperfect. It was
inappropriate to portray the
human figure or to study it.
● Renaissance artists
rediscovered Greek traditions
amongst furor over the morality
of portraying the nude.
● Western art started to study the
human figure using dissection
to learn about the structure of
muscles and bones.
Visual Communication
● Portraiture:
representations of
people.
● Self Portraits: The
artist creates an
image of their self.
● Edward VI as a Child, Has Holbein,
1538, German.
Visual Communication
● Historical Subjects: record events in history.
● The Amistad Slaves on Trial at New Haven, Hale Woodruff, 1840, American
Visual Communication
● Genre Subjects:
normal everyday
activities of
ordinary people.
● Man Riding a Donkey, Ham
Yudok, 16th century, Korean.
Visual Communication
● Still Life: a painting of
inanimate objects—
things that can not
move.
● Still life with Plums, Jean-Baptiste-
Simeon Chardin, 1758
Visual Communication
● Social Comment:artists make visual
statements about their
society or the world.
● The may criticize national
leaders, churches
neighbors, wars or political
oppression.
● The Presidential Family, Fernando
Botero, 1967. Columbian.
Visual Communication
● Animals: Nearly all
cultures have
portrayed birds and
mammals.
● Alpaca, Inca, Silver
Visual Communication
● Expression: artists
focused on emotion and
feeling rather than physical
reality.
● View of Toledo, El Greco, 1600-1610.
Spanish.
Visual Communication
● Abstraction:
the
simplification of
subject matter
in basic and
geometric
shapes.
● The Studio, Picasso 1927-
28. Spanish
Visual Communication
● Nonobjective
Painting: further
simplification of
abstract art, focusing
on color, shape and
line.
● Full Fathom Five, Jackson Pollock,
1947. American
●Media: Tools and Materials
Media: Drawing
● Pencil
● Thomas Church,
● Jean-Auguste-
● Dominique Ingres
● 1816 French
● Charcoal
● Seated Woman
● Georges Seurat
● 1885 French
Media: Drawing
● Ink
● Haboku Landscape
● Sesshu, 15th
● Century, Japanese.
● Pastel
● Sleeping Baby
● Mary Cassatt
● 1910, American
Media: Painting
● Fresco: One of the
oldest painting media.
● Surface is covered in wet
plaster then pigment is
brushed on.
Media: Painting
● Tempera: similar to
modern poster paint,
dries quickly.
● Made using egg yolk
and used as early as
ancient Egypt.
● Portrait of Young Woman, Botticelli
Media: Painting
● Oil: Pigment mixed with
linseed or poppy oil.
● Medium that dominated
the history of Europe.
Designed to work on larger
surfaces, have slower
drying time then Tempera.
● Garden of Love, Peter Paul Rubens,
1633 Flemish.
Media: Painting
● Watercolor: Pigment
bound in gum arabic.
● Used since ancient Egypt,
for sketching. Was not
considered a painting
medium until Winslow
Homer began exhibiting
paintings as finished
works.
● After the Hunt, Winslow Homer, 1892
American.
Media: Painting
● Acrylic: One of the more
popular media. Use
polymers to bind pigments.
● Can be used on almost
any surface. Can emulate
qualities of oils and
watercolors.
● Thinned with water, dries
quickly.
● Iris, Tulips, Jonquils and Crocuses,
Alma Thomas, 1969. American.
Media: Printmaking
● Printmaking is a process that allows images to
be transferred to different surfaces.
● It allows for multiple copies of the image to be
produced.
Media: Printmaking
● Woodcut: the artists
draws on a block of wood
and then cuts away the parts
that will remain white. Ink is
rolled on the raised portion
and then pressed to make a
print.
● Rain Shower on Ohashi Bridge,
Japanese, 1857.
Media: Printmaking
● Linocut: similar to
woodcuts, the image is cut
into linoleum. Ink is rolled
onto the remaining surface
using a brayer.
● Woodcuts and linocuts are very
similar. They use the same
techniques and tools to create the
images, but use a different base
material for the block.
● The Survivor, Elizabeth Catlett,
American 1983.
Media: Printmaking
● Intaglio: Prints are made
form the grooves or crevices
cut into a metal plate.
● The grooves can be made by
scratched into the plate (drypoint) or
using acid (etching).
● Ink is forced into the grooves and then
the top surfaced is wiped clean. The
paper is damped and applied to the
plate with pressure to produce a print.
● Christ Crucified Between the Two
Thieves, Rembrant van Rijn, Dutch
1653.
Media: Printmaking
● Lithograph: an artists
draws on a stone slab with a
greasy crayon, then water is
applied to the slab (water will
only stay where there is no
grease). Then a greasy ink is
applied, the ink only adheres
(sticks) to the greasy, not the
water. Paper is applied to the
slab and run through a press.
● L'Estampe, Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec,
French 1893.
Media: Printmaking
● Serigraph: the newest
printmaking method, also
known as silk screen.
● Developed in the United States,
silk (or similar material) is
attached to a frame, a stencil is
applied to the frame, then ink is
forced through the stencil with a
rubber squeegee and onto the
object or material. Each color is
applied separately using a
different stencil.
● Campbell's Soup Can, Andy Warhol,
American 1964.
Other Media:
●Sculpture:
-Bronze
-Steel
-Wood
-Marble
-Plastic
●Crafts:
- Fibers
- Glass
- Clay
- Furniture
- Mosaics
- Metalwork
The Structure of Art
●Visual language, like verbal
language, needs structure
to make it understandable.
* The Principles of Design
are the basic structure, or
grammar, of visual
language.
* These principles guide
artists in their use of the
elements of design.
The Structure of Art
●When studying and
analyzing a work of art, ask
yourself questions.
*Content:
Why has the artist made the
work?
What is he/she trying to tell
me about the work.
What is the theme? Main
idea?
*Sensory Properties:
Things we experience with
our senses.
What kinds of lines are
used?
How does the artist use the
space?
Is there texture?
Are the colors bright or
dull?
Which color dominates?
The Structure of Art
*Technical properties:
the use of tools, media and
techniques.
What materials were used to
create the piece?
What kind of brush strokes or
pencil lines are used?
Is the art a sketch or a finished
work?
Is there contrast in the values?
How is light indicated?
*Formal Properties:
- tell us how the art elements
are organized (Principles of
art).
What is the center of
interest?
What catches my eye first?
How did the artist establish
the center of interest?
Is the composition vertical or
horizontal.
Are the subject(s)
proportionate?
The Structure of Art
* Expressive properties:
tells us what the work says,
literally, metaphorically and
symbolically.
What mood does the work
convey?
Is the work serious of
comical?
Does the work have social or
religious significance?
Is it a literal statement or a
symbolic subject?
How do I feel about the subject and
it’s treatment?
Composition: The ordered
arrangement of the elements in a
work of art.
(The placement of objects or
subjects in a work of art).
Elements of Design
● The elements of design are the basic parts of any
work of art. The building blocks of art/design.
● Elements of design include line, shape, form, value,
color, space, and texture.
Elements of Art
●Line: A point that
moves through space.
- Lines might have
-Width
-Length
-Direction
-Focus
-Feeling
Elements of Art
●Shape: A line that
intersects itself and
encloses space.
- Shapes are 2-
dimensional
- Geometrical
shapes
- Organic/natural
shapes
Elements of Art
●Form:
three-dimensional
object that encloses
space. Have volume.
- Like shapes there are
two types:
- Geometrical
- Organic/Natural
Elements of Art
Texture: The surface
quality of an object.
How a work feels to
touch, or appears to
feel.
Texture may be real or
implied.
●Elements of Art
●Space: the area within
or around an object.
Positive space: the
actual object
Negative space: the
area around an object
Perspective: used to
create depth on a
picture plane.
●Elements of Art
●Value: A range of lightness
and darkness within a
picture.
The most common value
techniques are:
- Blending (Shading)
- Hatching (Cross
hatching and Contour
hatching)
- Stippling
- Scumbling
Elements of Art
●Color: Reflected or
visible light.
- Hue – True color
- Tint – Adding white
- Shade – Adding
black
Perspective
● Perspective: Method of creating the illusion of
depth on a two-dimensional surface.
● The two basic categories of perspective are:
● Linear Perspective
● Atmospheric Perspective (or Non-Linear
Perspective)
Perspective
Linear Perspective:
focuses on the use of line to create the illusion of depth
Includes 1-point, 2-point, 3-point, and multipoint perspectives
Perspective
● Atmospheric Perspective
(non-linear perspective)
uses other methods to create
the illusion of depth.
These methods might also
be used in linear
perspective drawings.
Atmospheric methods
include:
-- Overlap
-- Proportion (size)
-- Color
-- Value
-- Placement
-- Detail
Picture Plane
● Picture Plane: the surface area in which the artist
creates the art work.
Principles of Design
● The Principles of design are concepts used to
organize or arrange the structural elements of
design.
● Principles of design include balance, emphasis,
harmony, unity, pattern, rhythm, movement, and
proportion
Principles of Art
Edgar Degas: The Star
Asymmetrical Balance
●Balance: The visual
equalization of elements in
a work of art.
Symmetrical Balance –
elements are distributed
equally on each side of the
central axis.
Asymmetrical Balance –
balance is achieved using
contrasting elements. (Size,
value and color)
●Principles of ArtJoseph Mallord William
Turner: The Burning of the
Houses of Parliment●Unity: a sense of
oneness, or
wholeness in a
work of art.
All the parts are
working together
in harmony.
Principles of Art●Harmony: means all parts
of the visual image relate
to and complement each
other.
Similar to unity.
Cezanne stated, “When
paintings are done right,
harmony appears by itself.
The more numerous and
varied they are, the more
the effect is obtained and
agreeable to the eye”.
Johannes Vermeer: The
Milkmaid
Principles of Art
Marcel Duchamp: Nude
descending Staircase
●Rhythm: established
when elements of the
composition are
repeated.
Elements may be
repeat at regular or
irregular intervals.
Principles of Art
●Emphasis: used to place
greater attention on a particle
subject or area of the artwork.
Ways to create emphasis:
- Contrast: difference between
elements.
- Position: location of subject
matter
- Isolation: locating the subject
away from other elements.
- Leading elements: creating
visual pointers (Linear
perspective)
Jan Vermeer: Officer and
Laughing Girl
Principles of Art
Caravaggio: Martyrdom of St.
Matthew Movement: the path
the viewer's eye takes
through the work of art.
- Can direct the
viewers eye to a center
of interest.
- Can lead the viewer’s
eye through the piece.
Principles of Art
●Pattern: the
repetition of
motifs, colors,
shapes or lines in
a recognizable
order.
M.C. Escher: Reptiles
Principles of Art
Gustave Caillebotte: Paris
Street, Rainy Day
●Proportion: refers
to the relative size
and scale of the
various elements in a
design. The issue is
the relationship
between objects, or
parts, of a whole.
Principles of Art
●Variety: to change the
character" of an
element, to make it
different.
If all parts of an artwork
were alike, it would be
monotonous and boring.
Giovanni Battista Tiepolo:
Adoration of the Magi